First semester examination 2013/2014 session

ID Number: PGA/18/05/04/08800
EEE 811: steady state power system analysis Assignment
1. Main properties of bus admittance matrix:-
For an n number of buses the size of Ybus is (n x n)
i. The diagonal element is the sum of all admittance connected to the respective node.
n
Yii   Yij for j≠i
j 0

ii. The off diagonal element is the negative of all admittance connected directly to the
negative.
Yij  Y ji  Yij
iii. The sum of element at each column is zero. The Ybus is singular.

1.b. The advantages of nodal voltage as compared to mesh method are:

i. solve directly for node voltages.
ii. Current sources are easy.
iii. Voltages sources are either very easy or somewhat difficult.
iv. Works best for circuit with few nodes.
v. Works for any circuit.

 0 1 1  0 0  1
   
1.c. A=  0  1 1  At=   1  1 1 
 1 1 0 1 1 0
   
Assuming mutual coupling between element 1 and 2
 j 0.25 j 0.5 0 
 
Z=  j 0.5 j 0.25 0 
 0 j 0.25 
 0
Where ∆= Z11Z12  Z122 = j 0.25xj0.25  ( j 0.5) 2  0.1875
  j 21.33 j10.67 0 
 
Y  Z 1   j10.67  j 21.33 0 
  j8 
 0 0

 0 0  1  j 21.33 j10.67 0  0  1 1    8 8 0 

     
Ybus  A YA    1  1 1  j10.67  j 21.33 0  0  1 1    8  29.32 21.32 
t

 1 1 0   j8   1 1 0   0 21.32  21.32 

  0 0
  j 0.25 0 0 
 
ii. Z  0 j 0.25 0 
 0 j 0.125 
 0

  j4 0 0 
1
 
Y Z  0  j4 0 
 0  j8 
 0

 0 0  1  j 4 0 0  0  1 1    8 8 0 
     
Ybus  A YA    1  1 1  0
t
 j4 0  0  1 1    8  16 8 
 1 1 0  0  j8   1 1 0   0 8  8 
  0

 0  1
   0 0  1
iii. A   0  1 At   
 1 1   1 1 1 
 

  j4 0 0  0  1
 0 0  1     j4 j4 
Ybud  A YA  
t
 0  j4 0  0  1   
  1  1 1  0 j12 
 j8   1 1  
j4
 0
2.a.

Newton Raphson method Gauss Seidal method

Require less number of iteration to reach
convergence
Computation time iteration is more
It has quadratic convergence characteristics
The number of iteration are independed of the
size of the system
More memory require
Require large number of iteration to reach
convergence
Computation time iteration is more
It has linear convergence characteristics
The number of iteration require for
convergence increases with the size of the
system
Less memory require

n
2.b. Pi  v  Yim vm cos im   i   m  for i=1,2,…………….n
k 1

n
Qi   v  Yim Vm sin  im   i   m  For i=1,2,……………….n
m 1

These two equations can be expressed as

n
Pi  v  Yim vm cos im   i   m  For i=1,2,……………….n
k 1

n
Qi    v  Yim Vm sin  im   i   m   For i=1,2,……………….n
m 1

 
X   
v

 P sp 
Y   sp 
Q 

 P  Q
F ( X , Y )     0
 P  Q

 P 
   0
 Q 
n
Where Pi  Pi sp  v  Yim vm cos im   i   m 
k 1
 n
Qi  Qisp    v  Yim Vm sin  im   i   m  
m 1

The N-R iterates for the power flow studies take the following form

 P k   j1 j 2   
 
 Q k    j  
j 4  v 
   3

2.c. Y11  Y12  Y13   j 40  j 20   j 60

Y22  Y12  Y23   j 40  j 20   j 60

Y33  Y13  Y23   j 20  j 20   j 40

  j 60 j 40 j 20 
 
Ybus   j 40  j 60 j 20 
 j 20 j 20  j 40 


P2  v 2 v1 Y21 cos 21   2   1   v 2 Y22 cos 22   v 2 v3 Y23 cos 23   2   1 

2
ii.

P3  v3 v1 Y13 cos 31   3   1   v3 v 2 Y32 cos 32   3   2   v32 Y33 cos 3 

Q2   v 2 v1 Y 21 sin  21   2   1   v 22 Y22 sin  22   v 2 v3 Y23 sin  23   2   3 

dp2
iii.  v2 v1 Y21 sin  21   2   v2 v3 Y23 sin  23   2   3 
d 2

dp2
  v2 v3 Y23 sin  23   2   3 
d 3

dp2
 v1 Y21 cos 21   2   1   2 v2 Y22 cos 22   v3 Y23 cos 23   2   3 
dv2
dp3
  v3 v2 Y32 sin  32   3   2 
d 2

dp3
 v3 v1 Y31 sin  31   3   1   v3 v2 Y32 sin  32   3   2 
d 3

dp3
 v3 Y32 cos 32   3   2 
dv2

dQ2
 v2 v1 Y21 cos 21   2   1   v2 v3 Y23 cos 23   2   3 
d 2

dQ2
  v2 v3 Y23 cos 23   2   3 
d 3

dQ2
 v1 Y21 sin  21   2   1   2 v2 Y22 sin  22   v3 Y23 sin  23   2   3 
dv2
3.a. The three variables are:

 voltage |V|
 phase angle |δ|
 active or real power |P|
 reactive power |Q|

Based on these values, a bus may be classified into the above-mentioned three categories as -

P Q V δ
P-Q bus known Known unknown unknown
P-V bus known unknown known unknown
Slack bus unknown unknown known known

Generation Bus or Voltage control bus

This bus is also called the P-V bus, and on this bus, the voltage magnitude corresponding to
generate voltage and true or active power P corresponding to its rating are specified. Voltage
magnitude is maintained constant at a specified value by injection of reactive power. The
reactive power generation Q and phase angle δ of the voltage are to be computed.

Load Bus

This is also called the P-Q bus and at this bus, the active and reactive power is injected into the
network. Magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are to be computed. Here the active power P
and reactive power Q are specified, and the load bus voltage can be permitted within a tolerable
value, i.e., 5 %. The phase angle of the voltage , i.e.δ is not very important for the load.

Slack, Swing or Reference Bus

Slack bus in a power system absorb or emit the active or reactive power from the power system.
The slack bus does not carry any load. At this bus, the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage
are specified. The phase angle of the voltage is usually set equal to zero. The active and reactive
power of this bus is usually determined through the solution of equations.

3.b.

3.c. Y12  Z 1  (0.02  0.04) 1  10  j 20

Y13  Z 1  (0.01  0.03) 1  10  j 30

Y23  Z 1  (0.0125  j 0.025) 1  16  j 32

  400  j 250
S 2sch   4.0  j 2.5 pu
100

200
P3sch   2.0 pu
100

  52 32 
B '   
 32  62 

  0.028182  .014545 
B ' 1
  
  0.014545  0.023636 

B ''   52
B    0.019231
''

Initial values:

1.050 0 
 
V 0   1.000 0 
1.000 0 
 

First iteration

 P2sch   4.0  2k   0.0

   
Y   P3sch    2.0  x k 
  3k   x  0.0
0

Q2sch    2.5 V2k   1.0 

   

 Pinj2  x  
Pinji   vi v j Yij cos ij   i   j 
  n
f  x    Pinj3  x  
Qinj2  x  j 1
 

Qinji   vi v j Yij sin  ij   i   j 

n

j 1

 v 2 2 Y22 cos 22   v 2 v1 Y21 cos 21   2   1   v 2 v3 Y23 cos 23   2   3  

 2 
f x    v3 Y33 cos 33   v3 v1 Y31 cos 31   3   1   v3 v 2 Y32 cos 32   3   2  
 v 2 Y sin    v v Y sin        v v Y sin      
 2 22 22 2 1 21 21 2 1 2 3 23 23 2 3 

  v 2 2 58.1 cos 1.11  v 2 1.05 22.4 cos2.03   2   v 2 1.04 35.8 cos2.03   2   3  
 
f  x    1.04 67.2 cos 1.17   1.04 1.05 31.6 cos1.89   3   1.04 v 2 35.8 cos2.03   3   2 
2

  v 2 58.1 sin  1.11  v 1.05 22.4 sin 2.03     v 1.04 35.8 sin 2.03      
 2 2 2 2 2 3 

 P2sch   P20     4.0   1.14   2.86

   
Y 0   P3sch    P30     2.0    0.562    1.438 
Q2sch  Q20    2.52  2.28  0.22
   

 20   0.028182 0.014545   2.861.0   0.06048

 0       
 3  0.014545 0.023636 1.4381.04   0.00891

 v     0.019231 0.221.0   0.004231

2
0

 21  0.0  (0.006048)  0.06048

 31  0.0  (0.00891)  0.00891
v 21  1.0  (0.004231)  0.995769
4.a.

4.b.

4.c S 2  j1.0  (0.5  j1.0)  0.5

Y11  Z111  ( j 0.5) 1   j 2

Y22  Z111  ( j 0.5) 1   j 2

 j 2 j 2 
Ybus   
 j 2  j 2

V10  1.00 0

1  s2 0
V21   0*  Y21v1 
Y22  v1 

1   0.5 
V21    j 2  1.00 0   1  j 0.25  1.03  14.036 0
 j 2 1.00 0


1   0.5 
V22    j 2  10 0   0.94  j 0.235  0.97  14.047
 j 2 1.0314.036 0


1   0.5 
V23    j 2  1.00 0   0.9374  j 0.2500  0.970  14.933
 j 2  0.9714.047 
5.a. The jacobian submatrix JQd and JPv can be set to zero
 P   J p 0    
Q   0 J   v 
   Qv   
dp
P  J P .  
d
dQ
Q  J p . v  v
dv
5.b. The major assumptions are:
1. If all contingencies assessed, go to 5.
2. Go to next contingency, remove the element and re-solve the power flow case,
3. Identify whether performance is acceptable or not by checking for overloads and
voltage out of limits;
o If unacceptable, identify preventive or corrective action
4. Go to (1)
5. End
Let consider the d.c power flow equations

Pk   vk v j Gkj cos k  1   Bkj sin  k   j 

N

j 1

Qk   vk v j Gkj sin  k   j   Bkj cos k   j 

N

j 1

5.c
P1  ( B12  B13 )1  B12 2  B13 3
P2   B121   2 ( B23  B21 )  B23 3
P3   B311  B32 2   3 ( B31  B32 )
 P1   B12  B13  B12  B13  1 
P     B B23  B21  B23   2 
 2  21

 P3    B31  B32 B31  B32   3 

1
1
Y12  X 12   3
 3
1
1
Y13  X 13   2
2
1
1
Y23  X 23   2
2
B12  B13  3  2  5
B23  B21  2  3  5
B31  B32  2  2  4
 1.5   5  3  2 1 
 0.5    3 5  2  
    2 
  1.0   2  2 4   3 
1
1   5  3  2  1.5 
     3 5  2  0.5
 2    
 3   2  2 4    1.0 
1
1   5 3 2  1.5 
    3  5 2   0.5
 2    
 3   2 2  4   1.0 
1
 2   5 2   0.5
    2  4   1.0 
 3    
1
 2    0.25  0.125  0.5
    0.125  0.312   1.0 
 3    
 2   0.25 
   0.3745
 3  
6.a. M 12  f12 
1
 1   2   20 2
0.05

M 13  f13 
1
 1   3   10 3
0.1

M 23  f 23 
1
 2   3   25 2  25 3
0.04

M 24  f 24 
1
 2   4   15.38 2  15.38 4
0.065

M 34  f 34 
1
 3   4   12.5 3  12.5 4
0.08
0  20 0 0 
0   0 0 0 0 0 
  0 
 0 1 `0 0 
  20 0 25 15.38
H  0 25  25 0  H 
T

   0  10  25 0 12.5 
0 15.38 0  15.38  
 0 0 0  15.38  12.5
0 0 12.5  12.5  
0.012 0 0 0 0 
 2 
 0 0.01 0 0 0 
R 0 0 0.012 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 0.012 0 
 0 0.012 
 0 0 0

x  H T R 1 H 
1
H T R 1 Z
0.012 0 0 0 0  0  20 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0  
 20 0  0 0.012 0 0 0  0 0  1`0 0
25 15 .38 0
H R H 
T 1  0 0 0.012 0 0  0 25  25 0
 0  10  25 0 12.5   
  0 0.012  15.3
 15.38  12.5 
0 0 0  0 15.38 0
 0 0 0
 0 2 
 0 0 0 0.01  0 0 12.5  12.
 0 0 0 0 
0 126150000 625000 2565000 
1
H R H
T 
0  625000 8812000  1562000
 
0  236500  156000 3928000 
0.012 0 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 0  2   0.34 
 20 0 25 15.38 0  
0 0.01 0 0 0 
0.26 
1
H R Z
T   0 0 0.012 0 0  
 0  10  25 0 12.5     0.24
  0 0.012 0  
 15.38  12.5 
0 0
 0 0 0 2 
 0.22
 0
 0 0 0 0.01 
  0 
 161836
H T R 1 Z   
 34000 
 
 33836 
1
0 0 0 0   0 
0 126150000 625000 2565000   161836
T 1 1 T
1
X  H R H H R Z 
0  625000 8812000  1562000

 34000 

   
0  236500  156000 3928000   33836 
7.a. Given Z  Hx  V
Where H is n x m, find the best estimate x in the weighted least square
Since hx  Hx, the jacobian matrix simply is H. The minimality condition is given by
0  H T R 1 ( Z  Hxˆ ) Expanding the bracket
0  H T R 1 Z  H T R 1 Hxˆ
H T R 1 Hxˆ  H T R 1 Z
Dividing through by H T R 1 H

X  H T R 1H 
1
H T R 1Z

Z 1  V2  0.95
Z 2  V1  1.05
ii. Z 3  Q1  0.506
Z 4  P12  0.679
Z 5  Q12  0.312
h1  ,V   V1
h2  ,V   V2
h3  ,V   0.25V1V2 sin  2
h4  ,V   0.25V12  0.25V1V2 cos  2
dh1 dh1 dh1
1 0 0
dV1 dV2 d 2
dh2 dh2 dh2
0 1 0
dV1 dV2 d 2
dh3 dh3 dh3
 0.25V2 sin  2  0.25V1 sin  2  0.25V1V2 cos  2
dV1 dV2 d 2
dh4 dh4 dh4
 0.5V1  0.25V2 cos  2  0.25V1 cos  2  0.25V1V2 sin  2
dV1 dV2 d 2
 0 1 0 
 0 0 1 
H  ,V    
 0.25V1V2 cos  2 0.25V2 sin  2 0.25V1 sin  2 
 
 0.25V1V2 sin  2  0.5V1  0.25V2 cos  2 0.25V1 cos  2 


X  H T R 1 H  1
H T R 1 ( z  h0 )
 xˆ10  ˆ20   0 
 0  ˆ0  
 xˆ 2   V1   1.05 
 xˆ 30  Vˆ20  0.95
   
 This implies
  0.1 
 0.1 
 
z  h ˆ 0 , Vˆ 0  
 0.506 

 
0.70525
 0 1 0 
 0 0 1 
H0  
0.2493 0 0 
 
 0  0.2875 0.2625
0.022 0 0 0 0 
    0.1 
0 0 0.2493 0  0 0.022 0 0 0 
0.1 
H T R 1 ( z  h0 )  1 0 0  0.2875  0 0 0.012 0 0 
   0.506 
0 1 0 0.2625   0 0 0 0.012 0  
2 
 0 0.70525
 0 0 0 0.016 
 1.2614  10 5 
 
H T R 1 ( z  h0 )   6.0275  10 5 
 5.8512  10 5 
 
0.022 0 0 0 0 
 
0 0 0.2493 0  0 0.022 0 0 0 
H T R 1 H  1 0 0  0.2875  0 0 0.012 0 0 
 
0 1 0 0.2625   0 0 0 0.012 0 
 0 0.0162 
 0 0 0
 0 1 0 
 0 0 1 

0.2493 0 0 
 
 0  0.2875 0.2625
4  10 4 0 0 
 4 
T 1  4  10 4  10 4 0 
H R H
 0 0 6.21  10 6 
 
 

X  H T R 1 H 
1
H T R 1 ( z  h0 )
 1
4  10 4 0 0 
 xˆ   0  
1
4   1.2614  10 5 
  4  10 4  10 4
1
   0   5 
1
xˆ
    1.05    6.0275  10 
2
6.21  10 6 
 xˆ  0.95  0
1 0
  5.8512  10 5 
 
3
   

 xˆ1  0.031535
1

 1  
 xˆ 2    0.868 
 xˆ 31   10.372 
 