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Semi-Final Research Paper
Semi-Final Research Paper
Semi-Final Research Paper
WATER SYSTEM
PREPARED BY:
Manalo, Jinky
Perez, Deo
SUBMITTED TO:
Water is one of the most vital elements on earth. Without water, lifespan of humans would be short
or worse, we won’t survive a single day at all. There is a variety of means why we are able to use clean
water everywhere. Either it is just potable water or a drinking water; both supplied to us every day and
Water Stations are one of the reasons why clean and enough water is possible for our everyday use.
These stations are the reasons behind why we are able to utilize and conserve the available water on
earth. Because of the high intelligence of the people working on different water establishments around
the world, there is a large efficiency in the supply and demand of water to nearby households and large
establishments and known city that is rich in water is San Pablo City of Luzon, Philippines.
Obviously, water stations and hydrology are interconnected to each other. Water stations are great
representations of the hydrologic cycle wherein precipitation, evaporation, runoff, weather phenomenon
and other parts of the hydrologic cycle affects the supply and demand of the water stations across the
world. Another aspect is how the water station prepares for the supply of water. Hydrology has evolved
as a science in response to the need to understand the complex water systems of the Earth and help solve
water problems. Particular water treatment and infiltration systems are to be conducted to ensure the
safety and cleanliness of the residents of a particular city. With the help of new technologies, pipes are
being rehabilitated and improved to escalate the safety percentage of the water and rest assured no
spread of contamination, pollution and harmful or toxic chemicals that are purely hazards of health.
San Pablo City is part of the Southern Luzon, 82 kilometres South East of Manila. San Pablo City is
called the “City of Seven Lakes”. It is one of the cities together with Laguna in Southern Luzon
consisting of large bodies of water. Obviously, it is called the city of seven lakes mainly because it is
consists of seven crater-lakes that are primarily located in the northern border of the city. The name of
these lakes are Sampaloc, Kalibato, Bunot, Palakpakin, Mohicap, and the two most visited lakes called
Pandin and Yambo. According to San Pablo Water City Water District (SPCWD), the depth of the lakes
in San Pablo range from 7 m to 130 m while the surface areas of these large bodies of water are
Below are the basic information about the seven lakes of San Pablo City.
San Pablo City Water District is among the earliest water district in the Philippines. Actually it is the
fourth (4th) water district in the Philippines. San Pablo City Water District is a corporation duly
organized under PD198 and tasked to contribute the improvement of the quality of life of the people of
San Pablo City providing potable, adequate and affordable drinking water in the city. It is In 1973, the
engineering and feasibility studies on local water systems. The said event was made possible to perform
Year by year since 1979, there is always an improved water system for the city as the SPCWD was
providing additional springs as source of water supply. San Pablo City Water District was formally
organized on January 1, 1974 and was granted its Conditional Certificate of Conformance by Local
Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) on March 19, 1974. San Pablo City Water District is an
organization that pursuit Service Excellence, professionalism, commitment, wisdom and discipline.
San Pablo City is not just a simple water district. It is a water district with a purpose. They are
conducting different environmental projects with other organizations and schools like reforestation, etc.
Conforming to the water district’s vision “We continuously strive to be recognized as the best water
service provider in the country”, San Pablo City Water District is a water district full of excellence
awards. They has been the recipient of the following awards: Most Efficient Management Control
Practices, 2nd Highest Operational Performance, Highest Collection Efficiency, Most Outstanding
Veteran Water District (1981-1983), Hall of Famer and Godfather Water District.
1.2 HISTORY OF SAN PABLO’S WATER SYSTEM
Since San Pablo City is one of the oldest water district in the Philippines, some of its pumping
stations were made during World War I and are still working up to this day. According to SPCWD, the
first piped water system for San Pablo was initiated in 1912. Under the provisions of the Governor of
Laguna, Hon. Potenciano Malvar signed up for help from water experts to conduct a feasibility study of
tapping the Cabunsod Spring to become a source of potable water through gravity pipeline to an
Cabunsod Spring, the first water source for the San Pablo City is about 6 kilometers away from the
poblacion. Historically, before it was utilized by the San Pablo Water District, the same spring was used
by the Spanish friars 60 to 80 years earlier. The administration of San Pablo added more water sources
after the Cabunsod Springs. The National Waterworks and Sewerage Administration (NAWASA) tapped
the Malabanban Spring and Lubigan Spring. Because of the rehabilitation, development and the tapping
of more water sources in San Pablo, many residents were provided with approximately 10,000 cubic
Through time, the population of the city is increasing and the growing economy became a problem
with the supply and demand of water. That time, they experienced sudden fluctuations with the supply of
water and the maintenance of the piped water systems. NAWASA wasn’t able to handle the problem so it
was returned to the local government paving the way for San Pablo Water District.
II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This research aims to have an understanding about the hydrologic cycle of San Pablo Water District
and to provide an analysis on how they operate. Furthermore, it aims to determine the main source of
their water supply and how they distribute it to water consumers more specifically to the residents of San
Pablo City. An interview was conducted to provide the necessary information such as the information
about the capacity and locations of their pumping stations, process of filtering and sanitizing water
before entering to the houses, and the methods of how water can be potable and safe for use. This
information can help the future generations to find strategies that can help preserve the water to meet the
needs of the people. It is also very much important to verify if the water being distributed to the city pass
The researchers are also concerned with problems they are dealing with and how they address the
situation, some examples are complains from the clients, piping system disturbances, water shortage,
and how they cope up during the seasons of El Niño and La Niña phenomenon. Statistics are also
important in this matter whereas this can help us fully understand the process of hydrologic cycle that is
why another objective of this study to gather information about the scope of pipe water distribution, the
number of barangays they are supplying, the amount of supply and demand, and the total rated monthly
production of water. Another purpose of this research is to collect bacteriological, laboratory, and water
quality tests to study the water being distributed to ensure the safeness of the residents.
In addition, this study also aims to familiarize on how to use such water budget equations in the
field, and how precipitation, infiltration systems, evaporation, run-off and etc. affect the water supply of
the district. In addition, service connections from San Pablo City Water District is to be studied to be
knowledgeable about the history of their service and why they are awarded with numerous excellence
awards as a water provider. Above all, the main goal is to lead the researchers to be knowledgeable
about some of the applications of the course Hydrology in the real world that will clearly help them to
further understand, be familiar, and gain experiences about the Hydrological concepts and theories.
Water has always been significant in human lifestyle. From the first civilization up to now, we
see water as a necessity in which no one can imagine living without. Hydrology is one of the major
contributors in developing health and economic sustainability in the human society. As many decades
passes by, we continue to strive and produces innovation that are specified and concentrated in the
betterment of water services across many cities and other human habitat areas. In this paper, the
researcher aims to gain information about San Pablo City Water District. And additionally, to ask for
hydrological data that are significant with the processes that they conduct with the water to produce a
quality that is suitable for household services. This study is sure to produce educational information that
shall contribute with the realization of how a typical city water district deals with water shortage and
other water problems and the real explanation behind such events.
Aside from water related problems, the researcher shall explain the use of hydrological data
gained and hydrological studies conducted by the water district to give insight of its connection with the
water supply and the services provided by the water district itself. This paper shall also give basic
information about months or seasons where we are expected to have water supply at its best and worst
by explaining further the hydrologic cycle in order for any local residents to have general knowledge
and to prevent any unnecessary complains. And lastly, the researchers hope to see this paper as a helpful
material for future researchers for the creation of innovative ideas concerning water related studies.
IV. DISCUSSIONS AND FINDINGS
San Pablo City is a center of commerce, finance and education in Laguna province. It is a small city
in Southern Luzon consisting of 80 barangays that has a total population of approximately 248, 890
(NSO 2010). It has a growth rate of 1.81% and a population density of 1, 260 per square kilometers.
Comparing to the growing neighboring cities like San Pedro and Calamba, City of San Pablo is two to
twelve times smaller in terms of population. One of the main livelihoods in San Pablo City is agriculture.
Actually, agriculture is about 85% of the main source of income of the residents in San Pablo City. It is
rich in different crops like pineapple, fruits, and vegetables. Coconut businesses are also large in San
Pablo wherein production of desiccated coconut and cooking oil is massive. Furthermore, it is one of the
most beautiful cities in South Luzon wherein many preserved nature like forests and lakes are to be
found.
The abundance in groundwater enables San Pablo City to provide their potable water from deep
wells and springs. Those deep wells and springs are located away from communities to avoid
contamination of water around congested areas. Hills, forest and green crop lands are the suitable places
San Pablo City Water District (SPCWD) is a government corporation amended under PD 198
providing safe and improved water quality for a better quality of life. It is the main water district of San
Pablo City in line with other main water service providers across Luzon like NAWASA, Manila Water
Company and Laguna Water. It is the water district that mainly supplies potable and affordable water in
San Pablo City Water District (SPCWD) is currently a huge water district consisting of 8 springs
The table below shows the pertinent data about the monthly and annual production of water in the year
2013.
As of 2013, the average monthly production of all sources is 1,188,223 cubic meters and on the
other hand 14, 258,673 cubic meters for the whole 2013. Considering the 248, 890 people of San Pablo
experiencing the 14,258,673 cubic meters of water for the whole year of 2013, 60 cubic meters of water
was used by each resident for the whole year which is equal to 0.16 cubic meters of water per person per
day. Since the average water usage per person per day in the Philippines is 160-165 Liters, the 0.16
cubic meters per day is in the range and it will be just sufficient enough to use for drinking, taking a bath,
As of 2016, Cabunsod Spring Overflow has an average daily production of 4,040 cubic meters
which is good to provide water for 4000 households assuming a use of 1 cubic meter per households,
while Malabanban-Lubigan has an average daily production of 3,832 cubic meters good for 3800
households. These two springs are the most economical spring because it does not uses electricity;
gravity is enough due to its high elevation. Next is Malaunod Spring which has an average daily
production of 9,324 cubic meters which is good for 9300 households, this spring is the largest in terms
of volume but it uses electricity because of the three 30 horsepower generator which causes a 3 million
electricity bill, its total production is the combination of Malabanban and Cabunsod’s total production.
Next is Malamig Spring which has an average daily production of 5,233 cubic meters good for 5200
households, it has 3 intake boxes because of its numerous outlet of water. Last is Balanga Spring which
has an average daily production of 4,856 cubic meters good for 4800 households, it uses two 100
On the other hand the total production of bulk supply for 2016 is 1,767,651 cubic meters which is
13 % of the total annual production and the total production of all production wells as of 2016 is
2,312,739 cubic meters which is 17% of the total annual production. The total annual production of 13,
942, 045 cubic meters of water is just enough for the daily use of the residents of San Pablo City
Laguna.
FIGURE 4.1.1. Division Of Pumped Vs. Gravity
As observed in the pie graph, it is the division of the use of pump versus gravity. 6,489,788 out of
13,942,045 cubic meters of water which is equal to 47 percent of the total annual production uses pump
to generate water. The main reason why they use pumps is because of the low elevation of the springs or
wells; the pressure of the flow of water needs to be increase to reach households, on the other hand it has
a disadvantage in the use of electricity, it will cost too much unlike with the use of gravity. Through
Transmission Lines
Spring supplied by gravity is a system wherein the spring in which the water issues simply in
response to the direct action or direct pull of gravity. It is a system that requires no advanced
technologies. The usual components of these type of systems are the source, major pipeline, storage and
break-pressure tanks, distribution pipelines and tap stands. The springs that use this kind of system are
those at the base of the upper zone of San Pablo City. The springs under this sub-system are Cabunsod
Spring, Malabanban and Lubigan Springs and Malamig Springs. On the other hand, spring supplied by
pumping is a system that uses obviously uses pumps. By mechanical action, the water is forced to make
fluid movement and steady flow. Springs that are with pumps are Malaunod Springs and Balanga
Springs. These two sub-systems only require chlorination to ensure the cleanliness and safety of water.
Compare to springs with pumps or
and are not utilized. According to SPCWD, there are only 3 production wells with filtration system are
being utilized and that are San Pedro DW, Central DW, and San Marcos-2 DW. Next is the production
wells which feed reservoir. The SPCWD has two main storage tanks reservoir named Sampaloc
Reservoir and Timber Tank Reservoir. The Concepcion Production Well is the one filling the
concrete-made Sampaloc Reservoir while the San Cristobal Production Well is the one feeding the
Next system of production wells are those fed directly to the transmission lines. It is a system
accompanied with flow meter. The production wells that are fed directly to the transmission lines are
San Marcos-1 and Sta. Catalina. Lastly, the bulk water is the water intended for potable uses transported
from place to place by tank trucks. The spring sources were developed and then interconnected to San
Pablo City Water District distribution system by a company named SIG Construction Inc. This company
is the one operating and maintaining the two spring sources as San Pablo City Water District purchases
water from it. But regulatory precautions are always executed by treating the water supplied and must
pass the standards. Bi-party sampling and testing of water are always conducted during Bulk System.
4.3 .SAN PABLO CITY WATER DISTRICT UTILIZING PUMPS
Water pumps are mechanical devices that drive water to a desired place. It has an electric motor that
has an impeller or drives a centrifugal pump. Its main function is to increase the pressure in pipes and of
The San Pablo City Water District has several pumping stations. It is consists of 12 utilizing pumps
or pumping stations comprising a total of 16 pump units, each of different pump capacity. Since San
Pablo City is composed of higher and lower portions there is still a need of utility pumps to increase the
Some water storage tanks are in the shape of a rectangle or a circle. Second one is the choice of material
for construction. There are numerous construction materials possibly considered in water storage tanks,
some are plastics, fiberglass, wood, stone, concrete, steel and much more.
In San Pablo City, water storage tanks are in circular shape. The San Pablo City Water District’s
main storage reservoir is located in Sampaloc, on the side of Sampaloc Lake. It is a circular single cell
reinforced concrete reservoir having a huge storage capacitiy of 6, 390 cubic meters and elevated from
the ground by 146 meters. It is constructed in 1976 and is still operational up to this date. The springs
and production wells that feed the reservoir are Cabunsod Spring, Malamig Spring, Malaunod Spring,
1996. It has a storage capacity of 1,700 cubic meters, elevated 160 m from the ground. It is made up of
timber with outer cable wire support and inner plastic lining. Timber tank storage water are sustainable
and cost effective water storage. But recently, it underwent a major rehabilitation or renovation whereas
timber was replaced to steel bolted construction material. It was rehabilitated all because of the
weather phenomenon causing destructions to the timber water storage tanks. The one that feeds the
Aside from these two main water storage tanks, there are still 7 small tanks from pre-World War II
that are made up of steel. Four of these tanks are antiquated but are still operational and still serves as
storage for San Mateo Production Well. On the other hand, the remaining 3 steel tanks are storage for the
Untreated water contains millions of bacteria and germs that can cause diseases to humans. Some of
the possible causes could be gastrointestinal infections like waterborne diseases, Otitis externa,
pseudomonas, cryptosporidiosis, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, Hepatitis A and other skin and eye
infections. These germs and bacteria came from animal wastes like faeces and could come along with
the water supplied if not prevented from contamination or pollution. To prevent this kind of events,
proper water treatments and filtration systems must be executed before the distribution of the water to
the city. Just like any other water district, San Pablo City Water District uses chlorination and other
infiltration treatments to ensure the cleanliness and safeness of the water being provided in the city. They
are the only water district with the approved water safety plan.
Gas Chlorination is the process of disinfecting the water primarily with the use of chlorine and is
successfully used by water districts and other water companies for decades. It is one of the most popular
water treatments that are definitely reliable. Just like what we know about swimming pools being
cleaned by chlorine, water flowing through the pipes that are used in commercial and residential
buildings are being cleaned through the chlorination process to eliminate the bacteria, algae and other
unnecessary and harmful chemicals. SPCWD uses either the gas chlorinator or hypo-chlorinator in all of
the water facilities they have. Gas chlorinator is a device used by SPCWD to continuously provide
constant supply of chlorine. It is also used to regularly monitor the residual chlorine in the pipes by the
laboratory personnel. Gas Chlorination is one of the most successful water treatments ever. It has so
many applications like improving the taste, safety, and odour of drinking water, cleaning industrial
process water and wastewater, algae and slime control and of course citrus canker destructions.
San Pablo City Water District (SPCWD) also uses the Manganese Greensand through oxidation or
filtration. Manganese Greensand is capable of reducing or eliminating other unnecessary chemicals like
iron, manganese and hydrogen sulphide. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), iron in
water is considered as a secondary contaminant. Although it does not have direct bad impact on the
health of an individual, it primarily focuses on the taste odour and colour of the water. This type of
treatment was found to be effective years prior to World War II. It is catalytic and is not soluble. It is one
of the most cost effective treatments to treat water if iron and manganese are very dominated in the water.
SPCWD under the Manganese Greensand Treatment utilizes Hi-Rate Permanent Media Filtration
System to improve the quality of water extracted from some of its production wells. This filtration
system was first installed in the year 2000 at San Pedro Production Well, year 2003 at Central
Another water treatment used by San Pablo City Water District is Soda-Ash Treatment. Soda Ash
Treatment is a water treatment that increases the pH of acidic water. This treatment also reduced the
hardness of the water. According to APEC Water, raw water source has 35 to 40 grains the usual for
local water systems, but if soda-ash is to be added the hardness reduces to 5 and 10 grains. According to
experts, if Soda Ash is used with chlorine, mixed and dissolved the soda ash early into the tank before
the chlorine. Lastly, one of the newest water treatments available in San Pablo City Water District is the
UV Water Purification Systems. This type of treatment emits UV light of a specific wavelength that can
destroy the DNA and nucleic acids of the micro-organisms. It is specified to kill bacteria, viruses and
cysts from the water. According to SPCWD, this treatment is great in combatting E. Coli Bacteria along
the pipes.
TABLE 4.5.1. Water Treatment Done On The Sources
Water Treatment
Water
System Off- Disinfection with Oxidation/Filtratio Neutralizati
Ground Sources Spec Chlorine n on
Para Chlorine Chlorine
Water Gas w/ Granules Manganese Greensand Soda Ash
meter
Chlorinato w/ w/o Treatment
s r feed feed
pump pump
A.SPRINGS
1.Springs with Malaunod
pumps Balanga
2. Springs by Upper
gravity Malamig
Cabunsod
A-6”pipe
B-6”pipe
Malabanban
A-6”pipe
B-12”pipe
3. Bulk Water a.Lagaslasa Low
(by gravity) n pH
b. Baloc
B.DEEP WELLS
1.Production Concepcion
well with DW
Reservoir San Mateo
Deep Well
2.Production San Marcos
Well direct 1 DW
pumping Sta. Catalina
DW
3.Production Central DW Color
Well with Manga
Filtration nese
San Pedro Color
DW Iron
San Marcos Color
2 DW Iron
Turbid
ity
4.6. WATER QUALITY SPECIFICATIONS
Since San Pablo City is a water service provider providing potable water extracted from springs
and deep wells or purchased from Bulk Supply Water Supplier (SIG Construction Inc.). The delivered
water should meet the water quality standards set by the Department of Health (DOH) and Local Water
Utilities Administration (LWUA). The water quality targets are solely based on the Philippine National
Standards for Drinking Water 2007. Some quality parameters like iron, manganese and hydrogen
sulphide are set higher as conform to the International Standards. Filtration, Neutralization and
Disinfection chemicals are procured from approved chemical manufacturers. The water supplied by the
San Pablo City Water District shall be intended for general consumptions by ingestion. It shall also be
used for laundry, washing utensils and purpose of cleaning. Users of the supplied water are the public
people, commerce and industries. These specifications are very important for the residents to know the
limitation of usage of the water being distributed by the San Pablo City Water District (SPCWD).
A. MICROBIOLOGICAL
B. PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL
pH 6.5-8.5
Turbidity 5 NTU
Nitrate 50 mg/L
C. RADIOLOGICAL
Radon 11 (MCL)
BROMOFORM 0.1
DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE 0.1
BROMODICHLOROMETHANE 0.06
CHLOROFORM 0.2
4.7. TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to SPCWD, the total transmission and distribution network of SPCWD is approximately
261, 488 meters long. The materials used for the pipes distributed vary in diameter, material and length.
Some areas use Centrifugal Cast Iron (CCI), old Asbestos Cement (AC), Steel, and of course the most
popular among the pipe materials which is the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC).
(mm)
TOTAL 311,565
According to SPCWD, the table above with materials are to be updated from time to time. Example
is the Asbestos Cement which is now undergoing rehabilitation and replacement. Since it’s the era of
new pipe technologies, some materials will be replaced with the new ones from the market. For the last
two years they have been expanding their transmission lines to 79 out of 80 barangays. For easy, fast
and accurate access to vital field information, phase one of SPCWD Geographical Information System
which digitized old and new pipelines, service connections, valves, hydrants and septic locations was
completed.
4.8. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS ENCOUNTERED
There is no assurance that water is always at its best state, problems can always be encounter. E-coli
bacteria is the number one enemy of water district, they need to disinfect water and even pipes through
the use of chlorination, they are regulating the chlorine dosage everyday by checking the end users if
there is a residual chlorine, because if there's it is safe while if there's no residual it means that the
chlorine are well used for the disinfection of pipes and if this happen they need to increase the dosage of
chlorine. Aside from chlorination they uses UV lights to safeguard the quality of water because some
pipes they are using are already a hundred year old but this pipes are still working very well, yet the
problem here is that they do not know the actual size of the inner diameter of the pipe because as time
goes by materials such as steel shrink or expands in depend with the season.
Another problem of the water district is the natural phenomenon. There is a time when the
production of their water came down by 50 percent; this is because of the El Nino. 80 percent of their
water supply came from groundwater, and since springs are highly susceptible to climate some sources
shut down, meaning productions of water fluctuate in depend with the season, as a result they need to
develop other source to meet the needs of the people. They discover that during this season, only
Malamig springs has an overflow they rehabilitate this which leads to a good result of adding 5000 cubic
meter of water per day which helps 5000 households to get enough water. When it comes to La Nina
season they have no problem, because when there is too much precipitation flashfloods just happens
quickly because of the mountains in line with the area and they have two dams which prevent the flow
of the water. These dams are being check regularly to maintain its structure and capacity. Production
wells are the additional sources of water they develop to fill the needs of the residents when springs are
not available, although it causes additional cost because of the filtration system.
When it comes with the community issue, there is a peak hour which runs from 5 am to 8 am,
almost all faucets are open, water supply becomes weak and since spring cannot be shut down they
develop a reservoir in where they can save water which are not use in the evening, in this case water
supply at peak hours is just at normal condition. In addition with, June or July are the month where
spring sources are weak because water is re-charging when rainy seasons, 3-6 months before it came
down through the ground water, that is why December is when water supply becomes good, but the
irony in this is that there is no much use of water in the month of December because of its weather,
while April is when the demand goes higher. Supply and demand are hard balance but it has worked
with.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Sources of water of San Pablo City Water District (SPCWD) have been identified after
conducting the interview. There were eight (8) springs and twelve (12) production wells. In order for the
water to be potable and safe for use, SPCWD uses Ultraviolet (UV) Water Purification, Gas Chlorination,
Manganese Greensand through oxidation and filtration and Soda Ash Treatment. Water produced is then
tested to ensure it passes the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water mandated by the
Department of Health.
Unlike other water works, water shortage has never been a problem of SPCWD. However, the
problem they encountered was the water distribution. There were households that were too far and high
for the water to reach. To resolve this, they installed production wells near the areas. Another problem is
the customers’ complaints. A peak hour for water is 6 am, almost all household will consume water at
that time and the flow rate of water is lesser than usual. Sampaloc Reservoir was built to aid this issue,
to increase the pressure for water to reach distant places at an acceptable flow rate. As of now, SPCWD
is serving 79 of the 80 barangays of the city and average monthly production of water is 1,161, 837 cum.
The main goal of leading the students to be familiar and experience real life application has been
successfully accomplished. The study resulted to the clear understanding of some of the concepts of
For the future it is recommended to obtain samples from the sources and to research more about
the hydrologic cycle that occurs. In addition to that, more interviews and conduct surveys around the
prospect area to obtain neutral results. These interviews correspond to the interviews that should be
conducted with the assigned Engineers in every department of San Pablo City Water District. Since the
interviewee was a spokesperson of San Pablo City Water District, the information given are wide but not
enough to support fully this research. In that way, information and data obtained would be complete,
very specific and accurate. This recommendation is for the benefit of the researchers and for the
improvement of the research itself. Another recommendation for the improvement of this research is to
conduct site visits. The researchers only did an interview and pictures presented are from San Pablo City
Water District’s picture collection of the springs and production wells. It is recommended to perform or
conduct a site visit of the springs and production wells of San Pablo City Water District. By that,
students would be more engaged to the project resulting to a better understanding of the piped water