26

Chapter III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results and discussions of data gathered

and information that provides support and answers to the problems in

this study. The results of the antifungal screenings which are the MIC

test, MFC test and the Agar – Well Diffusion Method determines the most

effective extract dilution and formulated creams and oral gels that can

exert its antifungal property against Trichophyton rubrum and Candida

albicans, were discussed and elaborated in this chapter. Data and

results that were gathered during the experiments are summarized and

statistically compared between the 100% formulated creams and oral

gels of Tanglad, Kuchai and combined Tanglad and Kuchai with which

was also compared to the commercially available antifungal creams and

oral gels as the positive control.

THE MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION OF 100% LEAVES

EXTRACT DILUTION OF PLAIN TANGLAD, PLAIN KUCHAI AND

COMBINED TANGLAD-KUCHAI THAT CAN EXERT ANTIFUNGAL

PROPERTY AGAINST Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans

USING MIC TEST

The 100% leaves extract dilution of plain Kuchai, plain Tanglad

and combined Kuchai and Tanglad were evaluated for antifungal activity

using the MIC Test and the results were classified as to the lowest
 27

concentration and the highest concentration of that can inhibit fungal

growth. The result

for the minimum inhibitory dilution of extracts is presented in Table 1

and Table 2.

Table 1: Antifungal activity of 100% leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad,

plain Kuchai and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai against
Trichophyton rubrum using the MIC Test
Concentration
Test organism Preparation (μg/mL)
500 250 125 62.5
100%
Plain
- - - +
Tanglad Leaves
Extract
100%
Plain Kuchai Leaves - - - +
Trichophyton
Extract
rubrum
100%
Combined Tanglad- - - - -
Kuchai Leaves Extract
Positive Control
(Ketoconazole - - - -
suspension)
Legend:
+ ----- indicates growth - ----- absence of growth

Table 1 shows the results of the antifungal activity of the 100%

leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad, plain Kuchai and the combined

Tanglad and Kuchai against Trichophyton rubrum. The 100% plain

Tanglad leaves extract has the lowest concentration of 62.5 and the

highest concentration of 500 which inhibits fungal growth. While the

100% plain Kuchai leaves extract has the lowest concentration of 12.5

and the highest concentration of 500 which inhibits fungal growth. And

the 100% combined Tanglad & Kuchai leaves extract has the lowest
 28

concentration of 62.5 and the highest concentration of 500 which

inhibits fungal growth.

The gathered results were used to determine the MIC value of the

100% leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad, plain Kuchai and the

combined Tanglad and Kuchai against Trichophyton rubrum (Please refer

to Appendix D. VII for the formula and Appendix G1 for the computations).

The 100% plain Tanglad leaves extract shows a result of 312.50 μg/mL

MIC value. While the 100% plain Kuchai leaves extract shows a result of

312.5 MIC value. And the 100% combined Tanglad & Kuchai leaves

extracts shows a result of 281.25 MIC value. Therefore, the combined

Tanglad and Kuchai is the most effective among all the agents used.

This study was supported by Yadav, S., et. al., (2015) wherein it

was conducted to determine and evaluate the antifungal activity of fresh

garlic juice formulated into cream. It was subjected to antifungal

screening using the Well Diffusion Method, MIC test and MFC test

against fungal cultures of Trichophyton rubrum and Malassezia furfur.

The gathered results were found that extracts of garlic which known to

possess its active constituent allicin, using the MIC test which produced

a mean MIC value of about 4%-6% v/v, which can inhibit fungal growth

against Trichophyton rubrum and Malassezia furfur.

 29

Table 2: Antifungal activity of 100% leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad,

plain Kuchai and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai against
Candida albicans using the MIC Test
Concentration
Test organism Preparation (μg/mL)
500 250 125 62.5
100%
Plain
- - - -
Tanglad Leaves
Extract
100%
Plain Kuchai Leaves - - - +
Candida
Extract
albicans
100%
Combined Tanglad- - - - -
Kuchai Leaves Extract
Positive Control
(Ketoconazole - - - -
suspension)
Legend:
+ ----- indicates growth - ----- absence of growth

Table 2 shows the results of the antifungal activity of the 100%

leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad, plain Kuchai and the combined

Tanglad and Kuchai against Candida albicans. The 100% plain Tanglad

leaves extract has the lowest concentration of 62.5 and the highest

concentration of 500 which inhibits fungal growth. While the 100% plain

Kuchai leaves extract has the lowest concentration of 12.5 and the

highest concentration of 500 which inhibits fungal growth. And the 100%

combined Tanglad & Kuchai leaves extract has the lowest concentration

of 62.5 and the highest concentration of 500 which inhibits fungal

growth.

The gathered results were used to determine the MIC value of the

100% leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad, plain Kuchai and the
 30

combined Tanglad and Kuchai against Candida albicans (Please refer to

Appendix D. VII for the formula and Appendix G1 for the computations).

The 100% plain Tanglad leaves extract shows a result of 312.50 MIC

value. While the 100% plain Kuchai leaves extract shows a result of

312.5 MIC value. And the 100% combined Tanglad & Kuchai leaves

extracts shows a result of 281.25 MIC value. Therefore, the combined

Tanglad and Kuchai leaves extract is the most effective among all the

agents used.

This study was supported by Thomas, J. and Veda, B., (2015)

wherein it was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the

different herbal plants which known to possess such indication. Extracts

from Garlic (Allium sativum, Liliaceae), Onion (Allium cepa, Liliaceae),

Neem (Azadiraehta indica, Meliaceae) and Tanglad (Cymbopogon citratus,

Poaceae) were extracted using water and ethanol. The crude leaves

extract was subjected to antimicrobial screening using the Well Diffusion

Method, MIC test and MFC test against microbial cultures of Escherichia

coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The gathered results

were found that extracts of garlic, onion, neem and tanglad are capable

to inhibit microbial growth which produced a minimum inhibitory

concentration of the extract required to control the bacterial load was

found to be 5mg for all the organisms which tested positive against

Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.

 31

THE MINIMUM FUNGICIDAL CONCENTRATION OF 100% LEAVES

EXTRACT DILUTION OF PLAIN TANGLAD, PLAIN KUCHAI AND

COMBINED TANGLAD-KUCHAI THAT CAN EXERT ANTIFUNGAL

PROPERTY AGAINST Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans

USING MFC TEST

The 100% extract dilutions of plain Kuchai, plain Tanglad and

combined Kuchai and Tanglad were evaluated for antifungal activity

using the results from the MIC Test which is further elaborated using

MFC Test to further prove and affirm its antifungal activity. The results

were classified as to the lowest concentration and the highest

concentration of that can inhibit fungal growth. The result for the

minimum fungicidal concentration of extracts is presented in Table 3 &

4.

Table 3: Antifungal activity of 100% leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad,

plain Kuchai and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai against
Trichophyton rubrum using the MFC Test
Concentration
Test organism Preparation (μg/mL)
500 250 125 62.5
100%
Plain - - - +
Tanglad Leaves Extract
100%
- - - +
Trichophyton Plain Kuchai Leaves Extract
rubrum 100%
Combined Tanglad-Kuchai - - - -
Leaves Extract
Positive Control - - - -
(Ketoconazole suspension)
Legend:
+ ----- indicates growth - ----- absence of growth
 32

Table 3 shows the results of the antifungal activity of the 100%

leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad, plain Kuchai and the combined

Tanglad and Kuchai against Trichophyton rubrum. Based on the results

of the MIC test, only the broth dilutions of 100% plain Tanglad leaves

extract and the plain Kuchai leaves extract, the 62.5 μg/mL

concentration shows a fungal growth on the agar plate. While the broth

dilution of 100% combined Tanglad & Kuchai leaf extracts shows no

fungal growth at all concentrations (μg/mL).

Therefore, the 100% combined Tanglad and Kuchai leaf extract is

the most effective among all the agents used as compared to the

commercially available Ketoconazole suspension which also shows no

fungal growth among all concentrations against Trichophyton rubrum.

Table 4: Antifungal activity of 100% leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad, plain
Kuchai and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai against Candida albicans using the
MFC Test

Concentration
Test organism Preparation (μg/mL)
1000 500 250 125 62.5
100%
Plain
- - - - -
Tanglad Leaves
Extract
100%
Plain Kuchai Leaves - - - - +
Candida
Extract
albicans
100%
Combined Tanglad- - - - - -
Kuchai Leaves Extract
Positive Control
(Ketoconazole - - - - -
suspension)
Legend:
+ ----- indicates growth - ----- absence of growth
 33

Table 4 shows the results of the antifungal activity of the 100%

leaves extract dilution of plain Tanglad, plain Kuchai and the combined

Tanglad and Kuchai against Trichophyton rubrum. Based on the results

of the MIC test, the broth dilutions of 100% plain Tanglad leaves extract

and combined Tanglad & Kuchai leaves extract shows no fungal growth

at all concentrations of the broth dilutions. While the broth dilution of

the 100% combined Tanglad & Kuchai leaves extracts shows only a

fungal growth at 62.5 μg/mL concentration.

Therefore, the 100% plain Tanglad and 100% combined Tanglad

and Kuchai is the most effective among all the agents used as compared

to the commercially available Miconazole suspension which also shows

no fungal growth among all concentrations against Candida albicans.

THE LEVEL OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF THE FORMULATED

CREAMS AND ORAL GELS OF PLAIN KUCHAI, PLAIN TANGLAD AND

COMBINED KUCHAI AND TANGLAD LEAVES EXTRACTS USING THE

AGAR – WELL DIFFUSION METHOD

The formulated creams and oral gels of 100% leaves extract

dilution of plain Kuchai, plain Tanglad and combined Kuchai and

Tanglad, were subjected to antifungal screening using the Agar-Well

Diffusion Method. Below are the results of antifungal activity of the

 34

various formulated creams and oral gels of each plant extracts against

Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans.

Table 5: Antifungal activity of 100% plain Tanglad cream, plain Kuchai cream
and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai cream against Trichophyton rubrum
using the Well Method

Diameter of
Test Antifungal
Preparation Trial inhibition Mean
organism Activity
(mm)
100% 1 24.0
Plain 2 22.0 23.7 Very Active
Tanglad Cream 3 25.0
100% 1 21.0
Plain Kuchai 2 20.0 20.7 Very Active
Cream 3 21.0
Trichophyton
rubrum 100%
1 25.0
Combined
2 24.0 24.7 Very Active
Tanglad-Kuchai
3 25.0
Cream
(+) Control 1 28.0
Ketoconazole 2 23.0 25.7 Very Active
Cream 3 26.0
Legend:
(<10 mm) Inactive (14-19 mm) Active
(10-13 mm) Partially Active (>19 mm) Very Active)
(+) Positive Control P Value: 0.0191 F. Crit.: 6.00

Table 5 shows the results of the antifungal activity of formulated

creams of 100% plain Tanglad cream, plain Kuchai cream and the

combined Tanglad and Kuchai cream against Trichophyton rubrum. The

formulated cream of 100% plain Tanglad leaf extract showed a mean

diameter zone of inhibition of 23.7. While the formulated cream of 100%

plain Kuchai leaf extract showed a mean diameter zone of inhibition of

20.7. And the formulated cream of 100% combined Tanglad & Kuchai

leaf extracts showed a mean diameter zone of inhibition of 24.7.

 35

The results of all the formulated creams of each 100% plant extract

showed >19 mm which is interpreted as very active antifungal activity

against Trichophyton rubrum. In comparison with the standard

Ketoconazole cream, which showed a mean diameter zone of inhibition of

25.7, all formulated 100% plant extract creams showed a no significant

difference in terms of the results being gathered using the Well Method.

This study was supported by Lubuguin, J., et. al., (2014), and as

the basis of comparison of this study, was conducted to evaluate the

antifungal activity of the formulated cream from the crude leaf extract of

Kuchai (Allium odorum, Liliaceae) Leaves. For the antifungal screening,

the Kirby Bauer Method is used in this study and the results were

gathered and interpreted that the 100%crude leaf extract of Kuchai

produced the highest extract dilution which can inhibit the fungal growth

against Trichophyton rubrum.

This study was also supported by Ewashinha, J., et. al. (2012)

wherein it discusses phytochemical analysis of Tanglad extracts have

been found to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth and capable of

protecting certain plants against infection. The phytochemical

component has antifungal properties which were confirmed in the

presence of tannins and phenolic extracts. The presence of tannins in the

plant extract are important in herbal medicine and they are applied in

arresting bleeding and wound healing.

 36

Table 6: Antifungal activity of 100% of plain Tanglad oral gel, plain Kuchai oral
gel and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai oral gel against Candida albicans using
the Agar Well Method

Diameter of
Antifungal
Test organism Preparation Trial inhibition Mean
Activity
(mm)
100%
1 14.0
Plain Partially
2 13.0 13.3
Tanglad Oral Active
3 13.0
Gel
100% 1 12.0
Partially
Plain Kuchai 2 13.0 12.0
Active
Candida. Oral Gel 3 11.0
albicans 100%
1 15.0
Combined
2 16.0 16.0 Active
Tanglad-Kuchai
3 17.00
Oral Gel
(+) Control 1 17.00
Miconazole Oral 2 15.00 17.3 Active
Gel 3 20.00
Legend:
(<10 mm) Inactive (14-19 mm) Active
(10-13 mm) Partially Axtive (>19 mm) Very Active)
(+) Positive Control P Value: 0.0080 F. Crit.: 8.21

Table 6 shows the results of the antifungal activity of formulated

oral gels of 100% of plain Tanglad oral gel, plain Kuchai oral gel and the

combined Tanglad and Kuchai oral gel against Candida albicans. The

formulated oral gel of 100% plain Tanglad leaf extract showed a mean

diameter zone of inhibition of 13.3. While the formulated oral gel oral gel

of 100% plain Kuchai leaf extract showed a mean diameter zone of

inhibition of 12.0. And the formulated oral gel of 100% combined

Tanglad & Kuchai leaf extracts showed a mean diameter zone of

inhibition of 16.0.
 37

The formulated oral gel of 100% plain Tanglad leaf extract showed

a result of 10-13 mm which is interpreted as partially active antifungal

activity against Candida albicans. While the formulated oral gel of 100%

plain Tanglad leaf extract showed a result of 10-13 mm which is also

interpreted as partially active antifungal activity against Candida

albicans. And the formulated oral gel of 100% plain Tanglad leaf extract

showed a result of 14-19 mm which is interpreted as active antifungal

activity against Candida albicans. The standard basis or comparison

which is Miconazole oral gel, showed a mean diameter zone of inhibition

of 17.3 and is interpreted as active in the antifungal activity against

Candida albicans using the Agar – Well Diffusion Method.

This study was supported by Thomas, J. and Veda, B., (2015)

wherein it was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the

different herbal plants which known to possess such indication. Extracts

from Garlic (Allium sativum, Liliaceae), Onion (Allium cepa, Liliaceae),

Neem (Azadiraehta indica, Meliaceae) and Tanglad (Cymbopogon citratus,

Poaceae) were extracted using water and ethanol. The crude leaf extracts

were subjected to antimicrobial screening using the Well Diffusion

Method, MIC test and MFC test against microbial cultures of Escherichia

coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The gathered results

were found that extracts of garlic, onion, neem and tanglad are capable

to inhibit microbial growth which produced a mean diameter zone of

 38

inhibition of about ±20mm using the Well Diffusion Method against

Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.

COMPARISON OF THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE LEAF

EXTRACTS FROM THE POSITIVE CONTROL AGAINST

Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans

Results gathered in the antifungal screenings were analyzed and

interpreted by a statistician using the ANOVA: Single factor and t – Test:

Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances. Results of the statistical

analysis were graphed. (Please refer to Appendix G2)

The formulated cream and oral gel of 100% combined Tanglad and

Kuchai leaf extract gave a greater value than the f value. The test accepts

the null hypothesis. The test shows that there is no significant difference

between the mean of the combined extracts and the control drug.

LEVEL OF SAFETY OF THE FORMULATED TANGLAD EXTRACT

CREAM, KUCHAI EXTRACT CREAM AND THE COMBINED

TANGLAD AND KUCHAI EXTRACT CREAM

One hundred percent (100%) extract dilutions of each plain

Tanglad leaf extract, plain Kuchai leaf extract and the combined Tanglad

and Kuchai leaf extracts, were formulated into cream.

 39

Dermal Sensitivity Test was performed to evaluate the level of

safety of the formulated Tanglad extract cream, Kuchai extract cream

and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai extract cream. Patch and Scratch

Test was performed to the test animals – guinea pigs. Records of the

observation are shown on Table 7a and Table 7b.

Table 7a: Safety of the Formulated 100% Tanglad Extract Cream, Kuchai Extract
Cream and the Combined Tanglad and Kuchai Extract Cream (Patch Test)

Individual Scores
(%) Dilution Guinea pig Average
Erythema Edema
extract Score
No. Sex 24 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 72 hrs
100% 1 M 0 0 0 0 0
Plain
Tanglad Extract 2 F 0 0 0 0 0
100% 3 M 0 0 0 0 0
Plain Kuchai
Extract 4 F 0 0 0 0 0
100% 5 M 0 0 0 0 0
Combined
Tanglad-Kuchai 6 F 0 0 0 0 0
Extract
Total 0
Primary Irritation Index 0
Legend:
0: No erythema, No edema
1: Very slight erythema, very slight edema
2: Well defined erythema, slight edema
3: Moderate erythema, moderate edema
4: Severe erythema, severe edema

Table 7b: Safety of the Formulated 100% Tanglad Extract Cream, Kuchai Extract
Cream and the Combined Tanglad and Kuchai Extract Cream (Scratch Test)

Guinea Individual Scores

Average
(%) Dilution extract pig Erythema Edema
Score
No. Sex 24 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 72 hrs
100% 1 M 0 0 0 0 0
Plain
Tanglad Extract 2 F 0 0 0 0 0

3 M 0 0 0 0 0
100%
Plain Kuchai Extract
4 F 0 0 0 0 0

100% 5 M 0 0 0 0 0
Combined Tanglad-
Kuchai Extract 6 F 0 0 0 0 0
 40

Total 0
Primary Irritation Index 0
Legend:
0: No erythema, No edema
1: Very slight erythema, very slight edema
2: Well defined erythema, slight edema
3: Moderate erythema, moderate edema
4: Severe erythema, severe edema

Table 7a shows the results of the readings of the Patch test in the

skin of 6 guinea pigs of different gender being exposed to 100%

concentration of the formulated Tanglad cream, Kuchai cream and

combined Tanglad and Kuchai cream, and the commercially available

Ketoconazole cream. It is stated that all the test agents scored 0, which is

interpreted as no erythema. While Table 7b shows the results of readings

of Scratch test in the skin of 6 guinea pigs being exposed to 100%

concentration of the formulated Tanglad cream, Kuchai cream and

combined Tanglad and Kuchai cream, and the commercially available

Ketoconazole cream. Similar to the Patch Test, the agents in this test also

show no erythema leading to a score of 0.

To summarize the data in both patch and scratch test, due to the

absence of edema or eschar formation in the test animals, the formulated

creams has a primary irritation index of 0, rendering it to be safe (Please

refer to Appendix G1 for the computation).

This study was supported by Lubuguin, J., et. al., (2014), and as

the basis of comparison of this study, was conducted to evaluate the

antifungal activity of the formulated cream from the crude leaf extract of

Kuchai (Allium odorum, Liliaceae) Leaves. For the antifungal screening,

 41

the Kirby Bauer Method is used in this study and the results were

gathered and interpreted that the 100% crude leaf extract of Kuchai

produced the highest extract dilution which can inhibit the fungal growth

against Trichophyton rubrum. Sensitivity test was also done using Patch

Test and Scratch Test. There is no significant difference between the

commercially available cream and the formulated creams which shows a

primary index of 0, rendering it to be safe for human consumption.

LEVEL OF SAFETY OF THE FORMULATED TANGLAD EXTRACT

ORAL GEL, KUCHAI EXTRACT ORAL GEL AND THE COMBINED

TANGLAD AND KUCHAI EXTRACT ORAL GEL

One hundred percent (100%) extract dilutions of each plain

Tanglad leaf extract, plain Kuchai leaf extract and the combined Tanglad

and Kuchai leaf extracts, were used in the formulation of oral gel.

Dermal Sensitivity Test was performed to evaluate the level of

safety of the formulated Tanglad extract oral gel, Kuchai extract oral gel

and the combined Tanglad and Kuchai extract oral gel. Patch and

Scratch Test was done to the test animals – guinea pigs. Records of the

observation are shown on Table 8a and Table 8b.

 42

Table 8a: Safety of the Formulated Tanglad Extract Oral Gel, Kuchai Extract Oral
Gel and the Combined Tanglad and Kuchai Extract Oral Gel (Patch Test)

Individual Scores
(%) Dilution Guinea pig Average
extract Score
Erythema Edema
No. Sex 24 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 72 hrs
100% 1 M 0 0 0 0 0
Plain
Tanglad Extract 2 F 0 0 0 0 0

100% 3 M 0 0 0 0 0
Plain Kuchai
Extract 4 F 0 0 0 0 0
100%
Combined 5 M 0 0 0 0 0
Tanglad-Kuchai
Extract 6 F 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0
Primary Irritation Index 0
Legend:
0: No erythema, No edema 4: Severe erythema, severe edema
1: Very slight erythema, very slight edema 3: Moderate erythema, moderate edema
2: Well defined erythema, slight edema

Table 8b: Safety of the Formulated Tanglad Extract Oral Gel, Kuchai Extract Oral
Gel and the Combined Tanglad and Kuchai Extract Oral Gel (Scratch Test)

Individual Scores
(%) Dilution Guinea pig Average
extract Score
Erythema Edema
No. Sex 24 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 72 hrs
100% 1 M 0 0 0 0 0
Plain
Tanglad Extract 2 F 0 0 0 0 0

100% 3 M 0 0 0 0 0
Plain Kuchai
Extract 4 F 0 0 0 0 0
100%
Combined 5 M 0 0 0 0 0
Tanglad-Kuchai
Extract 6 F 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0
Primary Irritation Index 0
Legend:
0: No erythema, No edema 3: Moderate erythema, moderate edema
1: Very slight erythema, very slight edema 4: Severe erythema, severe edema
2: Well defined erythema, slight edema
 43

Table 7a shows the results of the readings of the Patch test in the

skin of 6 guinea pigs of different gender being exposed to 100%

concentration of the formulated Tanglad oral gel, Kuchai oral gel and

combined Tanglad and Kuchai oral gel, and the commercially available

Miconazole oral gel. It is stated that all the test agents scored 0, which is

interpreted as no erythema. While Table 7b shows the results of readings

of Scratch test in the skin of 6 guinea pigs being exposed to 100%

concentration of the formulated Tanglad oral gel, Kuchai oral gel and

combined Tanglad and Kuchai oral gel, and the commercially available

Miconazole oral gel. Similar to the Patch Test, the agents in this test also

show no erythema leading to a score of 0.

To summarize the data in both patch and scratch test, due to the

absence of edema or eschar formation in the test animals, the formulated

oral gels has a primary irritation index of 0, rendering it to be safe

(Please refer to Appendix G1 for the computation).

This study was supported by Lubuguin, J., et. al., (2014), and as

the basis of comparison of this study, was conducted to evaluate the

antifungal activity of the formulated cream from the crude leaf extract of

Kuchai (Allium odorum, Liliaceae) Leaves. For the antifungal screening,

the Kirby Bauer Method is used in this study and the results were

gathered and interpreted that the 100%crude leaf extract of Kuchai

produced the highest extract dilution which can inhibit the fungal growth

against Trichophyton rubrum. Sensitivity test was also done using Patch
 44

Test and Scratch Test. After performing all the tests, the researchers

concluded that the leaf extract has the ability to inhibit the fungal growth

against Trichophyton rubrum which indicates its effectiveness as potential

antifungal agent. There is no significant difference between the

commercially available cream and the formulated creams which shows a

primary index of 0, rendering it to be safe for human consumption.

ORGANOLEPTIC PROFILE OF THE FORMULATED

CREAM AND ORAL GEL

The researchers further evaluated the formulated dosage forms to

the ideal characteristics of each dosage formulation simultaneously with

the safety test. The table below shows the result of organoleptic

evaluation. Table 3 shows the results of organoleptic evaluation.

Table 4: Organoleptic Evaluation of the Formulated Dosage Forms Cream and Oral
Gel

Ideal Characteristics (USP XXX, 2010) Formulated Dosage Form

CREAM

1. Odorless ✓

2. Non-greasy ✓

3. Non-dehydrating ✓

4. Pleasing in appearance ✓

5. Washability (easily removed with water) ✓

 45

6. Low index of irritation ✓

7. Viscous ✓

ORAL GEL

1. Odorless ✓

2. Non-greasy ✓

3. Non-washability (not easily removed with water) ✓

4. Low index of irritation ✓

Based on the obtained results, the formulated semi solid dosage

forms conform to the standards of ideal characteristics of a cream and

oral gel according to the United States Pharmacopeia. Cream, as defined

by the United States Pharmacopeia is a viscous liquid or semi-solid

emulsion of either oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. The ideal

characteristics of a cream must be odorless, non-greasy, non-

dehydrating, pleasing in appearance, washable, low index of irritation

and viscous. These characteristics were observed by the researchers

when they performed the organoleptic evaluation.

The United States Pharmacopeia then defines an oral gel as semi-

solid dosage form consisting of dispersion made up of either small

inorganic particles or large organic molecules. It is usually odorless, less

greasy and more absorptive. These characteristics were observed by the

researchers when they performed the organoleptic evaluation.

 46

While organoleptic evaluation was performed, the formulated

dosage forms were also noted for sign of instability characterized by the

presence of molds, grittiness, undissolved particles and bleeding of

cream or presence of water in the formulated cream. Based on the

observation, no signs of instability were noted.

Based on the data collected, the formulated dosage forms passed

the organoleptic evaluation and physical and toxicologic stability

evaluation. The obtained results show that the extract is compatible to

be formulated as a semi solid dosage form.