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Lug Analysis Calculator - Results
Lug Analysis Calculator - Results
Instructions (/calculators/lifting-lug-analysis/instructions)
The Lug Analysis calculator allows for analysis of lifting lugs under axial, transverse, or oblique loading. This calculator
follows the Air Force Method (/reference/lug-analysis#air-force-method) as documented in the Stress Analysis Manual of
the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory (FDL). See the instructions (/calculators/lifting-lug-analysis/instructions) within the
documentation (/calculators/) for more details on performing this analysis. See the reference section (/reference/lug-
analysis) for details on the methodology and the equations used.
Load Example
Inputs
Input the details for the lug and hit 'Submit':
Applied Forces:
25000 lbf
1 lbf
Pin Inputs:
2.969 in
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3/6/2018 Lug Analysis Calculator | MechaniCalc
Material:
Example Material 1
Bushing:
Include Bushing
Lug Width, w:
6.5 in
1.5 in
Hole Diameter, D:
3 in
Edge Distance, e:
3.25 in
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The joint can optionally include an outer set of female lugs. If included, results will be calculated for female lugs and
double shear joint strength.
Calculate results:
Submit
Display Units
Display results in:
US
SI
Results
The results of the lug analysis are detailed below. Refer to the lug analysis reference (/reference/lug-analysis) section for
details on how these results were derived.
Results Summary Properties Male Lug Results Female Lug Results Joint Strength
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Lug strengths in the axial and transverse directions are rst calculated. The lug strength in the applied force direction
(i.e. oblique loading) is then calculated, along with a Factor of Safety.
The table below gives a summary of the results. Full detailed calculations are provided in the following sections.
Axial Loading
This section calculates the strength of the lug with a pure axial load applied (/reference/lug-analysis#air-force-axial-
lug).
The axial load coe cient (/reference/lug-analysis#air-force-bearing-strength-axial) is determined from the gure
below. This coe cient is only valid for D/t ≤ 5, which applies in this case. From the plot, the coe cient is:
Reference Values
D/t = 2.00
e/D = 1.08
D = 3.000 in
e = 3.250 in
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t = 1.500 in
NOTE: This plot was generated based on the Air Force Manual, Figure 9-2.
Reference Values
D/t = 2.00
e/D = 1.08
D = 3.000 in
e = 3.250 in
t = 1.500 in
NOTE: This plot was generated based on the Air Force Manual, Figure 9-3. The dotted lines in this gure were
generated by nding the surrounding D/t
curves, and the solid blue line was generated by interpolating between the
surrounding curves.
K = K axial = 1.55
a
∣ if e/D < 1.5
Pbru.L = K ⋅ min (S tu , 1.304S ty ) ⋅ Dt ⋅ ∣
D
= 106,174 lbf
∣1 otherwise
Reference Values
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Sty = 20,000 psi
Stu = 30,000 psi
D = 3.000 in
a = 1.750 in
e = 3.250 in
t = 1.500 in
NOTE: There was no bushing speci ed for this lug, so the bushing bearing strength was calculated using the
compressive yield strength of the lug body material, Example Material 1.
Reference Values
Scy.B = 20,000 psi
DP = 2.969 in
t = 1.500 in
Kn = 0.78
Reference Values
D/w = 0.46
Sty / Stu = 0.67
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NOTE: This plot was generated based on the Air Force Manual, Figure 9-4 (b), (c), and (d). The dotted lines in this
gure were generated by interpolating within each of the three Air Force Manual gures based on the ratio
S / (E⋅ε )
tu u . The solid line was generated by interpolating between the gures based on the ratio ty tu. S /S
The net-section ultimate load (/reference/lug-analysis#air-force-net-section-axial) is calculated as:
Reference Values
Sty = 20,000 psi
Stu = 30,000 psi
D = 3.000 in
w = 6.500 in
t = 1.500 in
Reference Values
Pbru.L = 106,174 lbf
Pu.B = 116,147 lbf
Pnu.L = 107,195 lbf
Transverse Loading
This section calculates the strength of the lug with a pure transverse load applied (/reference/lug-analysis#air-force-
transverse-lug).
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3/6/2018 Lug Analysis Calculator | MechaniCalc
Reference Values
heff / D = 0.67
heff = 2.020 in
D = 3.000 in
NOTE: This plot was generated based on the Air Force Manual, Figure 9-8.
∣K S tu Dt if S tu ≤ 1.304S ty
92,310 lbf
tru
Ptru.L = ∣ =
∣ 1.304K try S ty Dt otherwise
Reference Values
Sty = 20,000 psi
Stu = 30,000 psi
D = 3.000 in
t = 1.500 in
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Reference Values
Ptru.L = 92,310 lbf
Ptru.B = 116,147 lbf
Oblique Loading
This section calculates the strength of the lug under oblique loading (/reference/lug-analysis#air-force-oblique-lug)
(combined axial and transverse loading). Note that pure axial loading and pure transverse loading are special cases of
oblique loading where only one load component is non-zero.
Applied Forces
The forces applied to the lug are:
1.6 1.6
Pax.ult Ptr.ult
( ) + ( ) = 1
Pu.L.B Ptru.L.B
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The failure locus of the plot to the left is de ned by the interaction equation above. The axes of the plot are load
ratios, which relate the applied load to the lug strength.
The current point on the plot is de ned by the load ratios in the axial and transverse directions:
Pax
Rax = = 0.235 axial load ratio
Pu.L.B
Ptr
Rtr = = 0.000 transverse load ratio
Ptru.L.B
The load line in the plot extends from the origin through the current point and intersects with the failure locus. The
critical point is the point at which the load line intersects the failure locus. This point gives the load ratios at which the
lug fails.
Pax.ult
Rax.ult = = 1.000 ultimate axial load ratio
Pu.L.B
Ptr.ult
Rtr.ult = = 0.000 ultimate transverse load ratio
Ptru.L.B
The lug strength components for oblique loading in the applied direction are:
0.625
⎛ ⎞
1
Pax.ult = ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
= 106,174 lbf axial strength component
1.6 1.6
1 tan (α)
⎝ ( ) + ( ) ⎠
P u.L.B P tru.L.B
Reference Values
Pu.L.B = 106,174 lbf
Ptru.L.B = 92,310 lbf
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α = 0.0 deg
The lug strength for oblique loading in the applied direction is:
−−−−−−−−−−−
Pult = √P
2
ax.ult
+ P
2
tr.ult
= 106,174 lbf
Reference Values
Pax.ult = 106,174 lbf
Ptr.ult = 4.247 lbf
Pult
FS = = 4.25
Papp
Reference Values
Pult = 106,174 lbf
Papp = 25,000 lbf
Download Report
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