Analysis of Dreams

Hudson/Whisenhunt, Psychology 1e
Chapter 6: Memory
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied Analyze

Learning Objective Multiple 2,5[na,Intro], 1[na,Intro],8,9, 3,4,6[na,Intro], 7,14,16
6.1 Recall Choice 10,15,19 11,12,13,17,18, 20
Atkinson and 21
Shiffrin’s three- Fill-in-the-
stage model of Blank
memory. Short 159
answer
Essay 169
Learning Objective Multiple 24 22,25,27 23,26
6.2 Describe the Choice
core features of Fill-in-the-
contemporary Blank
connectionist Short
models of answer
memory. Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 32,33,34,35 28,29,37 30,31,36
6.3 Recognize the Choice
types and Fill-in-the-
characteristics of Blank
sensory memory. Short 160
answer
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 40,43,44,45, 41,46,48 38,39,42,51,52 49
6.4 Distinguish Choice 47,50,53
between short-term Fill-in-the-
memory and Blank
working memory. Short 162 161
answer
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 55,57 54,61,62 56,58,63,64,65, 59,60,67,69,
6.5 Apply effective Choice 66,68,71 70
strategies for Fill-in-the-
encoding Blank
information into Short 163 164
long-term answer
memory. Essay 170
Learning Objective Multiple 72,74,78 75,76,77,79,80 73
6.6 Differentiate Choice
the various types Fill-in-the-
of memory Blank
contained within Short 165
long-term answer
memory. Essay 171
Learning Objective Multiple 81,82,84,85, 94 83,92,99 86,87,91,96,
1

6.7 Recognize Choice 88,89,90,93, 97,98,100
factors that 95
influence the Fill-in-the-
retrieval of Blank
information. Short 166
answer
Essay 172
Learning Objective
6.8 Identify how Multiple 101 102
flashbulb Choice
memories differ Fill-in-the-
from other Blank
memories. Short
answer
Essay 173
Learning Objective Multiple 103,104,107, 105 106,109 110
6.9 Describe Choice 108
situations that can Fill-in-the-
lead to Blank
inaccuracies in Short
memory. answer
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 114,115,119 121 112,113,116, 111[na,intro]
6.10 Identify Choice 117,120 118
reasons for Fill-in-the-
forgetting related Blank
to encoding and Short 167
retrieval failures. answer
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 122,123 126 124,125
6.11 Distinguish Choice
between the Fill-in-the-
different types of Blank
amnesia. Short
answer
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 127,128 129,130,131, 134,135 138
6.12 Recognize Choice 132,133,136,
that memories are 137
located in various Fill-in-the-
places in the brain. Blank
Short
answer
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 139 141,142,143, 140,146
6.13 Recall the Choice 144,145
role of neurons in Fill-in-the-
Blank
2

creating long-term Short
memories. answer
Essay
Learning Objective Multiple 147,153,154, 150,151 148,149,152,
6.14 Analyze how Choice 155,157 156,158
the cross-cutting Fill-in-the-
themes of Blank
psychology apply Short 168
to the issue of false answer
memories. Essay 174
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Researchers who work in the field of __________ are concerned with questions about the
function and evolutionary significance of memory.
A) adaptive memory
B) functional memory
C) structural memory
D) information processing
Answer: A
Learning Objective: NA
Topic: What Is Memory?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains in psychology.
2. __________ is a collection of information and experiences stored in our brain for

retrieval at a later time.
A) Context
B) Memory
C) Learning
D) Coding
Answer: B
Topic: Models of Memory
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Adaptive Pathway:
3
3. Goddard recalls the day he got his first bike. It was bright red and had a great horn.
Goddard has recalled a(n) __________.
A) thought
B) feeling
C) memory
D) emotion
Answer: C
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Adaptive Pathway:
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
4. Bart repeats the word and its definition over and over in his head. He is trying to get the
word and its definition into his __________.
A) executive thinking
B) memory
C) cognition
D) brain
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
5. The __________ suggests that our memory works in a way similar to an administrative
assistant that organizes, stores, and retrieves files when they are needed.
A) information processing approach
B) connectionist approach
C) adaptive memory approach
D) cognitive learning approach
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
6. Katarina thinks of her memory as a computer. Her brain saves the information she learns,
stores it on the hard drive (in her brain), and then retrieves and opens the file when she
needs it. Katarina’s thinking is an analogy for the ___________ approach of memory.
A) connectionist
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B) information processing
C) cognitive learning
D) adaptive
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
7. When considering Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory, which of the
following statements is true?
A) It is still used today as a primary model for understanding memory.
B) It led to a great deal of research that has helped us formulate more contemporary
theories of memory.
C) It addressed five different dimensions of memory, four of which are still relevant
today.
D) They used the analogy of a file cabinet for storing and retrieving memories.
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 6.1 Recall Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory.
Topic: A Historical Perspective: The Three-Stage Model of Memory
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Analyze It
Adaptive Pathway:
8. In Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory, they likened the functional
aspect of memory to a computer’s __________.
A) hardware
B) keyboard
C) screen
D) software programs
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
9. In Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory, they likened basic memory
storage facilities to a(n) __________.
A) file cabinet
B) computer’s hardware
C) computer’s software programs
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D) administrative assistant
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
10. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the structure of memory is divided into __________
distinct memory stores.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
11. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the first part of memory involves processing
experiences through __________.
A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) flashbulb memory
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
12. Correctly identify the order of the structures in the three-stage model of memory.
A) Sensory memory to working memory to long-term memory
B) Short-term memory to long-term memory to sensory memory
C) Sensory memory to long-term memory to working memory
D) Short-term memory to sensory memory to long-term memory
Answer: A
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Adaptive Pathway: 6.1.1
13. In the textbook, the authors use a casting call as an analogy for the structure and process
of memory. Which part of the casting call represents the sensory memory?
A) Landing the role
B) First callback
C) Second callback
D) First audition
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
14. What must occur in sensory memory for it to be moved to short-term memory?
A) It must be given the appropriate attention.
B) It must be highly emotional.
C) It must be vivid stimulus and last over 30 seconds.
D) It must be repeated over and over again.
Answer: A
15. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, short-term memory is __________.

A) information sensed from the external world that is kept for a very brief period of time
B) a storage facility with unlimited capacity that captures most of our sensory memories
C) a storage facility that requires elaborative rehearsal for memories to be stored there
D) a memory storage facility with a low capacity, but a longer duration than sensory
memory
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
16. When considering long-term memory, which of the following is an accurate statement?
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A) Everything contained in sensory memory will eventually make it to long-term

memory.
B) Everything contained in short-term memory will eventually be consolidated into long-
term memory.
C) For items to be consolidated into long-term memory they must be subjected to
elaborative rehearsal.
D) Long-term memory is limited in its capacity, but once information makes it to long-
term memory, it is rarely forgotten.
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
17. In the casting call example used in the text to discuss the three stages of memory, what
represents short-term memory?
A) Landing the role
B) First callback
C) Being turned away from the first audition
D) First audition
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
18. In the casting call example used in the text to discuss the three stages of memory, what
represents long-term memory?
A) Landing the role
B) First callback
C) Second callback
D) First audition
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
19. Short-term memory is also often referred to as __________ memory.

A) sedentary
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B) flashbulb
C) working
D) strategic
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
20. Veronica has just been cast as an extra in a movie. She is repeating her one line, “Call the
police,” over and over again in her head. What is Veronica doing?
A) Attempting to move the line from her sensory memory to short-term memory.
B) Attempting to move the line from her short-term memory to her long-term memory.
C) Attempting to retrieve the line from her long-term memory.
D) Attempting to move the line from her long-term memory back to her working
memory.
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
21. The process of elaborative rehearsal can involve __________.

A) giving the information a great deal of attention
B) making the information meaningful and connecting it to prior knowledge
C) using flashcards to promote rote memorization of material
D) rereading the material one more time before an exam
Answer: B
22. For sensory memory to move to working memory, you need to __________. Then, for
information to move from working memory to long-term memory, you need to
__________.
A) repeat it; sense it
B) practice it; pay attention to it
C) ignore it; pay attention to it
D) pay attention to it; engage in elaborative rehearsal
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Answer: D
Learning Objective: 6.2 Describe the core features of contemporary connectionist
models of memory.

23. What is one of the primary concerns about the Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of
memory?
A) There is evidence that memory involves parallel processing, and the Atkinson and
Shiffrin model only acknowledges a serial processing of memory.
B) There is evidence that memory involves active processing, and the Atkinson and
Shiffrin model only acknowledges the passive processing of memory.
C) There is evidence that memory involves serial processing, and the Atkinson and
Shiffrin model only recognizes parallel processing.
D) There is evidence that memory truly works like a computer, and the Atkinson and
Shiffrin model only uses the analogy of a filing cabinet.
Answer: A
models of memory.
Topic: Contemporary Models of Memory
Adaptive Pathway:
24. __________ is an approach in cognitive science that describes cognitive processes as

interconnected networks in the brain.
A) Matrixism
B) Separatism
C) Connectionism
D) Interactionism
Answer: C
models of memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
25. Which of the following models of memory states that memories are constructed through a
pattern of activation among neurons?
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A) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model

B) Activation distribution model
C) Parallel distributed processing model
D) Computer processing model
Answer: C
models of memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
26. According to the parallel distributed processing model, __________.

A) memories of common items will be the same across different individuals
B) memories of common items will be kept as different patterns of connections across
different individuals
C) memories of common items are transferred from sensory to short-term memory to
long-term memory
D) memories of common items will involve different patterns of connections within the
same person, depending on the type of stimulus that triggers the memory
Answer: B
models of memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
27. Which model of memory is best represented by the following statement? “Memories are
merely a pattern of activation of neurons that have been strengthened over time.”
A) The information processing model
B) The three-stage model
C) The Hebbian synthesis model
D) The parallel distributed processing model
Answer: D
models of memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
28. Sensory memory is merely an extension of __________.
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A) attention
B) sensation
C) perception
D) experience
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 6.3 Recognize the types and characteristics of sensory memory.
Topic: Sensory Memory
Adaptive Pathway:
29. Vision is to _________ as hearing is to __________.

A) iconic memory; echoic memory
B) echoic memory; flashbulb memory
C) flashbulb memory; iconic memory
D) echoic memory; iconic memory
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
30. Geraldo looked around the room, focusing on the trophy in the case. When he closed his
eyes, he could still briefly picture the trophy in his mind. This is an example of a(n)
_________ memory.
A) flashbulb
B) iconic
C) echoic
D) short-term
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
31. Katie fell in love with the horse standing in front of her. As she closed her eyes, for a
short time, she could see the perfect image of the horse in her mind. This is an example of
a(n) __________ memory.
A) procedural
B) implicit
C) iconic
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D) echoic
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
32. How long does an iconic image last?

A) A microsecond
B) A few tenths of a second to a half-second
C) 3 to 4 seconds
D) 1 to 2 minutes
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
33. How long does an echoic memory last?

A) A microsecond
B) A few tenths of a second to a half of a second
C) 3 to 4 seconds
D) 1 to 2 minutes
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
34. __________ is a part of sensory memory that involves the ability to briefly and
accurately remember visual images.
A) Echoic memory
B) Flashbulb memory
C) Iconic memory
D) Short-term memory
Answer: C
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Adaptive Pathway:
35. __________ is a part of sensory memory that involves the ability to briefly and
accurately remember sounds.
A) Echoic memory
B) Flashbulb memory
C) Iconic memory
D) Short-term memory
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
36. Josh heard his girlfriend say, “I love you” for the first time. He was briefly able to hear it
again in his mind. This is an example of a(n) __________ memory.
A) iconic
B) explicit
C) implicit
D) echoic
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
37. The acquisition of information into sensory memory is primarily a(n) ____________
process.
A) conscious
B) effortful
C) unconscious
D) detailed
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
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38. Sarah gave Lucille her parking code for the parking garage at work. Lucille did not have
a pen to write it down, so she repeated it to herself over and over. This strategy is referred
to as __________.
A) interference training
B) intentional practice
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) automatic processing
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 6.4 Distinguish between short-term memory and working memory.
Topic: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
Adaptive Pathway:
39. Vyla went to her professor’s office to discuss registration for her next semester. She was
also waiting for an important phone call from her mom. As she was getting information
about registration, her phone began to vibrate in her pocket. For just a moment she was
distracted by the thought of what would happen if she didn’t answer her phone, and found
she couldn’t recall anything the professor had just told her about registration. The reason
she lost this information is because of _________.
A) parallel processing
B) anxiety
C) decay
D) interference
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
40. __________ is short-term memory loss due to information disappearing over time.
A) Interference
B) Decay
C) Receding
D) Automatic processing
Answer: B
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41. Conscious processing is to _________ as unconscious processing is to __________.

A) iconic processing; echoic processing
B) automatic processing; echoic processing
C) iconic processing; effortful processing
D) effortful processing; automatic processing
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
42. Conrad was asked to memorize the letter sequence LOLFYIIMOIDK. Conrad discovered
that if he broke the letters up he could remember them better. He memorized LOL FYI
IMO IDK. Conrad was using __________ to help him memorize the letters.
A) segregating
B) automatic processing
C) chunking
D) visual coding
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
43. A type of processing that is based on images is called _________.

A) decoding
B) visual coding
C) auditory coding
D) semantic coding
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
44. A type of processing that involves sounds is called _________.

A) semantic coding
B) auditory coding
C) visual coding
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D) effortful processing
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
45. __________ is a type of processing based on meaning.

A) Visual coding
B) Auditory coding
C) Automatic processing
D) Semantic coding
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
46. Of the types of encoding, which one is likely to lead to the longest retention?
A) Visual
B) Auditory
C) Unconscious
D) Semantic
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
47. __________ is defined as a structural storage component of the memory system that
allows for the manipulation of cognitively sophisticated information.
A) Short-term memory
B) Long-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Working memory
Answer: D
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48. What are the three components of working memory?

A) Sensory, short-term, and long-term
B) Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive
C) Iconic loop, echoic loop, sensory sketchpad
D) Maintenance rehearsal, elaborative practice, and effortful processing
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
49. What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?
A) Short-term memory only holds sensations, while working memory holds images.
B) Short-term memory is passive, while working memory is active.
C) Short-term memory holds information for 30 seconds, while working memory holds it
for at least one minute.
D) Short-term memory occurs immediately after sensory memory, while working
memory occurs immediately before long-term memory.
Answer: B
50. The __________ holds verbal and auditory information for a brief period of time through
the process of maintenance and rehearsal.
A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) central executive
D) echoic grouping
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
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51. Bethany shouts out the password for her email so her friend Jessica can log on to find an
email address. Jessica holds the password in her memory just long enough to get signed
in. Jessica is using the __________ to hold this information in memory.
A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) central executive
C) sensory memory
D) phonological loop
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
52. You have asked your friend to drop by your house and pick up some paperwork. In your
mind, you picture your living room so you can give your friend specific instructions on
where to find the paperwork. Picturing the room in your mind involves using your
___________.
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) central executive
D) echoic memory
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
53. The __________ focuses attention and coordinates activities between all segments of
working memory.
B) central executive
C) sensory memory
D) visuospatial sketchpad
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
54. Learning is facilitated by __________.
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A) practicing effective strategies to move information from working memory to long-

term memory
B) practicing effective strategies to expand your long-term memory stores
C) directing more cognitive resources toward working memory, rather than short-term
memory.
D) practicing more echoic memory strategies
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 6.5 Apply effective strategies for encoding information into long-
term memory.
Topic: Encoding Strategies: How to Make Learning Stick
55. __________ is using time and energy to process information deeply to aid understanding
and memory.
A) Elaborative rehearsal
B) Effortful processing
C) Encoding
D) Iconic practice
Answer: B
term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
56. Michael was studying the four lobes of the brain for his psychology test. He wrote down
the four lobes, he drew a picture of the four lobes, and then he created a rhyme for the
four lobes. Michael is using __________ to improve his memory.
A) mnemonics
B) retrieval cues
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) maintenance rehearsal
Answer: C
term memory.
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57. Kenda was reading a section of her book that discussed strategies to make relationships
last. She related this information to her own relationship with her boyfriend. This process
made it easier for her to remember what she read. Kenda engaged in __________.
A) elaborative rehearsal
B) maintenance rehearsal
C) encoding
D) iconic practice
Answer: A
term memory.
58. When Kelsey started studying piano and reading music, her teacher taught her Every
Good Boy Does Fine to help her remember the lines of the treble clef. Kelsey is using
__________ to help her memory.
A) the peg-word technique
B) the method of loci
C) mnemonics
D) visual imagery
Answer: C
term memory.
59. Which of the following are critical for effective elaborative rehearsal?
A) Truly understanding the meaning of the information and making it personally
relevant.
B) Rehearsing the information over and over and tying it to cues in the environment.
C) Repeating the information until it is recalled easily.
D) Paying attention to the information in sensory memory.
Answer: A
term memory.
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60. Ho is learning new information. He repeats in his head the new terms and their
definitions until he feels he can recall them reliably. Ho is engaging in __________
processing and will likely __________ recall the information.
A) elaborative rehearsal; struggle to
B) deep processing; easily
C) shallow processing; struggle to
D) shallow processing; easily
Answer: C
term memory.
61. Rote memorization is a form of __________ processing.

A) elaborative
B) shallow
C) deep
D) echoic
Answer: B
term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
62. Rote memorization is to __________ processing as elaborative rehearsal is to

__________ processing.
A) iconic; echoic
B) deep; shallow
C) echoic; iconic
D) shallow; deep
Answer: D
term memory.
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63. Frankie’s mom asked him to pick up some things at the store. He listened to the list and
quickly created a story that involved walking through his house and finding each of the
items in a unique place where it really didn’t belong. For instance, the dog walked by
with a milk carton balanced on his head and a bag of oranges tied to his tail. Frankie was
using __________ to help him to recall the list of grocery needs.
A) retrieval practice
B) interleaving
C) the method of loci
D) schemas
Answer: C
term memory.
64. Vladimir uses “On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A French And German Viewed Some
Hops” to help him memorize the cranial nerves associated with the brain. In this case,
Vladimir is using __________ to help him memorize the information he needs.
A) the method of loci
B) the pegword system
C) visualization
D) mnemonics
Answer: D
term memory.
65. Kaycee has been trying to learn how an engine works. She now pictures, in her mind, all
of the working parts and how they must interact for the engine to run. In this example,
she is using __________ to help herself learn the information.
A) mnemonics
B) organization
C) interleaving
D) visualizing
Answer: D
term memory.
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66. You walk in to find your friend memorizing the rhyme “one is a bun, two is a shoe, three
is a tree, etc.” You come to the conclusion that your friend is getting ready to
__________.
A) enter a poetry contest
B) use the method of loci for improving memory
C) use the peg-word system for improving memory
D) use interleaving in their studying
Answer: C
term memory.
67. As part of your homework assignment, your teacher asks you to create a YouTube video
to teach others about what you have learned. Why might your teacher give you this
assignment?
A) Teaching someone else allows you to have someone to talk to about the material
because reading information from your notes out loud will make it easier to
remember the information.
B) Having to teach someone else will encourage you to more deeply process the
information, which will make it easier to remember.
C) Teaching someone else is good exposure to public speaking. If you are less anxious
about talking to others, you will remember more.
D) Teaching others provides you with a new environment to learn. The change of
scenery will make the studying more interesting and therefore make you more likely
to remember more information.
Answer: B
term memory.
68. Jakib is studying by taking information from his text and lecture notes and making
concept maps with the material. Jakib is _________ as a formal strategy for studying.
A) testing himself
B) organizing his information
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C) using mnemonics
D) using a shallow processing method
Answer: B
term memory.
69. Many of the new interfaces for online learning provide the student with multiple options
for taking quizzes to help them identify information they still do not know. According to
your text, is this a helpful method for improving learning?
A) No, it is considered a shallow form of encoding.
B) No, it does not require enough attention to facilitate deep encoding.
C) Yes, but only if the questions are presented in essay form. The act of writing is what
encourages retention of new concepts.
D) Yes, it is one of the best ways to ensure retention of new concepts.
Answer: D
term memory.
70. Caleb is using flashcards to study his material for the next test. He writes a key term on
one side and the definition according to the text on the other side. What are your
recommendations for Caleb?
A) Keep using the cards in this way, they have been shown to be an effective way to
improve learning.
B) Stop using the cards in this way, they only encourage shallow processing, so they will
not help very much.
C) Stop using the cards, they have been shown to increase confusion in the material you
are studying.
D) Continue to use flashcards as the primary method of studying, as they have been
shown to promote deep processing of information.
Answer: B
term memory.
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71. Joaquin is studying for a final exam. He has decided to study the last half of the first
chapter, the first third of the fourth chapter, and the last half of chapter five. Joaquin is
using __________ in his approach to studying.
A) mnemonics
B) peg-words
C) the method of loci
D) interleaving
Answer: D
term memory.
72. __________ is the structure of memory where information is stored for long periods of
time.
A) Semantic memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Acoustic memory
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 6.6 Differentiate the various types of memory contained within
long-term memory.
Topic: Long-Term Memory
Adaptive Pathway:
73. __________ is to declarative memory as __________ is to nondeclarative memory.

A) Semantic; episodic
B) Explicit; implicit
C) Implicit; explicit
D) Episodic; explicit
Answer: B
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
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74. Explicit memories are memories of which we are __________.

A) consciously unaware
B) consciously aware
C) unable to recall
D) primed to remember
Answer: B
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
75. Which of the following represent explicit memories?

A) Iconic; echoic
B) Procedural; priming
C) Auditory; visual
D) Semantic; episodic
Answer: D
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
76. Even though Levi hadn’t been in a math class for over 20 years, when his daughter
mentioned she was learning about the order of operations, he immediately thought of
PEMDAS. This is a demonstration of __________ memory.
A) implicit
B) unconscious
C) semantic
D) episodic
Answer: C
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
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77. When the class came back together in the fall, the teacher asked the children to write
about their favorite event or activity from the summer. The teacher was asking students to
use their __________ to describe their favorite event.
A) semantic memory
B) procedural memory
C) implicit memory
D) episodic memory
Answer: D
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
78. __________ are memories of which we are not consciously aware.

A) Episodic memories
B) Semantic memories
C) Explicit memories
D) Implicit memories
Answer: D
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
79. Below his level of conscious awareness, Ranbir was shown a list of furniture. When he
was asked to complete the following so___, he responded sofa. Ranbir was demonstrating
a(n) __________.
A) personal preference
B) priming effect
C) explicit memory
D) episodic memory
Answer: B
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
28
80. When Alice went to teach her teenage daughter to drive a car, her daughter wanted to
know the order of the steps of driving. Alice could not think of the specific steps, she just
kept saying, “you just do it.” Alice was having trouble describing a(n) __________.
A) explicit memory
B) semantic memory
C) procedural memory
D) episodic memory
Answer: C
long-term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
81. __________ is the act of getting information out from long-term memory.
A) Recognition
B) Retrieval
C) Cued recall
D) Free recall
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 6.7 Recognize factors that influence the retrieval of information.
Topic: Retrieval Cues
Adaptive Pathway:
82. __________ is the retrieval of information from long-term memory without the help of
any kind of retrieval cues.
A) Cued recall
B) Retrieval
C) Free recall
D) Episodic recall
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
83. Your professor stands in front of the class and asks you to recall the seven subdivisions of
psychology. He/she is asking you to perform __________.
A) free recall
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B) cued recall
C) implicit recall
D) primed recall
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
84. A multiple-choice exam question requires __________ to provide an answer.

A) free recall
B) recognition
C) sensory memory
D) procedural memory
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
85. __________ is when information from long-term memory becomes available after a
prompt is presented.
A) Free recall
B) Recognition
C) Cued recall
D) Episodic memory
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
86. Michaela asks her boyfriend Mark to bring some things home from the grocery store.
She gives him the list: oranges, limes, milk, bread, ice cream, coffee, and soup. Based on
what you know about immediate recall, which of the items is Mark most likely to
remember?
A) Bread
B) Ice cream
C) Milk
D) Soup
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Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
87. Brianna is shopping for her mom at the department store. Her mother gave her the
following list: batteries, paper, pens, deodorant, shampoo, vitamins, and allergy
medication. Which of the items is Brianna most likely to forget?
A) Deodorant
B) Batteries
C) Paper
D) Hairspray
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
88. The ability to most easily recall words from the beginning and the end of a list is referred
to as __________.
A) delayed recall
B) immediate recall
C) the serial position effect
D) the parallel position effect
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
89. __________ is the tendency to most easily remember words at the beginning of a list.
A) Delayed recall
B) The primacy effect
C) The recency effect
D) The specificity effect
Answer: B
31

Adaptive Pathway:
90. __________ is the tendency to most easily recall words at the end of list.
A) Immediate recall
B) Delayed recall
C) The primacy effect
D) The recency effect
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
91. You ask a friend to pick up some things you need from the bookstore. Knowing about the
serial position effect, where in the list should you put the most important items?
A) In the beginning and in the middle of the list.
B) In the beginning and at the end of the list.
C) In the middle and at the end of the list.
D) In the first and second position of the list.
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
92. Beldiva did poorly on her first exam. After studying memory in her psychology class, she
decides to study in the same room where she will be taking the exam. Beldiva is making
use of the principle of ___________ to improve her test scores.
A) state-dependent memory
B) context-dependent memory
C) flashbulb memory
D) long-term memory
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
32
93. The principle of __________ states that information is encoded along with its context,
and therefore memories are most easily recalled when the retrieval context matches the
context in which the memory was encoded.
A) context-specific memory
B) encoding specificity
C) network specificity
D) encoding-dependent memory
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
94. This sense provides one of the strongest retrieval cues.

A) Taste
B) Hearing
C) Smell
D) Seeing
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
95. __________ refers to how the surroundings during encoding can aid in improving recall.
A) Sensory retrieval cues
B) Context-dependent memory
C) State-dependent memory
D) Episodic recall
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
96. In the classic experiment by Godden and Baddeley (1975), students learned words either
on dry land or underwater. When they were tested for memory recall, what happened?
A) The words learned on dry land were best remembered.
B) The words learned underwater were best remembered.
33
C) When the words were recalled in the opposite context in which they were learned,
they were recalled the easiest.
D) When the words were recalled in the same context in which they were learned, they
were recalled the easiest.
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
97. According to context-dependent memory, where should you study for your next exam?
A) In the library
B) In your bedroom
C) In a coffee shop
D) In the classroom where you will take the exam
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
98. Koty walked into the hospital and was immediately met with that “hospital smell.”
Suddenly, he experienced a wave of memories from when he was five and suffered from
a life-threatening illness. In this scenario, the smell of the hospital served as a(n)
__________.
A) sensory retrieval cue
B) state-dependent cue
C) sensory memory
D) encoding specific cue
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
99. Jeresa was studying for her exam. She knew she was going to be up late so she drank a
cup of coffee while studying. In the morning when she arrives for her test, she should
__________.
A) sleep for 10 minutes and then start the exam
B) drink a cup of coffee
34
C) drink a soda water

D) eat a snack
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
100. If you need to “ace” an exam, what advice would be best?

A) Replicate the external and internal context that you used for studying.
B) Replicate the external, but avoid the internal context that you used for studying.
C) Replicate the internal, but avoid the external context that you used for studying.
D) Take the exam in a completely new environment to avoid memory confusion.
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
101. __________ are vivid, long-lasting memories about the circumstances surrounding an
extremely emotional event.
A) Implicit memories
B) Explicit memories
C) State-dependent memories
D) Flashbulb memories
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 6.8 Identify how flashbulb memories differ from other memories.
Topic: Emotional Memories
Adaptive Pathway:
102. The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, is an example of a _________ for many
people.
A) implicit memory
B) context-dependent memory
C) state-dependent memory
D) flashbulb memory
Answer: D
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Adaptive Pathway:
103. __________ suggests the act of remembering requires the piecing back together of
previous events.
A) Resource memory
B) Source monitoring
C) Reconstructive memory
D) Piecemeal memory
Answer: C
Learning Objective: 6.9 Describe situations that can lead to inaccuracies in memory.
Topic: How Accurate Are Our Memories?
Adaptive Pathway:
104. __________ is a memory error that involves attributing your memory to the wrong
source.
A) Reconstructive memory error
B) Recall memory error
C) Recognition memory error
D) Source monitoring error
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
105. Source monitoring errors occur __________.

A) when the memory is created
B) when the memory is retrieved
C) when the memory moves from short-term to long-term memory
D) when the memory is shared with others
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
36
106. Chuck was telling his friend Shauna about the latest news from the White House. After
he finished his story, Shauna responded, “I know that because I’m the one who told you
that last week.” In this example, Chuck made a __________.
A) reconstructive memory error
B) recall error
C) source monitoring error
D) misinformation error
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
107. When real-world knowledge and experience impacts the accuracy of memories, it is
called __________.
A) retroactive interference
B) proactive interference
C) the misinformation effect
D) pragmatic inference
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
108. The __________ occurs when an event or situation occurring after the initial memory
modifies the original memory and affects the accuracy of recall.
A) misinformation effect
B) pragmatic inference
C) false memory
D) retroactive interference
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
109. Glynis watched as the car in front of her lost control and rolled once into the median.
When the news crews arrived and interviewed her, they asked, “How many times did the
37
car flip in this horrifying accident?” Glynis responded that it must have been at least three
or four times. In this situation, Glynis’s memory was affected by the __________.
A) effect of retroactive interference
B) effect of pragmatic inference
C) misinformation effect
D) power of a false memory
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
110. What conclusions can be made about false memories based on the current research in the
field of memory?
A) False memories cannot be reliably created in experimental samples.
B) It is possible to create false memories in experimental samples.
C) False memories occur when a child reads a book and cannot separate fact from
fiction.
D) While false memories may occur, they are produced internally and cannot be affected
by information presented by another person.
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
111. As a student, what is the most important thing to remember about the memory research
conducted by Ebbinghaus?
A) Cramming the night before an exam is an effective way to study.
B) Distributing practice across multiple study sessions will help the retention of
information.
C) Studying for short periods of time a week before the exam and then cramming the
night before will lead to superior performance.
D) Information is less likely to be forgotten if it is processed at a shallow level.
Answer: B
Topic: Forgetting
Adaptive Pathway:
38
112. You are studying when your favorite TV show comes on. You know you need to
continue studying, so you keep the TV on and turn the volume down slightly. You keep
studying while trying to also listen to the TV. You arrive at your exam the next day and
discover that you can’t remember anything you studied last night. This experience is most
likely due to a(n) __________.
A) encoding failure
B) storage decay problem
C) retrieval failure
D) motivated forgetting
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 6.10 Identify reasons for forgetting related to encoding and retrieval
failures.
Topic: Why We Forget
Adaptive Pathway:
113. Dr. Haseem was unable to recall a memory from the past. He explained to another doctor
that he believes memories just fade with time. Dr. Haseem is describing the __________
theory.
A) encoding failure
B) motivated forgetting
C) false memory
D) storage decay
Answer: D
failures.
Adaptive Pathway:
114. __________ is a type of forgetting where previously learned information interferes with
new information.
A) Retroactive interference
B) Proactive interference
C) Motivated forgetting
D) Encoding failure
Answer: B
failures.
39
Adaptive Pathway:
115. __________ is a type of forgetting where newly learned information interferes with old
memories.
A) Motivated forgetting
B) Encoding failure
C) Retroactive interference
D) Proactive interference
Answer: C
failures.
Adaptive Pathway:
116. Sylvie just got a new phone with a new phone number. In trying to share her number with
friends, she finds that all she can recall is her old number. This is an example of
_________.
A) storage failure
B) motivated forgetting
C) proactive interference
D) retroactive interference
Answer: C
failures.
Adaptive Pathway:
117. Layla is learning to speak Mandarin. Her first language is English, but she has previously
learned to speak Spanish. Layla finds now that she is learning Mandarin, she is having
problems remembering her Spanish. This is an example of __________.
A) a false memory
B) an encoding failure
C) a proactive interference
D) a retroactive interference
Answer: D
failures.
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Adaptive Pathway:
118. When considering memory and sleep, which of the following statements best summarizes
the relationship between them?
A) Improving your memory will help you sleep better.
B) Sleep helps to consolidate and strengthen memory.
C) Studying directly before going to bed will disrupt sleep patterns.
D) There is no relationship between memory and sleep.
Answer: B
failures.
Adaptive Pathway:
119. _________ is the active forgetting of typically stressful or traumatic events.

A) Encoding failure
B) Retroactive interference
C) Retrieval failure
D) Motivated forgetting
Answer: D
failures.
Adaptive Pathway:
120. Beleu was just a child when she saw her brother drown in a lake. She never recalled
having any memory of the event. Her parents think she immediately suppressed her
awareness of the event at the time it was happening. In this case, Beleu’s motivated
forgetting occurred at the __________ stage.
A) encoding
B) storage
C) short-term memory
D) retrieval
Answer: A
failures.
41

Adaptive Pathway:
121. The __________ has been found to be an important part of the brain involved in
suppressing memories.
A) amygdala
B) lateral prefrontal cortex
C) limbic system
D) medial temporal cortex
Answer: B
failures.
Adaptive Pathway:
122. __________ is characterized by the loss of past memories.

A) Encoding failure
B) Retrieval failure
C) Anterograde amnesia
D) Retrograde amnesia
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 6.11 Distinguish between the different types of amnesia.
Topic: Amnesia
Adaptive Pathway:
123. __________ is the type of amnesia characterized by the inability to form new memories.
A) Retrograde amnesia
B) Anterograde amnesia
C) Motivated forgetting
D) Global amnesia
Answer: B
Topic: Amnesia
Adaptive Pathway:
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124. Fiona was recently in a car accident and is now having problems forming new memories.
Fiona most likely damaged her __________ and is demonstrating __________.
A) temporal lobe; retrograde amnesia
B) hippocampus; anterograde amnesia
C) amygdala; retrograde amnesia
D) frontal lobe; anterograde amnesia
Answer: D
Topic: Amnesia
Adaptive Pathway:
125. Bahroze was found walking down the street, looking lost. When someone stopped him,
he said he couldn’t remember anything from his past. Bahroze was suffering from
__________.
A) anterograde amnesia
B) global amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia
D) motivated forgetting
Answer: C
Topic: Amnesia
Adaptive Pathway:
126. H. M. is a famous patient who had his temporal lobes removed to cure severe epilepsy.
After the surgery, he could no longer form new memories. H. M. was suffering from
__________.
A) anterograde amnesia
B) retrograde amnesia
C) retrieval failure
D) encoding failure
Answer: A
Topic: Amnesia
Adaptive Pathway:
127. Karl Lashley believed there was a specific area in the brain that held a physical memory
trace, which he called a(n)__________.
43
A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) LTP
D) engram
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 6.12 Recognize that memories are located in various places in the
brain.
Topic: Brain Structures Involved in Memory
Adaptive Pathway:
128. When Karl Lashley was looking for the engram in the brain, he used __________ to see
if he could disrupt a rat’s memory.
A) freezing
B) lesioning
C) deep brain stimulation
D) surgical removal
Answer: B
brain.
Adaptive Pathway:
129. After conducting lesioning studies to look for the engram, what did Karl Lashley
conclude?
A) The engram is found in the hippocampus.
B) The engram is found in the thalamus.
C) Memories are widely distributed throughout the entire cortex.
D) Memories are widely distributed throughout the temporal lobes.
Answer: C
brain.
130. Short-term/working memory has been localized to the __________ of the brain.
A) prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
B) thalamus and prefrontal cortex
44
C) cerebellum and temporal lobe

D) parietal lobe and frontal lobes
Answer: A
brain.
131. The area of the brain important in encoding, updating, and maintaining information in
working memory is the __________.
A) memory cortex
B) prefrontal cortex
C) somatosensory cortex
D) medial temporal lobe
Answer: B
brain.
132. Where do neuroscientists believe most memories are stored?

A) In the amygdala
B) In the cell bodies of the neurons in the temporal lobe
C) In the hippocampus
D) In the connections between neurons in the brain
Answer: D
brain.
133. What part of the brain is responsible for processing explicit memories?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Cerebellum
C) Hippocampus
D) Parietal lobe
Answer: C
45
brain.
134. Kanesha is having problems recalling explicit memories after experiencing a viral
infection in her brain. What area of Kanesha’s brain was most likely damaged by the
virus?
A) Hippocampus
B) Medulla
C) Limbic system
D) Brainstem
Answer: A
brain.
135. Katrina was recently involved in a car accident. She discovered that after the accident,
she is having trouble remembering how to ride a bike. What area of her brain was most
likely damaged in the accident?
A) Cerebellum
B) Amygdala
C) Visual cortex
D) Prefrontal cortex
Answer: A
brain.
136. Visual memory storage occurs in the __________ while auditory memory storage occurs
in the __________.
A) frontal lobes; temporal lobes
B) occipital lobes; temporal lobes
C) temporal lobes; occipital lobes
D) parietal lobes; frontal lobes
46
Answer: B
brain.
137. The amygdala is important in the formation of __________ memories.

A) explicit
B) procedural
C) emotional
D) visual
Answer: C
brain.
138. Krista remembers exactly where she was the day she learned about the terrorist attacks on
September 11. What part of her brain played an important role in forming this memory?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Amygdala
C) Cerebellum
D) Hypothalamus
Answer: B
brain.
139. __________ is the biological explanation for the development of long-term memories,
stating that memories are formed from the strengthening of neural connections.
A) Long-term memory
B) Synapse integration
C) Long-term potentiation
D) Neural excitation
Answer: C
47
Learning Objective: 6.13 Recall the role of neurons in creating long-term memories.
Topic: The Role of Neurons in Memory Formation
140. Clovis is learning to knit for the first time. At the neurological level, he knows learning a
new skill will result in __________.
A) synaptic changes in his brain
B) the loss of some brain cells
C) the creation of a flashbulb memory
D) the loss of his memory of how to sew
Answer: A
141. To better understand long-term potentiation (LTP), Eric Kandel studied the nervous
system of ___________.
A) a giant sea slug
B) a giant octopus
C) rats
D) humans
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
142. Why did Eric Kandel study LTP in Aplysia californica?

A) Their nervous system is more complex than a human nervous system.
B) Their nervous system is more simplistic than a human nervous system.
C) Their nervous system is equivalent to the human nervous system and they are easier
to access for research.
D) Their nervous system is large enough to watch with the naked eye.
Answer: B
48
Adaptive Pathway:
143. Short-term memory involves a __________ change between neurons.

A) chemical
B) structural
C) functional
D) neuroplastic
Answer: C
144. Long-term memories involve a(n) __________ change in neurons.

A) neurotransmitter
B) structural
C) positional
D) electrical
Answer: B
145. Why did Kandel apply electric shocks to the gills of Aplysia californica?
A) He wanted to see if the Aplysia could learn to withdraw its gill when touched by a
nonpainful stimulus, suggesting the sea slug could remember.
B) He wanted to watch what would happen to the neurons in the Aplysia’s tail.
C) He was testing his own memory to see if he could remember exactly where to place
the electric shock to get the maximum gill withdrawal.
D) He was measuring the Aplysia’s gill withdrawal reflex as a proxy for pain.
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
146. What is the primary structural change that occurs during long-term potentiation?
A) Synapses are pruned to only the important connections.
49
B) Synapses are weakened to allow other cells to be prioritized.

C) New synaptic connections between neurons are formed.
D) The myelin sheath becomes stronger, which speeds up the axon potential.
Answer: C
147. Which of the following statements about false memories is most accurate?
A) Research shows that false memories can be created in the context of a therapeutic
relationship.
B) Research shows that false memories cannot be created in the context of a therapeutic
relationship.
C) Research shows that there is at least a grain of truth in every false memory.
D) Research shows that false memories are always about something bad or traumatic.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 6.14 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology apply to
the issue of false memories.
Topic: Piecing It Together: False Memories
Adaptive Pathway:
148. False memory research has made use of specific methodologies to present participants
with false information from their past. Which of the following best describes the
imagination inflation method?
A) The researcher suggests the participant does not remember the event, but their parent
reported that the event happened.
B) Participants are asked about childhood experiences and are then presented with
feedback suggesting that the event happened, even though they may not remember it
at the time. Participants are then asked to imagine the event and answer questions
about it.
C) The researcher chooses a childhood event that the participant previously reported did
not happen, but tells the participant that it did happen. The researcher encourages the
participant to concentrate on and imagine details of the event and then answer
questions about the memory.
D) Participants are provided with photos of what they think are themselves participating
in an event that never actually happened. They are then asked to reflect on the
memory and answer questions about specific details of the event.
Answer: C
50

Adaptive Pathway:
149. False memory research has made use of specific methodologies to present participants
with false information from their past. Which of the following best describes the false
feedback method?
A) The researcher suggests the participant does not remember the event, but their parent
reported that the event happened.
B) Participants are asked about childhood experiences and are then presented with
feedback suggesting that the event happened, even though they may not remember it
at the time. Participants are then asked to imagine the event and answer questions
about it.
C) The researcher chooses a childhood event that the participant previously reported did
not happen, but tells the participant that it did happen. The researcher encourages the
participant to concentrate on and imagine details of the event and then answer
questions about the memory.
D) Participants are provided with photos of what they think are themselves participating
in an event that never actually happened. They are then asked to reflect on the
memory and answer questions about specific details of the event.
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
150. Max is participating in a research study. He is asked to think back to a specific memory
from childhood chosen by the researcher. He is encouraged to concentrate and imagine
details of the event and to answer questions about the memory. Unknown to Max, the
event chosen by the researcher never actually happened. Which false memory technique is
the researcher using in this study?
A) False feedback
B) Lightbulb illumination
C) Memory implantation
D) Imagination inflation
Answer: D
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Adaptive Pathway:
151. Griselda is participating in a research study. She is asked about an event that she reports
never happened, but that the researcher assures her that her mother reported had happened.
She is even shown an old picture that shows her participating in the event she can’t
remember. She is encouraged to imagine the event happening and then the researcher asks
her additional questions. What methodology is this researcher using to study false
memory?
A) Lightbulb illumination
B) Memory implantation
C) Imagination inflation
D) False feedback
Answer: B
Adaptive Pathway:
152. Regina is participating in a research study. She is asked about her childhood experiences
and the researcher suggests that an event happened, but that she just can’t remember it
right now. She is then asked questions about the event. Which method of researching false
memories is being used with Regina?
A) Imagination inflation
B) Memory implantation
C) Memory confabulation
D) False feedback
Answer: D
Adaptive Pathway:
153. Which method used in studying false memory research tends to increase the belief that an
event occurred, but does not seem to produce vivid details of the memory itself?
A) Imagination inflation
B) False feedback
C) Memory implantation
D) Memory confabulation
Answer: A
52
Adaptive Pathway:
154. In the research on developing false memories, which method tends to lead to the highest
rates of fully-formed memories?
A) Memory implantation
B) False feedback
C) Memory confabulation
D) Imagination inflation
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
155. In a rigorous study conducted by Scoboria and colleagues in response to the Brewin and
Andrews (2017) paper, what percentage of participants experienced false memories in
experimental research?
A) 4–5 percent
B) 12–26 percent
C) 22–46 percent
D) 37–69 percent
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
156. Which of the following people would most likely report a false memory?
A) Geraldo, a lawyer who is a very concrete thinker
B) Melinda, an office manager who is very detail-oriented
C) Gordon, a doctor who engages in a lot of mental imagery and daydreaming
D) Suiza, a factory worker who loves to watch TV
Answer: C
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Adaptive Pathway:
157. Interviewers who scored mid to high on a scale of __________ were more likely to elicit
a false memory in participants who scored __________.
A) passivity; high on aggressiveness
B) neuroticism; low on psychoticism
C) extraversion; low on extraversion
D) assertiveness; high on passivity
Answer: C
Adaptive Pathway:
158. What implications has false memory research had on the legal system??
A) Psychologists have been involved in revising eyewitness identification procedures.
B) Since researchers have successfully demonstrated the ability to create false memories
of committing a crime, psychologists are now present for every suspect interview.
C) Since the percentages of false memory implantation have varied so much, expert
testimony by psychologists has been banned in criminal trials. .
D) False memories have not been shown to have any impact on the legal system.
Answer: A
Adaptive Pathway:
Short-Answer Questions
159. Describe the difference between models that state memory is a serial versus a parallel
process.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit: Serial processing
assumes that one stage is completed at a time and that activities within each stage happen
54
one at a time. The Atkinson and Shiffrin three-stage model of memory is a serial model.
A parallel process assumes that an individual can simultaneously process a number of
different characteristics of an experience that could then be committed to memory.
Connectionist models of memory, such as the parallel distributed processing model, are
an example of parallel processing. These models assume that interconnected networks are
activated together.
Adaptive Pathway:
160. List and describe the types and characteristics of sensory memory. Give an example of
each.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit (student examples
may vary):
Sensory memory is considered an extension of perception. It is the first structure of
memory in a serial model and holds onto sensory information for a very short time.
Iconic memory is the part of sensory memory that involves the ability to briefly and
accurately remember visual images. Echoic memory is the part of sensory memory that
involves the ability to briefly and accurately remember sounds.
Adaptive Pathway:
161. Differentiate between effortful processing and automatic processing and give an
example of each.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit (student examples
may vary):
Effortful processing is conscious processing, compared to automatic processing, which is
unconscious. While examples may differ, an example of effortful processing is taking
information learned in a class and organizing it in a way that it is meaningful to you in an
effort to retain the information. Effortful processing takes active attention and
concentration. Automatic processing is knowing the way to get to grandma’s house
because you’ve experienced going there, but you’ve never really given any thought as to
how you got there.
Adaptive Pathway:
55
162. List and describe the three components of working memory presented in the text.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit:
• The phonological loop: holds verbal and auditory information for a short
period of time. Typically maintains the information through the process of
maintenance rehearsal.
• The visuospatial sketchpad: holds visual and spatial information, such as
seeing a map while driving from one place to another.
• The central executive: is like the working memory manager. It directs
attention to where it needs to go and coordinates all the other facets of
working memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
163. List three elaborative rehearsal techniques to improve encoding into long-term memory.
Answer should be any of the following three techniques:
• Visualize
• Use mnemonics
• Teach someone else
• Organize information
• Test yourself
• Interleaving
Learning Objective: 6.5 Apply effective strategies for encoding information into long-term
memory.
164. Describe the difference between deep and shallow processing and provide an example.
Describe how these types of processing might impact learning.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit (student examples may
vary):
Shallow processing is interacting with the information in a brief and/or surface-level way that
doesn’t apply much meaning to the information. Deep processing involves interaction with
the material in a meaningful way. Deep processing is more likely than shallow processing to
make it to long-term memory, which will allow you to access the information when you need
it. An example of deep processing is elaborative rehearsal while an example of shallow
processing is rote memorization.
memory.
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Adaptive Pathway:
165. Briefly describe the types of memory included in long-term memory. Give an example
of each.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit (student examples will
vary):
Explicit memory is conscious memory and can be semantic memory (general knowledge of
facts) or episodic memory (memories for events and/or experiences). Implicit memory is
unconscious memory and can occur through priming or procedural memory. Explicit
memory could be your memories of your last vacation. An implicit memory would be riding
a bicycle.
Learning Objective: 6.6 Differentiate the various types of memory contained within long-
term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
166. Define context-dependent memory and state-dependent memory. Reflect on how you
might use your knowledge of these concepts to improve your test performance in school.
Context-dependent memory refers to how memory is most easily recalled in the same context
as it was learned. State-dependent memory is the idea that the internal state of your body
should also be the same during encoding and retrieval. To improve test scores, you should
study in the same room where you will be tested and attempt to experience the same
“internal” conditions during the test as you had while studying.
Adaptive Pathway:
167. List and define each of the reasons why we might forget described in the text.
• Encoding failure occurs when something interferes with the encoding process.
• Storage decay theory states that memories fade over time.
• Retrieval failure occurs when something interferes with our ability to access the
information we need. The text presents the idea of proactive and retroactive
interference.
• Motivated forgetting is when there is reason you want to forget something.
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failures.
Adaptive Pathway:
168. Describe one reason why false memory therapy is considered unethical and one reason
why it is considered ethical, as discussed in your text.
Answers may come from Table 6.2 in the text:
Unethical
• Psychological consequences (the effects of discovering something once believed to
be false, leading people to question their own identity and past); social
consequences (how relationships could be affected after finding out a memory had
been implanted).
• Integrity—the ends do not justify the means. Even if there is a potential to help, it
is wrong to lie to someone.
• High potential for abuse—police could elicit false confessions of a crime or
therapists could use it for their own personal or professional gain.
• Lack of consent—people need to provide permission to receive treatment.
• Removal of free will—planting false memories would rob people of the free will to
control their own behavior.
Ethical
• Some people need the extra support—the recognition that many people need help
and have tried other treatment options that have not worked; false memory therapy,
if effective, could help to change people’s lives.
• Integrity—the ends do justify the means; helping people and possibly saving lives
outweighs any potential risks.
• More treatment options—all options should be provided to patients and left up to
them to decide which ones they would like to pursue.
• No harm would be done—memory is a reconstructive process anyway, so this is
no different from normal remembering.
• No worse than alternatives—other ineffective treatments are currently practiced, so
if this worked, it would be better than those other ones that don’t work.
Adaptive Pathway:
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Essay Questions
169. List and describe Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory. State the correct
order for the movement of information from one memory stage to another.
The model states that the structure of memory could be divided into three distinct memory
stores (sensory, short-term, and long-term). Sensory memory is a very brief memory that
requires our attention for it to remain. Memory is then moved to short-term memory, which
has a slightly longer duration, but much lower capacity. Memories can then be moved into
long-term memory, which has an unlimited capacity. The three-stage model emphasized
both the structure and processes associated with memory.
Topic: A Historical Perspective: The Three-State Model of Memory
170. Choose three elaborative rehearsal techniques (as described in your text) from the list
below to describe how you might memorize the following list: Chair, lightbulb, tree,
grass, orange, chicken, beets, toothpaste.
Answers will vary, but they should include descriptions of three of the following:
• Visualize
• Mnemonics
• Teach Someone Else
• Organize Information
• Test Yourself
• Interleaving (Mixing Up Your Practice)
memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
171. Compare and contrast explicit and implicit memory. Describe the subtypes of each and
give an example.
Answers may vary, but should contain the following for full credit (student examples will
vary):
Explicit memory is conscious memories of facts or experiences, whereas implicit memories
are memories that exist below the level of conscious awareness. Types of explicit memories
include semantic memories and episodic memories. Semantic memories contain factual and
conceptual information. Episodic memories involve entire sequences of events and tend to be
autobiographical. Types of implicit memories include priming and procedural memory.
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Priming involves presenting a stimulus that activates unconscious associations that then lead
to a predictable response. Procedural memory consists of habits and skills.
Learning Objective: 6.6 Differentiate the various types of memory contained within long-
term memory.
Adaptive Pathway:
172. Describe why the primacy and recency effects may occur.
The primacy effect occurs when items at the beginning of a list are most easily recalled. It is
believed that these items are the easiest to remember because you have a longer period of
time to rehearse those items than the other items on the list. The recency effect is when items
at the very end of a list are easier to recall. It is most easily explained by the concept of
working memory: the items at the end of the list are most recently in your working memory
and therefore easier to access.
Adaptive Pathway:
173. Summarize the findings of studies that have been conducted on flashbulb memories.
• There was rapid forgetting of the event and the flashbulb memory within the first
year.
• Forgetting tended to level off after the first year, with people remembering
approximately the same amount of information (event and flashbulb) even 10 years
later.
• The confidence people have in “ordinary” memories decreased over time; however,
the confidence people have in flashbulb memories remained extraordinarily high.
This is an interesting result, especially since the data indicated that people tended to
forget aspects of their flashbulb memory to the same extent that they forgot details
of the actual events and other more “ordinary” memories in around the same time.
Therefore, despite the lack of consistency (accuracy) of the flashbulb memory over
time, people continue to have great confidence in their recollection.
• Only the inaccurate event memories self-corrected over time. That is, only the
details of the event, not the flashbulb memory, became more accurate over time. It
is thought that exposure to media (e.g., news stories, books, movies) and
discussions with others help to restore accurate details of the event.
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Adaptive Pathway:
174. The American Psychological Association (APA) acknowledges the possibility of false
memories by pointing to some important, well-founded facts. What are the facts that the
APA points out in relationship to false memories?
• Childhood sexual abuse is an unfortunate and often devastating part of our culture.
• Dissociation, the process of making a memory inaccessible, has been seen as a form
of coping with traumatic experiences.
• Memory is a reconstructive process and is susceptible to inaccuracies.
• It is possible for people to remember “false events” in great detail and with great
confidence.
Learning Objective: 6.14 Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology apply to the
issue of false memories.
Adaptive Pathway:
Adaptive Pathway Questions
Adaptive Pathway 6.1: Components of Memory
The following pathway will test your understanding of this topic and adapt to your needs. Be
sure to answer all of the questions and watch any of the short videos presented.
MISCONCEPTION #1 = Inability to recall the correct order of the structures and

processes associated with the three-stage model of memory.
Pinpoint Question
Choose the answer that identifies the correct order of the structures and processes of a model of
memory.
a) Semantic memory → Elaborative rehearsal → Working memory → Maintenance
rehearsal → Long-term memory
b) Sensory memory → Attention → Working memory → Elaborative rehearsal →
Long-term memory
Right! Great job.
c) Working memory → Attention → Sensory memory → Maintenance rehearsal →
Long-term memory
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d) Sensory memory → Elaborative rehearsal → Working memory → Attention →

Long-term memory
Follow-up Question
Choose the answer that identifies the correct order of the structures and processes of a
model of memory.
a) Semantic memory → Elaborative rehearsal → Working memory → Maintenance
rehearsal → Long-term memory
No, not quite. The correct order of a model for memory that includes both structures and
processes is: Sensory memory → Attention → Working memory → Elaborative rehearsal
→ Long-term memory. Consider returning to the text where this concept is first discussed
and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words and even
provide an example from your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble, be sure
to talk with your instructor.
b) Working memory → Attention → Sensory memory → Maintenance rehearsal →

Long-term memory
c) Sensory memory → Attention → Working memory → Elaborative rehearsal →

Long-term memory
Yes, you got it!
d) Sensory memory → Elaborative rehearsal → Working memory → Attention →

Long-term memory
MISCONCEPTION #2 = Thinking that short-term memory and working memory are the
same thing.
Pinpoint Question
You are doing poorly in a game that requires you to remember random strings of letters and then
rearrange them into a word in your mind. You tell your friend that you have a problem with your
short-term memory and they say, “No, I think it is your working memory that has a problem.”
How are short-term memory and working memory different?
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a) They aren’t different. They are just two different names for the part of memory between
sensory memory and long-term memory.
b) Short-term memory holds less information than working memory.
c) They are different names for the same part of memory that holds information for a brief
period of time.
d) Short-term memory is viewed as a passive place to store memories for a short time,
whereas working memory is seen as actively processing information obtained from the
environment.
Correct. Good job!
Follow-up Question
Ben and Grant are studying for an upcoming exam. Ben tells Grant that short-term memory and
working memory are basically the same thing so it is OK to use the two names interchangeably.
What should Grant’s response be?
a) No, they are actually quite different. Short-term memory only holds memories for a short
time, whereas working memory is part of long-term memory.
Not quite. While short-term memory and working memory are different, they are different in
how active they are. Short-term memory is considered passive storage and working memory
is much more active in processing information. Consider returning to the text where this
concept is first discussed and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your
own words and even provide an example from your own life, if possible. If you are still
having trouble, be sure to talk with your instructor.
b) No, they aren’t exactly the same. Short-term memory involves the passive storage of
information, whereas working memory is more active.
Correct. Good job understanding the main distinction between short-term memory and
working memory.
c) They are similar, but working memory can hold more information than short-term
memory.
No. Short-term memory is less active than working memory. Therefore, short-term memory is
thought to be able to retain more information than working memory. Consider returning to
the text where this concept is first discussed and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase
the concept in your own words and even provide an example from your own life, if possible.
If you are still having trouble, be sure to talk with your instructor.
d) Yes, that’s exactly right. They are the same thing.

No. Short-term memory and working memory are quite different. Short-term memory is
considered passive storage and working memory is much more active in processing
information. Consider returning to the text where this concept is first discussed and create a
note for yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words and even provide an
example from your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble, be sure to talk with
your instructor.
MISCONCEPTION #3= Difficulty identifying effective elaborative rehearsal strategies.
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Pinpoint Question
Strategies that include ___________ and _____________ will be the most effective for
promoting learning and memory because they involve ____________ processing of the
information.
a) practicing test questions; organizing information; deep
Correct. Great job!
b) practicing test questions; mnemonics; shallow
c) rereading; rewriting definitions; deep
d) teaching others; rewriting definitions; deep
Follow-up Question
Joey’s teacher suggests that he stop highlighting while reading his textbook. Why did the teacher
suggest this, and what should Joey do instead?
a) Highlighting is distracting him from the important information; Joey should engage in a
maintenance rehearsal strategy of repeating definitions of key terms over and over again.
No, highlighting is a shallow processing strategy, which could be distracting. However, Joey
should engage in deep processing, specifically, elaborative rehearsal strategies that make
the material more meaningful to him. Consider returning to the text where this concept is
first discussed and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words
and even provide an example from your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble,
be sure to talk with your instructor.
b) Highlighting is a deep processing strategy; Joey should read the text first and then
highlight when reviewing the information.
No, highlighting is a shallow processing strategy. Joey should engage in deep processing,
specifically, elaborative rehearsal strategies that make the material more meaningful to him.
Consider returning to the text where this concept is first discussed and create a note for
yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words and even provide an example from
your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble, be sure to talk with your instructor.
c) Highlighting is a shallow processing strategy; Joey should engage in a maintenance

rehearsal strategy of repeating definitions of key terms over and over again.
No, highlighting is a shallow processing strategy, but so is maintenance rehearsal. Joey
should engage in deep processing, specifically, elaborative rehearsal strategies that make
the material more meaningful to him. Consider returning to the text where this concept is
first discussed and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words
and even provide an example from your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble,
be sure to talk with your instructor.
d) Highlighting is a shallow processing strategy; Joey should engage in elaborative rehearsal

where he writes short, meaningful summaries of each section after he reads it.
Correct! Excellent. Now, next time you study, try to remember to use an elaborative
rehearsal strategy!
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Adaptive Pathway 6.2 – Neuroanatomy and Memory
The following pathway will test your understanding of this topic and adapt to your needs. Be
sure to answer all of the questions and watch any of the short videos presented.
MISCONCEPTION #1 = Believing that memories are all stored in one specific area of the
brain (i.e., the hippocampus).
Pinpoint Question
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the storage of memories in the brain?
a) All memories are stored in one place in the brain, the hippocampus.
b) All memories are stored in one place in the brain, the prefrontal cortex.
c) Memories are stored in various parts of the brain.
Correct. Memories don’t just exist in one place. Different parts of the brain are specialized
for the storage of specific types of memories.
d) Short-term memories are stored in the cerebral cortex, and long-term memories exist in the
hippocampus.
Follow-up Question
Identify the location of the brain where all long-term memories are stored.
a) Hippocampus
Incorrect. The hippocampus plays an important role in the storage of long-term memories,
but the memories themselves are located in various parts of the brain. Consider returning to
b) Amygdala
Incorrect. The amygdala plays an important role in emotional memories, but all long-term
memories are located in various parts of the brain. Consider returning to the text where this
c) Prefrontal cortex
Incorrect. The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in working memory. Long-term
memories are located in various parts of the brain. Consider returning to the text where this
d) There is no one place in the brain where all memories are stored.
Correct! You recognized that different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of
memories.
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MISCONCEPTION #2 = Not understanding that different parts of the brain are involved
in the creation of implicit and explicit memories.
Pinpoint Question
The ______________ is an important area of the brain for the creation of long-term, explicit
memories, whereas the _____________ is involved in the creation of long-term, implicit
memories.
a) hippocampus; amygdala
b) prefrontal cortex; thalamus
c) amygdala; cerebellum
d) hippocampus; cerebellum
Correct. Good job! You remembered that various areas of the brain are used in the storage
of memories and that certain areas are specialized for certain types of memories.
Follow-up Question
The creation of __________, long-term memories takes place primarily in the hippocampus,
whereas the creation of _____________, long-term memories takes place primarily in the
cerebellum and basal ganglia.
a) implicit; explicit
Incorrect. Not quite. The hippocampus is associated with explicit memories, and the
cerebellum and basal ganglia are associated with implicit memories. Consider returning to
b) explicit; implicit
Correct. You’ve got it!
c) procedural; semantic
Incorrect. The hippocampus is associated with explicit memories, which include semantic
memories, and the cerebellum and basal ganglia are associated with implicit memories,
which include procedural memories. Consider returning to the text where this concept is first
discussed and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words and
even provide an example from your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble, be
sure to talk with your instructor.
d) autobiographical; semantic
Incorrect. The hippocampus is associated with explicit memories, which can be
autobiographical; however, the cerebellum and basal ganglia are associated with implicit
memories (semantic memories are also a type of explicit memory.) Consider returning to the
text where this concept is first discussed and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase the
concept in your own words and even provide an example from your own life, if possible. If
you are still having trouble, be sure to talk with your instructor.
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MISCONCEPTION #3 = Difficulty understanding that long-term memory involves

functional and structural changes in neurons.
Pinpoint Question
Long-term memories are developed as a result of ___________ changes in the neuron that
involve a strengthening of neural connections and ___________ changes that include the
development of additional receptors on the receiving neuron.
a) explicit; implicit
b) implicit; explicit
c) structural; functional
d) functional; structural
Correct. Great job! That was a tough question.
Follow-up Question
The biology of the development of long-term memories involves structural changes, which
refers to the ____________________ and functional changes, which involve
________________________.
a) growth of new receptors; a strengthening of the connection between neurons
Correct. Good for you. You’ve got it!
b) strengthening of the connection between neurons; a growth of new receptors

Incorrect. Not quite, but you are close. Functional changes involve the strength of the
connection, whereas structural changes refer to actual anatomical changes, such as the
growth of new receptors. Consider returning to the text where this concept is first
discussed and create a note for yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words
and even provide an example from your own life, if possible. If you are still having
trouble, be sure to talk with your instructor.
c) birth of new neurons; the speed or neurotransmission

Incorrect. Functional changes involve the strength of the connection, whereas structural
changes refer to actual anatomical changes, such as the growth of new receptors.
yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words and even provide an example
from your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble, be sure to talk with your
instructor.
d) speed of neurotransmission; the birth of new neurons

Incorrect. Functional changes involve the strength of the connection, whereas structural
changes refer to actual anatomical changes, such as the growth of new receptors.
yourself. Try to rephrase the concept in your own words and even provide an example
from your own life, if possible. If you are still having trouble, be sure to talk with your
instructor.
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Revel Quiz Questions

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel
for Psychology, 1e.
End of Module Quiz 6.1: Models of Memory
EOM Q6.1.1
The approach suggesting our memory works like an administrative assistant that encodes, stores,
and retrieves information is called the __________.
a) information-processing approach
b) memory activation approach
Consider this: Memory involves the process of storing and retrieving information. LO
6.1: Recall Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory.
c) three-stage processing approach
d) connectionist approach
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 6.1: Recall Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory.
EOM Q6.1.2
According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the structure of memory can be divided into three distinct
types. What are these three aspects of memory?
a) iconic memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Consider this: This three-stage model emphasizes the structure and the processes
associated with memory. LO 6.1: Recall Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of
memory.
b) sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory
c) sensory memory, productive memory, and long-term memory
memory.
d) sensory memory, working memory, and procedural memory
memory.
Answer: b
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EOM Q6.1.3
Atkinson and Shiffrin used the example of a __________ to help describe memory in their 1968
theory.
a) casting call for the theatre
Consider this: While this model of memory is no longer considered accurate, it paved the
way for future research. LO 6.1: Recall Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of
memory.
b) bank
memory.
c) computer
d) filing cabinet
memory.
Answer: c
EOM Q6.1.4
According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a set of interconnected
__________ in the brain.
a) life experiences
Consider this: Human brains can process many factors simultaneously, therefore
activating many different areas of the brain. LO 6.2: Describe the core features of
contemporary connectionist models of memory.
b) computer chips
c) serial pictures
d) neural networks
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the core features of contemporary connectionist models of
memory.
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EOM Q6.1.5
When someone says the words “ice cream,” most people will have numerous images pop into
their head. Those images may be common like a picture of an ice cream cone as well as more
specific like their favorite flavor. This is an example of which model of memory?
a) parallel distributed processing model
b) information-processing approach
Consider this: Memories are constructed through a pattern of activation of neurons that
can occur at the same time. LO 6.2: Describe the core features of contemporary
connectionist models of memory.
c) serial position approach
d) three-stage approach
Answer: a
memory.
End of Module Quiz 6.2: Acquiring and Storing Memories
EOM Q6.2.1
Iconic memory is a type of __________ memory and handles our __________ senses.
a) sensory; visual
b) echoic; auditory
Consider this: Information in this memory store lasts for a few tenths to one half of a
second. LO 6.3: Recognize the types and characteristics of sensory memory.
c) echoic; visual
d) sensory; auditory
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 6.3: Recognize the types and characteristics of sensory memory.
Topic: Acquiring and Storing Memories
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EOM Q6.2.2
Echoic memory lasts for __________.
a) 1–2 minutes
Consider this: We hear information quicker than we process it. LO 6.3: Recognize the
types and characteristics of sensory memory.
b) 3–4 seconds
c) 3–4 minutes
d) ¼ to ½ second
Answer: b
EOM Q6.2.3
What is the duration of short-term memory?
a) 1–2 seconds
Consider this: Short-term memory is focused on the present. LO 6.4: Distinguish between
short-term memory and working memory.
b) 7–9 seconds
c) 15–30 seconds
d) 45–60 seconds
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 6.4: Distinguish between short-term memory and working memory.
EOM Q6.2.4
Working memory is said to be used for more complex __________ tasks, while short term
memory functions as primarily a __________ facility.
a) executive; map reading
Consider this: It actively works to manipulate and move information into long-term
memory. LO 6.4: Distinguish between short-term memory and working memory.
b) mathematical; storage
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c) storage; cognitive
d) cognitive; storage
Answer: d
EOM Q6.2.5
Henna is having difficulty with her psychology class. She visited with her professor and she told
her to try to understand and remember the meaning of a concept by connecting that concept to a
personal story. What is this strategy called?
a) elaborative rehearsal
b) rote memorization
Consider this: Learning takes effort and the more deeply you process concepts, the more
likely they will be stored in long-term memory. LO 6.5: Apply effective strategies for
encoding information into long-term memory.
c) method of loci
d) maintenance rehearsal
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 6.5: Apply effective strategies for encoding information into long-term
memory.
EOM Q6.2.6
Shania needed to remember to pick up seven items at the grocery store. She didn’t want to write
it down so she made up a story in her head imagining herself walking through her house and
visualizing each item in a different room in the house. This is called the __________ technique.
a) method of loci
b) rote rehearsal
Consider this: This technique has been used for 2,500 years. LO 6.5: Apply effective
strategies for encoding information into long-term memory.
c) storytelling
d) interleaving
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Answer: a
memory.
EOM Q6.2.7
The memory of a student’s first semester of college, when they were stressed and anxious, is
considered what type of long-term memory?
a) procedural
Consider this: These memories are often autobiographical in nature. LO 6.6: Differentiate
the various types of memory contained within long-term memory.
b) episodic
c) semantic
d) implicit
Answer: b
Learning Objective: 6.6: Differentiate the various types of memory contained within long-term
memory.
EOM Q6.2.8
Howard has not ridden a bike in 10 years. He first learned to ride a bike when he was 5 years old
and enjoyed riding throughout his childhood. He recently bought a new bike and had no problem
riding it around the block. The type of memory that allows him to recall this skill is called
__________.
a) episodic
Consider this: Once you learn and repeatedly practice a skill, it is stored in long-term
memory. LO 6.6: Differentiate the various types of memory contained within long-term
memory.
b) semantic
memory.
c) procedural
d) explicit
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memory.
Answer: c
memory.
End of Module Quiz 6.3: Retrieving Memories
EOM Q6.3.1
Leeann was telling her friend about a movie with her favorite actor. She wanted her friend to
guess his name so she gave her friend the first initial to his first and last name. Leeann provided a
__________ for her friend.
a) contextual cue
Consider this: A small clue can trigger information in long-term memory. LO 6.7:
Recognize factors that influence the retrieval of information.
b) memory cue
c) learning cue
d) retrieval cue
Answer: d
Learning Objective: 6.7: Recognize factors that influence the retrieval of information.
Topic: Retrieving Memories
EOM Q6.3.2
__________ states that context is encoded along with information and therefore memories are
most easily retrieved when the context of the retrieval matches the context of the encoding.
a) Encoding specificity
b) The serial position effect
Consider this: The context can include emotions or the location attached to the
experience. LO 6.7: Recognize factors that influence the retrieval of information.
c) The recency effect
d) Cued recall
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Answer: a
EOM Q6.3.3
Aashna remembers exactly where she was, what she was wearing, and who she was with when
she first heard the news of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Aashna has a
__________.
a) flashbulb memory
b) explicit memory
Consider this: In these memories, people recall what they were specifically doing,
wearing, and other details of the time period. LO 6.8: Identify how flashbulb memories
differ from other memories.
c) episodic memory
d) echoic memory
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 6.8: Identify how flashbulb memories differ from other memories.
EOM Q6.3.4
Spencer believes he learned about the famous “Stanford Prison Experiment” from his
psychology class. His professor tells him they haven’t covered that topic yet so he must have
heard about it from someone else. Spencer experienced a __________.
a) pragmatic interference
Consider this: Cryptomnesia is a form of this where a person unconsciously plagiarizes
another person’s work. LO 6.9: Describe situations that can lead to inaccuracies in
memory.
b) misinformation error
memory.
c) source monitoring error
d) false memory
memory.
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Answer: c
Learning Objective: 6.9: Describe situations that can lead to inaccuracies in memory.
EOM Q6.3.5
Selma witnessed a robbery at a convenience store. She watched various news reports about the
robbery prior to being interviewed by police. When she was interviewed, she remembered some
inaccurate details. Selma has experienced __________.
a) proactive interference
Consider this: Information provided after the actual event can change the initial memory
of that event. LO 6.9: Describe situations that can lead to inaccuracies in memory.
b) encoding specificity
c) retroactive interference
d) the misinformation effect
Answer: d
End of Module Quiz 6.4: Forgetting
EOM Q6.4.1
Given what you know about Ebbinghaus’s research on forgetting, what advice about studying
would you give your friend?
a) Don’t cram—engaging in distributed practice over a few days or weeks is more
effective.
b) Make flashcards quickly before you forget the information.
Consider this: This is one of the most common pieces of advice given by instructors to
college students. LO 6.10: Identify reasons for forgetting related to encoding and retrieval
failures.
c) Cram right before the test because it’s the best way to recall the information.
failures.
d) Make the material you’re studying into nonsense material so you can remember it.
failures.
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Answer: a
Learning Objective: 6.10: Identify reasons for forgetting related to encoding and retrieval
failures.
Topic: Forgetting
EOM Q6.4.2
Trent just moved and has to list all addresses on a job application. He has no problem
remembering the new address, but when the application requests his old address he cannot
remember it. Trent is experiencing which type of interference?
a) retroactive interference
b) proactive interference
Consider this: This happens when new information interferes with the recall of older
information. LO 6.10: Identify reasons for forgetting related to encoding and retrieval
failures.
c) encoding interference
failures.
d) storage interference
failures.
Answer: a
failures.
Topic: Forgetting
EOM Q6.4.3
What is it called when some people work to actively forget memories of trauma or abuse?
a) deliberate decay
Consider this: There is research that shows people can push memories out of conscious
awareness. LO 6.10: Identify reasons for forgetting related to encoding and retrieval
failures.
b) motivated forgetting
c) proactive interference
failures.
d) extreme memory loss
failures.
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Answer: b
failures.
Topic: Forgetting
EOM Q6.4.4
Caroline has dementia and can no longer remember the name of her grandchildren. She is
experiencing which type of amnesia?
a) neurocognitive dementia
Consider this: Amnesia often involves the inability to recall events from the past. LO
6.11: Distinguish between the different types of amnesia.
b) Alzheimer’s amnesia
c) retrograde
d) anterograde
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 6.11: Distinguish between the different types of amnesia.
Topic: Forgetting
EOM Q6.4.5
The famous patient known as H.M. developed anterograde amnesia after having his temporal
lobes removed. This led to him no longer being able to create __________ memories, but his
__________ memory remained functional.
a) working; procedural
Consider this: This unique case has allowed researchers to study the connections between
memory loss and the brain. LO 6.11: Distinguish between the different types of amnesia.
b) procedural; working
c) working; long-term
d) long-term; working
Answer: d
Topic: Forgetting
78
End of Module Quiz 6.5: The Biological Basis of Memory
EOM Q6.5.1
Short-term memory or working memory has been localized in the __________ and the
__________.
a) hippocampus; frontal lobe
b) amygdala; frontal lobe
Consider this: After explicit memories are formed in this area, they are sent to other areas
of the brain for storage. LO 6.12: Recognize that memories are located in various places
in the brain.
c) cerebellum; basal ganglia
in the brain.
d) hippocampus; cerebellum
in the brain.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 6.12: Recognize that memories are located in various places in the brain.
Topic: The Biological Basis of Memory
EOM Q6.5.2
Which parts of the brain are necessary for procedural memories and habits related to movement?
a) cerebellum; basal ganglia
b) amygdala; thalamus
Consider this: These structures are involved in different types of motor skills. LO 6.12:
Recognize that memories are located in various places in the brain.
c) hippocampus; cerebellum
d) basal ganglia; thalamus
Answer: a
EOM Q6.5.3
Which brain structure plays an important role in processing emotions, especially strong emotions
like fear?
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a) hippocampus
Consider this: This structure processes emotional memories like flashbulb memories. LO
6.12: Recognize that memories are located in various places in the brain.
b) amygdala
c) thalamus
d) hypothalamus
Answer: b
EOM Q6.5.4
The strengthening of neural connections, which is considered the biological basis of memory, is
called __________.
a) synaptic connection potential (SCP)
Consider this: Neurons that are repeatedly activated at the same time and form a
connection become a memory. LO 6.13: Recall the role of neurons in creating long-term
memories.
b) long-term neuron connection (LTC)
memories.
c) long-term potentiation (LTP)
d) synaptic neuron potentiation (SNP)
memories.
Answer: c
Learning Objective: 6.13: Recall the role of neurons in creating long-term memories.
EOM Q6.5.5
When a new concept or behavior is learned, repeated, and practiced, there is a __________
change in the neurons, which often involves the growth on new receptors.
a) chemical
Consider this: The additional receptors develop in postsynaptic neurons. LO 6.13: Recall
the role of neurons in creating long-term memories.
b) schematic
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c) functional
d) structural
Answer: d
EOM Q6.5.6
Maria has decided to learn to play the piano at the age of 55. She knows this will be good for her
brain because as she learns something new her brain actually changes as a result of the
experience. What is this process called?
a) neuroplasticity
b) long-term memory formation
Consider this: Our brain has the potential to change and grow as we learn through reading
and experiences. LO 6.13: Recall the role of neurons in creating long-term memories.
c) synaptic connections potential
d) neurocognitive potential
Answer: a
End of Module Quiz 6.6: Piecing It Together: False Memories
EOM Q6.6.1
Why was there an increased interest in the 1990s to explore if false memories could be created?
a) There was a notable increase in the number of recovered memories of childhood abuse.
b) There was a notable increase in the number of court cases based on false memories.
Consider this: Data from research studies has suggested both true recovered memories
and false memories exist. LO 6.14: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology
apply to the issue of false memories.
c) There was a notable number of clients claiming their therapists intentionally implanted
false memories.
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d) There was a notable increase in the reports of childhood sexual abuse.
Answer: a
Learning Objective: 6.14: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology apply to the issue
of false memories.
EOM Q6.6.2
This technique to test the feasibility of false memory implantation asks research participants to
vividly recall a childhood event that did not happen to them. What is this technique called?
a) false feedback
Consider this: Participants are typically told to concentrate and think back to the details
of the event. LO 6.14: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology apply to the
b) imagination inflation
c) memory implantation
d) fake imaging feedback
Answer: b
of false memories.
EOM Q6.6.3
Research has attempted to identify individual differences or personality characteristics associated
with people more likely to experience false memories. The most often reported characteristics
are __________ and __________.
a) dissociative experiences; poor memory skills
Consider this: Many different characteristics and attitudes can impact false memory
development, but the ability to engage in mental imagery seems to be important. LO
6.14: Analyze how the cross-cutting themes of psychology apply to the issue of false
memories.
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b) vivid imagination; habitual lying

memories.
c) vivid imagination; dissociative experiences
d) poor memory skills; vivid imagination
memories.
Answer: c
of false memories.
EOM Q6.6.4
How has research into the reconstructive nature of memories influenced the legal system?
a) A psychologist must always be present when an eyewitness is interviewed.
Consider this: Due to the reconstructive nature of memory, people and circumstances can
influence the recall of important eyewitness testimony. LO 6.14: Analyze how the cross-
cutting themes of psychology apply to the issue of false memories.
b) Eyewitnesses are not allowed to be cross-examined more than twice.
c) Eyewitnesses are not allowed to watch news coverage of the crime.
d) Eyewitness identification procedures have been revised to decrease the likelihood of
false memories.
Answer: d
of false memories.
EOM Q6.6.5
Isaac asked his therapist to implant memories that he loves to exercise and prefers vegetables
over potato chips. This issue of whether therapists should use psychological techniques to
mislead their clients is inherently a(n) __________ one.
a) ethical
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b) legal
Consider this: When psychologists are faced with dilemmas, they ask themselves, “Will
this treatment cause more good than harm?” LO 6.14: Analyze how the cross-cutting
themes of psychology apply to the issue of false memories.
c) medical
d) cultural
Answer: a
of false memories.
End of Chapter Quiz: Memory
EOC Q6.1
Fill in the blanks to complete the correct order of the structures and processes associated with
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory: sensory memory, __________,
__________, elaborative rehearsal, __________.
a) attention; working memory; long-term memory
b) short-term memory; working memory; long-term memory
Consider this: The three-stage model of memory contains three structures and two
processes. LO 6.1: Recall Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model of memory.
c) attention; long-term memory; retrieval
d) working memory; long-term memory; retrieval
Answer: a
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.2
The three-stage model of memory emphasized both the __________ and the __________
associated with memory.
a) patterns; processes
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Consider this: This model suggests that much of our memory is under our control. LO
b) structure; processes
c) neurons; connections
d) structure; patterns
Answer: b
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.3
According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a __________.
a) file cabinet with a series of files to be accessed sequentially
Consider this: When neural units are activated together, the connection becomes stronger.
LO 6.2: Describe the core features of contemporary connectionist models of memory.
b) sequentially processing computer
c) set of instructions neurons send to each other that create a pattern of activity among
neurons
d) set of blueprints for the location of memories in the brain
Answer: c
memory.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.4
The parallel distributed processing model of memory has been likened to which game?
a) tic-tac-toe
Consider this: According to connectionist models, memories are developed when neurons
experience repeated pathways of connections. LO 6.2: Describe the core features of
b) poker
c) connect-the-dots
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d) Jenga
Answer: c
memory.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.5
When Jamal thinks about the first time he played hockey, he remembers the smell of the ice, the
sound of his stick hitting the puck, and how much he loved the game. In retrieving this memory,
Jamal is accessing __________ in his brain.
a) multiple connections
b) a specific connection
Consider this: Memory is contained within various connections among neural pathways.
c) specific files
d) one neural pathway
Answer: a
memory.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.6
Sensory memory is primarily a(n) __________ process.
a) unconscious
b) conscious
Consider this: Sensory memory is basically an extension of perception. LO 6.3:
Recognize the types and characteristics of sensory memory.
c) lengthy
d) manipulative
Answer: a
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Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.7
Anika has just asked her son to pick up his toys. Even though he heard her, he responds with
“what did you say?” He is experiencing the echoic memory delay, which means we __________
information quicker than we can __________ it.
a) process; hear
Consider this: We sometimes think we don’t hear what someone asks us, but in reality we
just need time to make sense of it. LO 6.3: Recognize the types and characteristics of
sensory memory.
b) hear; process
c) see; process
sensory memory.
d) process; see
sensory memory.
Answer: b
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.8
To increase the capacity of short-term memory, you can combine small bits of information into
larger meaningful units. What is this strategy called?
a) maintenance rehearsal
Consider this: Short-term memory can hold anywhere between 3–9 pieces of information,
but they do not have to be individual pieces. LO 6.4: Distinguish between short-term
memory and working memory.
b) chugging
c) chunking
d) coding
Answer: c
Topic: Memory
87

EOC Q6.9
The brain processes and codes information in three different ways, which include __________,
__________, and __________.
a) sensory; visual; auditory
Consider this: The way our brain codes information depends on the type of information
being processed. LO 6.4: Distinguish between short-term memory and working memory.
b) encoding; storage; retrieval
c) sensory; short-term; long-term
d) visual; auditory; semantic
Answer: d
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.10
Enrique is practicing new study strategies. His professor told him that he needs to make sure he
is effectively encoding information. Which strategy or strategies should Enrique use?
a) effortful processing
Consider this: Encoding is an active process that takes on various forms. LO 6.5: Apply
effective strategies for encoding information into long-term memory.
b) elaborative rehearsal
c) deep processing
d) All answers are correct.
Answer: d
memory.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.11
The technique of studying several different concepts or mixing information from different
chapters during the same study session is called __________.
a) interleaving
88
b) interweaving
Consider this: This technique produces superior results in memory and learning. LO 6.5:
Apply effective strategies for encoding information into long-term memory.
c) encoding
d) the testing effect
Answer: a
memory.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.12
Lucy has been studying for her psychology exam and thinks she knows all the facts and
concepts. Her conscious memory of the facts is what type of memory?
a) nondeclarative
Consider this: We remember facts and are aware that we can remember the facts. LO 6.6:
Differentiate the various types of memory contained within long-term memory.
b) explicit
c) implicit
d) procedural
Answer: b
memory.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.13
When Johann drives his car to school, he does not have to think about every step in the process
of driving, yet he does have memories of the steps to take. This type of memory is called
__________.
a) episodic
Consider this: Much of our knowledge for well-learned procedures exists at an
unconscious level. LO 6.6: Differentiate the various types of memory contained within
long-term memory.
b) semantic
89

long-term memory.
c) implicit
d) explicit
long-term memory.
Answer: c
memory.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.14
Lars went to the grocery story but accidentally left his list at home. He remembered coffee and
chocolate because those were the first things on the list. This phenomenon is called the
__________ effect.
a) procedural
Consider this: Words at the beginning of a list have more time to be rehearsed than any of
the other words. LO 6.7: Recognize factors that influence the retrieval of information.
b) contextual
c) recency
d) primacy
Answer: d
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.15
If you study for your exam in a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried foods, the best
place for you to take the exam is a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried food. This
phenomenon is referred to as __________.
a) context dependent memory
b) state dependent memory
Consider this: The external environment provides cues for memory retrieval. LO 6.7:
c) serial position effect
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d) implicit memory
Answer: a
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.16
Which of the following events will most likely become a flashbulb memory?
a) your wedding day
b) your first day of a new semester at college
Consider this: Flashbulb memories are usually extremely emotional events of a positive
or negative manner. LO 6.8: Identify how flashbulb memories differ from other
memories.
c) receiving a speeding ticket
memories.
d) getting a bad grade on an exam
memories.
Answer: a
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.17
Research with people who reported flashbulb memories from the September 11 terrorist attacks
showed that most forgetting of the event occurred within __________.
a) 1 month
Consider this: Forgetting tends to level off after this time. LO 6.8: Identify how flashbulb
memories differ from other memories.
b) 1 year
c) 6 months
d) 3 months
Answer: b
Topic: Memory
91

EOC Q6.18
Your friend wants to hear all the details from your birthday party last year. Recalling the details
of this memory is a __________ process.
a) reliable
Consider this: The events that occur before or after the event can affect the accuracy of
the memory. LO 6.9: Describe situations that can lead to inaccuracies in memory.
b) restorative
c) reconstructive
d) slow
Answer: c
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.19
The goal of false memory research is to demonstrate that __________.
a) most people will report remembering something even if they don’t, just to satisfy the
researchers
Consider this: False memory studies often use social pressure and visual imagery
techniques in their methodology. LO 6.9: Describe situations that can lead to inaccuracies
in memory.
b) people can be forced to remember inaccurate details when they are distressed
in memory.
c) it is impossible to convince someone to remember something that never happened to
them
in memory.
d) some people will report remembering an event that didn’t happen to them just because
the researcher suggested it did happen
Answer: d
Topic: Memory
92
EOC Q6.20
Trina typically reads her textbook while watching her favorite Netflix series. She later has
difficulty remembering what she read and starts to wonder if she has memory problems. What is
Trina experiencing?
a) encoding failure
b) storage decay
Consider this: It is impossible to forget something you never learned in the first place. LO
6.10: Identify reasons for forgetting related to encoding and retrieval failures.
c) proactive interference
d) retroactive interference
Answer: a
failures.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.21
What role does sleep play in memory formation?
a) It consolidates and strengthens the memory.
b) It has no impact on memory.
Consider this: Sleep plays an active role in the formation of memories. LO 6.10: Identify
reasons for forgetting related to encoding and retrieval failures.
c) It plays a passive role by allowing our brains to rest.
d) It protects against the interference of new material.
Answer: a
failures.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.22
Shandra is prompted to change her password on her work computer every 4 months. She tries to
make new ones that are similar to her old ones. After returning from vacation for a week, she
could only remember her old password. This is an example of which type of memory failure?
a) retroactive interference
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Consider this: Previously stored information can interfere with newer information. LO
b) proactive interference
c) storage decay
d) encoding failure
Answer: b
failures.
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.23
Julianna was in an accident that left her unable to form new long-term memories. What type of
amnesia does Julianna have?
a) proactive
Consider this: A frontal lobe injury from a car accident is more likely to result in this
kind of amnesia. LO 6.11: Distinguish between the different types of amnesia.
b) retroactive
c) anterograde
d) retrograde
Answer: c
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.24
What areas of the brain are important for the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories?
a) There are no two areas more important that other areas of the brain.
Consider this: The creation of memories and the storage of memories are different
processes. LO 6.12: Recognize that memories are located in various places in the brain.
b) hippocampus and frontal lobes
c) hippocampus and amygdala
d) prefrontal cortex and amygdala
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Answer: b
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.25
Semantic and episodic memories are formed in the __________ and then sent to other areas of
the brain for __________.
a) hippocampus; storage
b) frontal lobe; storage
Consider this: People and animals with damage to the hippocampus struggle to remember
explicit memories. LO 6.12: Recognize that memories are located in various places in the
brain.
c) hippocampus; retrieval
brain.
d) frontal lobe; retrieval
brain.
Answer: a
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.26
Andre will never forget where he was or what he was wearing when he heard the news about the
mass shooting at an outdoor concert in Las Vegas. Which area of the brain would have
significant involvement in the creation of Andre’s memory for this event?
a) amygdala
b) medulla
Consider this: Flashbulb memories involve part of the brain involved in processing
emotional content. LO 6.12: Recognize that memories are located in various places in the
brain.
c) basal ganglia
brain.
d) cerebellum
95
brain.
Answer: a
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.27
Which two brain structures are involved in the formation and storage of implicit memories?
a) cerebellum and amygdala
Consider this: Implicit memories differ from explicit memories, therefore different brain
structures are involved. LO 6.12: Recognize that memories are located in various places
in the brain.
b) cerebellum and basal ganglia
c) basal ganglia and amygdala
in the brain.
d) frontal lobe and hippocampus
in the brain.
Answer: b
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.28
When we learn something new, what happens at the neuron level?
a) Neurons shut down to consolidate the learning process.
Consider this: Each time we review the information, the neural connection is
strengthened. LO 6.13: Recall the role of neurons in creating long-term memories.
b) Hormones are released throughout our body.
c) Neurons communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters.
d) Neurons release glucose to help solidify the learning.
Answer: c
Topic: Memory
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EOC Q6.29
In the case of the creation of a short-term memory, there is a __________ strengthening between
neurons.
a) dynamic
Consider this: The process of neurotransmission becomes more effective and efficient.
LO 6.13: Recall the role of neurons in creating long-term memories.
b) quick
c) structural
d) functional
Answer: d
Topic: Memory
EOC Q6.30
Eric Kandel worked with marine slugs to understand how memory works at the synaptic level in
humans. The strengthening of the connections between neurons resulting in the development of
memories is called __________.
a) long-term memory formation
Consider this: Donald Hebb first proposed a link between neural connections and
memories in 1949. LO 6.13: Recall the role of neurons in creating long-term memories.
b) long-term potentiation
c) synaptic plasticity
d) an action potential
Answer: b
Topic: Memory
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Hudson/Whisenhunt, Psychology 1e

Topic Factual Conceptual Applied Analyze

Topic Factual Conceptual Applied Analyze

Topic Factual Conceptual Applied Analyze

Multiple Choice Questions

2. __________ is a collection of information and experiences stored in our brain for

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

15. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, short-term memory is __________.

A) Everything contained in sensory memory will eventually make it to long-term

19. Short-term memory is also often referred to as __________ memory.

21. The process of elaborative rehearsal can involve __________.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

24. __________ is an approach in cognitive science that describes cognitive processes as

A) Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage model

26. According to the parallel distributed processing model, __________.

28. Sensory memory is merely an extension of __________.

29. Vision is to _________ as hearing is to __________.

32. How long does an iconic image last?

33. How long does an echoic memory last?

41. Conscious processing is to _________ as unconscious processing is to __________.

43. A type of processing that is based on images is called _________.

44. A type of processing that involves sounds is called _________.

45. __________ is a type of processing based on meaning.

Adaptive Pathway: 6.1.2

48. What are the three components of working memory?

54. Learning is facilitated by __________.

A) practicing effective strategies to move information from working memory to long-

61. Rote memorization is a form of __________ processing.

62. Rote memorization is to __________ processing as elaborative rehearsal is to

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

73. __________ is to declarative memory as __________ is to nondeclarative memory.

74. Explicit memories are memories of which we are __________.

75. Which of the following represent explicit memories?

78. __________ are memories of which we are not consciously aware.

84. A multiple-choice exam question requires __________ to provide an answer.

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

94. This sense provides one of the strongest retrieval cues.

C) drink a soda water

100. If you need to “ace” an exam, what advice would be best?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

105. Source monitoring errors occur __________.

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

119. _________ is the active forgetting of typically stressful or traumatic events.

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

122. __________ is characterized by the loss of past memories.

C) cerebellum and temporal lobe

132. Where do neuroscientists believe most memories are stored?

137. The amygdala is important in the formation of __________ memories.

142. Why did Eric Kandel study LTP in Aplysia californica?

143. Short-term memory involves a __________ change between neurons.

144. Long-term memories involve a(n) __________ change in neurons.

B) Synapses are weakened to allow other cells to be prioritized.

Topic: Piecing It Together: False Memories

Topic: Encoding Strategies: How to Make Learning Stick

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Adaptive Pathway Questions

Adaptive Pathway 6.1: Components of Memory

MISCONCEPTION #1 = Inability to recall the correct order of the structures and

d) Sensory memory → Elaborative rehearsal → Working memory → Attention →

b) Working memory → Attention → Sensory memory → Maintenance rehearsal →

c) Sensory memory → Attention → Working memory → Elaborative rehearsal →

d) Sensory memory → Elaborative rehearsal → Working memory → Attention →

29. Vision is to _ as hearing is to __.

41. Conscious processing is to _ as unconscious processing is to __.

73. is to declarative memory as is to nondeclarative memory.