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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
One of the challenges that urban city facing now is the growing population as
well as the growing consumption of the community. Most of the time the implication is
neglected which is the growing consumption of the people will result to abundance waste
disposal. From the collection of biodegradable waste in each household entailed the
question where can this waste be dump? Since the space is one of the problems, the
researcher is looking for the efficient way to minimize the space for the dump site for
biodegradable waste.
With the alarming growth of waste disposal and setting up enough space would
be tough especially if the space of the community is populated enough. It also disturbed
the environmental ambiance of the community near the landfill area. Since Cagayan de
Oro city is one of the developing cities in the Philippine, managing its waste should
achieve an environmental and economical approach so that the garbage can also useful.
Many factors also affects from the growing waste collection in the community
such as contamination, odorous air, migrations of scavengers and other nuisance and
harmful elements(G. Tchobanoglous, 2003). Which is why the landfill has been relocated
since the old landfill area was already full of garbage. The transfer of the new landfill
was part of the maintenance of the waste management officials since the old landfill area
was polluted enough that it affects the health and environment of the community. What if
this collection of materials would be converted into useful energy? Since most of these
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materials will be stock on the landfill without any innovative use? By converting
biodegradable waste into energy, the materials would not go to waste and many benefits
researcher will conduct a feasibility study about the design of a landfill facility for biogas
production in the new landfill area and estimate the cost of the project.The researcher
will create a possible structure for the biogas production, estimate the possible cost and
the present economic comparison for the project at Pagalungan, New Landfill, Cagayan
de Oro city.
Waste materials collection in the landfill is composed of different materials so the
researcher will also consider the waste segregation before the waste materials to be
transfer at the biogas production facility. Biogas generation recovers waste materials that
would otherwise pollute landfills; prevents the use of toxic chemicals in sewage
treatment plants, and saves money, energy, and material by treating waste on-site.
Typically biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown
of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials
such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste
or food waste. Biogas could be produced from two main sources such as landfills and
2. Is there sufficient space available at site to construct the entire biogas facilities
4. How much is the production rate of biogas out of the waste collected?
1.3 Objectives
will helps the community in Cagayan de Oro city, which is maximizing the use of any
bio-organic waste materials collection in the community. The researchers are admonished
to bring out the research in biogas to locally establish the feasibility, application, and
adaptation of this technology and help improve the quality of energy supply in Cagayan
de Oro City.
garbage disposal in the landfill. The study will make an available employment for the
Input Result
Output
Site Investigation/
Data Evaluation of
Analysis and design and its
Bio organic Design function
materials
Collections Data Design and Evaluation of
Formula the design Cost
Topographic Sketch
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The project study will only focus on the design of the facilities enough to
accommodate the whole Cagayan de Oro City waste disposal. The project study will only
be about the structure for the storage of biodegradable material in the landfill and as well
The researcher only focuses in producing biogas with the use of biodegradable
materials from sanitary landfill which had been separated after 5 years; this also includes
organic waste from other industrial plants. The machinery that will be used to convert
biogas into energy and fuel will be the part of mechanical professionals. Since the space
is one of the problems, the researcher is looking for the efficient way to minimize the
In addition, given with the allowable time limit for this research and due to the
quantitative methodology to be use, the researchers will not fully explore issues such as
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the soil properties, rock characteristics and the effects of the soil to the foundation of the
works for the proposed project and the function of the biogas production in landfill that
part of business. As a result for the analysis the researcher will recommend things for the
Methane. Methane (or biogas) is an odorless and colorless gas that is flammable and
potentially at concentrations between five percent and 15 percent in air, when in the
waste dumped.
Sanitary Landfill. Designed to prevent the spread of pollution, fires, and disease that
Cogeneration. Also known as combined heat and power or CHP (combined heat and
power) projects use LFG (Landfill Gas) to generate both electricity and thermal
7
microorganisms into simpler, more stable com-pounds. Most organic wastes (e.g.,
collection point, loading them into a vehicle, and transporting them to a processing,
soil
landfill.
Energy Recovery. The process of extracting useful energy from waste, typically
Inorganic Waste. Waste composed of material other than plant or animal matter,
Landfill Gases. Gases arising from the decomposition of organic wastes; principally
methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Such gases may cause explosions at
landfill.
a place intended to be permanent. The Source Book uses this term for both controlled
Leachate. Liquid that has seeped through a landfill or a compost pile and has
Waste-to-energy (WTE) plant. A facility that uses solid waste materials (processed
or raw) to produce energy. WTE plants include incinerators that produce steam for
district heating or industrial use, or that generate electricity; they also include
Waste reduction. Reducing the amount of waste that is produced initially and that
must be collected by solid waste authorities. This ranges from legislation and product
9
design to local programs designed to keep recyclables and compostable out of the
Boiler. A device used to absorb the heat released during the combustion process of
burning waste. This combustion produces steam that can be sold or converted into
electrical power.
Capping. This is the process of placing the final cover material on the landfill.
Solid Waste. regular garbage from non-industrial sources, such as residential homes,
restaurants, retail centers, and office buildings. Typical MSW includes paper,
discarded food items, and other general discards. Green waste is considered MSW
Turbine Generator. Device that converts the heat energy of the steam from the
Aeration. The process of exposing bulk material, like compost to air. Forced
Aerobic Decomposition. The first of the typical decomposition phases that occur in
landfilled wastes. Refers to decomposition that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
Waste: Farming wastes, including runoff and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers;
erosion and dust from ploughing; improper disposal of animal manure and carcasses;
Covering. Spreading of a layer of other material on the top of the masses of waste in
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cover each lift or layer at the end of each working day to limit odours, windblown
Efficiency. A service is efficient if the available resources are used in the best
possible way.
Fermentation. Chemical reactions carried out by living microbes that are supplied
with nutrients in the presence of heat, pressure, and light. The result of these reaction
Gas Control and Recovery System. A series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches
containing permeable materials and perforated piping. The systems are designed to
Landfill Gas Management. The active and complete involvement in all issues of
Odour Control. The use of equipment such as activated carbon filters, odour-
attenuating cover materials, and gas flaring to reduce or eliminate odorous gases
Oxidation. The reaction with oxygen which breaks down organic waste or chemicals
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Introduction
burning the fuel to produce certain amount of energy. Most fuels are natural
substances ,diesel and natural gas. The availability of energy depends on the community
wherein the global population is rapidly increasing as the demand for consumption of
energy also increases to the point where the supply is continuously declining due to the
Due to the high demand of fuel by the growing population this made marginal
returns to the community that led researchers are be drawn to extraction of more
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sustainable alternative fuel that will allow renewable resources to be used as the main
component that is unlimited with supply so that it will be very available to everyone who
In the Philippines the power outage is practically one of the main problem
especially in the rural areas because of it’s vulnerability and availability in which other
people couldn’t afford especially for small-scale operated family unit. Even for
developing countries the supply for these energies may be difficult enough due to
renewable resources is by producing bio gas fuel from waste organic material found in
landfills or dump site. The bio gas is produced by mixing different gasses from the
organic matter in the process of breaking down organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
waste was used and combined with certain amount of gasses to form a renewable energy
source.
process by producing new energy form either electricity or fuel. This certain project had
been done by many developed countries and had been proven with substantial amount of
The researchers had taken this relevant research into consideration to be applied
locally in the Philippines more specifically in cagayan de oro where there is a need for
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action for the landfill to be segregated accordingly with an alternative way of producing
fuel energy for the community involving economical and ecological solutions where it
shall adapt to local conditions in accordance with the process , the sources and the
This study will show the structure of the bio gas facility specifically the different
types of the bio gas tank that will be effective and economical in accordance with the
specifications of land area at barangay Pagalungan which is the new landfill area in
cagayan de oro where the bio gas facility is proposed to be built. This research study
shows how different types of bio gas tank will be available and will be sufficient enough
2.2 Landfill
According to Mr. Edwin Dael (CLENRO Head), the city government will totally
closed the Landfill in Zayas on April 2017. The new landfill in Barangay Pagalungan
will replace Zayas landfill. The new 25-hectare landfill designed sanitary landfill in
Barangay Pagalungan, Cagayan de Oro will open in June 2017, according to an official
of the Cagayan de Oro City Local Environment and Natural Resources Office
(CLENRO).
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Landfill waste usually originates from different spheres of life. These were a
result from human activities either domestically or industrially. the main sources that
this bio gas came is from digester chambers and landfills wherein it is very important to
recycle waste materials that end up in landfills because they may be the vital component
used in converting these biodegradable materials to bio gas ,this was because it contains
high concentration of hydrogen and carbon which are from domestic and agricultural
locations. The bio gas will be process to convert it’s gas to bio methane and bio methane
utilization(O.Dada,2018)
2.4 Biogas
Bio gas has been widely used in the European countries by making use of the
renewable energy fuel for heating and gas engine which can also be used as gas and
electricity. Bio gas is composed primarily of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)
Methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen can oxidized or combustive with oxygen .
methanogen to produce bio gas, wherein it dissolve materials in a closed system , this
Recent studies in North Carolina State University showed results for the recovery
of methane from anaerobic digestion of the organic materials that were degradable in a
well suited and well-controlled landfills with a system of utilization wherein aerobic
processes are superior in combination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to yield total
factors which influence the quantity of landfill gas in generating the bio gas from it’s
composition. One of the most important factor is the type of organic compounds in the
sewerage. These composition generates the methane which is the main component for the
Currently, there are a lot of innovation for these kinds of projects due to it’s
advantages through economic and ecological concerns in the location. Technologies are
commonly take it’s stand towards improvement to have a more efficient and economical
Statistic Portal stated that a statistics was made on the year 2014 wherein leading
countries based on production of bio gas displays the production of China to 15 billion
cubic meters while 8.48 billion cubic meters in the United States on the said year of
productivity.
fueled power plants and vehicles are continually growing its varieties towards renewable
energies. Biogas is one of the renewable energy they used until now, since Norway is
98% of electricity generated it from hydroelectric power plants, is going to have its
buses in the capital city of Oslo operated in biogas from garbage to fuel. The concept of
Oslo builds up 1/3 of the city’s buses are already fueled by sewage-derived biogas, and
to produce biogas energy within equivalent of 4 million liters of diesel fuel each year (N.
Brown, 2012).
Germany had also taken it’s step towards biogas energy economy accounts for
roughly one quarter of the total global installed capacity. Analysts expected this trend to
installed capacity in 2011. In the United Kingdom it was estimated to to replace around
17% of vehicle fuel. It qualified for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the
response to the production of biogas about 20,757 lakh cubic meters in 2014-2015 and
within Maharashtra tops the production with 3578 lakh cubic meters while Andhra
Pradesh comes next with 2165 lakh cubic meters. The benefits of this biogas is that it
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provides clean gaseous fuel for cooking and lighting, Chemical fertilizers is obtained
from biogas plants and can be used as enriched bio-manure, and it is also good for the
climate and sanitation problems since toilets are directly linked with biogas plants (S.
Abhishek, 2015).
group wherein it covers the biological treatment of the organic portion of municipal solid
waste. Reports had stated about the biogas market in the neighboring countries.
extracting oxygen from it are used to produce fuel for household consumption.
wherein it can also use feed stock to produce biogas. Currently, there are innovations
which adds substrates to increase the organic content of the production to achieve a
higher gas yield. Typical co-substrates also include organic wastes from
Even though proteins and carbohydrates show very fast conversion rates than fats,it was
reported that the carbohydrates provide a high biogas yield. The methods used
decomposition process.
Landfill gas can be used directly through a pipe to nearby customers for
Condensation and filtration involves the limited removal of gasses from treatment are
required with some modifications for combustion equipment which is necessary to fully
Using landfill gas in evaporating leachate is a viable option for landfills since
leachate disposal is a critical problem for many publicly owned treatment and industrial
plants for it is rather expensive,unavailable and for some may find it unnecessary.In this
process landfill gas will be used to evaporate leachate for more concentration of gas so
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medium-Btu gas include firing pottery and glass-blowing kilns; powering and heating
greenhouses; and evaporating waste paint. Currently some industries are using landfill
gas ,these industries are commonly include auto manufacturing, chemical production,
treatment, prisons, hospitals. consumer electronics and products, paper and steel
There are numerous advantage of the bio gas power plant in which thousands of
people are investing into this project because of it’s production capacity ,which enable
the sale of energy to increase and the resulting product emits clean and renewable fuel.
The gas emitted through anaerobic fermentation may be controlled, reused at the right
time. Energy enhancement through organic waste may applied to reduce the cost of
At the end of bio gas process,the residual material as are set aside to be used in
fertilization.Carbon dioxide that was emitted during the combustion of bio gas is the
same generated by the plants,thus it reduces the emission of fossil fuels, as a result the
odor released from waste materials and organic stabilization is controlled in the
micro organisms, which also destroys the occurrence of bacteria and viruses contained in
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A recent study in Canada towards diversions of organics from landfills. This include
collect organics and directly use these materials for separating collection stream. Mostly,
these organics are in a form of compost which contain a small fraction of SSO that is
The landfill bio gas industry had increased in the number of collection and
treatment systems being installed worldwide. In connection with these installations there
is a need to control subsurface methane migration into nearby buildings, air emissions
and greenhouse gases, and odors. In addition, such systems are built to capture the
energy benefits from landfill bio gas. There are an approximate 1,100 bio gas energy
The most important part of the project is the biogas storage tank. Biogas as we
have studied is wet and corrosive therefore various considerations are implemented and
these are the following: All biogas storage facilities must be gas tight and pressure-
resistant, Storage facilities which are not protected by buildings, they must be UV-
temperature- and weather proof, The gas storage tanks must be checked for gas tightness,
22
They must be equipped with safety valves (under-pressure and over-pressure), Explosion
protection must also be guaranteed and an emergency flare is required, The gas storage
facility must have the minimum capacity corresponding to one fourth of the daily biogas
production .After the materials that could no longer produce biogas it is then collected
Double Membrane Biogas holders are used for biogas storage. It’s mounted
tightly on the roof of the Digester and separated sphere on surface of Land. The Biogas
The external cover dome is made of PVC and produced with special additives that are
ultraviolet and precipitation resistant. Internal membrane, which is in direct contact with
biogas, is made of a special material. The internal membrane is stretched by the pressure
of the produced biogas. Air is pumped between the cover dome and internal membrane
so that it provides pressure to the upper side of the membrane and gives a spherical shape
Biogas Double Membranes are designed and cut using machines with numerical
program control. Welding is performed using high-frequency current welding. This gives
and glued or welded by heating elements. The hermetic sealing in gas holder mounting
systems are secured by pilot-operated check valves. For gas holder safe operation an
excessive pressure valve is installed. Inspection holes and branch pipes are included into
23
Biogas pressure inside the gas holder on average is from 200 to 500 Pa. The gas holder
provides enough for 2-3 hours storage of biogas.(Jog waste to energy inc.)
Figure 2.3: The figure shows the double membrane tank in plastic and steel design.
The Steel double membrane gas storage tank that is mounted on an existing tank,
consists of an external membrane which forms the outer shape, and an internal
membrane which seals the digester gas-tight. A permanently running support air blower
provides air to the space between the inner and outer membranes, thus keeping the
pressure at a constant level - irrespective of gas production and gas withdrawal. The
pressurized air has two functions. First it keeps the outer membrane in shape to withstand
external wind- and snow loads. Second it exerts a constant pressure on the inner
24
membrane and thus pushes gas at constant volume and pressure into the outlet pipe. Both
membranes are clamped on top of the storage tank or anchored to the external wall of
steel or concrete tanks. A supporting structure prevents the inner membrane from
immersing into the substrate and being damaged by the stirring device. The safety valves
protect the gas holders against over or low gas pressure. The pressure regulation is
carried out by an air side pressure control valve. The filling levels are measured by
When plants are designed with more than one storage tank, you can combine R
double membrane gas storage tanks and single membrane gastight covers . The single
pressure in regular operation. In case of pressure drop the structure is supported by the
central pillar. The combination of storage tanks and covers offers an ideal storage volume
at lowest total costs. This system combines the function of gas storage tanks with that of
covers. Consequently, the initial costs can be reduced by the amounts of a solid tank
cover, a separate concrete foundation, additional gas pipes and safety devices for gas
pressure.
The Plastic covered double membrane gas storage tank consists of an external
membrane which forms the outer shape of the tank, as well as an internal membrane and
A permanently running support air blower provides air to the space between inner
25
and outer membrane, and thus keeps the gas pressure up at a constant level – irrespective
of gas production and gas withdrawal. The pressurized air has two functions. First it
keeps the outer membrane in shape to withstand external wind- and snow loads. Second
it exerts a constant pressure on the inner membrane and thus pushes gas at constant
volume and pressure into the outlet pipe. The gas charge and discharge pipes are cast into
the concrete foundations which are usually supplied by the customer. All three
membranes are then clamped to the foundation by means of an anchor ring.The safety
valve prevents the gas holder from over pressure. The pressure is regulated by means of a
pressure control valve. The filling levels are measured by means of ultrasonic and wire
Concrete has better inherent anti-corrosion characteristics than steel. The length
of life of a steel tank depends upon the longevity of the protective coatings. Once the
protective layers of a steel tank are penetrated, even at small points of damage, a
corrosion cell develops and the risk of a rapid onset of leaks then occurs. Steel tank
manufacturers seldom warrant the life of their products beyond 10 years, and that period
is often conditional on active maintenance to identify any points of corrosion and take
remedial action on any exposed metal or areas of chipped coatings. Concrete tank
designs are carried out to the buyer’s specified lifetime, and “design life” can exceed 100
Concrete is a Better Insulator than Glass Coated (and Epoxy Coated) Steel
26
(although additional insulation may be needed for some AD plants). The normal practice
for precast concrete reactor tank walls is to leave them exposed on the surface, and
readily available for inspection for the start of any leaks. This is unlike insulated GCS
(steel) tanks, where the structural tank walls are hidden behind insulation materials and
aluminum profiled sheeting, and unseen damage may have occurred during installation.
(Radimin)
Concrete Can be Drilled at any Time to Make Openings (for example for
replacement Digestate Mixers to be retrofitted if needed. The same cannot be said for
steel tanks due to concerns about creating bare steel and corrosion points at any new
openings. (Radimin)
Reinforced Concrete is Inherently a More Sustainable Material than Steel for this
Type of Construction. This is a subject which can be debated long and hard. In
different applications of concrete versus steel construction the sustainability case may go
either way. However, when used in biogas digester tanks, the author considers that the
extended life of a concrete structure as opposed to the much shorter life of a steel
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
The study involve in quantitative research study which presents the design of the
biogas holders which are the concrete, steel and plastic design in the form of double
membrane type of biogas holder, using the volume of waste the landfill area inhibits
annually and land area for the facilities of the biogas as a variable. For the economic
analysis the cost estimate and the commercial and Net Present Value will be use by the
The study was conducted at Sitio Burakan, Brgy. Pagalungan, Cagayan de Oro
City in Landfill Area. In conducting the research design preliminaries such as site survey
will be conducted. When the gathered information and data are enough the designing will
man made features of the site. Typically, the survey consist of establishing
manmade features of significance. Generally, at least two surveys are needed such as the
preliminary survey and construction set-out survey before construction can start.( Peter
The topographic limitations, slope gradients, flood inundation lines and rock outcrops,
The data was acquired from the following government Agencies: City Engineer’s Office
Compound – Kauswagan CDO, City Planning & Development Office –City Hall Bldg.
Capistrano Street Corner Gaerlan street, CDO, DENR Mines and Geosciences Bureau
This study is conducted with the use of the internet and its websites that focuses
on the information regarding the proposed site. Several sites can be evaluated in this way
at minimal cost: Past and present land use, Natural resources, Geology and Surface and
Data Gathering
agencies. The gathered data will be used as the basis for the designing of the biogas
production.The amount of collection of biodegradable waste from year 2014 to 2017 will
The size of the biogas storage will depend on the collection of waste disposal.
The amount of waste is used to determine the amount of biogas produced by the landfill
The design and estimate will depend on the volume of waste collection, material used
forms the visible outer contour of the tank, an internal membrane and a bottom
membrane which encloses the actual gas space.The outer membrane designed in the
The inner membrane and bottom membranes are sealed with a gas-tight
compression seal around the periphery of the structure on the concrete base.
consumed through a second pipeline – even in a system where the gasholder is used as a
simple buffer. The gas supply and consumption pipes are routed underneath the base
slab to the centre of the base. The pipes and membranes are sealed using bolted
In installing steel tanks no excessive ground works are required and these are the
31
process top soil is removed, the site levelled and the preparation of base. In the
preparation of base comprises the following: compacted soil , reinforced concrete slab
gasket. In assembling the tank. First step is to complete the top ring using ring stiffeners.
Next the ring beneath it. The tank wall inside is secured with an anchoring system and
sealed permanently. And it takes two weeks to erect the shell of the storage tank.
Furthermore, design and estimate will be conducted after the completion of the
FIGURE 3.1 Double membrane biogas storage with steel outer covering.
The membrane form is achieved by precisely cutting the textile roll to accurate
design patterns. Fittings through the membrane, such as the viewing port, crown, inlets
and outlets, and the base peripheral joint are reinforced with encapsulated stainless steel
FIGURE 3.2 Figure shows the double membrane biogas storage with outer membrane.
Each concrete wall unit stands alone with external counter-forts to enable the
wall unit to act as a vertical cantilever requiring minimum temporary propping during
erection.
The concrete use conventional reinforcement, with appropriate cover for the
concerns about the tendons becoming corroded. Each Sealed wall is jointed using
hydrophilic jointing method. Stainless steel fixings hold the concrete together, making a
34
visibly robust system. Furthermore, design and estimate will be conducted after the
The amount produce from the designed used will be calculated and evaluated in
commercial use. Assume that the calculated estimate from item 3.3.3 is the capital used
for the project and the amount will be breakdown into lump sum amount paid every year
Economic evaluation has been done through a Net Present Value Analysis taking
Net Present Value (NPV) the sum of expected net cashflow measured in today’s currency
NPV = -1+
and
CF= pO-vX-FC
CF
NPV 1 t 0
n
(1 r )i
Where:
FC = all fixed costs such as labor cost, interest expense and overhead cost.
35
IRR = discount rate for total present value of future cash flow equals cost of
investment
3.4. Materials
The following list includes all the equipment necessary to handle the biogas: Pipes,
Flow meters, Condensate traps, Storage, flares (P Engr. Eric Camirand, 2018)
These are the material used for the inner membrane of the double membrane gas holder.
These design and materials are used in all types of storage design either concrete, steel or
plastic membrane: polyester yarn with a PVC coating with an additional anti-static
The standard scope of supply for Double Membrane Gas Holders includes:
Ultrasonic Level transducer and instrument calculate the time between the sensor surface
to the distance measured liquid and gas detector transducer is used to detect flammable
36
gas in the air or liquid vapor explosion within the lower limit of content, can take a
Stainless steel is the newest type of steel used in the market it is more efficient
compared to Galvanized steel and Concrete. The gas is stored in steel cylinders such as
those typically used for storage of other commercial gases. The sealing compound
The outer membranes or plastic membrane are manufactured from polyester yarn
with a PVC coating with additional additives for increased protection against Ultra Violet
yarn with a PVC coating with additional additives for increased protection against Ultra
Violet radiation.
Concrete and reinforcing bars. Concrete used is a portland cement and a 12mm
tank designs are carried out to the buyer’s specified lifetime, and “design life” can
Design process the most important part of the study wherein proposed design is
presented prior to the biogas storages discussed. The Concrete, Steel, and Plastic
these includes the structural design, concept and layout of the proposed structure to be
designed. In this case, steel tank plans until the digester cell plan will be the focused in
designing.
Architectural designs needed in the project are the following: Floor plan, Site
plan- is the site layout and the size and orientation of the proposed structures to be
CHAPTER 4
Contained in this chapter are the results of the conducted study of the
38
comparability study of the steel, concrete and plastic design of biogas storage. As
discussed on the previous chapter the type of biogas storage used is the double
membrane biogas storage one of the most affordable, popular and newest design in the
market.
Including in these chapters are the design perspective and detailed designs
including elevation, roof framing, foundation, bracket details and stairs used as a basis
The detailed estimates also taken into consideration the tax assumed as 10 %
based on city engineers office detailed estimates. After the detailed estimates are the
graphs of the economic analysis or cost analysis conducted. In which the economic
analysis as discussed on the previous chapter is done through a Net Present Value
According to the researchers visit, investigation and interview on the people and
City where they will put their storage tank. The landfill is 45 hectares but initially only
one hectare is used as the flattening of the area is still ongoing. The city generates 560
tons of garbage per day, however, only 360 tons is dumped in the landfill, since the 200
tons are placed in junk shops or in the barangays practicing material recovery facility.
As shown on the images the area is much suitable for the biogas storage facility
thus it shows that the area is wide and vacant. There are no signs of materials or objects
that needs to be demolished thus massive earthworks still needs to be considered for the
All of the designs either steel or concrete design consist of these plastic
membrane which is the double membrane biogas storage steel and concrete is used as a
covering structure for the biogas storage. The plastic design however does not consist of
covering structure but it has a UV Ray protection and Anti-Static Coating other special
additives used as protection of the membrane against sunlight and other aspects that
air or air compressor, hydraulic measuring system, ultrasonic measuring system and wire
FIGURE 4.6 : Design of Pipeline and Safety valve Connecting Storage to the
47
The figure shows design of Steel covered biogas storage. This design is to be
applied for the Pagalungan landill biogas facility. According to our study Payatas landfill
biogas facility produces 5000 – 16000 per year similar to pagalungan landfill site. We
This steel design is used to protect the inner double membrane biogas tank from
heat, temperature or any other aspects that could harm the plastic storage. However the
steel is expensive it could provide lasting storage tank. These steel design is composed of
carbon steel, mild steel and nozzles that holds the storage material.
In order to conduct estimates of the storage tank we have designed the floor plan,
roof framing plan and its elevation. The steel design is composed of series of steel covers
Figure 4.8 : Design Perspective of Double Membrane Biogas tank Covered with
Carbon Steel
52
FIGURE 4.5 : Design of Pipeline and Safety valve Connecting Storage to the recieving
inlet.
FIGURE 4.5 : Design of Pipeline and Safety valve Connecting Storage to the recieving
FIGURE 4.9: Roof Framing, Design detail for stairs and bolts and bracket detail for
STORAGE
56
For the concrete cover design of the double membrane biogas storage
reinforcement and concrete are designed in this structure and other design such us stair
and roof framing are similar to the steel cover design but differ in material. the
equipment used in the double membrane storage inside the concrete cover design is also
shown.
In order to conduct estimates of the storage tank we have designed the floor plan,
roof framing plan and its elevation. The steel design is composed of series of steel
FIGURE 4.10 : Design Perspective for Double Membrane Storage inside the
Concrete Cover
58
FIGURE 4.13 : Front Elevation of Concrete Biogas Tank and Roof Framing of
FIGURE 4.15: Design detail for stairs, Foundation and Bracket Plan of
Interest rate(i): 6%
Solution:
41975 x 30(1+0.06)20−1
Benefits of the project =
(1+ 0.06)20 x 0.06
14,443,498.99
BCR=
1 980 000
BCR=7.29
61
Benefits cost ratio (BCR) used for desirability of the project and summarizes the
overall value for money. The calculated BCR is greater than 1.0 the project is
economically acceptable the higher the BCR the better the investment.
41975 x 30(1+0.06)20−1
Benefits of the project =
(1+ 0.06)20 x 0.06
14,443,498.99
BCR=
2360000
BCR=6.12
Benefits cost ratio (BCR) used for desirability of the project and summarizes the overall
value for money. The calculated BCR is greater than 1.0 the project is economically
20
41975 x 30(1+0.06) −1
Benefits of the project =
(1+ 0.06)20 x 0.06
14,443,498.99
BCR=
15880000
BCR=9.14
Benefits cost ratio (BCR) used for desirability of the project and summarizes the overall
value for money. The calculated BCR is greater than 1.0 the project is economically
acceptable the higher the BCR the better the investment. In this design these yields the
¿ capital Investment
Rate of Return =
Annual Income+ Annual Depreciation
1 980 000
Rate of Return =
41975 x 30+0.06 (1 980000)
Rate of return of the recovery of the investment cost is as early as 1 year and less
than 4 months.
¿ capital Investment
Rate of Return =
Annual Income+ Annual Depreciation
2360000
Rate of Return =
41975 x 30+0.06 (2360000)
Rate of return of the recovery of the investment cost is as early as 1 year and less
than 8 months.
¿ capital Investment
Rate of Return =
Annual Income+ Annual Depreciation
15880000
Rate of Return =
41975 x 30+0.06 (15880000)
Rate of return of the recovery of the investment cost is as early as 1 year and less
than 2 months.
( 41975 X 30 )−10000
ROI =
1980000
Rate on investment is the ratio between the net profit and cost of investment
64
resulting from an investment of some resources. Since Rate on investment is higher than
( 41975 X 30 )−10000
ROI =
2360000
Rate on investment is the ratio between the net profit and cost of investment
resulting from an investment of some resources. Since Rate on investment is lower than
( 41975 X 30 )−10000
ROI =
15880000
Rate on investment is the ratio between the net profit and cost of investment
resulting from an investment of some resources. Since Rate on investment is higher than
CHAPTER 5
comparability study of steel, concrete and plastic material for biogas storage.
Therefore the researchers found a suitable area for biogas storage connected to
The electricity used for the biogas compressor as observed in the field is relevant
since numerous houses and structures are found near the field.
The most economical design for biogas storage is the plastic designed double
66
membrane biogas storage. Though the concrete and the steel have a more
complex and stronger ability of protecting the double membrane storage this
The estimated amounts of the products are as follows. Plastic membrane biogas
storage worth 1537 766 pesos, concrete covered membrane structure worth 1 972
921 pesos and steel covered double membrane worth 2 356 613 pesos.
All the products of these project is effective on our study we conclude that
The steel and concrete could highly stand temperature , change in climate and
The product with the best benefit cost ratio, lowest rate of return and greatest rate
We recommend the use of concrete and plastic design of double membrane storage
structure because it not just promote economical and profitable workability. The two
The plastic product is the most economical among the three but the concrete
product proves to be both economical and effective due to its design life.
67
REFERENCE
R. Yazdani(2010)
Landfill Based Anaerobic Digester for Landfill Based Anaerobic
Digester for Energy and Compost Production at Energy and Compost
Production at Yolo County Central Landfill Yolo County Central,
file:///E:/
%C2%A0/file/thesis/2010002.pdf