Autonomous

Coimbatore -32

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE MATERIAL

NAME: Er. P.KARTHIKEYAN M.E.,

AP / CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT CODE / TITLE: 10C704 / Building Services

 UNIT I ACHINERIES

PART A (2 MARK)

1. Define a boiler and distinguish between fire tube boiler and water tube boiler
Boiler is equipment used to convert water into steam under high pressure with the help of heat.
It is otherwise called as steam generator and works at a pressure greater than the atmospheric
pressure. In fire tube boiler, the water surrounds the tubes through which the hot gases are passed.
In water tube boiler the hot gases surround the tubes through which the water is passed. In fire tube
boiler the output is low. In water tube boiler the output is high.

2. How does fusible plug work is a boiler?

Fusible plug is a device fixed at the surface of the boiler close to the fine chamber. This device
is made up of a gun metal which has low melting point than the metal of the boiler shell. Under
normal working conditions of the controller the water in the boiler will be at the safe level and fusible
plug will be immersed is the water. When the controller fails the water lend comes down and due to
overheating of boilers the fusible plug melts the steam in the boiler flows to the fine chamber and
puts-off the fine. Thus a major explosion of boiler and its accessories is prevented by fusible plug.

3. Distinguish between lift and escalator

Elevators or lifts are generally provided for multi-storeyed buildings. Lifts are the only mode of
transport which is moving truly vertical Escalators are otherwise known as powered steps Escalators
are very useful to carry more number of people between one floors to the other at any instant. Usually
escalators are operated continuously.

4. What are a buffer and bumper in lift terminologies?

Buffer: - This is placed at the pit to absorb the shock of either the cab or the counterweight
when it lands on it. Oil buffer and spring buffer are generally wed extensively.
Bumper: - This is a device which works similar to buffer and replaces buffer if required.

5. Write at least three special features required at lifts and escalators for
Physically handicapped and elderly persons.
1) Lifts should be at the entrance level and should have sufficient space at least to a dimension of 1.1
x 15m allowing maneuvering and turning of a wheel chair.
2) Internal lift control buttons should be at a height between 900mm and from the floor.

6) What is a hold back in a conveyor?

A holdback is a mechanical device which allows the pullet to matte in only one direction. This is
used when the belt is moved is an inclined position and during this type of movement whenever the
power fails the load in the belt tends to move it is the reverse direction if the holdback is not provided.

7. List the different types of vibrators.

There are several types of vibrations available for compacting the connect.
They are
(i) Internal vibrator (Needle vibrator)
(ii) Formwork vibrator (External vibrator)
8. What is a batch mixer? What are its types?
The batch mixer is used mostly commonly for ordinary buildings.
The batch mixers are of the following three types
(i) Tilting mixers
(ii) Non-tilting mixers
(iii) Reversing mixers

9. State Fleming’s left hand rule

Fleming’s left hand rule states that if the left hand is held in a way that the forefinger, middle
finger and the thumb are at right angles and if the fore finger represents the direction of magnetic field
and the middle finger represents the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction of
motion of conductor under the influence of the force experienced.

10. What is electromagnetic induction?

According to this principle, whenever a conductor cuts a magnetic flux, an emf is induced in
the conductor causing a current to flow through it when the circuit is closed. The direction of emf is
given by Fleming’s right hand rule.

11. Difference between a motor and a generator.

Motor:
A motor is a machine which converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy. When a motor works
with a Director current (D.C) supply, it is termed as D.C.Motor.
Generator:
A Generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy. When it produces
a direct current is called D.C. Generator.

12. What is the difference between .C and D.C?

D.C Motor and A.C Motor:
When a motor works with a Direct current (DC) supply, it is termed as DC motor, when a motor works
with Alternate current (AC) supply it is termed as AC motor.
AC Generator and AC generator:
When a generator produces a direct current is called DC generator. When Alternating current is
produced from a generator, it is called alternator (or) AC generator.

13. What do you mean by Escalators?

Escalators are used to carry more number of people between one floor to the other at any instant.

14. Mention at least two advantages of hydro electric power plant.

1. Water is a cheap and renewable source of energy where as the fuel used in other plants are
expensive and exhaustible.
2. There is no air pollution, radiation hazard, ash disposal problem.
.
15. Explain the concept of flow of wind on earth
Flow of wind is the effect of solar heat. The energy form the sun heats up the earth surface. As
the earth rotates about its own axis and also revolves around the surface of the earth is subjected to
alternate heating and cooling. This change is temperature results is change in pressure and thus wind
starts flowing from higher pressure zone to low pressure zone. Thus the earth atmosphere is a
marvelous solar driven heat engine that can generate about 10 million MW of power.
16. What is a vibrator?
Vibrator is an electric device used to compact the concrete by expelling the entrapped air.

17. What is the classification of vibrator?

1. Internal vibrator (needle vibrator)
2. Formwork vibrator (External vibrator)
3. Table vibrator
4. Platform vibrator
5. Surface vibrator
6. Vibratory Roller

18. What is a conveyor?

Conveyor is used to transfer the materials from one place to the other over a short distance.

19. What is a concrete mixer?

Concrete mixer is a machine used to mix the ingredients of concrete so as to prepare a fresh
mixture of concrete.

20. What are the types of concrete mixers?

1. Continuous mixers
2. Batch mixers or Drum mixers.
 UNIT II ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

PART A (2 MARK)

1. Differentiate between conductance and existence

Conductance: It is the property of any substance that allows the flow of current in it. It is
measured in mho
Resistance: - Resistance is the property of any substance that opposes the flow of current in
it. It is denoted by the symbol 'W' and is measured in ohms.

2. Define power give its units

Power is defined as the rate at which the work is done. It is denoted by the letter ‘p’ and is
measured in ‘watts’.

3. Quote some examples for the sources of AC supply and DC supply.

Source of AC supply: - An A.C generator
Source of DC supply: Batteries, DC generators

4. What is a fuse?
Fuse is provided at many places in electrical installations, especially along with main switch
and at distribution fuse board.

5. Write the SI units for the following electrical quantities

1. Current density 2. Electric flux
3. Potential drop 4. Susceptance
Ans:-
Current density - Ampere / met
Electric flux - Coulomb (C)
Potential drop - Volt (V)
Susceptance - Mho (ı)

6. Mention any two locations in a residential building where two way switch is frequently used.
1. Lights at bed rooms
2. Lights at staircases

7. Differentiate between pull switch and push switch.

Pull switch: - The pull switches work with the strong mechanical action. It is usually operated
by a single pull both for ON and OFF. This switch is installed on the ceiling and a chord is made to
hang from the top for operating it.
Push Button switch: This switch is used for calling bells and buzzers. It consists of a single
blade with the insulated cover which is pushed for bath ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ alternatively.

8. Define Electricity.
It is defined as the flow of electrons in any conductor

9. What is the role of fuse in an electrical installation?

The function of a fuse is to protect the electrical appliances from heavy current. Thus
whenever a high voltage is passed through a fuse wire it automatically melts and breaks the circuits.
Fuse is always provided in live wires and not on neutral and earth.
10. Define earting in an electrical wiring.
Earthing is connecting the electrical appliances to the ground so that any unforeseen current
such as leakages, faults etc are immediately discharged to the earth. The pursose of earthing is to
ensure all parts of the system other than live parts are at earth potential at all times (or) the purpose
is to avoid electric shock to human body.

11. Mention at least two wiring systems that are commonly adopted.
i) Series circuit connection
ii) Parallel circuit connection

12. What is the principle on which the transformer works?

The Principle is “Mutual Induction Principle” According to this, whenever a current carrying
conductor is wounded (primary) on one side of a laminated core an emf is induced on the conductor
wounded (secondary) on the other side of the laminated core provided the secondary coils lies within
the magnetic field of the primary.

13. Define conductance:-

It is the reciprocal of resistance of it is measured in mho.

14. Write at least two applications of a transformer

Transformers are used in,
i) Transmission and distribution of electric power,
ii) Radio, Television and Telephone circuits
iii) Step up and step down requirements
iv) Measuring current using current transformer and measuring voltage
Using voltage transformer
(v) Special application like furnace transformers and welding transformers.

15. Define switchgear

Switchgear refers to a suitable combination assembly of switching of devices for use in connection
with generation, transmission, distribution and conversion of electrical energy.
 UNIT III PRINCIPLES OF ILLUMINATION AND DESIGN

PART A (2 MARK)

1. Define Glare least its types.

Bright light which interferes with visual perception is called glare. A bright area in the field of
vision reduces the ability to perceive visual information needed for task performance.
Types:-
1. Discomfort glare
2. Disability glare
3. Direct glare
4. Indirect glare

2. What are the drawbacks of corpuscular theory?

Corpuscular theory failed to explain partial reflection, partial refraction and other phenomena
such as interference, diffraction and polarization.
3. What is Calorimetry?
Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes.
Calorimetry involves the use of calorimeter. The word calorimetry from latin word calor meaning heat.
Types:-
1. Direct calorimetry
2. Indirect Calorimetry

4. What is the frequency and wavelength of FM waves?

The frequency of an FM radio wave is about 100MHZ = 100 x106Hz. This means about that
the wavelength is about 3m long.

5. Define the relationship between frequency and wavelength.

The higher the frequency, lesser will be the wavelength and relationship
between frequency and wavelength is given by,

6. Differentiate between UV radiation and IR radiation.

SL.NO UV radiation IR radiation

1 UV radiation has wavelength IR radiation has wavelength slightly

slightly less than those of violet greater than those of red light
light
2 It is emitted by the sun and also by It can be felt as heat radiation from the
other objects at high temperature. sun and from other heated bodies.
7. What is a social angle?

It is defined as the angle subtended at the centre of the sphere between the lines joining the
opposite edges of a segment of a sphere with the centre. It is denoted by ‘w’.

8. What is M.H.S.C.P?
If the average of the candle power is taken over a hemisphere instead of a sphere like in
M.S.C.P then it is called as mean hemispherical candle power which is abbreviated as M.H.S.C.P

9. Define inverse square law for illumination.

The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of
the surface from the source.

10. What is called as spectrum?

Whenever a beam of light passes through a prism it get dispersed into its component
colours of all wavelengths called spectrum which include wavelengths of visible light.

11. Distinguish between down lighters and up lighters.

Down lighters:-
Down lighters cast distinct pools of light onto the surface below.
Up lighters:-
Up lighters throw light onto ceiling where it bounces off to create a soft eight they work best in
rooms where ceiling is painted white or a light shade. They are also perfect for study or home
office as the light going upwards avoids glare.

12. What is a visual task?

Visual tasks are the tasks (work) that are carried out with the help of vision.

13. What are the factors affecting visual tasks?

1. Size, 2. Luminance, 3. Contrast, 4. Glare.

14. What are the two types of visual tasks?

i) Paper based tasks
ii) Computer based tasks

15. What is the modern theory of light?

1. Corpuscular theory
2. Ware theory
3. Electromagnetic theory
4. Quantum Theory
 UNIT IV REFRIGERATION PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS

PART A (2 MARK)

1. Define Thermodynamics?
The term Thermodynamics stem from Greek words. Thermo means heat and dynamics means
power. The term of thermodynamics is a branch of science that deals the study of heat which is in
motion.

2. Define refrigeration.
Refrigeration is defined as the process of cooling and maintaining a temperature well below
that of the surrounding atmospheric temperature.

3. What is the principle refrigeration?

The principle of refrigeration is governed by the second law of thermodynamics which states that heat
cannot flow from a cold body to a hot body unless an external force acts on it.

4. Write at least two advantages of fan coil systems.

1. The system can accommodate up to 100% outside air capability.
2. Zones can be individually controlled.

5. Define cooling towers?

The cooling towers in an air conditioning system are the means by which the heat from the condenser
of the refrigeration system is rejected to the atmosphere. Cooling towers are used for controlling the
temperature of water usually in big plants of above 100 tons capacity.

6. Why is air conditioning in hospital more significant?

Air conditioning in hospitals assume greater significance. In many cases proper air conditioning can
be a factor in the therapy of the patient and in some instances part of the major treatment.

7. Write at least two precautions to prevent fire caused AC system?

 Escape routes like staircase common corridors lift lobbies etc should not be used as return air
passage.
 Some dampers should be provided for buildings with more than 24m height.

8. Write at least three design consideration on water piping?

i) The material used for pipes are generally steel with welded or flanged joints as other materials are
more prone to corrosion.
ii) The water velocity in the pipe is normally in the range of 1m/s to 3m/s.

9. How is chilled water plant different from other system?

Chilled water plant is a centrally located plant which has several quantifiable advantage over
decentralized equipment. This is suitable for organization (or) institutions having several buildings
across the campus. The advantage of having centralized water plant over individual units in each
building includes improved efficiency, ability to cycle easily between alternate energy resources
reduced maintenance and long term capital cost reduction.
10. Define cooling loads?
Buildings are built to provide a safe and comfortable internal environment despite variations in
external conditions. The extent to which the desired interior conditions can be economically
maintained is one important measure of success of a building design. Since the control of inside
conditions is usually to the active heating and cooling system they have to be designed based on the
proper ovulation of the thermal characteristics of the surroundings.

11. What are the various modes of heat transfer?

It can happen in three forms
1. Conduction.
2. Convection.
3. Radiation.

12. What is a Starter?

Starters are used to establish the starting circuit for starting the motor.

13. What are the types of starter?

1. Current starting relay.
2. Hot wire starting relay.
3. Voltage starting relay.
4. Solid state starting relay.

14. What do you mean by air handling units?

Air heading units are the equipments that deal with the hot and cold air which air used to
condition the air inside a room.

15. What are the two types of air handling units?

1. Single duct units.
2. Double or dual duct units.
 UNIT V FIRE AND SAFETY INSTALLATION

PART A (2 MARK)

1. List the significant toxic gases that are produced during fire
a) Carbon monoxide
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Hydrogen sulphide
d) Nitrogen dioxide

2. Give at least two recommendations of NBC with respect to fire safety.

1. A building or portion of the building may be occupied only if all means of exit and fire protection
measures are in place and continuously maintained for the occupied part of the building.
2. Lifts and escalators should not be considered as fire exit.

3. How can be timber made fire resistant?

The structural elements made of timber ignite and rapidly destroyed in case of fire. The use of
timber cannot be totally avoided as a construction material; the surface of the timber is coated with
paints and / or certain chemicals such as a ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, borax, boric
acid, zinc chloride etc to make if fire resistant. More over it acts as the fuel to the fire.

4. Describe the quality of concrete with respect of fire resistance.

This material is a bad conductor of heat and it is an effective material for fire resisting
construction. The concrete offers a much higher resistance to a fire than any other material. The
actual behaviour of concrete in case of a fire depends on the quality of cement and type of aggregate
forming the concrete and in case of reinforced and prestressed structures is also depends on the
position of steel in concrete.

5. List at least three fire escape elements in buildings

1. A separate fire life should be provided for use of fire bridge in the event of fire.
2. Every tall building should have a minimum of 2 staircases.
.
6. Write at least three special design considerations to be considered for physically
handicapped and elderly people with respect to fire safety.
1. Flashing lights can be activated simultaneously with an audible alarm system to alert persons with
hearing impairments.
2. Old age and disabled person need to be included in all fire drills.

7. What is smoke detector? Give example

It is a device that’s detects smoke commercial, industrial and mass residential devices issue a
signal to a fire alarm system while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a
local audible and/or visual alarm from the detector itself. Example: optical smoke detector.

8. What are the various fire alarm systems?

The fire alarm systems are of two types
a) Automatic Alarm Systems
b) Manual Alarm Systems.
9. Explain the significance of fire lighting.
 Emergency lighting should be powered from a source independent of that supplies the normal
lighting.
 Escape lighting should be capable of indicating clearly and unambiguously the escape routes.

10. Define sprinkler head

In the automatic sprinklers the heat actuated devices known as the sprinkler heads are fitted at
regular usually 3m along the pipes.

11. List the various types of sprinkler heads that are commonly used
a) Fusible link
b) Chemical Head
c) Glass Bulb
d) Open Sprinkle Heads (Debug System)

12. List the various types of sprinkler systems

Three types of sprinkler system
1. Residential sprinkler system
2. Domestic sprinkler system
3. Commercial sprinkler system

13. List the various structures where automatic sprinkler systems are commonly installed.
1. High rise buildings
2. Shopping malls
3. Theatres

14. What are the various precautions to be taken in the arrangement of automatic sprinkler
system?
1. The pipes should be fitted on the ceiling of the room at a height not more than 4 meters.
2. In order to make the system more effective, the arrangement should be made to cause an
automatic alarm in case of a fire.

15. What do you mean by a lobby?

Lobby is an open area inside the entrance of a public building.