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Windows 7 Beginners
Windows 7 Beginners
Database is one of the important phrase in computer world. It is related to data. Data can be
understood as an form of an word like RAM, 21, 2240127 etc. which is called as data in computers
language.
When the data is arranged in a proper manner it is known as database which is further stored in
computer and can be viewed in different forms and can be used as in different forms.
MsVkcsl MsVk ds O;ofLFkr lsV dks dgrs gS tks dEI;wVj esa lax`ghr fd;k
tkrk gS rFkk ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj fofHkUu rjhdksa ls iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Fox pro is actually a database management system. Fox pro was developed soon after the FOXBASE +,
because of some special features of fox pro it is also called relational database management system.
With the help of fox pro we can design our database files according to our need. Similarly it is helpful in
arranging and entering the data into it. We can add data into fox pro according to our need and can
make changes and can remove unuseful data. After this data can be obtained on need from our
database files and can be viewed in different forms. Once we have entered the data into it, it can be
obtained by using simple commands in fox pro.
Beyond it we can develop different software’s with the help of it. Fox pro provides the programming
atmosphere for easy programming.
If we explains fox pro in brief than we can say that fox pro is divided in two parts. The first one is
database engine and the second one is user interface. Database engine manipulates the database table.
In accordance with other database programs fox pro is very fast in index updating, retrieval of
information. The another part of fox pro allows user interface user to use all the capabilities of
database engine. This segment includes fox pro screen, command window etc.
vxj QkWDLizks ij o`gn Lrj ij ppkZ djsa rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd QkWDLizks ds
nks fgLls gSA igyk MsVkcsl baftu (database engine) rFkk nwljk ;wtj baVjQsl
(user interface)MsVkcsl baftu MssVkcsl rkfydkvks dks O;ofLFkr (manipulate) djrk
gSA QkWDLizks dk ;g Hkkx dbZ egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZ tSls
bUMsDl(index)viMsV (update) lwpuk dh iqu% izkIrh (retrieval of information) dks
fdlh vU; MsVkcsl izca/ku izksxzke dh vis{kk vf/kd rsth ls lEiUu djrk gSA
QkWDLizks dk nwljk fgLlk ;wtj baVjQsl iz;ksDrk dks MsVkcsl batu dh
{kerkvks dks iz;ksx djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA bl Hkkx ds vUrjxr
QWkDLizks dk Ldzhu] dek.M fo.Mks bR;kfn vkrk gSA
1. In fox pro database file can be prepared easily, we can change the name of the table. The
structure of the table can also be changed and table can also be removed permanently.
2. Records can be added in databse table. Some records can be removed from the stored records.
They can be displayed in ascending and descending order.
3. We can query about the data from the stored database, the data which is being selected by the
query can be displayed.
4. We can prepare reports.
5. Mathematical and scientifical calculations can be performed.
QkWDLizks ds eq[; xq.k & QkWDLizks ds eq[; xq.k fuEu izdkj gSA
Character:- These data types are used for storing all types of alphabets like A,B,C,D……..Z, 0-9
and some special characters like + - % etc. in it maximum 254 characters can be stored. It is
mostly used to write name, address etc.
Numeric:- It can store all types of numbers and also includes decimal values. In it we can add
maximum 20 numbers.
Float:- this field is mostly used in scientific calculations. This field is somehow similar to numeric
data types.
Date:- This is used to display date. Fox pro automatically provides 8 bites to it.
Logical:- it stores data only in the form of T-TRUE and F-FALSE. Its width is 1 character.
Memo:- it is an special field in which pictures and music can be stored. Its width is 10 characters
but the actual capacity is much higher. Since the whole data is stored in an separate file
therefore its extension is .FPT.
General:- this field can be only used in fox pro. In it similar to memo field word processing and
spreadsheet document can be stored. Its width is 10 characters but the actual capacity is
equivalent to the space available in computer.
dSjsDVj (character) - ;g MsVk VkbZi lHkh izdkj ds v{kj A,B,C,D…….Z, 0-9 ( vad
) rFkk fo”ks’k v{kj tSls + - % vkfn vius esa lax`ghr dj ldrh gSA blesa
vf/kdre 254 v{kj lax`ghr fd;s tk ldrs gSA bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% uke] irk]
vkfn fy[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
U;wesfjd (Numeric) - ;g MsVk lHkh izdkj ds vadksa dks lax`ghr dj ldrk
gSA blesa n”keyo la[;k;sa Hkh iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA blesa dqy 20 vad
rd lax`ghr fd;s tk ldrsa gSA
¶yksV (Float) - ;g QhYM eq[;r% oSKkfud x.kuk esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA ;g
QhYM la[;kRed MsVk ds tSls gh gksrh gSA
frFkh (Date) - ;g MsVk frFkh dks iznf”kZr djrh gSA bl QhYM dks
QkWDLizks Lor% gh 8 ckbV nsrk gSA
ykWthdy (Logical) - ;g QhYM MsVk dks flQZ T-True ;k F-False ds :i esa
lax`ghr djrh gSA bldh pkSM+kbZ 1 djsDVj gksrh gSA
eseks (Memo) - ;g ,d fo”ks’k QhYM gksrh gS ftlesa fp= o /ofu dks
lax`ghr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl QhYM dh pkSM+kbZ 10 djsDVj gksrh gS ij
okLrfod {kerk cgqr gksrh gS D;ksfd lkjk MkVk ,d vyx QkbZy esa LVksj
gksrk gS ftldk foLrkjd .FPT gksrk gSA
lkekU; (General) - ;g QhYM flQZ fo.Mkst ij vk/kkfjr QkWDLizks laLdj.k
esa iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA blesa eseks QhYM dh rjg LizsM”khV rkfydk
vkSj oMZ izkslsflax MkWD;wesUV dks lax`ghr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
QhYM dh pkSM+kbZ 10 djsDVj gksrh gS ij okLrfod {kerk vkids
dEI;wVj esa mifLFkr LFkku ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
Foxpro Commands:-
1) Create Command:- This Command is used for create New Database File in Foxpro.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx ubZ MkVkcsl QkbZy dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
2) Close Command :- This Command is used for closing database file from active window.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy dks cUn djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
5) Display Command :- This command is used for displaying the records of database file.
There are various types of format for using diplaying command :-
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr fjdkMZLk dks LØhu ij
ns[kus ds fy, djrs gSA blds fofHkUu izk:i fuEu izdkj gS %&
b) Display All :- This command is used for displaying all the records of database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leLr fjdkMZ dks iznf”kZr djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
c) Display All <field1>,<field2>,.. :- This command is used for displaying selected field from
database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, QhYM dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
d) Display Record<No.> :- This command is used for displaying selected record from
database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, fjdkMZ dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
e) Display All For <condition> :- This command is used for displaying record based on
condition from database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx “krZ ds vk/kkj ij MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls fjdkMZ
dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
f) Display For <condition> to printer :- This command is used for display and print
records based on given condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx “krZ ds vk/kkj ij fjdkMZ dks iznf”kZr rFkk fizUV
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
6) List Command:- This command is also be used for displaying the records of database file on
the Screen and their other format are as follows:-
a) List : This command is used for displaying the current record of an database file.
b) List Off : This command is used for displaying whole record from database file without
record no.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leLr fjdkMZ dks fcuk fjdkMZ
u0- ds iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
c) List fields <field1>,<field2>,.. : This command is used for displaying selected field from
database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, QhYM dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
d) List for <condition> : This command is used for displaying record based on condition
from database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx “krZ ds vk/kkj ij MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls fjdkMZ
dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
e) List for <condition1> .and.<condition2> : This command is used for display the records
on the basis of two condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx nh xbZ nksuks “krZ ds vk/kkj ij fjdkMZ dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
7) Locate Command: This command is used in fox pro for those database files which are large
in size, by this command we can apply single condition on a database. The records which
fulfill these conditions are locked by locate command, then we can display those records
one by one on our screen with the help of display command.
c) Edit for <condition>: This command is used to modify that fields which is satisfy the
given condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr mu fjdkMZl esa
la’kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks nh xbZ “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs
gksA
Note: After the completion of modification work press Ctrl+W for save all changes.
uksV%& la”kks/ku dk;Z iw.kZ djus ds ckn mls lqjf{kr djus ds fy, dhcksMZ ls
Ctrl+W dks nck,saA
9) Change Command : This Command is also used to modify the records in an any saved
database file. And their other format are as follows :-
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr fjdkMZl esa la”kks/ku
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds fuEufyf[kr izk:i bl izdkj gS %&
a) Change <record No.>: This command is used to open particular record for modification.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa fn;s x;s fjdkMZl esa
la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
b) Change For < condition> : This command is used to modify that record which is satisfy
the given condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr mu fjdkMZl esa
la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks nh xbZ “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs
gksA
c) Change While < Condition> : This command is used to modify that record which is
satisfy the given condition.
d) Change Field <field1>,<field2>: This command is used to open selected field for
modification.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa pqus gq, QhYM esa
mifLFkr fjdkMZl esa la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
d) Change field <Statement>: This Command is used to insert the result of that statement
which is given in above command.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa pqus gq, QhYM esa dek.M
ds }kjk dksbZ la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
10) Browse Command : This command is used open any database file in a separate window on
row-column sheet and also provide the facility of modification in records.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy dks jkW dkWye ds :i esa ns[kus
rFkk la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
a) Browse width <no.>: This Command is used to set the width of column of database file.
MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leLr dkWye fd foM~Fk dks lsV djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
b) Browse Fields <field1>,<field2>: This Command is used to see only selected fields in a
database file.
MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, QhYM dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
c) Browse For <field> = ‘Value’: This Command is used to see the record on the basis of
condition.
MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls dsoy mu fjdkMZl dks ns[kus ds fy, tks nh
xbZ “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs gksA
11) Replace Command: This command is used to replace the data of any field in pre-saved
database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh MkVkcsl QkbZy esa fjdkMZLk esa ifjorZu
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
12) Delete Command: This command is used to delete the records of pre-saved database file
temporary and their other format are as follows :-
13) Pack Command: This command is used to delete the records permanently from pre-saved
database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fjdkMZl dks LFkkbZ :i ls fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
14) Recall Command: This Command is used to restore temporary deleted records from pre-
saved database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx vLFkkbZ :i ls fMyhV fd;s gq, MkVk dks jhLVksj
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
After creating database file in fox pro there is need to make changes in our file many times.
To modify the structure of any databasefile, firstly we have to open the particular structure
and have to make important changes. To perform this function we have to give MODIFY
STRUCTURE command. To perform this follow these steps:-
1. Firstly activate the file.
2. After this use MODIFY STRUCTURE command.
3. After this a table designer form appears, in it make the changes accordingly and click on
ok.
QkWDlizks esa vki ,d ckj MkVkcsl QkbZy cuk ysrs gSSa] mlds i”pkr~
Hkh dbZ ckj la”kks/ku djus vko”;drk gksrh gSA MsVkcsl QkbZy dh
lajpuk esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds la”kks/ku dks laiUu djus ds fy, lcls igys ml
After we have made changes in the file, it is necessary to confirm the changes we have made
in the structure of database file we have to use following commands.
Display structure
Memo field is used to store the text at large scale. For this firstly we have to create memo field
in our database file.
After creating memo field in our database file click on it and press Ctrl+ home/ Ctrl+Pgdn
from our keyboard by which memo page will be opened. After this the information we want to
add in it can be added in it from keyboard and can save it by pressing Ctrl+w.
Ekseks QhYM dk iz;ksx ge VSDLV dks cM+h ek=k esa lax`fgr djus ds
fy, djrs gSA blds fy, lcls igys eseks QhYM viuh MkVkcsl QkbZy esa
cukuk gksxkA
eseks QhYM dks viuh MkVkcsl QkbZy esa yxkus ds ckn ml ij ,d fDyd
djsa rFkk dhcksMZ ls Ctrl + Home / Ctrl + Pgdn cVu nck;sa ftlls fd eseks ist
To display the information stored in memo field firstly we have to activate the particular
file,after that write the field name name with list command in which memo is stored.
Ekseks QhYM esa LVksj dh xbZ lwpuk dks LØhu ij iznf”kZr djus ds fy,
lcls igys ml QkbZy dks ,fDVo djsa rr~Ik”pkr fyLV dek.M ds lkFk ml
QhYM dk uke fy[ksa ftlesa esaeks LVksj fd;k gqvk gSA
Use <file name>
List <field>
The common tasks performed in any database file in foxpro is called utility work. It is mainly of
four types:-
fdlh Hkh MkVkcsl QkbZy ij fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; dk;Z QkWDlizksa esa
QkbZy ;qfVfyVh odZ dgykrk gS] ;g pkj izdkj ds gksrs gS%&
SORTING
By the term sorting we mean to arrange the objects in an special manner, grouping and classifying.
Sorting is used in every field. For eg: to arrange the goods by the manner of their batchewise,
production by datewise, and accesing them in the same manner and gaining information on need.
When we are entering data in any database file it is not in an order. It is not possible to arrange the data
and to sort it simultaneously. So the data is only sorted after completing the data entering work in our
database file.
lkWfVZxa dk vFkZ ,d fo”ks’k Øe esa phtksa dks xzqi djuk] O;ofLFkr djuk
rFkk oxhZd`r djuk gksrk gSA lkWfVZax dk mi;ksx gj {ks= esa fd;k tkrk gSA
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 13
mnkgj.kLo:i fdlh dEiuh ds xksnke esa eky dh lkWfVZax cSp ds Øe esa
O;ofLFkr djuk] mRiknu dks frFkh ds Øe esa O;ofLFkr djuk rFkk blh Øe esa
vko”;drk iM+us ij lwpukvksa dks izkIr djuk vkfnA
tc ge dksbZ MkVkcsl QkbZy esa MkVk izfo’V dj jgsa gksrs gSa rks
lkekU;r% fdlh Øe esa ugh gksrk gSA ;g lEHko Hkh ugh gS fd ge MkVk dks
lkWVZ djrs gq, izfo’V djsaA vr% MkVk izfo’V djus ds i”pkr~ ge lkWfVZax
izfØ;k ds }kjk viuh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj lkWVZ djus dk dk;Z djrs gSA
We can sort one or more than one field. We can sort our data into following manner:-
vki fdlh ,d QhYM ;k ,d ls vf/kd QhYM dks lkWVZ dj ldrs gSA fuEu Øe esa
vki vius MkVkcsl dks lkWVZ dj ldrs gS &
1. A to Z
2. Z to A
3. Ascending Order
4. Descending Order
To see our output after sorting we can use list, display and browse command.
lkWVZ dek.M dk mi;ksx djus ds ckn vkus okys ifj.kkeksa dks ns[kus ds fy,
List, Display rFkk Browse dek.M dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
lkWVZ dek.M dk mi;ksx ?kVrs Øe esa djus ds fy, fuEu inks dk ikyu djsa &
SORT ON <FIELD, FIELD>/D TO <FILE NAME>
1. To perform sort command we need more space because when any databse while is being sorted
than another is also created of same size in which sorted records are stored.
In foxpro index is used to get any special record speedily. Opposite to sort index doesn’t occupy more
space, its speed is faster than sorting.
Fox pro provides the facility of creating two types of index files. The first one I s.IDX file which is being
indexed on a single field and second one is .CDX file which is being indexed over more than one field.
If we have made any changes in databse file than it is updated by giving REINDEX command.
Use <file>
QkWDlizks esa baMsDl dk iz;ksx MsVkcsl Qkby ds fdlh fo”ks’k fjdkMZ dks
“kh?kzrk ds lkFk izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkWfVZax ds foijhr] baMsDl
fMLd esa cgqr T;knk vfrfjDr LFkku ugh ?ksjrk gS bldh xfr lkWfVZax ds
vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrh gSA
QkWDlizks nks izdkj dh baMsDl Qkby cukus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ,d
.IDX Qkby tks fd ,d QhYM ij baMsDl dh tkrh gSA rFkk nwljh .CDX Qkby tks fd
,d ls vf/kd QhYM ij baMsDl dh tkrh gSA
baMsDl dek.M dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, fuEu inks dk ikyu djsa &
Use <file>
The name of structural compound index file is similar to original file and its extensions is .CDX.
Independent compound index files name is not similar to original file rather its extension is same i.e.
.CDX.
dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy og QkbZy gksrh gS ftles ,d ls vf/kd bUMsDl
QkbZyks dks j[kk tkrk gSSA dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy ds vUnj j[kh tkus
okyh bUMsDl Qkbyks dks bUMsDl Vsx dgk tkrk gSA QkDlizks esa
dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy dk foLrkjd .cdx gksrk gSA bl izdkj fd QkbZysa
dkWeisDV QkesZV es gksrh gS rFkk Qy Lo:i fMLd esa de LFkku ?ksjrh
gSA
Rushmor technology is one of data accessing technology by which we can perform our searching tasks
more speedily over a group of records. By rushmor technology we can perform searching operations
1000 times’ faster over complex databases.
Rushmor technology performs its searching processes speedily by using non-impact index files and
index files. To start rushmor technology we have to open the index files. If needed rushmor technology
automatically uses index files.
Following commands are included under rushmor technology:-
BROWSE, CHANGE, EDIT, DELETE, LIST, LOCATE, SORT, INDEX, REPORT, LABEL, SUM, REPLACE, RECALL,
COPY Etc.
j”keksj rduhd ,d MkVk ,Dlsl rduhd gS ftlls fjdkMZ ds lewg ij vf/kd rhozrk
ls [kkstus dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA j”keksj rduhd dh lgk;rk ls tfVy
MkVkcslksa ij [kkstus dk dk;Z gtkjksa xquk rhozrk ls fd;k tkrk gSA
j”keksj rduhd lHkh izdkj dh ukWu bEisDV baMsDl Qkby rFkk baMsDl
Qkbyksa dks mi;ksx djds fjdkWMZ [kkstus dk dk;Z rsth ls djrh gSA
j”keksj rduhd dk vkjEHk djus ds fy, MkVkcsl fd baMsDl Qkby dks
[kksydj j[kuk pkfg,A j”keksj rduhd vko”;drk iM+us ij baMsDl Qkby dk
mi;ksx lh/ks gh Lor% dj ysrh gSA
j”keksj rduhd ds vUrxZr fuEu dek.M vkrh gS &
BROWSE, CHANGE, EDIT, DELETE, LIST, LOCATE, SORT, INDEX, REPORT, LABEL, SUM, REPLACE, RECALL,
COPY Etc.
Fox pro provides the facility of gathering and storing any data in our computer’s Ram. In it we can store
256 different items together. Like wise calculation of last result, present and next bill number, dates,
fixed numbers, etc. can be stored in ram togetherly. The data item stored togetherly in ram is ‘memory
variable’.
For the naming of memory variable we have to follow some necessary rules:-
1. Memory variable can be of 10 characters long.
2. Memory variable should be started with any alphabet.
QkWDlizks vkidk dksbZ Hkh MkVk] vkidh bPNkuqlkj dEI;wVj dh jSe esa
bdB~Bk djus fd lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA blesa vki 256 fHkUu & fHkUu MkVk
vkbVe ,d= dj ldrs gSA tSls fdlh vfUre ifj.kke fd x.kuk] orZeku vkSj vxyh fcy
la[;k] fnukad] fuf”pr la[;k vkfn jSe esa ,d= dj ldrs gSA jSe esa ,d= gksus
okyk MkVk vkbVe ^eseksjh oSfj;scy^ dgykrk gSA
eseksjh oSfj;soy ds ukedj.k ds fy, vkidks uhps fy[ks dqN vko”;d fu;eksa dk
ikyu djuk pkfg,&
1- Ekseksjh osfj;scy dk uke nl v{kjksa rd yEck gks ldrk gSA
2- Ekseksjh osfj;scy dk uke fdlh v{kj ls gh izkjEHk gksuk pkfg,A
For Example
Both scatter and gather are used for data transferring, the difference is that through scatter command
data transferred in array from database. By gather command data can be transferred from array to
database.
LdsVj rFkk xsnj nksuks gh dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVk LFkkukUrj.k djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS vUrj ;g gS fd LdsVj dek.M ds }kjk MkVk dks MkVkcsl ls ,sjs esa
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 18
LFkkukUrfjr djus ds fy, djrs gSA xsnj dek.M ds }kjk MkVk dks ,sjs ls
MkVkcsl esa LFkkukUrfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
1) Time () – This command is used to display system time in the fox pro screen.
le; dks QkWDlizks LØhu ij ns[kus ds fy, fuEuizdkj ls dek.M dks fy[kuk
gS &
? Time()
2) Date ()- This command is used to set the system date on our fox pro screen.
?date()
If we want to display the present date in four digits, then follow these commands:-
?date()
Set Century on
If we want to display the present date in two digits, then follow these commands:-
?date()
Set Century off
? date ()
Set century on
;fn vki MsV esa mifLFkr o’kZ dks nks vad ds :i esa ns[kuk pkgrs gS rks fuEu
dekaM dk mi;ksx djsaA
? date ()
Set century off
3) Day ()- This function is used to display the day value of any date expression in numerical form.
This command is used in following ways:-
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa MSV ,D”kizs”ku ds fnu ds vadh;
eku dks LØhu ij n”kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsSA bl dekaM dk mi;ksx
fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? day (current)
In the above command first command will store date in current variable. Day function will
receive date from current variable and will display the numerical value of day on the screen.
mijksDr dekaM esa igyh dekaM MsV dks djsUV uked isfj;cy esa LVksj
djsxhA Ms QaD”ku djsUV osfj;cy ls MsV dks izkIr djsxk rFkk fnu dk
vadh; eku LØhu ij izn”khZr djsxkA
4) Month ()-This function is used to display the month value of any date expression in numerical
form. This command is used in following ways:-
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa MsV ,D”kizs”ku ds ekg ds vadh;
eku dks LØhu ij n”kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsSA bl dekaM dk mi;ksx
fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? month (current)
In the above command first command will store date in current variable. Month function will
receive date from current variable and will display the numerical value of month on the screen.
mijksDr dekaM esa igyh dekaM MsV dks djsUV uked isfj;cy esa LVksj
djsxhA eUFk QaD”ku djsUV osfj;cy ls MsV dks izkIr djsxk rFkk ekg dk
vadh; eku LØhu ij izn”khZr djsxkA
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 20
5) Cmonth () – This function is used to display the month name of any date expression . This
command is used in following ways:-
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa MsV ,D”kizs”ku ds ekg ds uke
dks LØhu ij n”kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsSA bl dekaM dk mi;ksx fuEu
izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? cmonth (current)
In the above command first command will store date in current variable. Cmonth function will
receive date from current variable and will display the name of month on the screen.
mijksDr dekaM esa igyh dekaM MsV dks djsUV uked isfj;cy esa LVksj
djsxhA lh eUFk QaD”ku djsUV osfj;cy ls MsV dks izkIr djsxk rFkk ekg
dk uke LØhu ij izn”khZr djsxkA
6) Dow ()- Full name of this function is day of week and it displays weekly numeric value of a day in
date expression.
bl QaD”ku dk foLr`r :i MS vkWQ ohd gS rFkk ;g fn;s x;s fdlh MSV
,DLizs”ku esa fnu dk lkIrkfgd eku dks LØhu ij n”kkZrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? Dow (current)
7) CDow ()-Full name of this function is character day of week and it displays week name of a day
in date expression.
bl QaD”ku dk foLr`r :i djsDVj Ms vkWQ ohd gS rFkk ;g fn;s x;s fdlh
MSV ,DLizs”ku esa fnu dk lkIrkfgd uke dks LØhu ij n”kkZrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? Cdow (current)
Arithmetic Operations
Mathematical Functions
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 21
1. SQRT ()- This function is used to calculate the square root.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx oxZ ewy Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
? SQRT (no.)
2. INT ()- This function is used to calculate absolute value from decimal values.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx n”keyo la[;kvksa esa ls iw.kkZad Kkr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
? INT (no.)
3. Floor()- This function is similar to INT function, difference is that floor function returns the result
by decreasing one value of given negative decimal number.
bl QaD”ku dk dk;Z Hkh bUV QaD”ku ds leku gS vUrj ;g gS fd Qyksj
QaD”ku _.kkRed n”keyo la[;kvks dk iw.kkZad ,d vad de ykSVkrk
gSaA
?floor(no.)
4. Ceiling ()- This function is also similar to INT function, difference is that it returns the value by
increasing one value of positive decimal numbers
bl QaD”ku dk dk;Z Hkh bUV QaD”ku ds leku gS vUrj ;g gS fd lhfyax
QaD”ku /kukRed n”keyo la[;kvks dk iw.kkZad ,d vad vf/kd ykSVkrk
gSaA
?ceiling(no.)
5. ABS ()- This function is used to calculate the absolute value of the result value.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh la[;k dk iw.kkZad Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
?abs(no.)
6. Max ()- This function is used to calculate the biggest number among two numbers.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fn, x, vadks es ls lcls cM+k vad Kkr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
?max(no.,no.,……….)
7. Min()- This number is used to calculate the smallest value among two numbers.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fn, x, vadks esa ls lcls NksVk vad Kkr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
?min(no., no., …………..)
8. Mod ()- This function is used calculate the remainder value.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx “ks’k Qy Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
?mod(no., no.,)
9. Len ()- This function is used to count total number of characters in any word.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh “kCn es afy[ks x, v{kjks dk dqy;ksx Kkr
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
Mathematical Commands
1- Sum ()- This function is used to calculate the sum of any field of database file.
Important Questions
iz06 eseks QhYM dk mi;ksx D;k gS \ rFkk bl QhYM esa MkVk dks dSls
,UVj rFkk lso djrs gS \
Q-6 What is the use of Memo field ? How to enter & save data in memo fields.
iz07 ,d MkVkcsl Qkby ftldk uke EMP gS]dks Create djus dh izkslsl ds lHkh
pj.k fyf[k,] bl Qkby dk Structure uhps fn;k x;k gS &
Q-7 Write all steps to create a database file named Emp. The Structure of this file is given below:
Emp No. Character 05
Ename Character 15
Dept Character 15
Job Character 20
Salary Numerical 7,2
Doj date 8
iz08 Compund ,oa Structural Compound Index file esa vUrj Li’V djsaA
Q-8 Differentiate between Compound & Structural Compound Index file.
Extension of report file is .FRX. there are two ways of reporting in fox pro:-
1. Custom report
2. Quick report
In custom report we can perform reporting with condition. In this report we can use many features like
header & footer, body design etc. these all functions are performed in reporter righter function.
Quick report contains all the records of database files, but report can also be prepared by the selected
fields accordingly.
m0& QkWDlizks esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dk vfUre] egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke fjiksVZ gksrh
gSA MkVkcsl ds fjdkMZ dks O;ofLFkr ,oa fu/kkZfjr izk:i esa izLrqr djuk
fjiksVZ dgykrk gSA QkWDlizks esa fjiksVZ dk izk:i nsus ds fy, fjiksVZ Qkby
rS;kj dh tkrh gS] ftlesa fjiksVZ dk izk:i lax`fgr gksrk gS tcfd okLrfod MkVk]
MkVkcsl Qkby esa lax`fgr djrk gSA
dk Extension
Report File .FRX gksrk gSA QkWDlizks esa fjiksfVZax djus dh nks
fof/k;ka gksrh gS &
1- Custom Report
2- Quick Report
Custom Report esa ge Condition ds lkFk Reporting dj ldrs gSA bl fjiksVZ esa dbZ
Qhpj dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS tSls Header & Footer, Body design vkfn ;g lHkh dk;Z
fjiksVZ jkbZVj foUMksa esa lEiUu djok;s tkrs gSA
Use <filename>
? name
OR
? name, salary
OR
Use <filename>
? “ my name is “, Name
Use <filename>
?? name
?? Salary
??? CHR(015)
By the above command we can select condensed printing mode.
mijksDr dek.M ds ek/;e ls ge dUMsULM fizUVhax eksM dks flysDV djrs
gSA
In report menu after selecting data grouping a data grouping dialogue box will appear, in which with the
help of Add change, delete button we can add group, change and delete it.
By pressing add button we have to enter field name in the text box located infront group push button in
group info dialogue box in which we want to perform grouping. By clicking on group push button in
expression builder in valid fox pro expression on the base of which records can be grouped.
m0& fjiksVZ esU;q ds fodYi MkVk xzqfiax ds }kjk vki fdlh Hkh fjiksVZ esa
MkVk dks xzqi dj ldrs gSA tSls vkidks ,sls fjdkMZ~l fd vko”;drk gS ftlesa
lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk City Meerut gS] vr% mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa fd xzqfiax djuk gS
ftudh city meerut gSA
fjiksVZ esU;q esa MkVk xzqfiax vkWIlu dks pquus ds ckn MkVk xzqfiax
Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf”kZr gksrk gS] vki Add change, delete cVu dh enn ls fjiksVZ
esa Group add, change vFkok delete dj ldrs gSA
Add cVu dks nckdj Group Info uked Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa xzqi iq”k cVu ds le{k
cus Text Box esa ml QhYM dk uke Enter djrs gS] ftl ij xzqfiax djuh gSA Group
iq”k cVu dks fDyd djds Expression Builder esa Valid foxpro expression ds vk/kkj ij Hkh
Records dks xzqi fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iz015 eSeksjh osfj;scy D;k gS \ budks dSls cuk;k o mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gS \
Q-15 Explain Memory Variable ? How to create and use them.