第 13 組

Week 7
Question 1
When analyzing a set of data, the means of rows and columns are often important roles. To get the
useful information from them, using “two-factor ANOVA” is a suitable method. However, when the values
in the data are so big, the work is difficult to be done. Therefore, in the beginning, we can subtract a fixed
number for all the values in the data to work with ANOVA easily. Please prove if this approach can make us
get a correct calculation result.
Answer 1
The following formulas are used to calculate their relations.
K is the fixed number to subtract the values in data.
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟
′
A = ∑ ∑(𝑋 − 𝐾)2𝑖𝑗 = ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗2 − 2𝐾 ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

2 2
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟
1 1
B′ = ∑ (∑(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝐾)) = [∑ (∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ) − 2𝐾𝑟 ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐𝑟 2 ]
𝑟 𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
2
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟
1
= ∑ (∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ) − 2𝐾 ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐𝑟
𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑟 𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 2 𝑐 𝑟
1 1
C ′ = ∑(∑(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝐾))2 = [∑ (∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ) − 2𝐾𝑐 ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐 2 𝑟]
𝑐 𝑐
𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

𝑟 𝑐 2 𝑐 𝑟
1
= ∑ (∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ) − 2𝐾 ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐𝑟
𝑐
𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

2 2
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟
1 1
D′ = (∑ ∑(𝑋𝑖𝑗 − 𝐾)) = [(∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 ) − 2𝐾𝑐𝑟 ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐 2 𝑟 2 ]
𝑐∙𝑟 𝑐∙𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
2
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟
1
= (∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗2 ) − 2𝐾 ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐𝑟
𝑐∙𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

The following are given formulas to calculate the relations of means from rows and columns.
𝑆𝑆𝐶 𝐵−𝐷 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝐶−𝐷 𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝐴−𝐵−𝐶+𝐷
MSC = = ; MSR = = ; MSE = =
𝑐−1 𝑐−1 𝑟−1 𝑟−1 (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1) (𝑐 − 1)(𝑟 − 1)
𝑀𝑆𝐶 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝐹1∗ = ; 𝐹2∗ =
𝑀𝑆𝐸 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Conclusion:
From the above derivation and given formulas, we can find that (B-D), (C-D), (A-B-C+D) all eliminates
the additional parts (−2𝐾 ∑𝑐𝑖=1 ∑𝑟𝑗=1 𝑋𝑖𝑗 + 𝐾 2 𝑐𝑟). Therefore, even we add a fixed number K to subtract
𝑋𝑖𝑗 , it won’t influence the calculation results and can make us work on ANOVA more easily and faster.