Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(

(IIHFW2I)O\$VK+\EULG5HLQIRUFHPHQW2Q0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUW\
$QG'HQVLW\2I$OXPLQLXP$OOR\
6*.XONDUQLD - 90HJKQDQLE $FKFKKH/DOF
D
5HVHDUFK VFKRODU'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ691,76XUDW,QGLD
EF
$VVLVWDQWSURIHVVRU 'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ691,76XUDW,QGLD

$EVWUDFW
7UHPHQGRXVUHVHDUFKLVJRLQJRQ$OXPLQLXP0DWUL[&RPSRVLWH$0&WRFRSHXSZLWKZLGHXVHLQDGYDQFHGDSSOLFDWLRQVOLNH
VWUXFWXUDO DHURVSDFH PDULQH DXWRPRWLYH HWF 6WLU FDVWLQJ LV FRVW HIIHFWLYH PDQXIDFWXULQJ XVHIXO WR HQKDQFH WKH DWWUDFWLYH
SURSHUWLHVRI$0&V,WLVDOVRXVHIXOWRSURGXFHVFRPSRVLWHKDYLQJLVRWURSLFQDWXUH 3URGXFWLRQRIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOE\JRRG
TXDOLW\DQGORZFRVWUHLQIRUFHPHQWVIURPLQGXVWULDOZDVWHVLVWKHQHHGRIWHFKQRORJ\,QFXUUHQWZRUNK\EULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIDV
UHFHLYHGIO\DVKLVXVHGDVUHLQIRUFHPHQWDORQJZLWKDOXPLQD,WKDVEHHQREVHUYHGWKDWIO\DVKFDQEHVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGDORQJ
ZLWKDOXPLQDDVK\EULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWDQGLWLVHQKDQFLQJ PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV7KHRWKHUPDMRUDGYDQWDJHRIXVHRIIO\DVKLVRI
UHGXFWLRQ LQ GHQVLW\ RI $0& ,Q FXUUHQW ZRUN YDULRXV PHFKDQLFDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQV OLNH WHQVLOH FRPSUHVVLYH KDUGQHVV HWF RI
$0&VPDQXIDFWXUHGE\VWLUFDVWLQJPHWKRGKDVEHHQVWXGLHG7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWLQK\EULGFRPSRVLWHVXSHULRUSURSHUWLHVDUH
REVHUYHGIRUFRPSDUDWLYHO\ORZHUGHQVLWLHV
‹ Elsevier
© 2014 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WG
Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
6HOHFWLRQ DQG SHHUUHYLHZ XQGHU UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI 2UJDQL]LQJ &RPPLWWHH RI $00( 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014

.H\ZRUGVDOXPLQLXPPDWUL[IO\DVKVWLUFDVWLQJWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKKDUGQHVV

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

0HWDOPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHV 00&V KDYHFHUWDLQVXSHULRUPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKPRVWSRO\PHU

PDWUL[FRPSRVLWHVQDPHO\KLJKWHPSHUDWXUHFDSDELOLWLHVKLJKHUWUDQVYHUVHVWUHQJWKDQGVWLIIQHVVJUHDWHUVKHDUDQG
FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK HWF 7KH 00&V KDYH PDQ\ DGYDQWDJHV RYHU PRQROLWKLF PHWDOV LQFOXGLQJ D KLJKHU VSHFLILF
PRGXOXVKLJKHUVSHFLILFVWUHQJWKEHWWHUSURSHUWLHVDWHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVORZHUFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ
DQG EHWWHU ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH $OXPLQXP DQG LWV DOOR\V KDYH WKH PRVW DWWHQWLRQ DV PDWUL[ PDWHULDOV IRU 00&V
$OXPLQLXP PDWUL[FRPSRVLWHV$0&V PDGHIURPVDPHFRQVWLWXHQWVKRZV YDULDWLRQLQGLIIHUHQWSURSHUWLHVDVSHU
GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH UHLQIRUFLQJ PDWHULDO LQ WKH PDWUL[ 3URSHUWLHV RI $0&V VKRZV FRQVLGHUDEOH FKDQJHV E\
UHLQIRUFHPHQW W\SH OLNH IO\ DVK EDJDVV DVK DOXPLQD K\EULG HWF VL]H DQG ZHLJKW IUDFWLRQ $0&V DUH VXSHULRU
FRPSDUHG WR XQUHLQIRUFHG PDWHULDOV LQ VWUHQJWK UHGXFHG GHQVLW\ ZHLJKW FRUURVLRQ UHVLVWDQFH LPSURYHG KLJK
WHPSHUDWXUH SURSHUWLHV LPSURYHG ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH HWF LQ FXUUHQW ZRUN PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI $0&V E\ VWLU FDVWLQJ

2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.324
 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754 747

PHWKRG LV GRQH E\ WDNLQJ $OXPLQLXP  DOOR\ DV D PDWUL[ DQG IO\ DVK DOXPLQD DQG K\EULG RI ERWK DV
UHLQIRUFHPHQW9DULRXV FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQV DUH VWXGLHG OLNH WHQVLOH FRPSUHVVLYH DQG KDUGQHVV UHVLVWDQFH RI
PDQXIDFWXUHG FRPSRVLWH 0LFURVWUXFWXUH VWXG\ RI VRPH VDPSOH LV DOVR FDUULHG DQG GHQVLW\ DV ZHOO DV SHUFHQWDJH
SRURVLW\LVFDOFXODWHG
$QLONXPDU HW DO  VWXGLHG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI IO\ DVK UHLQIRUFHG DOXPLQLXP DOOR\ $O
FRPSRVLWHVLWLVIRXQGWKDWWKH7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK&RPSUHVVLRQ6WUHQJWKDQG+DUGQHVVLQFUHDVHGZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHLQ
WKH ZHLJKW IUDFWLRQ RI UHLQIRUFHG IO\ DVK DQG GHFUHDVHG ZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ SDUWLFOH VL]H RI WKH IO\ DVK
6XGDUVKDQ DQG 6XUDSSDXVHGQDUURZVL]HUDQJH± ȝPUDQJHIO\DVKSDUWLFOHLQ$$OZKLFKH[KLELW
VXSHULRU PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV 6XUDSSD  KDYH H[SHFWHG :RUN WR SURGXFH KLJK TXDOLW\ DQG ORZFRVW
UHLQIRUFHPHQWV IURP LQGXVWULDO ZDVWHVDQGE\SURGXFWV <8;LDRGRQJVKRZQ WKDWWKHEHQGLQJ VWUHQJWKRI
6L&S $O FRPSRVLWH LQFUHDVHV ZLWK GHFUHDVLQJ SDUWLFOH VL]H DQG WKH IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV RI 6L&S$O
FRPSRVLWH LQFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVLQJ RI SDUWLFOH VL]H ZKHQ WKH SDUWLFOH VL]H FKDQJHV IURP  WR  ȝP 31
%LQGXPDGKDYDQVWXGLHG HIIHFWRQZHDUDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRISDUWLFXODWHPHWDOPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHVDQG
IRXQG WKDW WR PHHW GLIIHUHQW HQJLQHHULQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV VXLWDEOH FKRLFH RI SDUWLFOH VL]HV LV UHTXLUHG +DVKLP 
VWXGLHG3URFHVVLQJYDULDEOHVVXFKDVKROGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHVWLUULQJVSHHGVL]HRIWKHLPSHOOHUDQGWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH
LPSHOOHULQWKHPHOWDQGDQGLWVHIIHFWRIRQPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIFDVWPHWDOPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHV+DVKLPHWDO
IRXQGHIIHFWRISUHKHDWLQJDGGLWLRQRJPDJQHVLXPRQZHWWDELOLW\RIPDWUL[ 5DMDQHWDOSURYHGWKDW
$GGLWLRQ RI 0J LQFUHDVHV WKH FRROLQJ UDWH RI WKH $O PDWUL[ DOOR\ 9HHUHVK .XPDU KDYH UHYLHZHG WKDW
WKHUHLVDQLPPHQVHSRWHQWLDOVFRSHDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHUHVHDUFKHUVLQWKHILHOGRIPHFKDQLFDODQGWULERORJLFDO
SURSHUWLHVRIWKHSDUWLFXODWHUHLQIRUFHGPHWDOPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHV

 0DWUL[PDWHULDO

0DWUL[ PDWHULDO XVHG LQ FXUUHQW H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ LV $O  DOXPLQLXP FDVWLQJ DOOR\ 7KH YDULRXV FRPSRVLWLRQ
OLPLWVRI$OLV

7DEOH&RPSRVLWLRQRI$O

1DPHRIFRQVWLWXHQW &XPD[ 0J 0QPD[ 6L )HPD[ =QPD[ 7LPD[ 2WKHU $O

3HUFHQWDJH  WR  WR     %DO

$O  DOOR\ KDYH ([FHOOHQW FDVWDELOLW\ JRRG ZHOGDELOLW\ DQG JRRG UHVLVWDQFH WR FRUURVLRQ ,W RIIHUV EHWWHU
PDFKLQDELOLW\DQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVWKDQ RWKHUDOOR\V7\SLFDOXVHVRI$ODOOR\DUHLQ$LUFUDIWSXPSSDUWV
$XWRPRWLYHWUDQVPLVVLRQFDVHV$LUFUDIWILWWLQJV&RQWUROSDUWV:DWHUFRROHGF\OLQGHUEORFNV$LUFUDIWVWUXFWXUHVDQG
HQJLQHFRQWUROV

 5HLQIRUFHPHQW PDWHULDO

5HLQIRUFHPHQWPDWHULDOXVHGLQFXUUHQWZRUNLVIO\DVKDOXPLQDDQGK\EULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIDOXPLQDDQGIO\DVK
)O\ DVK JHQHUDWHG GXULQJ WKH FRPEXVWLRQ RI FRDO IRU HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ LV DQ LQGXVWULDO E\SURGXFW ZKLFK LV
UHFRJQL]HG DV DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO SROOXWDQW %HFDXVH RI WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO SUREOHPV SUHVHQWHG E\ WKH IO\ DVK
FRQVLGHUDEOHUHVHDUFKKDVEHHQXQGHUWDNHQRQWKHVXEMHFWZRUOGZLGH )LJ  VKRZV6FDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\RI
IO\DVKDQG)LJ  VKRZVHQHUJ\GLVSHUVLYHVSHFWURVFRS\RIIO\DVK :LWKHQHUJ\GLVSHUVLYHVSHFWURVFRS\FRQWHQWLQ
WKHIO\DVKKDVEHHQIRXQGZKLFKLVHVVHQWLDOWRNQRZWKHW\SHRIDVKDQGLWVHIIHFWRQSURSHUWLHVRIPDQXIDFWXUHG
PDWHULDO
748 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754

)LJ6(0RIIO\DVK

)LJ  (QHUJ\'LVSHUVLYH6SHFWURVFRS\RIIO\DVK

 ([SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUH

'LIIHUHQWPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVVHVDUHDYDLODEOH IRU PDQXIDFWXULQJ WKH GLVFRQWLQXRXVPHWDOPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHVEXW

VWLUFDVWLQJLVJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGDV LWDOORZVDFRQYHQWLRQDOPHWDOSURFHVVLQJURXWH DQGKHQFHPLQLPL]HVWKHFRVWRI
WKH SURGXFW 7KLV OLTXLG PHWDOOXUJ\ WHFKQLTXH LV WKH PRVW HFRQRPLFDO DV ZHOO DV FRPIRUWDEOH IRU YHU\ ODUJH VL]HG
FRPSRQHQW IDEULFDWLRQ $FFRUGLQJWR 3DUGHHS6KDUPD HWDOWKHFRVWRISUHSDULQJFRPSRVLWHVPDWHULDOXVLQJ
D FDVWLQJ PHWKRG LV DERXW RQHWKLUG WR KDOI WKDW RI FRPSHWLWLYH PHWKRGV DQG IRU KLJK YROXPH SURGXFWLRQ LW LV
SURMHFWHG WKDW WKH FRVW ZLOO IDOO WR RQHWHQWK ,Q JHQHUDO WKH V\QWKHVLV RI PHWDO PDWUL[ FRPSRVLWHV E\ VWLU FDVWLQJ
PHWKRG LQYROYHVSURGXFWLRQRI DPHOWRIWKHVHOHFWHGPDWUL[PDWHULDOIROORZHGE\WKH LQWURGXFWLRQRIDUHLQIRUFHPHQW
PDWHULDOLQWRWKHPHOW 7KHQH[WVWHSLVWKHVROLGLILFDWLRQRIWKHPHOWFRQWDLQLQJ GLVFRQWLQXRXVO\UHLQIRUFHG SDUWLFOHV
WR REWDLQWKHGHVLUHGGLVWULEXWLRQ LQFDVWLQJ ,QSUHSDULQJPHWDOPDWUL[FRPSRVLWHVE\WKHVWLUFDVWLQJPHWKRGVRPHRI
WKH IDFWRUVWKDWQHHGFRQVLGHUDEOHDWWHQWLRQDUHDVIROORZV
x 7RDFKLHYH XQLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWPDWHULDO
x 7RDFKLHYHZHWWDELOLW\EHWZHHQWKHWZRPDLQVXEVWDQFHV
x 7RPLQLPLVHSRURVLW\LQWKH FDVWPHWDO PDWUL[FRPSRVLWHV
x 7RDYRLGFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWPDWHULDODQGWKHPDWUL[DOOR\
$SDUW IURP DERYH IDFWRUV WKH W\SH RI VWLUUHU XVHG GXULQJ VWLUULQJ PHOW WHPSHUDWXUH W\SH RI PDWUL[ W\SH RI
 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754 749

UHLQIRUFHPHQWVWLUULQJWLPH VWLUULQJVSHHGKROGLQJWLPHUHLQIRUFHPHQWVL]HHWF SOD\V VLJQLILFDQWUROH LQWKH TXDOLW\

RIFDVWLQJ 3URSHUGLVSHUVLRQRIWKHSDUWLFOHVLQDPDWUL[LVDOVRDIIHFWHGE\SRXULQJUDWHDQG SRXULQJWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHSUREOHPRIWKHZHWWLQJRIWKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW E\ PDWUL[ PHWDOLVRQHRIVXUIDFHFKHPLVWU\DQG LWGHSHQGVXSRQD
VXUIDFHWHQVLRQ

 )DEULFDWLRQRIFRPSRVLWHV

,QFXUUHQWZRUN $O DOOR\ LVXVHGDV D PDWUL[ PDWHULDO5HLQIRUFHPHQWXVHGLV  ZHLJKWSHUFHQWIO\DVK

ZHLJKWSHUFHQW DOXPLQDDQG FRPELQDWLRQRIHTXDODPRXQWRIIO\DVKDQGDOXPLQD LQZHLJKWSHUFHQW
7KH PHWDOPDWUL[FRPSRVLWH LVSURGXFHGE\VWLUFDVWLQJPHWKRG 7KHDYHUDJH VL]HRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWSDUWLFOHLV DERXW
OHVVWKDQ—P7KHVLHYH VKDNHU LVXVHGWRVHSDUDWHSDUWLFDOVOHVVWKDQ—P 7KHUHLQIRUFHPHQWSDUWLFOHVZHUH
LQMHFWHG LQWR WKH PHOW LQ DVUHFHLYHG IRUP  ZW PDJQHVLXP ZDV GLUHFWO\ DGGHG WR WKH FUXFLEOH MXVW EHIRUH WKH
LQMHFWLRQVWDUWHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHZHWWDELOLW\EHWZHHQWKHPDWUL[DQGWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQW6FKHPDWLFRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDO
VHWXSXVHGLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHFRPSRVLWHVLVVKRZQLQ )LJ  ,QHDFKH[SHULPHQWDERXWJRI$ODOOR\
RUDQG UHVSHFWLYH ZW UHLQIRUFHPHQW ZHUHPHOWHGLQDFUXFLEOHRINJFDSDFLW\DQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHPHOWZDV
UDLVHGWR &7KHPHOWZDVNHSWDWWKLVWHPSHUDWXUHIRUDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLQZKLOHEHLQJVWLUUHGDWUSPE\
VWLUUHUVKRZQLQ)LJ$VKSDUWLFOHVZHUH XVHG LQWRWKHPHOWDVXQWUHDWHGDVSDUWLFXODWHSRZGHUV+H[DFKORURHWKDQH
WDEOHWZLWKSHUFHQWDPRXQWLVXVHG+H[DFKORURHWKDQHWDEOHW ZHUHXVHGIRUGHJDVVLQJSXUSRVH $VFXPLVOD\HU
RI LPSXULW\ WKDWDFFXPXODWHVDWWKHVXUIDFHRIDOLTXLGLVUHPRYHGE\DGGLWLRQRIVFXPSRZGHU )LJWRVKRZV
FRPSOHWHSURFHVVRIVWLUULQJSRXULQJLQGLHSUHKHDWLQJRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWIRUZHWWDELOLW\LPSURYHPHQWDQGIRUPDWLRQ
RIURXQGDQGSODWHVKDSHFRPSRQHQW 3URFHVVRIIDEULFDWLRQ LVJLYHQEHORZLQ7DEOH

)LJ6FKHPDWLFYLHZRIVHWXS IRUVWLUFDVWLQJ )LJ7XUELQHVWLUUHUZLWKEODGH

7DEOH&RPSRVLWLRQRI$O 6WLUFDVWLQJSURFHGXUH

6U1R 7LPH 3URFHGXUH )XUQDFHWHPS

&
  $OLVNHSWLQIXUQDFHIRUPHOWLQJSXUSRVH 
  (QVXUHGWKDWWKHWRWDOPHWDOLVLQ OLTXLGIRUP7KHVFXPSRZGHULVDGGHGDOO 
FOHDQSRZGHULQWKHPROWHQ$OWRUHPRYHWKHLPSXULWLHVOLNHIOX[VODJ
  $GGHG WKH GHJDVVLILFDWLRQ WDEOHW KH[DFKORUR HWKDQH LQ WKH PROWHQ PHWDO 
IRUUHPRYDORIWKHJDVIURPPROWHQPHWDO
  $GGHG SUHKHDWHG UHLQIRUFHPHQW JUDGXDOO\ DQG VWDUWHG VWLUULQJ SURFHVV ZLWK 
VWLUULQJVSHHGUSP6WLULQJLVGRQHIRUPLQXWHV
  0ROWHQFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOLVSRXUHGLQSUHKHDWHGPROGWR&WKDW 5RRP
LVURXQGVKDSH SODWHVKDSH WHPSHUDWXUH
750 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754

 &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRI $PDWUL[DQGYDULRXVUHLQIRUFHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV

3RURVLW\ DQGGHQVLW\RI$PDWUL[DQGUHLQIRUFHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV

,W KDV EHHQ REVHUYHG WKDW WKH SRURVLW\ LQ FDVW FRPSRVLWHV LQFUHDVHV DOPRVW OLQHDUO\ ZLWK SDUWLFOH FRQWHQW
)UHTXHQWO\ ZDWHU YDSRXUV HQWUDSSHG DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU SRURVLW\ 6HYHUDO GHJDVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DUH DYDLODEOH ,Q D
SURFHGXUHIRUJDVUHPRYDOWKHXVXDO GHR[LGL]LQJDQGUHILQLQJWUHDWPHQWVDUHDSSOLHGEHIRUHGHJDVVLQJ7KHSRURVLW\
OHYHOVRIFRPSRVLWHIRUPHGQHHGWREHPLQLPL]HG,QFXUUHQWZRUNSRURVLW\LVFDOFXODWHGE\FRPSDULQJWKHRUHWLFDO
GHQVLW\ DQG DFWXDO GHQVLW\ DV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH   DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\ +HUH )$ IO\ DVK %$ %DJDVVH DVK $O
DOXPLQD $VVKRZQLQWDEOH  WKHRUHWLFDOGHQVLWLHVDUHFDOFXODWHG IURPUXOHRIPL[WXUHDVJLYHQEHORZ
7KHUHLQIRUFHPHQWXVHGLQFXUUHQWZRUNKDVUHIHUHGGHQVLWLHVIURPOLWHUDWXUHDV )O\DVKGHQVLW\LV .JP
DOXPLQDGHQVLW\LV .JP DQG$GHQVLW\LV .JP$FWXDOGHQVLWLHVDUHFDOFXODWHGE\$UFKLPHGHDQ
SULQFLSOH 7DEOH  VKRZV WKH FDOFXODWLRQ RI PDWHULDO GHQVLWLHV E\ $UFKLPHGHDQ 3ULQFLSOH $V VKRZQ LQ WDEOH 
FRPSDULVRQVRIDFWXDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOGHQVLW\LVPDGH

7DEOH 7KHRUHWLFDOGHQVLWLHV

6 1 1DPHRIPDWHULDO 'HQVLW\RI DJHRI 'HQVLW\RI DJHRI $ RI 7KHRUHWLFDO

IO\ DVKȡ IO\ DVK DOXPLQDȡ DOXPLQD ȡ $ GHQVLW\ ȡWK
 3XUH$       
 3XUH$)$       
 3XUH$)$       
 3XUH$)$       
 3XUH$ $O2 
     
 3XUH$ $O2 
     
 3XUH$ $O2       
 3XUH$)$
      
$O2
 3XUH$)$
      
$O2
 3XUH$)$
      
$O2

7DEOH $FWXDOGHQVLWLHV

6UQR 1DPHRIPDWHULDO :WRI :WRI :W ,QLWLDO )LQDO 9ROXPH $FWXDO 'HQ
F\OLQGHU F\OLQGHU GLIIHUH ZDWHU ZDWHU 'LIIHUHQ 'HQVLW\ VLW\LQ
DQG ZDWHUDQG QFHJ OHYHO OHYHO FHPO ȡD 6,XQLW
ZDWHUJ VSHFLPHQJ PO PO
 3XUH$        
 3XUH$)$        
 3XUH$)$
       
 3XUH$)$        
 3XUH$ $O2        
 3XUH$ $O2        
 3XUH$ $O2        
 3XUH$)$
 $O2        
 3XUH$)$
 $O2        
 3XUH$)$
 $O2        
 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754 751

7DEOH 3HUFHQWDJHSRURVLW\RIFRPSRVLWH

6U 1DPHRIPDWHULDO 7KHRUHWLFDO $FWXDO'HQVLW\ 'LIIHUHQFH 3RURVLW\ 3RURVLW\

QR GHQVLW\ ȡWK ȡD
 3XUH$   
 
 3XUH$)$   
 
 3XUH$)$   
 
 3XUH$)$   
 
 3XUH$ $O2   
 
 3XUH$ $O2   
 
 3XUH$ $O2   
 
 3XUH$)$
    
$O2
 3XUH$)$
    
$O2
 3XUH$)$
    
$O2

3HUFHQW5HLQIRUFHP HQW: HLJKW)UDFWLRQ

 )O\$VK5HLQIRUFHPHQW
3HUFHQW5HLQIRUFHP HQW: HLJKW)UDFWLRQ
 3HFFHQW5HLQIRUFHP HQW: HLJKW)UDFWLRQ  $OXPLQD5HLQIRUFHPHQW
  )O\$VKDQG$OXPLQD
 +\EULG5HLQIRUFHPHQW


3HUFHQWDJH3RURVLW\











  
: HLJKWIUDFWLRQRIUHLQIRUFHP HQW

)LJ  3HUFHQWDJHSRURVLW\RI9DULRXV&RPSRVLWHV

$VVKRZQLQDERYH)LJ SHUFHQWDJHSRURVLW\LVLQFUHDVLQJZLWKLQFUHDVHLQZHLJKWIUDFWLRQRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQ
DOOWKHFDVHVH[FOXGLQJIRUUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIIO\DVK&RPSDULVRQRIDFWXDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOGHQVLW\LVVKRZQLQ
)LJ  $FWXDO GHQVLWLHV DUH DOZD\V OHVVHU WKDQ WKHRUHWLFDO GHQVLWLHV )LJ  VKRZV DFWXDO GHQVLW\ DQG WKHRUHWLFDO
GHQVLW\ IRU YDULRXV FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV ,W KDV EHHQ IRXQG WKDW FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOV IRUPHG ZLWK IO\ DVK
UHLQIRUFHPHQW KDYH YHU\ ORZ GHQVLW\ DV FRPSDUHG WR DOXPLQD UHLQIRUFHPHQW 7KH FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDO GHQVLW\
GHFUHDVHVDVUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQFUHDVHVLQFDVHRIIO\DVKEXWGHQVLW\RIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOPDQXIDFWXUHGE\DOXPLQD
UHLQIRUFHPHQWLQFUHDVHV7KHK\EULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIIO\DVKDQGDOXPLQDLQHTXDOSHUFHQWLVDGGHGLQ$DOOR\
ZKLFKNHHSVGHQVLW\DSSUR[LPDWHO\QHDUWR$DIWHUDQGSHUFHQWDGGLWLRQRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWDOVR
752 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754

 3XUH$
7KHRUDWLFDO9DOXH%\0LFURPHFKDQLFDO$SURDFK  3XUH$)$
 $FWXDO9DOXH%\$UFKLPHGHDQ3ULQFLSOH
 3XUH$)$
  3XUH$)$
 3XUH$$OXPLQD

 3XUH$$OXPLQD
 3XUH$$OXPLQD
'HQVLW\


 3XUH$)$$OXPLQD
  3XUH$)$$OXPLQD
 3XUH$)$$OXPLQD

 3XUH$%$
 3XUH$HDFK)$%$

           
0$7(5,$/6:,7+$&78$/$1'7+(25$7,&$/'(16,7<

)LJ  7KHRUHWLFDODQG$FWXDOGHQVLW\RI9DULRXV&RPSRVLWHV

7+(25(7,&$/'(16,7<2))/<$6+5(,1)25&('$0&
$&78$/'(16,7<2))/<$6+5(,1)25&('$0&
 7+(25(7,&$/'(16,7<2)$/80,1$5(,1)25&('$0&
 $&78$/'(16,7<2)$/80,1$5(,1)25&('$0&
7+(25(7,&$/'(16,7<2)+<%5,'5(,1)25&('$0&

$&78$/'(16,7<2)+<%5,'5(,1)25&('$0&






'(16,7<













       
5(,1)25&(0(17

)LJ  7KHRUHWLFDODQG$FWXDOGHQVLW\RI9DULRXV&RPSRVLWHV

 &RPSUHVVLRQWHVW

7KH VSHFLPHQVDUH DOLJQHGH[DFWO\DFFRUGLQJWR WHVWLQJPHWKRG RQWKH WHVWLQJPDFKLQHLQRUGHU WR WUDQVIHU ORDG

XQLIRUPO\7KHQDGMXVWWKHWKHORZHUWDEOH SHUIRUPWKHWHVWLQWKHVDPHZD\DVWKHWHQVLRQWHVW&RPSUHVVLRQWHVW
LVFDUULHGDVSHU,62VWDQGDUG7DEOH  VKRZVDOOFRPSUHVVLRQSURSHUWLHV &RPSUHVVLRQVWUHQJWKLQFUHDVHVLQDOOW\SHV
RIUHLQIRUFHPHQWEXWWKHFRPSUHVVLRQVWUHQJWKRIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOUHLQIRUFHGE\DOXPLQDLVODUJHDVFRPSDUHVWR
WKDWRIUHLQIRUFHGE\IO\DVK7KHK\EULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWLVRQHRIWKHZD\VWRNHHSGHQVLW\QRUPDODVWKDWRI$
DOOR\,QFXUUHQWFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWLWKDVEHHQREVHUYHGWKDWFRPSUHVVLRQVWUHQJWKRIK\EULGUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIIO\DVK
 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754 753

DQG DOXPLQD UHPDLQV LQ EHWZHHQ WKHLU LQGLYLGXDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW NHHSLQJ GHQVLW\ ORZ 7KH K\EULG UHLQIRUFHG
FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOVKDYH VXSHULRUSURSHUWLHVWKDQWKHIO\DVKUHLQIRUFHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDO

7DEOH  &RPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKH&RPSRVLWHVDWYDULRXV:WRIUHLQIRUFHPHQW

6U 1DPHRIPDWHULDO /RDG 8OWLPDWH&RPSUHVVLYH

QR .1 6WUHQJWK1PP
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\  
 $OXPLQLXP DOOR\)O\DVK  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\)O\DVK  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\)O\DVK  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\$OXPLQD  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\$OXPLQD  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\$OXPLQD  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\$OXPLQD)O\DVK  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\$OXPLQD)O\DVK  
 $OXPLQLXPDOOR\$OXPLQD)O\DVK  

)LJ  DQG )LJ VKRZV FRPSUHVVLRQ VWUHQJWK RI FRPSRVLWHV 7KHVH DUH FRQWLQXRXVO\ LQFUHDVLQJ ZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ
ZHLJKWSHUFHQWRIUHLQIRUFHPHQW

)O\$VK5HLQIRUFHPHQW
 $OXPLQD5HLQIRUFHPHQW
)O\$VKDQG$OXPLQD+\EULG5HLQIRUFHPHQW


8OWLPDWH&RPSUHVVLYH6WUHQJWK1PP














       
5HLQIRUFHPHQW

)LJ&RPSUHVVLRQVWUHQJWK RIYDULRXVFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV
754 S.G. Kulkarni et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 746 – 754

3 XUH$ $ OOR\

 3 HUFHQW5 HLQIRUFHP HQW  )O\$VK
3 HUFHQW5 HLQIRUFHP HQW
3 HUFHQW5 HLQIRUFHP HQW 5HLQIRUFHPHQW


 $OXPLQD
&RPSUHVVLYH6WUHQJWK1PP 




5HLQIRUFHPHQW


 )O\$VKDQG


$OXPLQD+\EULG

5HLQIRUFHPHQW




  

9DULRXV5 HLQIRUFHP HQWV

)LJ  &RPSUHVVLRQVWUHQJWK

 &RQFOXVLRQV

7KHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVDUHJLYHQIURPFXUUHQWZRUN
x 7KH PDWHULDO ZLWK ORZ GHQVLW\ DQG JRRG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUW\ LV UHTXLUHPHQW RI WHFKQRORJ\ ,W FDQ EH
VXFFHVVLYHO\PDQXIDFWXUHGE\VWLUFDVWLQJPHWKRGE\XVLQJLQGXVWU\ZDVWH:LWKSURSHUSURFHGXUH SRURVLW\
FRPLQJLQPDWHULDOFDQEHUHGXFHG
x 7KHVWLUFDVWLQJ PHWKRGLVFRVWHIIHFWLYH DQGFRQYHQWLRQDO URXWHIRU PDQXIDFWXULQJDFRPSRVLWH PDWHULDO
7KH PDWHULDO PDQXIDFWXUHG LV LVRWURSLF LQ QDWXUH 7KH ODUJH DQG LQWULQVLF VKDSHV FDQ EH IRUPHG E\ VWLU
FDVWLQJPHWKRG
x $V UHFHLYHG IO\ DVK FDQ EH XVHG VXFFHVVIXOO\ DV D UHLQIRUFHPHQW PDWHULDO ,W SRVVHVVHV ORZ GHQVLW\ DQG
FRPSDWLEOHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV
x )O\DVKDVDUHLQIRUFHPHQWUHGXFHVWKHGHQVLW\RIFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDODVZHOODVPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDUH
LPSURYHG &RPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRI$DOOR\DQGIO\DVKFRPSRVLWHLVLQFUHDVHGVDWLVIDFWRULO\ZKLFKLV
REVHUYHGLQFXUUHQW ZRUN
x 7KH IO\ DVK DORQJ ZLWK RWKHU UHLQIRUFHPHQW OLNH DOXPLQD LPSURYHV WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV OLNH
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK LQODUJHDPRXQWNHHSLQJGHQVLWLHVORZ

5HIHUHQFHV

+& $QLONXPDU +6 +HEEDU.65DYLVKDQNDU  0HFKDQLFDO 3URSHUWLHV 2I )O\ $VK 5HLQIRUFHG $OXPLQLXP $OOR\ $O &RPSRVLWHV
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0HFKDQLFDODQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ,-00(9RO
6XGDUVKDQ 6XUDSSD0.  6\QWKHVLVRIIO\DVKSDUWLFOHUHLQIRUFHG$$OFRPSRVLWHVDQGWKHLU FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ ,Q0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG
(QJLQHHULQJ$SS
0.6XUDSSD $OXPLQLXP PDWUL[FRPSRVLWHV&KDOOHQJHVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHV6DGKDQD9RO3DUWV SS±
31%LQGXPDGKDYDQ HW DO  'XDO SDUWLFOH VL]H GSV FRPSRVLWHV HIIHFW RQ ZHDU DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI SDUWLFXODWH PHWDO PDWUL[
FRPSRVLWHVZHDU±
<8 ;LDRGRQJ HW DO 7UDQV (IIHFW RI SDUWLFOH VL]H RQ PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI 6L&S $O PHWDO PDWUL[ FRPSRVLWH 1RQIHUURXV
PHWVRF&KLQD
-+DVKLP  0HWDO PDWUL[FRPSRVLWHVSURGXFWLRQE\WKHVWLUFDVWLQJPHWKRGMRXUQDORIPDWHULDOVSURFHVVLQJWHFKQRORJ\SS
-+DVKLPHWDO7KHZHWWDELOLW\RI6LFSDUWLFOHVE\PROWHQDOXPLQLXPDOOR\MRXUQDORIPDWHULDOVSURFHVVLQJ
73' 5DMDQ HW DO  6ROLGLILFDWLRQ DQG FDVWLQJPROG LQWHUIDFLDO KHDW WUDQVIHU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI DOXPLQLXP PDWUL[ FRPSRVLWHV ,QGLD
&RPSRVLWHV6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\SS ±
* % 9HHUHVK .XPDU6 3 5DR 1 6HOYDUDM  0HFKDQLFDO DQG 7ULERORJLFDO %HKDYLRXU RI  3DUWLFXODWH 5HLQIRUFHG $OXPLQLXP 0HWDO 0DWUL[
&RPSRVLWHV ± DUHYLHZ-RXUQDORI0LQHUDOV 0DWHULDOV&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ9RO1RSS
'HHS%XUQ3URMHFW$QQXDO5HSRUWIRU,GDKR1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRU\6HSW
3DUGHHS 6KDUPD *XOVKDQ &KDXKDQ1HHUDM 6KDUPD 3URGXFWLRQ RI $0& E\ VWLU FDVWLQJ ± $Q 2YHUYLHZ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
&RQWHPSRUDU\3UDFWLFHV,6619RO,VVXH