Introduction

to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 1: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Introduction and review of the basic types of materials

School of Material Science and Engineering

Introduction- Materials Science and Engineering

•  Types of materials
•  Structure-property-process-
performance relationships
•  Determining the mechanical
performance of materials
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 2: Types of materials

School of Material Science and Engineering

Major Classes of Materials
•  Metals
•  Ceramics
•  Polymers
•  Semiconductors
•  Composites

4
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 3: Metals

School of Material Science and Engineering

Metals
•  Atoms are located in regularly defined, repeating
positions - a crystal
•  Structure has “free electrons” making metals good
electrical conductors

6
Electrical Conductivity in Metals
Periodic positively charged cores

⎛ A⎞
ρ = ⎜ ⎟R
⎝L⎠
1
σ=
σ = Nq µ ρ
Scattering of the free electrons affects electron mobility, µ
Electrical Conductivity in Metals
Effect of temperature on mobility
∂µ
<0
∂T

Effect of purity on mobility

∂µ
<0
∂ND
Metals
•  Atoms are located in regularly defined, repeating
positions - a crystal
•  Structure has “free electrons” making metals good
electrical conductors
•  Strong but very dense
•  Moderate temperature resistance
•  Metals resist brittle fracture by bending - ductile

9
Metals
•  Magnesium •  Aluminum alloys
•  Aluminum –  Copper
–  Magnesium
•  Titanium
–  Zinc
•  Iron
•  Iron alloys (steels)
•  Nickel –  Carbon
–  Chromium
–  Nickel
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 4: Ceramics

School of Material Science and Engineering

Ceramics
•  Combination of metallic and non-metallic atoms
•  Many but not all ceramics are crystalline

12
Glassy Structure of some Silica Ceramics
Ceramics
•  Combination of metallic and non-metallic atoms
•  Many but not all ceramics are crystalline
•  Bonding does not permit “free electrons”
•  Very strong, moderate density
•  High temperature stability, chemically resistant
•  Ceramics bend little before they break - brittle

14
Ceramics
•  Sand
•  Window glass
•  Clay
•  Dinnerware

15
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 5: Polymers

School of Material Science and Engineering

Polymers
•  Long chain molecules with repeating groups
•  Relatively low strength, temperature sensitive

17
Polymers
H H H H H H H H H H
C=C . C C . . C C C C … C C .
H H H H H H H H H H
Basic building Polyethylene Polyethylene
block monomer chain
H H H H H H H H
… C C C C C C C C …
Coiled chain
H H H H H H H H
Polymers
H H H H H H H H H H
C=C . C C . . C C C C … C C .
H H H H H H H H H H
Basic building Polyethylene Polyethylene
block monomer chain
H H H H H H H H
… C C C C C C C C …
H H H H H H H H

Increased volume fraction

Polymers
•  Long chain molecules with repeating groups
•  Relatively low strength, temperature sensitive
•  Easy to form into complex shapes
•  Low density, can be ductile or brittle
•  Inexpensive

20
Polymers
•  Cellulose (wood fiber)
•  Kevlar
•  Nylon
•  Polystyrene
•  Teflon
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 6: Semiconductors

School of Material Science and Engineering

Semiconductors
•  Bonding similar to ceramics
•  Mechanical properties similar to ceramics
•  Used in electronic and optical devices

23
Semiconductors
•  Silicon
•  Germanium
•  GaAs
•  CdTe
•  InP
Composites
•  2 or more materials are combined
•  Structural applications where rigidity,
Strength

strength, and low density are critical

Measure of Ductility
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 7: Composites

School of Material Science and Engineering

Composites
•  Aluminum/silicon carbide
•  Carbon/carbon
•  Carbon/Epoxy
•  Plywood
•  Steel belted tires
•  Reinforced concrete

27
Composites- prestressed concrete
Pull steel rods/cable in tension
End caps End caps

Cast concrete

Transfer stress

28
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 8: Correlated Properties

School of Material Science and Engineering

Correlated Properties
Strength

Measure of Ductility
Correlated Properties

True improvement
Strength

in performance

Measure of Ductility
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 9: Materials design paradigm

School of Material Science and Engineering

Materials Design Paradigm
•  Structure
•  Atomic / Nano / Micro / Macro
•  Property
•  Mechanical
•  Physical (electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal,
elastic, chemical)
•  Chemical
•  Process
•  Material history
•  Performance
Materials Design Paradigm
Performance

Tetrahedral Jacket

Structure Properties

Performance Performance
Process
34
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 10: Application to product design

School of Material Science and Engineering

Discussion Question

•  As an engineer for Mugs, Inc., you have been asked

to select a material class from which to make a
container for hot coffee.
•  Defend your choice by citing a particular property that
makes your choice suitable.
•  In your analysis consider cost.

36
 Introduction to Materials
Science and Engineering

Module 2: Introduction
Thomas H. Sanders, Jr.
Regents’ Professor

Lesson 12: Mechanical performance

School of Material Science and Engineering

Types of Mechanical Tests
•  Smooth specimens
Tensile
Three/four point bend
•  Hardness
•  Notched specimens
•  Fatigue
•  Time-dependent deformation
•  Fracture mechanics
Tensile Testing

Specimen
geometry

Test rig
Tensile Testing
Elastic
Deformation
Tensile Testing
Poisson’s Ratio
εt
ν =−
εa
where
Δd
εt =
do
and
Δl
εa =
lo
Tensile Testing

Recoverable
elastic
deformation
Permanent
plastic
deformation
Tensile Testing Onset of Necking
or plastic instability
Tensile Testing Formation of the neck begins
and continues to propagate
through the gage until failure.
Tensile Testing

True

Engineering
Tensile Testing

Area under the stress-strain

1 response is an indicator of
toughness. The units are:
energy per unit volume.
εf
2 U = ∫ σ dε
0

3
Tensile Testing

Neck formation
begins
Failure Failure
Failure
Ductile behavior
Brittle behavior

region
Tensile Testing

Necked
region

Brittle Ductile
Failed specimens
Tensile Testing
Thermosets, thermoplastics below Tg;
and thermoplastic polymers aligned
prior to testing along the tensile axis

Semicrystalline spherulites
Spherulites
starting to unravel Region III
Region II

Crystalline lamella
Interlamellar
Region I noncrystalline
polymer
Tensile Behavior of Ductile metal and Brittle Ceramic
Four-Point Bend Test
Hardness Testing

2P
BHN =
π D(D − D 2 − d 2

D is indenter diameter(10 mm)

d in millimeters is diameter of
the Indention P is load in Kg
Concluding Remarks

•  Types of materials
•  Structure-property-process-
performance relationships
•  Determining the mechanical
performance of materials