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Digital Integrated Circuit Design: Lecture 1 - History
Digital Integrated Circuit Design: Lecture 1 - History
Lecture 1 - History
Adib Abrishamifar
EE Department
IUST
Outline
The Babbage
Difference Engine
(1832)
25,000 parts
cost: £17,470
First transistor
Bell Labs, 1948
Bipolar logic
1960’s
Gordon Moore
Intel Co-Founder and Chairmain Emeritus
IUST: Digital IC Design 7/43 LECTURE 1 : History Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Intel 4004 Micro-Processor
1971
1000 transistors
1 MHz operation
L=10µm
nVidia GeForce4
57M transistors / 300MHz / L=0.15µm
} Penrym
} 45nm Intel® Core™2 quad-core processors will have 820
million transistors. Thanks to high-k metal transistor
invention, think of 820 million more power efficient light
bulbs going on and off at light-speeds. The dual-core
version has a die size of 107mm2, which is 25 percent
smaller than Intel's current 65nm products
1000
10
P6
Pentium® proc
1 486
386
0.1 286
8085 8086
0.01 8080
8008
4004
0.001
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Courtesy, Intel
IUST: Digital IC Design 15/43 LECTURE 1 : History Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Transistor Counts
1 Billion
K
Transistors
1,000,000
100,000
Pentium® III
10,000 Pentium® II
Pentium® Pro
1,000 Pentium®
i486
100 i386
80286
10 8086
Source: Intel
1
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Projected
0.01
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
P6
486 Pentium ® proc
10 386
286
8080 8086
8085 ~7% growth per year
8008
4004 ~2X growth in 10 years
1
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Die
Die size
size grows
grows by
by 14%
14% to
to satisfy
satisfy Moore’s
Moore’s Law
Law
IUST: Digital IC Design 19/43 LECTURE 1 : History Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Frequency
10000
Doubles every
1000
2 years
Frequency (Mhz)
100 P6
Pentium ® proc
486
10 8085 386
8086 286
1 8080
8008
4004
0.1
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Lead
Lead Microprocessors
Microprocessors frequency
frequency doubles
doubles every
every 22 years
years
IUST: Digital IC Design 20/43 LECTURE 1 : History Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Power Dissipation
100
P6
Pentium ® proc
Power (Watts)
10
486
8086 286
386
8085
1 8080
8008
4004
0.1
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000
Year
Lead
Lead Microprocessors
Microprocessors power
power continues
continues to
to increase
increase
IUST: Digital IC Design 21/43 LECTURE 1 : History Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Power will be a major problem
100000
18KW
10000 5KW
1.5KW
Power (Watts)
1000 500W
Pentium® proc
100
286 486
10 8086 386
8085
8080
8008
1 4004
0.1
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008
Year
Power
Power delivery
delivery and
and dissipation
dissipation will
will be
be prohibitive
prohibitive
IUST: Digital IC Design 22/43 LECTURE 1 : History Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Summary - Technology Trends
} Processor
} Logic capacity increases ~ 30% per year
} Clock frequency increases ~ 20% per year
} Cost per function decreases ~20% per year
} Memory
} DRAM capacity: increases ~ 60% per year
(4x every 3 years)
} Speed: increases ~ 10% per year
} Cost per bit: decreases ~25% per year
English specification
µ DSM µ 1/DSM
“Microscopic Problems” “Macroscopic Issues”
• Ultra-high speed design • Time-to-Market
• Interconnect • Millions of Gates
• Noise, Crosstalk • High-Level Abstractions
• Reliability, Manufacturability • Reuse & IP: Portability
• Power dissipation • Predictability
• Clock distribution • etc.
SYSTEM
MODULE
+
GATE
CIRCUIT
DEVICE
G
S D
n+ n+
Single die
Wafer
cost:
¢-per-
per-transistor
1
0.1 Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
Metal layers 8 8 8 9 9 9
} Speed
} Noise
} Clock distribution
} Power distribution
} Low power
1400
Dynamic
1200
power
1000 density
800
mW/mm2
600
400 Leakage
power
200
density
0
0.18 µm 0.13 µm 0.10 µm 0.05 µm
IUST: Digital IC Design 42/43 LECTURE 1 : History Adib Abrishamifar 2008
Summary