BROADBAND TECHNICIAN

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted by

B.MAHALAKSHMI (2015102076)
K.PRATHANA (2015102107)
C.PRIYANKA (2015102110)
M.RAJ PRANAVI (2015102115)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

DECEMBER-2018

SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University,
Chennai PULLOOR, KARIAPATTI – 626 115.
 SETHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
An Autonomous Institution

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this internship report entitled “ BROADBAND TECHNICIAN
“ the bonafide work of “ B. MAHALAKSHMI (Reg No.2015102076)
K. PRATHANA (Reg No.2015102107) C. PRIYANKA (Reg No.2015102110)
M. RAJ PRANAVI (Reg No.2015102115) “ who underwent the internship under
my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. C. Callins Christiyana. Mrs. G. Vaira Suganthi.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT INTERNSHIP COORDINATOR

Professor & HOD, Assistant Professor,

Department of CSE, Department of CSE,

Sethu Institute of Technology, Sethu Institute ofTechnology,

Pulloor,Kariapatti,Virudhunagar. Pulloor,Kariapatti,Virudhunagar.

Submitted for the Internship Viva Voice Examinations held on ……….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General 1

2. COMPANY PROFILE 2

3. INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES 3

3.1 Day Activities 3

4. BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES 5

4.1 Telecommunication 5

4.2 Computer Networks 6

5. BSNL SERVICE 8
5.1 BSNL Telephony 8

5.1.1 BSNL Mobile 8

5.1.2 BSNL WLL 8

5.2 BSNL Broadband 9

5.2.1 INTEGRATED SERVICE

DIGITAL NETWORK 9

5.2.2 INET 10

ii
6. BROADBAND TECHNIQUES 12

6.1 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE 12

6.2 EQUIPMENT 13
6.3 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
ACCESS MULTIPLEXER 14

6.4 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 15

6.5 BASE STATION CONTROLLER 17

7. CONCLUSION 18

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our esteemed pleasure to present the training report. We had a

golden opportunity of getting industrial training at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.

(Govt. of India) Madurai.

We express my deep gratitude to our Head of the Department

Dr.C.Callins Christiyana B.E.,M.Tech, Ph.D and Mrs. G.Vaira Suganthi B.E.,M.E.

(Ph.D), who gave us the chance to know about the Broadband technology used in

BSNL . The other employees also deserve thanks for helping us in completion of

our report. It indeed was an enriching experience to study the many technology

used in Bharat Sanchar Nigham Ltd. This acknowledgement will hardly be

sufficient in expressing our deep sense of gratitude to our respected professors and

individuals in the preparation of this object. Last but not least we are highly

grateful to our parents for helping us round the clock and for their encouragement

and love.

iv
 ABSTRACT

It is not viable to expand the telecom network in India substantially at

the prevalent level of per-line investment. However, systems based on new

technologies, many developed in India, promise to more than halve the investment

required. This article looks at the telecom scenario, the new technologies, the

Indian products based on these technologies, and the cost reductions they promise.

The provision of widespread Internet service with low access tariff is an important

aspect of the new approach. In the era of Modernization and Globalization

communication became the part and parcel of human life, whereas BSNL is one of

its kinds in such a communication. The term broadband refers to a

telecommunications signal or device of greater bandwidth, in some sense, than

another standard or usual signal or device (and the broader the band, the greater the

capacity for traffic). The broadband technology you choose will depend on a

number of factors. These may include whether you are located in an urban or rural

area, how broadband Internet access is packaged with other services (such as voice

telephone and home entertainment), price, and availability. Broadband

communications technology can be divided broadly into wire line technologies and

wireless technologies. Advantages of Broadband are Always on (Not on shared

media), Fast (speed ranging from 256 kbps), No disconnection, No additional

access charge, Telephone and Data simultaneously.

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE
NO FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

6.1 Digital Subscriber Line 12

Digital Subscriber Line Access
6.3 Multiplexer 14

6.5 Base Station Controller 17

vi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

VHDSL Very high bit rate digital subscriber line

CSP Communication service provider

DSL Digital subscriber line

SIM Subscriber identification module

ISDN Integrated service digital network

BRI Basic rate interface

ATC Auto tele conferencing

ISP Internet service provider

FCC Federal communication commission

ADSL Asymmetric Digital subscriber line

DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

AN Access network

NSP Network service provider

UTP Unshielded twisted pair cable

LAN Local area network

MAX Microwave access

BTS Base transceiver station

BSS Base station system

BSC Base station control

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In telecommunications, broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which

transports multiple signals and traffic types. The medium can be coaxial cable,
optical fiber, radio or twisted pair. In the context of Internet access, broadband is
used to mean any high-speed Internet access that is always on and faster than dial-
up access over traditional analog or ISDN PSTN services.

1.1 GENERAL

Different criteria for "broad" have been applied in different contexts and at
different times. Its origin is in physics, acoustics, and radio systems engineering,
where it had been used with a meaning similar to "wide band". Later, with the
advent of digital telecommunications, the term was mainly used for transmission
over multiple channels. Whereas a passband signal is also modulated so that it
occupies higher frequencies (compared to a baseband signal which is bound to the
lowest end of the spectrum, see line coding), it is still occupying a single channel.
The key difference is that what is typically considered a broadband signal in this
sense is a signal that occupies multiple (non-masking, orthogonal) passbands, thus
allowing for much higher throughput over a single medium but with additional
complexity in the transmitter/receiver circuitry.

1
 CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE

BHARAT SANCHARNIGAM LIMITED Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

(abbreviated as BSNL) is a state owned telecommunications. Company head
quartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service
providers in India, with over 88.1 million Subscribers as of April 2011, and the
largest land line and telephone provider in India. However, in recent years the
company's revenue and market share plunged into losses due to intense competition
in Indian tele communications sector. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is India's
oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a customer base of
90 million as of June 2008. It has footprints throughout India except for the
metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL).
As of June 30, 2010, BSNL had a customer base of 27.45 million wire line and
72.69 million wireless subscriber It is India’s largest telecommunication company
with 24% market share as on March 31st 2008.Its headquarters are at Bharat
Sanchar Bhawan , Harish Chandra Mathura Lane, New Delhi. It has the status of
MINIRATNA, a status assigned to public sector companies in India. BSNL has set
up a world class multi-Gigabit(GB), multi-Protocol convergent IP infrastructure that
provides convergent services like Data, Voice and video through the same Backbone
and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.61 million DataOne
broadband customers. The BSNL has vast experience in Planning, Installation,
Network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and
also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute.

2
 CHAPTER 3

INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

During the five weeks of training we spent at BSNL training, we learnt a lot of
information and practical data about network and its functionalities.We had a three
weeks of theoritical sessions and two weeks of practical sesssion. The following
details are about our day activities in internship.

3.1 DAY ACTIVITIES

FIRST WEEK:
In Day 1: We took a general information about the company and what is the
training schedule that we will follow during our training.
In Day 2, 3: We learned about the basic physical structures of the Broadband.
In Day 4: We learned about the Broadband Network Architecture and
Components.
In Day 5: We learned about the Physical Layer Components

SECOND WEEK:
In Day 1: We learned about the basic concepts of the internetworking protocols.
In Day 2: We learned about the OSI (Open System Interconnections) and LAN
(Local Area Network) Concepts.
In Day 3, 4: We learned about Open System Interconnection Model.
In Day 5: We learned about Local Area Network.

THIRD WEEK:
In Day 1: We learned about the DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Technologies.
In Day 2: We learned about the IPv4 Addressing.

3
In Day 3: We learned about the DSL Technologies.
In Day 4: We learned about the ADSL CPE.
In Day 5: We learned about the Security WIFI Broadband Connection.

FOURTH WEEK :
In Day 1: We learned about the concepts of DSLAM (Digital Line Access
Multiplexer .
In Day 2: We learned about the configuration of VLAN.
In Day 3: We learned about the DSLAM.
In Day 4, 5: We learned about the Broadband Applications.

FIFTH WEEK :
In Day 1: We learned about Broadband Speed Measurement concepts.
In Day 2, 3: We learned about the Troubleshooting Broadband connection.
In Day 4: We learned about the Broadband Speed Constraints.
In Day 5: We learned about the measuring speed of broadband connection.

4
 CHAPTER 4

BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES
The term broadband refers to the wide bandwidth characteristics of a
transmission medium and its ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types
simultaneously. The medium can be coax, optical fiber, twisted pair or wireless. In
contrast, baseband describes a communication system in which information is
transported across a single channel. Prior to the invention of home broadband, dial-
up Internet access was the only means by which one could access the Internet and
download files such as songs, movies, e-mails, etc. It would take anywhere from
10–30 minutes to download one song (3.5 MB) and over 28 hours to download a
movie (700 MB). Dial-up Internet was also considered very inconvenient as it
would impair the use of the home telephone line, and users would contemplate
whether or not to get a second line, and if doing so was worth the cost. In 1997, the
cable modem was introduced, although the common use of broadband didn't begin
rising until 2001. Having a broadband connection enabled one to download
significantly faster than on dial-up. As with many new technologies, most
consumers were unable to afford the cost of faster Internet service. However, the
term became popularized through the 1990s as a vague marketing term for Internet
access 2007 was declared as "Year of Broadband" in India and BSNL announced
plans for providing 5 million broadband connectivity by the end of 2007.
4.1 TELECOMMUNICATION
In telecommunications, a broadband signaling method is one that handles a
wide band of frequencies. "Broadband" is a relative term, understood according to
its context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the data-
carrying capacity, given the same channel quality. In radio, for example, a very
narrow band will carry Morse code, a broader band will carry speech, and a still

5
broader band will carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required
for realistic sound reproduction. This broad band is often divided into channels or
"frequency bins" using passband techniques to allow frequency-division
multiplexing instead of sending a higher-quality signal.

In data communications, a 56k modem will transmit a data rate of 56 kilobits per
second (kbit/s) over a 4-kilohertz-wide telephone line (narrowband or voiceband).
In the late 1980s, the Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN)
used the term to refer to a broad range of bit rates, independent of physical
modulation details. The various forms of digital subscriber line (DSL) services are
broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over multiple channels. Each
channel is at higher frequency than the baseband voice channel, so it can support
plain old telephone service on a single pair of wires at the same time. However,
when that same line is converted to a non-loaded twisted-pair wire (no
telephone filters), it becomes hundreds of kilohertz wide (broadband) and can
carry up to 100 megabits per second using very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line
(VDSL or VHDSL) techniques.

4.2 COMPUTER NETWORKS

Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal
using a medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest
frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names
such as the original 1980s 10BASE5 to indicate this. Networks that use cable
modems on standard cable television infrastructure are called broadband to
indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well
as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually
use a different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band. The
total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel.

6
The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but
was not commercially successful. The DOCSIS standard became available to
consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television
residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the 10PASS-
TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and
DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.

7
 CHAPTER 5

BSNL SERVICES

5.1 BSNL TELE - COMMUNICATION

Though various of latest telecom services are introduced, still then (bharat
sanchar nigham limted) BSNL landline was much in demand. Its speech clarity,
steady service, availability of a number of value of added services has kept it
popular. We have introduced a number of new tariff plans to suit the customers
Introduction of Free SIM (Pyari Jodi) against each Land Line Connection in india.
Landline connection bundled with Broadband available at cheep rate. Unlimited
calls to Landline Subscriber having different plans.

5.1.1 BSNL MOBILE

BSNL Mobile is a mobile phone service provider provided by the Indian
public enterprise BSNL. It provides both pre-paid and post-paid mobile services as
well as many value added.

5.1.2 BSNL WLL

This is a communication system that connects customers to the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as a substitute
for conventional wires for all or part of the connection between the subscribers and
the telephone exchange. Country wide WLL is being offered in areas that are non-
feasible for the normal network. Helping relieve congestion of connections in the
normal cable/wire based network in urban areas. Connecting the remote and
scattered rural areas. Limited mobility without any air-time charge. Services are
available through out UP East circle even where Land line is not there.

8
5.2 BSNL BROADBAND
The best high speed internet access service provider and India's No:1 Largest
Broadband Subscriber base Telecom Operator Bharat Sanchar Nigham Limited
(BSNL) provides Unlimited Broadband Internet Home Plans and Tariff. BSNL
Offers Limited and Unlimited Broadband Plans, which are more attractive to the
home users as well as Combo Plans for business users. BSNL offers many
unlimited Internet Broadband plans like HOME ULD 525, HOME COMBO 650,
HOME COMBO ULD 800, HOME COMBO ULD 950 for home users and combo
plans like COMBO ULD 900, COMBO ULD 1425, COMBO ULD 1800
COMBO ULD 2250, COMBO ULD 3500, COMBO ULD 6300, for both Home
and Business (Commercial) users. BSNL offers these Broadband Plans with a
high speed bandwidth from 512 Kbps to 4 Mbps 13 DL speed according to choice
of the customer opts. The Voice of the Customer about BSNL Broadband is
"BSNL IS THE BEST INTERNET BROADBAND SERVICE PROVIDER IN
INDIA" and the plans are "MORE POCKET FRIENDLY PLANS".

5.2.1 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN)

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication
standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other
network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched telephone
network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book. Prior to ISDN, the
telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special
services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and
data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic
telephone system.
There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate
Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN). ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system,
which also provides access to packet switched networks designed to allow digital
9
transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in
potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-
switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections
(for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s. A major market application for ISDN in
some countries is Internet access, where ISDN typically provides a maximum of
128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream directions. Channel bonding can
achieve a greater data rate; typically the ISDN B-channels of three or four BRIs
(six to eight 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded. ISDN should not be mistaken for its
use with a specific protocol, such as Q.931 whereby ISDN is employed as the
network, data-link and physical layers in the context of the OSI model. In a broad
sense ISDN can be considered a suite of digital services existing on layers 1, 2, and
3 of the OSI model. ISDN is designed to provide access to voice and data services
simultaneously.

5.2.2 INET
Inet India is a web service company offering wide variety of solutions
ranging from conceptualizing and designing a website to development of
applications. We work on all platforms and technologies. We have the right
solution for companies of all sizes and nature. Inet India is based at Jaipur and has
an office at Princeton, New Jersey USA. The company has come a long way since
its inception 14 years back. Our relationship with our clients can be gauged by the
fact that they have stayed with us ever since they came to us for the first time. We
have experience in developing websites with web 2.0 technologies which facilitate
information sharing, creating communities, interactive features and is user friendly.
These sites are therefore becoming more and more popular with the online
community. The amount of business which is happening electronically has grown
by leaps and bounds with the popularity of the Internet.

10
 We can boast of some state of the art e-commerce websites which make the
clients business easier, it is easier for them to reach the audience and get business
online. We are ready to meet any challenges and aim to provide quality web design
and development services. We are looking at becoming the one stop shop for all
online development related requirement for any and every company.

11
 CHAPTER 6
BROADBAND TECHNIQUES

6.1 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

Fig 6. 1 Digital Subscriber Line

Digital subscriber line (DSL) is one of the most promising technology for
supporting high speed digital communication over the existing local loops. DSL
technology is a set of technologies which is used to provide higher speed access to
the internet. In telecommunications marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is
widely used to mean Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most
commonly installed technical variety of DSL

12
6.2 EQUIPMENT
The customer end of the connection consists of a terminal adaptor or in
layman's terms" DSL modem". This converts data between the digital signals used
by computers and the voltage signal of a suitable frequency range which is then
applied to the phone line. In some DSL variations (for example, HDSL),
the terminal adapter connects directly to the computer via a serial interface, using
protocols such as Ethernet or V.35. In other cases (particularly ADSL), it is
common for the customer equipment to be integrated with higher level
functionality, such as routing, firewalling, or other application-specific hardware
and software. In this case, the equipment is referred to as a gateway. Some kinds of
DSL technology require installation of appropriate filters to separate, or "split", the
DSL signal from the low frequency voice signal. The separation can take place
either at the demarcation point, or with filters installed at the telephone outlets
inside the customer premises. Either way has its practical and economical
limitations. The first technology in the set is asymmetric digital subscriber
line(ADSL). It provides higher speed bit rate in the downstream direction from the
internet to the resident and in upstream direction it provides bit rate from the
resident to the internet.
That is why it is called asymmetric. The designers of ADSL specifically divides
the available bandwidth of the local loop unevenly fo the residential customer. This
service is not suitable for business customers who need a large bandwidth in both
directions.

13
6.3 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE ACCESS MULTIPLEXER
(DSLAM)

Fig 6. 3 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

A device for DSL service. The DSLAM port where the subscriber local loop is
connected converts analog electrical signals to data traffic (upstream traffic for
data upload) and data traffic to analog electrical signals (downstream for data
download). Role of DSLAM : The DSLAM equipment collects the data from its
many modem ports and aggregates their voice and data traffic into one complex
composite "signal" via multiplexing. Depending on its device architecture and
setup a DSLAM aggregates the DSL lines over its asynchronous transfer
mode(ATM),frame relay, and internet protocol network. The aggregated traffic is
then directed to atelco's backbone switch, via an access network (AN) also called a
Network Service Provider (NSP) at up to 10 G bit/s data rates. The DSLAM acts
like a network switch since its functionality is at Layer 2 of the OSI model.
Therefore it cannot re-route traffic between multiple IP networks, only
between ISP devices and end- user connection points.

14
 The DSLAM traffic is switched to a Broadband Remote Access Server where
the end user traffic is then routed across the ISP network to the Internet. Customer
Premises Equipment that interfaces well with the DSLAM to which it is connected
may take advantage of enhanced telephone voice and data line signaling features
and the bandwidth monitoring and compensation capabilities it supports. DSLAMs
are also used by hotels, lodges, residential neighborhoods, and other businesses
operating their own private telephone exchange .In addition to being a data switch
and multiplexer, a DSLAM is also a large collection of modems. Each modem on
the aggregation card communicates with a single subscriber's DSL modem. This
modem functionality is integrated into the DSLAM itself instead of being done via
an external device like a traditional computer modem. Like traditional voice-band
modems, a DSLAM's integrated DSL modems usually have the ability to probe the
line and to adjust themselves to electronically or digitally compensate for forward
echoes and other bandwidth-limiting factors in order to move data at the maximum
connection rate capability of the subscriber's physical line. This compensation
capability also takes advantage of the better performance of "balanced line" DSL
connections, providing capabilities for LAN segments longer than physically
similar unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Ethernet connections, since the balanced
line type is generally required for its hardware to function correctly. This is due to
the nominal line impedance (measured in Ohms but comprising both resistance
and inductance) of balanced lines being somewhat lower than that of UTP, thus
supporting 'weaker' signals (however the solid-state electronics required to
construct such digital interfaces is more costly).
6.4 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Integrated circuit (ASIC) to avoid overhead caused by multiple CPU cycles,

and others may have to be performed through the CPU as these packets need
special attention that cannot be handled byan ASIC. Service control module :- It is

15
responsible for authentication and management of user access requests. It identifies
legal users.
It can extract and record the statistics of user data packets and online duration
for implementing the traffic based or duration based accounting function.
MA5200G sends the user’s accounting information to the RADIUS server. BRAS
allocates IP address through DHCP. It supports 4k to 96k IP addresses.MA5200G
adopts packet binding technology. After user passes authentication It checks the
binding relation of the IP address, MAC address, logical port and PPPoE session
ID in each packet of this user and the packets that do not match will be discarded.
Wi-Fi:- Wireless Technology is an alternative to wired Technology for connecting
the devices in wireless mode. Wi-Fi refers to the IEEE 802.11 communication
standard for wireless LAN. Wi-Fi network connect computers to each other to the
internet and to the other wired networks. Wi-Fi networks use Radio Technologies
to transmit &receive date at high speeds.
Wi MAX :- Wi MAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a
telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and mobile Internet access. The
current Wi MAX revision provides up to 40 M bit/s with the IEEE 802.16m update
expected to offer up to 1 G bit/s fixed speeds. The name "Wi-MAX" was created
by the Wi MAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001to promote conformity and
interoperability of the standard. The forum describes Wi MAX as "a standards-
based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as
an alternative to cable.
Comparison between Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX:-Comparisons and confusion between
Wi MAX and Wi-Fi are frequent because both are related to wireless connectivity
and Internet access.

16
6.5 BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

Fig 6. 5 Base Station Controller

The BSC basically manages the base transceiver station ( BTSs). It reserves
radio frequencies, handles the handover from one BTS to another within the base
station system ( BSS) and performs paging of the mobile station(MS).The base
station controller(BSC) also multiplexes the radio channels onto the fixed network
connections at the “A” interface .
The base station controller (BSC) provides the intelligence behind the BTSs.
Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTS under its control. The BSC
handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile
phones, and controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-
BSC handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor
MSC). A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different
low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization ) become
reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center
(MSC) (with a high level of utilization ). Therefore it means that networks are
often structured to have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs
which are then connected to large centralized MSC sites.

17
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

We know Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is famous for its telecom
operations. But only a very few would know that origin and development of BSNL
and its environmental developments and the ups and downs of such a large
Telecom Services, which depends on a huge manpower, with having invest of
capital through quite a few mechanized processes engineering. 122 Today BSNL is
the number one Telecommunication Company the largest public sector undertaking
of India with authorized share capital of $36oo million and net worth of $13.85
billion. In the modern society for the communication purpose the demand for
BSNL land line and mobile connection service expand from year to year and it has
a network of ever 50 million lines covering more than 5000 towns with ever 40
million telephones connections with digital technology.

18