Capital University of Science and Technology,

Islamabad

CE- 3033: Quantity Surveying and

Estimation

Week No. 15

Dr. Syed Shujaa Safdar Gardezi

Department of Civil Engineering

 Pavements
(Rigid Pavement)

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 Pavements:
 A structure which consists of super imposed layers of
processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade with a
primary function to distribute vehicular loads to the sub-grade.

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 Purpose of Pavements:

1. The ultimate objective is to

 Ensure that the sufficient reduction in transmitted stresses due to
wheel so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade.

2. To provide a surface of
 acceptable riding quality
 adequate skid resistance
 low noise pollution
 safe travel

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 Requirements of a Pavements:

An ideal pavement should meet the following requirements:

 Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to a safe value on the
sub-grade soil
 Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses imposed upon it
 Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles
 Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high speed
 Produce least noise from moving vehicles
 Dust proof surface so that traffic safety is not impaired by reducing visibility
 Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected
 Long design life with low maintenance cost

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 Types of Pavements :

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 Types of Pavements :

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 Types of Pavements :

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 Rigid Pavements :

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 Rigid Pavements :

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 Rigid Pavements:

Volume of concrete
=
Total length x X-sectional width x Thickness

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 Rigid Pavements:
Example - Find out the concrete material quantities for the
rigid pavements as shown in section below?

Step No. 01 : Calculate wet volume of Concrete

Step No. 02 : Calculate dry volume of Concrete (1.54)
Step No. 03 : Calculate sum of ratios (1:2:4)
Step No. 04: Calculate the quantity of each of material

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 Rigid Pavements:
Example :

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 Construction
Equipments

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 Construction Equipments:

 The activities involved in Construction Projects require

 Speed
 Timely Completion
 Quality Control
 In order to achieve this
 Construction Machinery & Equipment
 Are vital resource
 Play a pivotal role.

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 Construction Equipments – Why ?:
 The machinery and equipments are required in
construction projects due to
 Magnitude
 Large quantities of material handling.
 Complexity of Projects using high grade materials
 High quality standards
 Tight Time Schedules.
 Optimum use of Material, Manpower and Finance.
 Avoid Shortage of skilled and efficient Manpower.

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 Construction Equipments - Benefits:

 Construction equipment is an important part

of any construction process.
 Proper use of appropriate equipment
contributes to
 Economy
 Quality
 Safety
 Speed
 Timely completion.

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 Construction Equipments - Selection:
 It is not always necessary or required to own
each and every type of Construction Equipment
required for the Project.

 Depending upon the various aspects of use of

particular Equipment, it is decided whether to
purchase the Equipment or to hire it on
economical basis.
 However, if purchased, the investment should be
recovered during the useful period of such
Equipment.

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 Construction Equipments - Selection:
 Selection of equipment is the most important tasks in the pre-
construction planning
 Many variables are to be considered when selecting equipment.
Some are
 The Equipment should be Standard Equipment if possible.
 It should give the best service at low cost.
 Its unit cost of production should be moderate.
 It should be easily repairable with low shutdown period
 It should be easily disposed off.
 It should suit the majority of the requirements of the job.
 It should be capable of doing more than one function.
 It should be of moderate size, as they have fewer moving parts and have
low working cost.
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 Construction Equipments - Selection:

 Three Methods by which a contractor may secure the use of

equipment
 Purchase
 Rent (Lease agreement)
 Rent to own

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 Construction Equipments – Cost Components :

• Operating costs • Fixed (ownership) costs

– Fuel – Interest
– Lubrication – Depreciation
– Tires – Repairs
– Insurance
– Taxes
– Storage

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