WRITTEN OUTPUT
process of investigating social
Group II
NETWORK
– it is an arrangement of intersecting
horizontal and vertical lines
- Referred as WEB
- A group or systems of
interconnected people or things
SOCIAL NETWORKING
- A social network is defined as a chain
of individuals and their personal connections.
Social networking applications make use of the
associations between individuals to further
facilitate the creation of new connections with
other people.
- A social network is defined as a
chain of individuals and their
personal connections.
PEOPLE ASSOCIATED IN NETWORK AND
SOCIAL NETWORKS
Jacob Moreno
 clusters of heavily interconnected
Emile Durkheim
 who wrote about the importance of
studying patterns of relationships
that connect social actors.
 According to this Durkheimian
network theory, systemic solidarity
flows from dense economic and
non-economic relations in local
subsystems connected through
institutional relations, as are
relations in the professions or in the
market. If this is not the case, the
social system disintegrates into a
set of unconnected, or loosely
connected, clusters.
George Simmel
 Social network analysis (SNA) is the
structures through the use of
networks and graph theory. It
characterizes networked structures
in terms of nodes (individual actors,
people, or things within the
network) and the ties, edges, or
links (relationships or interactions)
that connect them.
 ‘The web of group-affiliations’,
Simmel explains that individuals in
pre modern, pre indus- trial times
tended to come into contact with a
relatively small number of the same
other people wherever they went.
 A dyad is a two-person group; a
triad is a three-person group.
John Barnes
 1954, sociologist Barnes coined the
notion of social network to describe
a system of interrelated people or
groups that does not consist of
delimited classes. Instead, an
individual or group has very
different kinds of relationships to
others, even though there are still
entities.
 Barnes imagined a social network as
a graph and pointed out that “this
network runs across the whole of
society” and is not restricted to a
particular territory or social class.
Mark Granovetter
 1973, Granovetter claimed that the
strength of a relationship influences
information exchange. The stronger
a tie between two people the more
similar they are to each other, e.g.,
regarding interests, workplace, or
domicile. Thus, they have many
mutual acquaintances, so strong
ties form social clusters. In contrast,
 weak ties can form “bridges”, which
Granovetter defines to be the only
tie between two nodes. As weak
ties connect clusters, they foster
information exchange between
different domains that are not
accessible over strong ties. Hence,
weak ties help to gain information
advantages.
 Nodes – means knot; it is either
redistribution point or end point.
Leonard Euler
 Euler’s solution of the Seven
Bridges of Konigsberg problem is
considered to be the 1st true proof
in the theory of networks.
Anatol Rapoport
 is a pioneer and lead-figure of the
systems sciences, studies in conflict
& cooperation, and peace research.
He is professor emeritus of
Psychology and Mathematics at the
University of Toronto, Canada.
 was an early developer of social
network analysis. His original work
showed that one can measure large
networks by profiling traces of
flows through them.
Ferdinand Tonnies
 was a German sociologist and
philosopher. He was a major
contributor to sociological
theory and field studies, best
known for his distinction
between two types of
socialgroups, Gemeinschaft and
Gesellschaft.
 Foreshadowed the idea of
social networks in their theories
and research of social groups.
Barry Wellman
 Canadian American sociologist
 He is the co-director of the Toronto
based international NetLab
Network
 Networked individualism represents
the shift of the classical model of
social arrangements formed around
hierarchical bureaucracies or social
groups that are tightly-knit, like
households and work groups, to
connected individuals, using the
means provided by the evolution of
information and communications
technology
Douglas R. White
 -is an American complexity
researcher, social anthropologist,
sociologist, and social network
researcher.
David Krackhardt
 He is notable for being the author
of Krack Plot, a network
visualization software designed for
social network analysis which is
widely used in academic research.
Bruce Kaferer
John Arundel