f;a,aiaf.a isg m%d.a fidl%àishdkq hq.

h olajd
.%Sl Þ¾Ykslhkaf.a foaYmd,k l%ufõo ms<sn`o wOHhkhla

tï' ta' iS' uqKisxy

ye`Èkaùu
.%Sish" hqfrdamfha ol=Kq foiska uOHOrKS uqyoq winv msysá fY%aIaG iNH;ajhlg
ysñlï lshk hqfrdamSh iNH;ajfha flakaøia:dkh jQ rdcHhhs' uOHOrŒ uqyqo f.dvìñka jg
jQ úYd,;u uqyoq jk w;r th hqfrdamh" wdishdj" wm%sldj hk uydoaùm ;=fkka udhsï ù we;'
b;du jákd f;dgqm,ska iukaú; uOHOrŒ uqyqo wE; w;S;fha mgka uqyqÿ .ukd.ukh
mej;s ia:dkhla njg m;aj ;snqKs' uOHOrŒ uqyqfoa kef.kysr fl<jf¾ fnda,alka
w¾Ooaùmh msysá w;r tAðhka uqyqÈka ^Aegean sea& th iq¿ wdishdfjka1 fjka lr ;sfí'
fnda,alka w¾Ooaùmfhys ol=Kq ;=vqj iukaú; jQfha .%Sishg wh;a m%Odk f.dvìu ieliqKq
l=vd w¾Ooaùm iuQyhlsks' tAðhka uqyqfoa l=vd Èjhska iuQyh tlsfklg kqÿßka msysáfhah' tu
ksid fuu Èjhska w;r .ukd.ukh myiq úh' .%Sl w¾Ooaùmh yd ta wjg msysá m%foa Y mqrdK
.%Sishg wh;a úh' l÷lr m%foaYj,ska .yK jqj o uqyqÿ fjr< rg ;=<g ld je§ we;s ksid uqyqÿ
.ukd.ukh rg wNHka;r .ukd.ukhg jvd myiq úh' fuu N+f.da,Sh msysàu ksid
fjr<nv l,dmfha uq,a u ckdjdi msysgqjd .;a .%Sl jeishd uqyqÿ .ukd.ukh yd wdl%uK
ksid fndfyda hg;a rgj, fN!;sl iïm;a yd {dkh ióm lr .;af;a h'

.%Sl od¾Yksl Ñka;kfha wdrïNh yd tys we;s foaYmd,k woyia

.%Sl b;sydifha úoHd;aul hqq.h werfUkafka l%s' mQ' 6 jk Y; j¾Ifha isg h' úoHdj"
o¾Ykh" .Ks;h" ;¾lh wd§ ish,af,ys kj hq.hla Wodjkafka l%s' mQ' 6 jk ishjfika
miqjh'2 úfYaIfhka od¾Yksl fuka u úoHd;aul lafIa;%fhys msì§ula ful, we;s úh' fuu
od¾Yksl Ñka;kfhys ,o fjkiaùu .%Sl b;sydifhys foaYmd,kh iïnkaOfhka o jeo.;a
úh' .%Sl od¾Yksl b;sydifhys wdrïNlhd f,i f;a,aia y÷kajd Èh yelsh' Tyq iq¿wdishdfõ
^;=¾lsfha& ñf,agia mqrjeisfhls' ñf,agia úYd, jy,a ck;djla isá ÈhqKq k.rhls'
fmdfydi;a ksoyia ck;dj iy fuu jy¨ka w;r ksr;=re mx;s igkla meje;=Ks' fuu igk
ms<sn|j History of the Ancient WorldlD;sfhys frdiafgdõÜfia fufia i|yka lrhs'

1
iq¿ wdishdj kñka ye¢kajQfha j¾;udkfha ;=¾lshg wh;a N+ñhhs'iq¿ wdishdj f,i ye¢ka jQ N+f.da,Sh
l,dmh msysáfha .%Sishg kef.kysßka" wdfïkshdjg ngysßka" ihsm%ihg W;=ßka"l¿ uqyqog ol=Kq foisks'
Weech W. N., History of the world voll. 1, 1997, Omsons publications, New Delhi, p.102. we;=<;a iq¿
wdishdfõ ^Asia Minor& is;shu n,kak'
2
Weber Alfred, History of Philosophy,1925, {Trans: Frank Thilly}, U.S.A, p.7.

77
zzuq,§ ñf,agiays idudkH ck;dj ch.%dyl jQfjda ms<su¨ka mK msáka mq¿iaiñka ro<hkaf.a
wUqorejka urd ±uQy' blaì;s ro<fhda ch ,enqjdyq mqrfha t<suyka ia:dkhka ñksia
mkaoïj,ska wdf,dalu;a l<yZZ'3

b;d oreKq lDDr jO ysxidjkaf.ka .yK jQ foaYmd,k jgd msgdjla iq¿ wdishdfõ .%Sl
mqrhka jeä ixLHdjl ful, mej;=Ks' f;a,aia Wmka ñf,agia k.rh l%s' mQ' 6" 7 ishjiaj,
wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k úm¾hdihkag Ndckh jQ k.rhls' tys foaYmd,k n,h m<uqj ysñ
jQfha bvï ysñ ro< mx;shg h' th l%ufhka fj<|dfuka uqo,a bmhQ Okj;=kaf.a wdKavqjla
njg m;aúh' wk;=rej m%cd mSvlhl= w;g fuu n,h ,enqKs' fudyq idïm%odhsl m%cd;ka;%jd§
mlaIhl iydh we;sj n,hg m;a jQfjls' ,sähdkq rdcdKavqj iu. o ñirh iu. o ñf,agia
md,lhd ñ;% in|;d meje;aùh' fujka foaYmd,k miqìula meje;s l%s' mQ'6 jk Y;j¾Ifha
f;a,aia zzáfhdaia w.kqjr yd mevr,a rdcHhla jYfhka tlai;a jk f,i wfhdakshdkqjkagZZ
lSfõh' f;a,aia úYaj iïNjjdÈfhla úh' Tyq úYajh ìysjQfha l=ulskao@ tys iajNdjh l=ulao@
th wdmiq .uka lrkafka l=ula fj;o@ hk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fiùfuys fhÿfkah' Tyq c,h
úYaj ks¾udKfhys uQ, Od;=j jYfhka ie<l=fõh' ñksid we;=¨ ish,a, tl u uQ,Od;=jlska
ìys jQ nj mjik f;a,aiag wkqj zzúYajfhys mj;sk ish¨ oE w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla˜
mj;S'4 foaYmd,k l%shdj,Skaf.a wka;¾ in|;djla f;a,aiaf.a fuu woyiaj,ska ksrEmKh fõ'
md,s; - md,l fomlaIh w;rg o fuu uQ,O¾uh idOdrK h' úYajh yd tys md,kh foaj
ks¾udKhla fyda fjk;a fkdfmfkk n,hla fkdjk nj m%ldY ùu jeo.;a fõ' úYajh
fN!;sl jQjla nj bka w¾:j;a fjhs' tA wkqj md,kh ms<sn| foaj úYajdi yd ixl,am fjkia
ùug wjYH miqìu ieliSug f;a,aiaf.a úYaj ks¾udKh ms<sn| by; i|yka woyi jeo.;a
úh'

f;a,aiaf.ka miqj jeo.;a jk .%Sl od¾Ykslhd jkafka wfklaisuekav¾h (Anaximander).

l%s' mQ' 611-547 w;r cSj;a jQ Tyq Wmkafka iq¨ wdishdfõ ^j¾;udk ;=¾lsfha& uhs,Sgia kqjrhs'
f,dalh ms<sn| f;a,aiag ;snQ m%Yakh u Tyqg ;snqK o Tyq Bg ms<s;=re ÿkafka
5
zzwfmhsfrdka kñka ye¢kafjk uQ, Od;=jlska f,dj ìysùhZZ

hkqfjks' tys woyi iSudjla fkdue;s hkakhs' fï wmßñ;h ld,h" .=Kh" m%udKh
hk iSud blaujd ìys lsÍfï yelshdfjka hqla; jQjls' f,dalh wdfmda" f;afcda" jdfhda" mGú
hk Od;= fldgiaj,ska iEÿkq nj mejiQ Tyq f,dal md,l foúhl= .ek úYajdi fkdlf<ah'
widOdrKh" whqla;sh" jkaÈ f.ùu" o~qju jeks jpk Tyqf.a fï uQ,Od;= yd iïnkaO lr
we;;a tys yqfola idys;Huh jpkd¾:hka muKla .eí ù we;' ngysr foaYhkg m%:u jrg

3
Rosstovseaff, History of the Ancient World vol. 1, London, p.204.
4
fmfkk foh yd h;d¾:h w;r fjkila we;s nj;a úYajh iE§ we;s uQ, Od;=j úúO iajrEmj,ska ±lsh
yels jqj;a th kej; uQ, Od;=j yd tla jk nj;a Tyq m%ldY lrhs'
l,xiQßh ta' ã' mS'" o¾Ykh # ye¢kaùula" 1987" wdßh m%ldYlfhda" jrlfmd," 20-21 msgq'
Wla; woyig wkqj f,dj úúO md,k l%uhka tla uQ ,sl kHdhlg ilia lr .ekSfï wjia:dj ysñfõ'
5
Cleve Felix M.,The Giants of Pre – Sophistic Greek Philosophy-An Attempt to Reconstruct Their Thoughts
Voll. 1, 1973,Netherland, p.149.

78
mßKdujdoh y÷kajd ÿkafka wefklaisuekav¾h' wefklaisuekav¾f.a mßKdujd§
Ñka;khfoaYmd,ksl jYfhka jeo.;a jk wdldrh my; mßÈ ú.%y l< yelsh'

1' md,kh iÞ;ksl" fkdfjkiajk uQ,O¾u fyda m%;sm;a;su; ieliSu nqoaêf.dapr

fkdjk nj'

2' md,lhska" md,k kS;s-Í;s" md,k l%ufõo ld,Skj fjkia úh hq;= nj'

3' fuu mßKdujd§ woyia foaYmd,k Ñka;lhskaf.a úIhfCIa;%hg mjd miq ld,Skj
tl;= ùu'

4' kQ;kfha foaYmd,k úoHd úIfha j¾Okhg Þhl ùu' ^j¾;udkfhys foaYmd,k
úoHdfõ § W.kajkq ,nk rdcH m%Njh ms<sn| ft;sydisl úldYkd;aul jdoh
ksoiqkla f,i i|yka l< yelsh'&

tla fohla Bg m%;súreoaO fohla flfrys n,mEu widOdrKh hk

wefklaisuekav¾f.a woyi wkqj md,l - md,s;" mlaI - úmlaI jYfhka jk m%;súreoaO foa
wfkHdkH jYfhka n,mEu je<elaúh hq;=h' WÞyrK jYfhka j¾;udkfha rdcH
md,lhskaf.a foaYmd,k ;SrK iuia; Ôùkag yd iajNdúl mßirhg n,mEï lsÍu ±laúh
yelsh' tfuka u wú ksIamdokh lrkakka yd wf,úlrejka fomsßils' foaYmd,k w¾nqo
ks¾udKh lrkafkda fjk;a msßils' fuksid we;s jk hqoaO - .egqï fya;=fjka mSvd ú¢kaakka
fndfyda úg Bg lsisÿ iïnkaOhla ke;s fjk;a msßils' fuu ;;a;ajh je<elaúh hq;=h hk
wdl,amh j¾;udkfha iuia; f,dal foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha u wjOdkhg .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

l%s' mQ' 588-524 w;r Ôj;a jQ wfklaisóksia (Aneximenes) f;a,aia yd

wefklaisuekav¾f.a wdNdih ,en f,dalfha uQ, Od;=j f,i jd;h kï l< w;r th
ixfldapk yd m%idrK l%shdoduhka tkï" tlsfklg m%;súreoaO l%shdj,shla .ek meyeÈ,s
lf<ah'6 ;j o Tyq úYajfha jd;h yd wm yqiu
a w;r iudk;ajhla ;sfnk nj;a jd;h wm
Ôj;a lrjñka md,kh lrk nj;a úia;r lf<ah' Tyqf.a tlsfklg m%;súreoaO l%shdj,shg
wkqj md,khg m%;súreoaO l%shdj,sh kï md,kfhka f;drùu"md,kfhka neyer ùu"
md,khg úreoaO ùu fyda md,kh fkdi<ld yeÍu f,i ú.%y l< yelsh' wfkla jeo.;a
lreK jkafka úYajfha ñksid md,kh lrK uQ, Od;=j jd;h f,i ie<lSfuka f,dal md,l
foúhkag jvd iajNdj O¾ufha uQ,hka flfrys uQ,sl;ajh §ug ñksia Ñka;khfhduq
lrùuhs' fun÷ ;;a;ajhloS we;s jk iudcSh n,mEu iqúYd,h' ffuf,aishdkq .=rel=,hg
wh;a fuu uq,a u od¾Ykslhka ;sfokd rdcH md,khgwod<m%n,od¾Ykslwoyia
bÈßm;afkdl<whf,iie<lshyelsh' fuu od¾Ykslhka ;sfokdúoHd;aul .fõIKh
i|ydorK ,om%h;akhka ksid jeo.;a fõ' md,kh yd md,lhka ms<sn|j o úoHd;aulj
;¾ldkql+,j is;Sug fm<öu fuu Ñka;lhskaf.a úYaj iïNjjd§ woyia bjy,a úh' fï
i|yd Tjqkag ñf,agia k.rfha mej;s iudcwd¾ÓlfoaYmd,k jgmsgdj n,mEfõh' ñf,agia
fmdfydi;a fj<| k.rhls' neìf,dakshdkq yd ñir Ñka;k fuka u úúO cd;Ska w;r we;s

6
Weber Alfred, History of Philosophy, 1925, {Trans: Frank Thilly}, U.S.A, p.10.

79
jQ iïnkaOh ksid ñf,agiajdiSkagidïm%odhsl wúpdr úYajdihkaf.ka ñ§ is;Sug wjia:dj
Wodúh' l%s' mQ' 494 § ñf,agia k.rh ì| jeàu;a iu. ffuf,aishdkq .=rel=,hg wh;a
od¾Yksl mrmqr wjika úh'7

fiañhdkq cd;slhl= jk ufkid¾fldiaf.a mq;%hd jQ ffm;f.dria

(Pythagoras)idfudaia(Semos) k.rfha jdih lf<ah' Tyq l%s' mQ' 580-510 w;r Ôj;a úh'
o¾Ykfhka wd.ñl woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy .;a od¾Ykslfhls' ñksid yd úYajh
ms<sn|j wOHhkhl fhÿkq Tyq ñksidg iqj f.k fok Ôjk ud¾.hla mej;sh hq;= nj
lSfõh' ñksid yd úYajh w;r in|;dj f;areï .ekSug jEhï l< Tyq úYajfhys m%Odk;u
jia;=j ñksid nj mejiqfõh'8 ffm;f.dria idfudaia k.rh w;yer fjk;a m%foaYj,g f.dia
Ôj;a jQfha tjlg idfudaia k.rfhys md,lhd jQ w;súYd, Ok iïNdrhla /ialr isá"
iqúYd, kdúl yuqodjla iys;" uerjrhl= jQ fmd,sl%áiaf.a ys;=jlaldr lDDr md,kfhka
.e,ùu msKsi h' ffm;f.dria .Ks;{hl= fuka u foaYmd,k{fhl= o úh' fmd,sl%áiaf.a
^Policratis& lDDr md,kh flfrys we,aula fkd±lajQ Tyq l%s' mQ' 529 § b;d,shg f.dia l%s'mQ' 510
jk;=re ol=Kq b;d,sfha fl%dafgdakays wd.ñl yd úoHd;aul uOHia:dkhla msysgqjd .;af;ah'
ffm;f.dria tu k.rfha n,hg m;a ù isá w;r tys ck;dj Tyqf.a n,hg úreoaOj ler<s
.eiqfõh' fï ksid ueáfmdkaáhka kï ia:dkhg f.dia jdih lr tys§ u ñh .sfhah'

ffm;f.daßhdkq iudch foaYmd,k iudchls' tfy;a th wd.ñl m%Njhla we;s

ifydaor ix.uhls' fvdaßhdkq ro< mrudo¾YSka iu. ffm;f.driaf.a foaYmd,k o¾Ykh
lsis÷ in|lula ke;' ffm;f.dariaf.a o¾Ykhg ck;d úfrdaOh fl;rï n,mEfõo h;a
ffm;f.dariajd§kag mjd ysßyer ú£ug isÿúh' Tjqkaf.a ksjdi .sksn;a lrùh' fujka
;;a;ajhla mej;sh o ffm;f.dariaf.a wNdjfhka miqj kej; jrla ffm;f.daßhdkqjkag
b;d,sfha n,hg m;aùug yelsúh' ffm;f.daßhdkq woyia kQ;k iudchg o jeo.;a fõ'
ffm;f.dßhdkq b.ekaùïj,g wkqj iudcfha Ôj;a jk mqoa.,hska m%Odk ldKav ;=klg
wh;a h' tkï"

1' ×kh fidhkakka 11' kïnqj fidhkakka 111' ,dNh fidhkakka jYfhks'

T,sïmsla l%Svd keröug" tAjdfha ;rÕhg" tys fj<|dug tkakka fuu fldgia ;=kg
iudk lr we;'

l%Svd ;rÕhl§ yqÿ ksÍlaIlhkag jvd l%Svlhska jeo.;ah˜9 hk woyig wkqj

7
.=Kr;ak vhia" .%Sl o¾Ykh" 1963" f.dvf.a m%ldYlfhda, fld<U" 20 msgqj'
8
West M.L. Early Greek Philosophy and The Orient, 1971, Oxford, p.229.
9
T,sïmsla l%Svd msáhg ;=ka wdldrhl ñksiaiq meñfK;s'
i. øjH ñ,§ .ekSug yd úlsKSug meñfKk wh ^my;au wh&
ii. ;r. lsÍu msKsi tk l%Svlhka ^Wiiau wh&
iii. ;r. keröug meñfKkakka
n¾kaÜ fcdaka" wd§ .%Sl o¾Ykh" 1964" ^mß# ã'mS'fmdkakïfmreu&" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 96 msgqj'

80
 —foaYmd,k fmdr msáfhys ;rÕlrejka jk foaYmd,k{hka kslï n,d isákakjqkag
jvd Wiia h˜

hkafkka ffm;f.daßhdkq o¾Ykfha foaYmd,khg ysñ ia:dkh fln÷ ±hs jgyd .ekSu
wmyiq fkdfõ' ffm;f.daßhdkq b.ekaùïys ±lafjk by; woyig wkqj foaYmd,k
l%shdldrlï f.!rjdkaú; jQjls' tfy;a j¾;udk iudcfha foaYmd,kfha kshqla; ùu
fndfyda úg kïnqj yd ,dNh ,eîfï mrud¾:fhka hqla;h' ×kh ,eîug foaYmd,k
ksÍlaIlhska ùu j¾;udkfhys b;d ÿ¾,N jk w;r foaYmd,kfhys § md,l - md,s;
fomlaIfha u wfmalaIdj jkafka ,dNh ,eîu kï th ffm;f.daßhdkq foaYmd,ksl
b.ekaùïj,g m%;súreoaO ùuls' ;dmi .=Khka mqreÿ lsÍug ffm;f.daßhdkqfjda ±ä kS;s - Í;s
wkqj Ôú;h ilia lr .;ay'10 foaYmd,k lghq;j
= , ksr;jkakkaf.a pß; ixj¾Okh i|yd
kS;s - Í;s wjYH fõ' fuu woyi ;¾ldkql+, m%ldYhlg ieliqjfyd;a

1 ffm;f.daßhdkq iudch foaYmd,k iudchls'

2 ffm;f.daßhdkqfjda ;dmi .=Khka mqreÿ lsÍug ±ä kS;s - Í;s wkqj Ôú;h ilia
lr .;ay'

3 tA wkqj foaYmd,k iudchl ;dmi .=Khka mqreÿ lsÍug ±ä kS;s - Í;s ;sìh hq;=h
hkqfjka ±laúh yelsh'

ffm;f.daria tl yd iudk jQ lsisjla fuf,dj oDIHudk fkdjk nj;a mQ¾K

iudk;ajh ms<sn| woyia wm ;=< we;s jkafka bkaøshhka wmg olajk f,dj ksid fkdj Bg
jvd i;H jQ f,dalhla ms<sn| ±kSu ksidh' m%lD;s f,dalfhys i¾j iïmQ¾K" mQ¾K iudcjd§
md,k l%uhla f.dv ke.Sfï ÿIalr;dj fuu.ska lshefõ' Tyq iSñ;;a;ajh ^Condition
ofLimited& ms<sn| woyila o bÈßm;a lrhs' fuu iSñ;;a;ajh ;=<ska idOdrK;ajh fidhd
.ekSu wiSñ; fohg iSñ;;a;ajh .ekaùfuka ,efnk nj úia;r lrhs' fï i|yd .Ks;
isoaOdka; Ndú; lrhs' ix.S; NdKavhl fjkia fjkia iajr we;s lsÍug yels jkafka tu
ix.S; NdKavfha lïìh fkdfhl=;a .Ks;uh rdYsj,g fnoSfuks' tA iajr ms<sn| fjki r|d
mj;skafka hïlsis ld, iSudjl § ksl=;a jk ;rx. ixLHdj u;h' ix.S;fhys Wia - my;a
iajr f.k fok rdYSka w;r uOH fidhd .ekSfuka idOdrK;ajh ,nd .; yelsh'
ffjoHjrhl= YrSrfha WKqiqï yd isis,anfõ uOH fidhd .ekSfuka m%;sldr id¾:l lr .kS'
fuu woyi foaYmd,khg o fmdÿ h' n,h" kïnqj" ,dNh hk ljr ;;a;ajhl § jqj o by<
fyda my< rdYshlg hdfuka foaYmd,k idOdrK;ajh bgq fkdfõ' tfuka u wiSñ; fohg
iSñ;;a;ajh .ekaùfuka idOdrK;ajh ,nd .; yels h' w÷r keue;s wiSñ; fohg wdf,dalh
keue;s iSñ;;ajh tlaùfuka ^iSudùfuka& wdf,dalh we;s fõ' tfuka u md,k úrys;;a;ajh
kï jQ wiSñ;;a;ajhg" md,kh kï jQ iSñ;;a;ajh tlaùfuka hym;a md,khla we;sfõ'
ffm;f.daria iEu fohla u wxlhkg iudk l< w;r fïjd cHdñ;sl yev;, wkqj

10
.=Kr;ak vhia" .%sl o¾Ykh" 1963" f.dvf.a m%ldYlfhda, fld<U" 24 msgqj'

81
ks¾udKh lf<ah' fuu wxl .Ks; yd cHdñ;sl yev;, md,k ;ka;%fha tA tA md,k ;k;=re
yd rdcH wdrlaIl l|jqre ia:dk.; lsÍug Rcqj iïnkaO lr .kSs'

l%s' mQ' 535-475 w;r úiQ fyrla,Sgia (Heraclitus) úYajfha Wm; yd tys iajrEmh ms<sn|
woyia m%ldY l< od¾Ykslfhls' fyrla,Sgia ms<sn| rpkd jQ od¾Yksl lD;sj,g wkqj Tyq
m%cd;ka;%jdohg m%;súreoaO u; ±rEfjla nj ikd: fõ' hqoaOfha jeo.;alu ms<s.;a fyf;u
hqoaOh ish,a,kaf.a u mshd f,i ie,l=fõh' hqoaOh ish,a,kaf.a rch' hqoaOh ish,a,kag u
fmdÿ nj;a l,yh ^úfrdaOh& jQ l,s hqla;h
s nj;a ish¨ foa u we;s ù ke;s jkafka l,yh
ksid nj;a Tyq mejiqfõh' úreoaO jQ foa ;=< u tlÕ;ajh we;s jk wdldrh Tyq bka fmkajd
ÿks' fyrla,Sgiaf.a ld,fha rdcH md,lhd jQfha odfrhsfhdia rcq h' neisf,jqiays mqrdK rc
l=,hlg wh;a jQ fyrla,Sgia odfrhsfhdia iu`. ióm in|;d meje;aùh' t*Sishdkqj re
odfrhsfhdia rcqg lmamï f.jñka isáh§ u y¾fudafodafrdia kï t*Sishdkqjd ráka msgqjy,a
lrkq ,eîu ksid m¾ishdkq md,khg úreoaO jHdmdrhla f.dv ke.=fka o fï ld,fha§ h'11
fyrla,Sgiaf.a b.ekaùï úYajh" foaYmd,kh yd foajO¾uh ms<sn| jQ tajd úh' Tyq
foaYmd,kh .ek b.ekajqj o ish fidfydhqrd fjkqfjka ;ud ±rE kdñl kdhl;ajfhka mjd
b,a,d wiaùug l%shdlr we;' fyrla,Sgia hqoaOh wkqu; l< Þ¾Ykslfhl= jqj o hqoaOh ksid
jk iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" udkisl ;;a;ajhkaf.a iajrEmh fyda úkdYh ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq fkdlsÍu ksid Tyqf.a o¾Ykh m%dfhda.sl jYfhka l%shd;aul lsÍfï §
ÿIalr;d we;sfõ'

l%s' mQ' 495 - 435 w;r isis,s ¥mf;a wl%.dia mqrjeisfhla jQ tïmsfvdla,Sia (Empedocles)
fvdaßhdkq rdcHh ksc ìu lr.;a tlu od¾Ykslhd úh' Tyq m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,lfhls'
ffjoHjrfhls' tksid Tyq úiska u Tyq foúhl= f,i ye¢kaùh' isis,sfha m%cdmSvlhska yd
m%cd;ka;%jd§ka w;r we;s jQ .egqñka m%cdmSvlhka ch.;a w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka
w.%ldia k.rfhka tïmsfvdla,Sia msgqjy,a lrkq ,eîh' fufia ráka msgqjy,a lrkq ,enQ
fndfyda fofkla fuka tïmsfvdla,Sia .%Sisfha i;=rka jQ m¾ishdj yd ld¾f;aÊ iu`. in|;d
we;s lr fkd.;af;ah' tn÷ l=uka;%KldÍ irKd.;fhl=f.a Ôú;fhka ñÿKq tïmsfvdla,Sia
f;!rsfhdhs k.rfha jdih lrñka uqKsjrhl=f.a Ôú;hg iudk Ôú;hla .; lf<ah'12
Tyqf.a iuld,slhkaf.a ó uqKqmqrka Tyq .ek uejQ Ñ;%j,ska mjd ms<sìUq jkafka Tyqf.a
m%cd;ka;%jd§ yeÕSïj, iaÓridr Ndjhhs' Tyq m%;slafIam l< rc moúhla ms<sn| j yd Tyq
ms<s.;a zzoyia fokdf.a uka;%K iNdjlaZZ ms<sn| j ft;sydisl .%ka:j, i|yka fõ' Tyqf.a
o¾Ykh foaYmd,k fmdr msáfhys igka lrñka l=uka;%K" mdjd§ï isÿ lrñka" ;ukaf.a n,h
i|yd wkHhkaf.a cSú; ì,s .ksñka" n,hg meñKSug rg" cd;sh mdjd foñka l%shd lrk
foaYmd,k{hskag tfia fkdlsÍug wdo¾Yhla imhkafka h'

l%s' mQ 460 Wmka wefklaif.daria (Anexagoras)wfhdakshdfõ Wmkafkls' Tyq we;ekaia

k.rfha jdih l< w;r fmßla,ia kï rdcH kdhlhd iu. ióm in|;d meje;ajQfjls'
11
n¾kaÜ fcdaka" wdÈ .%Sl o¾Ykh" 1964" ^mß# ã'mS' fmdkakïfmreu&" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 127 msgqj'
12
ri,a nÜrkaâ" ngysr o¾Yk b;sydih" 1970" mßj¾;kh yd uqøKh wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 67
msgqj'

82
fmßla,iaf.a n,h ySkjk úg f,dj iEu ;ekl u mdfya isÿ jQ zzmj;akd ixialD;shg jvd
fyd| ixialD;shla˜ mejiSfï jrog o~qjï kshu jQ wefklaif.daria we;ekaia mqrfhka
msgqjy,a jQfha isrf.hska ñ§ m,dhdug fmßla,siaf.a iydh ,enqKq ksidh' fidl%àiaf.a yd
maf,afgdaf.a o¾Ykhkag uQ,sl moku ilia lsÍfï f.!rjh fudyqg ysñfõ' 13

mrudKqjd§ka f,i ye¢kafjk äfudal%Sgia" iSfkda f,jqlSmia" wd§ od¾Ykslhskaf.a

woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug ndOdldÍ fkdjQ foaYmd,k miqìula .%Sisfha mej;=Ks' úfYaIfhka
fm%dagf.dria kï ú;KavjdÈhd bÈßm;a l< zztÈfkod Ôú;fha § jeo.;a jk lreKqZZ uqo,g
b.ekaùu ksid mx;s yeÕSula ;reK msßi w;r we;s úh' .%Sisfha we;ekaiays fuka u wfkla
k.rj, o foaYmd,ksl jYfhka m%cd;ka;%jdoh ch.;a w;r merKs ro<hska iajlSh Ok
iïm;a wdrlaId lr .ekSug W;aidh ±Íh' tfy;a Okj;=ka yd È<skaoka w;r Ñka;kuh
.egqula mej;=Ks' kj Ñka;kh fufyh jQfjda Okj;=ka h' Tjqyq foaYmd,k m%;s.dóka f,i
ye¢kajQy' fudjqyQ kS;S{ jeks ;¾lh wjYH jD;a;Ska i|yd úfYaI{ ±kqñka hqla; jQy' Tjqyq
uqo,a ,nd .ksñka ;reK msßig wjYH ±kqu ,nd foñka isáhy'14 fuu msßi foaYmd,kh
ms<sn| kj wdl,am we;s lsÍug iu;a jQy' foaYmd,kh iudcfha lemS fmfkk" ,dN ,eìh
yels ;k;=rls hk wdl,amh we;s lrKq ,enqfõ fudjqyqh' fuksid md,kh yd iïnkaO
iÞpdr O¾u iïmQ¾Kfhka u mdfya úkdY ù .sfhah'

ks.ukh
.%Sl od¾Yksl foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha wdrïNh maf,afgda keu;s od¾Ykslhdf.a isg hehs
i`oyka jqj o .%Sl od¾Ykslhka w;r foaYmd,kh ms<sn`o woyia ±lakg ,efnkafka uq,ald,Sk
od¾Ykslhskaf.a od¾Yksl Ñka;k iu. ùu iqúfYaIS ,laIKhls' th fidl%àia olajd jQ
od¾Ykslhskaf.a od¾Yksl Ñka;khkays wka;¾.; lreKq úuiSfï § meyeÈ<s jkakls' iDcq j
u foaYmd,khg iïnkaO woyia fuka u jl%dldr j foaYmd,khg iïnkaO woyia o tu
od¾Yksl Ñka;kj, olakg ,efí'

13
Vergilius Ferm with 41 eminent Authorities, History of Philosophical Systems, 1961, Littlefield Adams &
Co., Paterson,U.S.A., p.78.
14
Kirk G.S. & Raven J.E., The Presocratic Philosopers ; A Critical History with Selection Of Texts,
1975,Cambridge University press, p.18.

83