PART-A

1) Write the formula for the effective flange width of isolated l-beam? (Dec 2009)
For isolated beams, the effective flange width shall be obtained as below but in no
case greater than the actual width,

T-beam, bf = [ ]

L-beam, bf = [ ]
Where bf = effective width of flange
Lo = distance between points of zero moment in the beam
L = effective span
Bw = breadth of web
Df = flange thickness
B = actual width of the flange
2) Draw the reinforcement details for a T-beam?
3) Differentiate between one way slab and two way slab.
One way slab Two way slab
Reinforced concrete slabs supported on two In the case of a multistory building with
opposite sides column and beam construction the floor
and roof slabs are supported on all the four
sides.
The span/depth ratio specified in IS 456- The flexural moments are maximum at the
2000 for beam is also applicable slab center of the slab with a larger magnitude
of moment developing along shorter span.
The percentage of reinforcement in the slab The positive moment reinforcement
is generally low ranges of 0.3-0.5% uniformly distributed our the middle strip
extending over 75%

4) Differentiate between under reinforced and over reinforced sections. (Nov/Dec

2012)(Nov/Dec2015)

Under reinforced (ⁿa < ⁿc) Over reinforced (ⁿa > ⁿc)
When the % of steel in a section is less than When the % of steel in a section is more
when required balanced section under that required for balanced section. The
reinforced section. section is called off over reinforced section
In this care of stress in concrete doesn’t
reach it makes maximum allowable value MR = 1/2σcbc xab[d-xa/3]
while the stress in steel reaches maximum
permissible value MR = σst Ast [d-xa/3]

Mailam Engineering College Department of Civil Engineering Page 3

5) Disadvantages of providing large clear cover to slab

At each end of reinforcing bar not less than 25mm, nor less than twice the diameter of
such bar.

The increased cover thickness may be provided when the surface of concrete members
is exposed to the action of harmful chemicals (as in the case of concrete in contact
with earth faces contaminated with such chemical) acid, vapour, saline
atmosphere, sulphrous smoke as in the care of stream operated railways) etc. and such
increase may be between the cover should not exceed 75mm.
6) Purpose of providing distribution reinforcements in RC slab

One-way slabs are supported on opposite sides and the loads are transmitted in one
direction.

The verandah slab is a typical example of one way slab with main reinforcements
in the transverse direction.
8) Types of reinforcement to resist shear
In the shear of steel is placed in reinforced concrete to contract the cracking and
shear failure.
 A system of vertical stirrups
 A system of inclined stirrups placed at right angle to the diagonal tension
cracks
 Main tension steel bent up and placed as declined in point 2

9) Stress-strain curve for concrete in the limit state design of flexure

10) Sketch the edge and middle strips of a two way slab.
11) Codal provision for minimum reinforcement to the provided main & secondary
reinforcement in slab.
The amount of reinforcement should be provided in the middle strip in x & y
direction. As per codal provision the minimum reinforcement of edge strip is equal to
0.12% of cross sections.

12) List the advantages of limit state design. (Nov/Dec 2012)

Limit state method of designing structures based on a statistical concept of safety
and associated statistical probability of failure structural design to satisfy all the limit
states such as safety & sensibility.
13) IS code provision for maximum spacing of vertical stirrups in RC beams

The maximum spacing of main steel in slab has been limited to 300mm.

The maximum spacing for vertical stirrups for shear reinforcement has been
limited to o.75d or 300mm instead of 450 of old code.
14) Partial safety factors for material strength m

The grade strength of concrete is the characteristic strength of concrete, and the
guaranteed yield strength of steel is the characteristic strength of steel.

Design strength =
This simply means that the strength to be used for design should be the reduced
value of the characteristic strength of the factors denoted by the partial safety factor for
the material. The recommended values for their partial safety factors are given.
15) Define Balanced section (or)Enumerate balanced section? (n a=nc)(Nov/Dec 2015)
The dimension of the section can be proportioned such that limiting stresses/ strains
in concrete and steel, are induced simultaneously. Such a section known as balanced
section, though efficient in the use of material is not necessarily the most economical
section.

16) Define a Under reinforced section. (ⁿa < ⁿc)


When the % of steel in a section is less than when required balanced section under
reinforced section.

In this care of stress in concrete doesn’t reach it makes maximum allowable value
while the stress in steel reaches maximum permissible value MR = σst Ast [d-xa/3]

17) Define a Over reinforced section. (ⁿa > ⁿc)

When the % of steel in a section is more that required for balanced section. The
section is called off over reinforced section
MR = 1/2σcbc xab[d-xa/3]

18) Discuss the different limit state to be considered in reinforced concrete design?
The limit state to be considered about three methods

Strength limit state

Serviceability

limit state durability limit state

19) What is it necessary to be providing transverse reinforcement in one way slab?


The transverse reinforcement also called distribution reinforcement is also
provided in a direction at right angles to the span of the slab.

The transverse reinforcement is provided to serve the following purposes.

It distributes the effects of point load on the slab more evenly &uniformly.

It distributes shrinkage and temperature cracks more evenly.

It keeps the reinforcement position.

20) What are the rules to be followed in the design of slabs as per IS456-2000?
(Nov/Dec 2011)

As per IS456-2000, continuous solid slabs are designed for maximum bending
moment due to design loads based on bending moment coefficients given in table -
12.
 
After thickness and area of steel calculation, the slabs are checked for shear based
on shear force due to design loads (Table-13) and design shear strength of concrete
(Table-19)

Finally slab has to be checked for deflection based on basic values (clause 23.2.1)
and modification factor (fig.4)

21) Enumerate corner reinforcement for two way slab. (Nov/Dec 2012)
Torsional reinforcements is required for the situation, “Two way slab corners are
held down” or “Corners are not free to lift up.”
Design parameters for torsional reinforcements in two way slab

Torsional reinforcements consists of top and bottom mesh.

Covering area of each mesh

short span (lx )  long span (ly )

5 5

Area of torsional reinforcement per meter width

3
 4  short span area of steel, Ast
22) List the factors that influence the moments developed in two-way rectangular
slabs. (May/June 2012)

Tension reinforcement provided at , mid span in the middle strip.

Torsion reinforcement shall be provided at any corner

23) Mention any two advantages of introducing compression steel in reinforced

concrete beams. (May/June 2012)

Compression steel in reinforced concrete beams should have high tensile strength,
high modulus of elasticity.

It also develops a good bend with concrete.
24) What is doubly reinforced beam? (May/June 2013)(AU Nov/Dec 2014)
Reinforcements are provided in a beam to take both flexural tension and
compression is called as doubly reinforced beam.

25) Sketch the edge and middle strip of one way slab. (May/June 2013)
 27) Enumerate doubly reinforced section. (AU May/June 2014) (AU Nov/Dec 2014)
Reinforcements are provided in a beam to take both flexural tension and
compression is called as doubly reinforced beam.
28) Draw yield line pattern for a one way slab with simply supported edge
conditions. (Nov/Dec 2013)

30) Define limit state.

The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure
occurs is called as limit state.
31.Why corner reinforcements are provided in a two way slab?(AU April/May 2015)

Special reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners in both bottom and top
of the slab, for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to one-fifth the
larger span of the corner panel.

Corner reinforcement at the top of the slab shall be parallel to a line bisecting the
angle at the relevant corner.

The corner reinforcement at the bottom of the slab shall be perpendicular to a line
bisecting the angle at the relevant corner.

The top and bottom corner reinforcement shall be of size and spacing equivalent to
that required for the maximum positive moment in the panel
32. Enumerate the advantages of flanged beams.(May/June2016) It
resists the compressive stress and shear stress

33.Write any two guidelines to select the cross sectional dimensions of reinforced
concrete beams.(May/June2016)

The depth of beam is fixed based on span to depth ratio to satisfy the deflection
requirements. The ratio of overall depth to width should be 1.5 &2.0

Minimum no of bars used as tension reinforcement should be atleast 2 &not more
than 6 bars should be used in one layer in beam
 Ultimate moment resistance
4. What are the different steps involved in the design of flanged beam. [May / June
2013] .
Solution:
STEP 1: CROSS-SECTION DIMENSIONS:
Effective depth = span /16
STEP 2: EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Leff = clear span + d
Leff = c/c of support + span
Least of any two
STEP 3: CALCULATION OF TOTAL LOAD
Self. Wt. of slab or flange = bXDXf
Floor finish Load = b X D X Density of mortar
Plaster finish = 0.45 KN/m
Live load = Given
Self wt. of rib/web = b X d X 25
Total load (w) = S.L + L.L + F.F + D.F + S.L (RIP)
Wu = 1.5w
STEP 4: B.M and S.F
STEP 5:
bf = lo/6 + bw + 6Df

STEP 6: Calculation for Ast

STEP 7: Check for shear
STEP 8: Check for deflection.

11. Design a two way slab for the following data size = 5m X 7m.
 Width of the supports = 20mm
Live load = 5 KN/m2
Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. (May/June 2012, 2016) (Nov/Dec 2013, 2012)

Solution:
Calculation of factored loads:
effectivelongspan ly 7
   1.4  2
Effectiveshortpan lx 5
It is two-way slab.
span 5000
Effective depth d = 25  25  200mm
Overall depth, D = d + d’ = 200 + 20 = 220mm
Effective short span = clear span + d = 5 + 0.2 = 5.2m
Effective short span = clear span + support width = 5 + 0.3 = 5.3m
Leff = 5.2m

Live load = 5 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1 KN/m2
Self. Wt. of slab = 25 X 0.22 = 5.5 KN/m2
Total, w = 11.5 KN/m2
wu  1.5 X 11.5 17.25 KN / m2

B.M Calculation:
From table 27, IS 456 – 2000
ly
lx  1.4,  x  0.099, y  0.051
mux  x wu lx 2  0.099 X 17.25 X (5.2) 2  46.17KNM

muy  y wu lx 2  0.051X 17.25 X (5.2) 2  23.8KNM

Area of steel calculation:

Area of steel along short span
Astfy
Mux = 0.87 fy Ast d [ 1- bdfck ]
 6 AstX 415
46.17 X 10 = 0.87 X 415 X A st X 200 [ 1- ]
1000 X 200 X 20
6
46.17 X 10 = 72210 A – 7.5 A 2
st st

Ast = 688.63 mm2

spacing  Areaofonebar X1000

Ast
2
 X10
4
 688.63 X 1000 114 mm 120mm
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 120mm c/c.

Check for shear

A , (provided) = 79 X 1000  658.33mm2

st 120

pt  100 X 658.33  0.32

1000 X 200
Pt τc
0.25 0.36
0.5 0.48
τc = 0.39 N/mm2

vu  Wu l  17.25 X 5.2  44.85KN

2 2

Vu 44.85 X103
tv    0.22 N / mm2
bd 1000 X 200

τv < τc. Hence section is safe in shear

Check for deflection:
Asreq
Fs = 0.58 x fy x Asprov
341.8
Fs = 0.5 x 415 x
341.8
Fs = 240 N/ mm2
 From fig 4, IS 456 – 2000
M.F = 1.4 for, pt=0.31%
(l/d) max > (l/d) provided
Hence safe in deflection.

11. Design a one way slab for the following data size = 3m X 9m, width of supports =
2
230mm, Live load = 3kN/m . Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 shear. [May / June 2013]
Solution:
Load calculation:
l 3000
Effective depth, d = 25  25 120mm
Provide effective depth of slab = 125mm
Effective shorter span = clear span + d = 3 + 0.125 = 3.125m (or)
Effective shorter span = clear span + width of support = 3 + 0.23 = 3.23m
Leff = 3.125m
D = d + d’ = 125 + 20 = 145mm
Live Load - 3 KN/m2
F.F - 1 KN/m2
Self. Wt - 0.145 X 25 = 3.625 KN/m2
W - 7.625 KN/m2
wu - 1.5 X w = 1.5 X 7.625 = 11.44 KN/m2
W le2 (11.44 X 3.1252 )
Mu - u
 13.96KNM
8 8

V  Wu le  11.44 X 3.125 17.81KN

8 2
Thickness of slab calculation:
Mu  0.138 fckbd 2

13.96 X 106  0.138 X 20 X 1000Xd 2

d req  71.12mm

dprovided  125mm  dreq. Hence safe.

Ast main calculation:
 Astfy
M  0.87 fyAstd[1  bdfck ]

AstX 415
13.96 X 10 6  0.87 X 415 XAstX125[1  ]
1000 X 125 X10
Ast  327mm2
Minimum, Ast = 0.12 % bD = 0.12/327 X 1000 = 241.59 mm
 2

spacing  4 X10  79 X 1000  241.59mm

Ast 327
Provide 10mm ∅ bars at 240 mm c/c

Area of distribution steel calculation:

Ast, dist = 0.12% bD= 0.12/100 x 1000 x 145 = 174
mm2 Provide 8mm diameter bar,
Spacing = 50/174 x 1000 = 287 35 mm
Provide 8mm diameter bar at 285mm c/c
Check for shear
Vu 17.875KN

Tu    0.143N/mm
Vu 17.875 X103
2

bd 1000 X125
Ast, provided = 79/240 X 1000 = 329.17 mm2

%, Pt  100 Ast , p  100 X 329.17  0.26%

bd 1000 X125
Tc  0.36 N / mm2

t v  tc , Hence the section is safe in shear.

Check for deflection:

M.F = 1.42 [ Pt=0.28% & fs=240 N/mm2]
(l/d) max = 20 X 1.42 = 28.4
(l/d) prov = 3215/25 = 25
( l/d)prov < (l/d) max. Hence safe.
16.Design a one way reinforced concrete slab – Simply supported at the edges for a
public building with a clear span of 3.5m supported on 200mm solid concrete
masonry walls. Live load on slab is 4kN/m 2.Adopt M-20 and Fe-415 HYSD bars.
(AU April/May 2015)