1.

Staff's attitude regarding hospital waste management in the dental college hospitals of
Bangalore city, India
REVIEW- With the great access to healthcare comes improper management of the bio-
medical waste and their elimination. This has further increased due to the development of the
dental healthcare and they are not really taking any steps to eliminate the same. The waste
management plans mostly focus on the changing the mindset of these. This study has been
done by cluster sampling procedure. It was done on a 5 point rating scale. By the survey done
around 33% of the dentists regarded that segregation of waste at source increases the risk of
injury to waste handlers.

Around 70% agreed that waste needs to be segregated for the safety of the workers. For
workers something as serious as needle prick stands justified due to lack of proper waste
disposal method. It is ironical that the very hospital that brings relief to the sick can create
health hazard for hospital staff, patients as well as the community at large. Literature search
show poor knowledge, attitude and practices of biomedical waste management among staff
and have reported that there is urgent need to train and educate all the staff, in order to adopt
an effective waste management practice. Optimal waste management seems to be the only
way ahead in terms of hospital waste. Managing waste requires effective management of
people who produce the waste, not just those who handle it. It's primarily the dentists who are
responsible for waste generation.

2. Groundwater management in Bangalore — Impact of municipal waste disposal

practices on groundwater quality.

REVIEW-Bangalore and Hardness has been used for validating the generated Pollution

Vulnerable zones.

It shows high to very-high pollution vulnerability category areas in eastern half of the BMR

and Low vulnerability areas are predominant in western and southern parts of BMR. The

central parts of the study area, though falling in high pollution vulnerability zone, shows low

degree of pollution which is attributable to the seepage of large quantum of piped water ,

diluting the polluted groundwater and keeping nitrate concentration within safe limits. The

plume direction matches with the flow directions of flow net map, giving additional
validation to the derived maps.

The land use map has been overlaid on the Pollution Vulnerable Zones as well as Pollutant

Map. There exists a close proximity of anthropogenic activities with the vulnerable zones as

well as pollutant zones generated. There is a close relationship of pollution in the high

vulnerable zones and indicates a clear effect of urbanisation. Due to over-exploitation, dug

wells have become almost extinct. Long term water level trend shows a general fall except in

the central parts which may be attributed to limited use of groundwater due to abundant piped

water supplies, and leakage in water supply mains.

Although more than 5000 tonnes of Municipal Waste is generated every day in BMR, its

management and disposal is not at all organised. Random dumping of garbage and wastes all

around the metropolis is quite common, causing environmental pollution of land, water and

air. Due to combined effect of large number and non-scientific nature of transit collection

sites, partial collection, faulty transportation and delayed disposal of municipal wastes,

groundwater in the study area is getting polluted.Adopting an integrated approach in

identifying the areal extent of pollution, and pollution vulnerable zones in the study area, GIS

tool has been used. Further, Pollution Vulnerable Zones Map has been prepared using all the

layers except Land use and Pollutant layers. An Action Plan has been worked out for

planners, managers and regulatory authorities to control the spread of pollution in the BMR.

Water quality monitoring network should be strengthened and the data should be made

available on the website.

3. Producing abjection: E-waste improvement schemes and informal recyclers of

Bangalore.

REVIEW- The Indo-German-Swiss e-Waste Initiative were meant to modernise and

revitalise Bangalore's informal e-waste recycling sector. While the reforms rapidly
transformed the circuits of e-waste recycling in the city, the outcomes have been less than

ideal for informal recyclers. E-waste is a special category of waste and refers to end-of-life or

obsolete electrical and electronic equip ment. According to the United Nations Environmental

Programme , in many parts of the world e-waste is accumulating at a faster rate than msw .

That is to say, emergent e-waste reforms have bolstered the position of corporate e-waste

firms and marginalised informal e-waste recyclers who have historically underwritten the

costs of disposing the city's e-waste. After taking stock of the dark underbelly of Bangalore's

celebrated it sector, and taking note of sharp increases in the rate of e-waste accumulation,

some members of the media made apocalyptic projections suggesting that the cyber city of

Bangalore would soon turn into a cyber wasteland. Due to increased media coverage and the

actions of Green peace, Bangalore's municipal authorities and the it industry were forced to

pay attention to this environmental catastrophe. To elaborate, according to many informal

recy clers, the principal factor that determines their ability to earn a livelihood and turn a

profit from e-waste is access to raw material, that is, access to e-waste. As such informal

recyclers would spend a sizeable amount of their time in a determined effort to acquire e-

waste. Their narrow scope of activity meant that recovery of precious metals emerged as a

sub-niche within the informal e-waste recycling sector of Bangalore with workers labouring

in this sub-niche developing an intimate understanding of various chemical processes needed

to separate and extract precious metals embedded in e-waste. The inherent bias of

policymakers and experts towards the modern waste corporations implies that large firms

such as E-Parisara have leveraged their cultural and social capital to lobby development

experts to create conditions of possibility for the growth of corporate firms.

4. Not in My Backyard

REVIEW-The peripheries of urban areas are refusing to become the dumping grounds of

municipal waste. is amounts in danger The of solid of dilemma being waste buried of in
dealing cities under large with its own and the garbage - literally. The dilemma of dealing

with the increasing amounts of solid waste in cities large and small has now reached crisis

proportions. Not in my back yard is the cry emanating from villages close to major cities in

Kerala and on the outskirts of Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi and other cities.

In India, attempts to encourage households or establishments generating waste to do this have

generally failed. As a result, waste treatment plants, already with inadequate capacity, cannot

work effectively because they are handling mixed waste. City dwellers think nothing of the

amount or the kind of waste they generate or where it is being dumped. With an increasingly

wasteful consumerist economy, cities are producing not just more waste but of a kind that

cannot be easily destroyed.

In this age of information, people on the periphery, who have so far quietly watched their

geography being transformed by the mountains of garbage from the city, are not willing to be

silent any more. These new monuments to urbanisation have poisoned their water and air and

brought new deadly diseases to their neighbourhoods. So people from Vilappil outside

Thiruvanan thapuram to Mavallipura outside Bangalore are fighting back.

Just as the attitude of Indians towards waste creates problems, India also has an advantage

that could create solutions. We are fortunate to have a large informal army of waste

pickers. In the long run, even as cities attempt sustainable solutions to dealing with municipal

solid waste, the most important step has to be reduction of waste at source. The throwaway

culture that was so alien to this country just five decades back is now becoming the norm.

It is here that the change must come. The polluter pays principle should apply to those who

generate additional, non-biodegradable waste. If we fail to act now, filth rather than

enterprise could well become the urban market.

5. Health and Environmental Hazards of Electronic Waste in India

REVIEW-Technological waste in the form of electronic waste is a threat to all countries.

The composition of e-waste is incredibly miscellaneous. E-waste contains complex mixtures

of potential environmental contaminants that are distinct from other forms of waste.

E-waste treatment including simple recycling, burning, chemical digestion, and disposal

practices exposes the workers and area residents to high levels of toxicity through

mechanisms such as inhalation, contact with soil and dust, dermal exposure, and oral intake

of contaminated locally produced food and drinking water. The workers in the e-waste

recycling units and local residents are exposed to the perilous chemicals present mostly

through inhalation, dust ingestion, dermal exposure, and dietary intake. The substances have

the capacity to bioaccumulate and biomagnify along the food chain. The chemicals are POPs

having long term effects both on human health and the environment. At present the global

community in producing affordable EEEs with minimum chemical toxicants. A number of

EEE manufactures have taken initiatives to invent "green" EEEs. A major concern related to

green electronics is their high cost. For instance, although "Energy Star" products are green

and eco-friendly, they are not affordable to most of the consumers countries like India.

6. Solid Waste Management - a review.

REVIEW-Waste management is been a vital environmental issue since last few decades. It
has been seen that the generation of waste increases with increasing population,
industrialization & urbanization etc. The necessities of waste management system, bad
effects of mismanagement, various issues are raised in previous studies are mentioned in the
paper. It has seen that the waste management system should adopt by Proper collection,
storage, processing, transport & disposal of waste so that the impacts of waste can be
minimised & the quality of life can be improved.

Solid waste management is one of the difficult threats in front of world, the change in
habitats of people, rapid development are responsible for large generation of waste, in India
cities like Delhi & Mumbai are generating more than 5000 MT of waste per day. This waste
is creating problems to public health, drainage, aesthetics, of the cities, so there is intense
need for efficient waste management systems in the city as well as villages. The system
should adopt Proper collection, storage, processing, transport & disposal of waste so that the
impacts of waste can be minimised & the quality of life can be improved.

7. Solid Waste Management in Bengaluru- Current Scenario and Future Challenges.

REVIEW-Rapid growth in urban population coupled with economic growth and rise in
community living standards have resulted in generation of huge quantities of municipal solid
waste posing serious problem to municipalities, and corporations in terms of collection and
disposal of solid waste. The current study reviews how the city of Bengaluru, which is a
typical fast expanding city in India manages its solid waste through Bruhat Bengaluru
Mahanagara Palike entrusted with the responsibility. It revealed that the current system of
municipal solid waste management is not in tune with municipal solid waste (Management
and Handling) rules, 2000. Approximately 5000 tons of waste is generated in Bengaluru city,
out of which only 30% waste is collected by BBMP directly and the 70% of municipal solid
waste is collected and transported through contractors. The solid waste is undergoing change
in its composition. Due to several issues there is no properly operating sanitary landfill. Some
of the landfills are either closed or badly managed. Much of municipal solid waste gets
dumped in the open dumps, posing health risks to residents in their vicinity. This may cause
in a high risk of contamination of ground water/surface water, soil and air.
Suggestions for effective management of MSW
1. Construction and operation of properly planned sanitary landfill through public private
partnerships/private sector.
2. Effective segregation of waste at source itself, and send the recyclable separately to the
respective processing units
3. It is better to concentration on energy production through anaerobic digestion and for land
application rather than composting which is not economical.

8. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA: A REVIEW AND SOME

NEW RESULTS

REVIEW-Municipal solid wastes collected by the agencies dispose at identified disposal

sites about 60%, while the balance are disposed-off at unauthorised disposal sites in an
unacceptable manner, leading to the environmental consequences including greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions. Mitigation strategy necessitates understanding of composition of waste for
its management in an environmentally sound way. The total organic waste is 632.92 ± 0.210
kg/day with the per capita organic waste generation of 74 ± 35 g/person/day. This emphasise
the need for appropriate treatment option to minimise GHG emissions. Most of the
households (64%) in the study area have the facility of door to door collection of solid waste
and about 78.34% of city population do not segregate the waste at source (household level).
The decision makers should bring awareness among citizens and pourakarmikas (BMP staff)
through capacity building workshops highlighting the importance of segregation at source
level and promotion of recycling and reuse methods. This will reduce the quantity of waste
and burden on landfills Naveen, Dr. BP. (2009). SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES AT BANGALORE.while ensuring the sustainability of natural resources.
Further the study has revealed the relationship between waste generation and socio-economic
factors. The family income and family size are positively related and the education status is
negatively related with per capita waste generation at household level. The average carbon
dioxide equivalent emission from household 307.50 ± 205.51 kg/year and per capita emission
is 66.33 ± 36.61kg/year. Further research is necessary to evaluate the seasonal variation in
solid waste generation and composition as well as relationship between household waste.

9.WASTE MANAGEMENT SURVEY OF BANGALORE CITY

REVIEW-The things that are thrown away and is unnecessary to the human beings is
generally referred to as waste. These wastes can be recycled and reused. Solid waste is
considered to be the third most pollution causing factor in the world. Managing of the solid
wastes from the generation at the source through the recovery processes to disposal is called
the solid waste management. Waste comes in different forms and they are categorized into
different categories like, biomedical waste, biodegradable waste, bulky waste and municipal
waste, e-waste etc.. According to the survey conducted and discussed in this paper, people
have a lack of segregation knowledge and are not aware about how the wastes are being
managed currently. This tells about the people's cognition about waste management in
Bangalore. This survey targets all the age groups for the development and the improvisations
that can be done in a better manner. Based upon the Waste to Energy (WTE) techniques,
which sheds light upon converting wastes to the useful resources, Bangalore can be a much
cleaner city. Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, BBMP have been implementing various
waste management techniques currently, but these are not efficiently followed by the people.
Based on the analysis of survey results, our future work focuses on managing the wastes
through a concept called shops, its efficient transportation from one point to another till it is
being converted from waste to a useful resource or energy.

10. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AT BANGALORE

REVIEW-The present study involves Solid Waste Management Strategies at Bangalore.
Solid waste includes garbage, ashes, rubbish. Etc. The quantity of solid waste produced in
city depends on the type of the city, its population, living standards of the residents and
degree of commercialization, industrialization and various activity prevailing in that city
Bangalore city generates about 1746 tons of municipal solid waste per day. Such statistics
include bulk waste, construction debris and Healthcare waste and here landfill site selected
for solid waste disposal satisfies suitability criteria asper MSW rules and landfill gases
released can be recovered and can be used as an alternative source of energy. Landfill
site selected for Solid waste disposal satisfies suitability criteria as per MSW rules 2000.
Study and design of different Solid waste disposal systems at the proposed site suggests
that landfill gases released can be recovered and can be used as an alternatively source of
energy. Based on the study of different Solid waste systems, composting technique is the
best suitable method for Solid waste treatment suggested for the present study from the
economic point of view.

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