Proactive Algorithm to Reduce Power Consumption
and Handovers in Heterogeneous Mobile Networks
Michel Nahas, Mohammad Sabati
Electrical Engineering Department
Australian College of Kuwait
P.O. Box 1411, Safat 13015, Kuwait
m.nahas@ack.edu.kw
Energy consumption of communication and cellular networks
has recently received increased attention in the research
community. Moreover, a large number of base stations (BSs)
have been deployed in order to meet these demands on cellular
traffic. This leads to considerable increase in the operational cost
and contributes as a major portion of the energy consumption of
cellular networks. Therefore, network operators are considering
how to reduce the energy consumption and design “Green
Communication”. The concept of Green Communication is to
manage energy consumption and maintain reasonable costs while
keeping high quality of service and benefits. In this paper, we
present some techniques for reducing power consumption by
developing solutions in terms of the network architecture and the
base stations components. We use some of these solutions to
develop and implement a novel algorithm that combines Cell
Zooming and Heterogeneous Networks with many types of base
station while taking into consideration user’s mobility. The
efficiency and the power management of our algorithm,
especially in high traffic networks, are achieved and approved by
simulations.
Index Terms— Cellular networks, Green communications,
Energy saving, Sleep mode, Cell zooming, Heterogeneous
networks.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, traffic demand in cellular networks has
significantly grown and throughout the expansion of mobile
networks, the energy efficiency has always been a major
concern. However, there is an increasing worldwide concern
about potential damages to the environment, such as carbon
dioxide (CO ) emissions that leads to severe threats for global
warming. This concern compelled many researchers to study
different ways on how to minimize energy consumption of
cellular systems and network operators to continuously explore
future technologies in order to bring improvements in the entire
network infrastructure. The large number of base stations (BSs)
contributes a major portion of the energy consumption of
cellular networks. When a BS is in its working mode, the
energy consumption of processing circuits and air conditioner
takes up about 60% of the total consumption [1]. However,
most of the efforts for energy saving in cellular networks still
focus on reducing the transmit power of BSs and mobile
stations (MSs).
Rana Kanso, Mohammad Azizi
School of Engineering
Lebanese International University
P.O. Box: 146404 Mazraa, Beirut, Lebanon
To save the energy of the whole network, the phenomenon of
traffic load fluctuation implies that some BSs can be switched
off when the traffic load is light.
Nowadays, green communication is one of the main design
goals of future mobile networks and current research aims to
enable sustainable growth of broadband wireless infrastructure,
different solutions have been proposed so far for improving the
energy efficiency of wireless networks while maintaining a
given Quality-of-Service (QoS). Today, the energy demand for
communication is being increased by larger and larger number
of communication devices and infrastructures. In addition, due
to the rapidly growing of the mobile network, the footprint of
CO emission from massive energy production is being a
critical issue that comes up with threating the global warming.
Research shows that 3% of world’s electrical energy is taken
by Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector
and it is responsible for 2% of world’s CO emission [2].
This problem trends the network operators to focus on
energy consumption, design, develop and to investigate various
models and associated science needed for combined energy
efficiency and network optimization.
In this paper, we present a brief survey of some recent
methods suggested to improve the power efficiency of cellular
networks, and discuss various remarkable techniques toward
green mobile networks. We focus on existing green
communication tools based on the idea of changing the
coverage area of cells in function of MSs distribution (cell
zooming) or switching BSs off (sleep mode), and the ability of
having several connection options with the presence of smaller
size cells (micro, pico and femto) inside a macro cell.
Additionally, we present our optimization algorithm called
ProGreen which focuses on user equipment position and
mobility and adjusts base stations power level based on these
factors. ProGreen will reduce the power consumed in a
heterogeneous network while decreasing the number of
handovers (HOs) of users between the different BSs of the
network.
The rest of this paper is organized as follow, in section II
we present the background of our research and a review of the
state of art techniques. While in section III, our proposed
system model is introduced and then in section IV, the phases
of the proposed ProGreen algorithm are explained. In section
V, we present the simulations results and finally we conclude
in section VI.
 II. BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS WORK
In this section, we review concepts such as cell zooming
and sleep mode techniques which are applied on the network
architecture level. The cell sizes are adaptively adjusted
according to traffic load, user requirements and channel
conditions by implementing some changes to existing network
hierarchy. These are often believed as powerful strategies to
reduce energy consumption of cellular radio networks.
A. Network Architecture Based Solutions
When a BS is in its working mode, the energy consumption
takes up about 60% of the total consumption [3]. Therefore, to
save the energy of the whole network, the phenomenon of
traffic load fluctuation implies that some BSs can be switched
off when the traffic load is light. Therefore, many switching
on/off schemes have been proposed such as sleep mode, cell
zooming and virtual coverage.
1) Sleep Mode
Sleep mode is a mechanism applied to allow the hardware
components in the BS to be switched off in idle conditions,
such that the energy consumption is modulated over the
variations in traffic load. This is done in a way that takes into
consideration the same quality of service level to mobile
stations covered in the base station area.
2) Cell Zooming
Cell zooming is a technique in which base stations
dynamically adjust their coverage radius and hence their
transmit powers based on user locations. The transmit power is
set to the minimum required level depending on user locations
and signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) required.
Implementing cell zooming in cellular networks needs to
introduce some new components and corresponding
functionalities to current network architecture. The Control
Server (CS), controls the procedure of cell zooming. The CS is
a virtual entity in the network, which can be either
implemented in the gateway or distributed in the BSs or
between several BSs.
Energy consumption reduction in cellular networks can be
achieved by zooming in or zooming out the cells based on the
current traffic distribution. By adjusting the transmit power of
the base station, power can be saved and can be varied
dynamically.
3) Heterogeneous Networks
Heterogeneous networks are intelligent networks where
macro and micro BSs operate and cooperate in order to achieve
an optimal power control and QoS. The idea being that a BS
closer to mobile stations lowers the required transmit power
due to advantageous path loss conditions. The main concept of
heterogeneous network (HetNet) is the operators’ deployment
of the cooperation between macro layer and “intelligent pico
cells” or femto cells to function together with the Macro layer.
In order to provide the best capacity and coverage possible,
a combination of large and small cells (macro/ micro/ femto/
pico) is required.
B. Previous Works
Recently, many research papers have investigated network
architecture based solutions to reduce power consumption in
cellular networks. Intelligent network deployment strategies
where using small, low power base station are believed to
decrease the power consumption compared to high power
macro base stations. In [4], different heterogeneous networks
are investigated in the context of energy efficiency for both
uniform and non-uniform scenarios, taking into account the
effect of cell radius, various BSs types and number of
additional BSs on network power consumption.
In [5], a semi-dynamic green resource management
mechanism was proposed to minimize BSs energy
consumption and also to satisfy rate requirement of each MS
for the downlink of a cloud-assisted HetNet. The authors made
use of the scalability of system configurations such that green
resource management can be employed by flexibly switching
off some unnecessary hardware components, especially for off-
peak traffic scenarios. A green communication in a multi-
operator heterogeneous wireless medium was investigated in
[6]. The proposed decentralized downlink radio resource
allocation mechanism guaranteed mutual benefits in power
saving among different service providers. Cooperation among
different networks is favored only if it results in a win-win
situation among the service providers.
The authors in [7] aimed to optimize energy efficiency of
HetNets by introducing several levels of sleep depths.
Coverage probability and average achievable rate in
heterogeneous wireless networks are derived with different
sleep modes for small cells using stochastic geometry-based.
In [8], cluster-based approach for maximizing the energy
efficiency of wireless small cell networks was proposed. A
dynamic mechanism is proposed to group locally coupled
small cell base stations into clusters based on location and
traffic load. Within each formed cluster, BSs coordinate their
transmission parameters to minimize a cost function which
captures the tradeoffs between energy efficiency and flow level
performance, while satisfying their users’ quality-of-service
requirements. Clusters also will compete with one another in
order to improve the overall network’s energy efficiency.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM MODEL
Let us consider a cellular network, where cells are
deployed in a circular form, with a central macro cell
consisting of micro cells and pico cells. Base stations are
located at the center of the cells and have omni-directional
antennas. At the normal case, all micro BSs are using the same
transmit power and the same radius of coverage, same for pico
BSs. Micro BSs are uniformly distributed in the cells, but pico
BSs are distributed randomly in a specified region.
A. Power Consumption Models
For a better understanding on how the power will be
optimized, and since the power computations for large
networks is expensive or unfeasible, we present models of
power consumption for HetNets base stations (macro, micro
and pico BSs).

1) Macro Base Station Modeling
Macro base stations provide a large area of coverage within
a mobile network. Therefore the macro base station power
consumption mainly depends on the size of the area covered
as well as the degree of coverage required. They usually cover
areas with radius from about 1000m to 5000m with more than
90% coverage [9]. The relation between power consumption
and the radiated power and the number of users or the cell
load using the linear model of the form:
The parameter αB accounts for power consumption that
scales with the radiated power due to cooling, power supply
and signal processing as well as amplifier and feeder loss, this
parameter is similar to PPEQ in macro BSs. The parameter bB
models the power which is consumed independently of the
transmit power due to power supply, cooling and signal
processing. This parameter is equivalent to PSTQUV in macro
base station. is a variable parameter that varies with the
radius of the cell. Table III shows the relation between the
radiated power, cell zooming and the power consumed:

_ = + ; (1) Table III. Different Zoom Level, Radiated Power and Coverage for the Micro
Base Station.
= + . ; (2)
Coverage 50m 100m 200m 400m 500m
! "# $%& ' (
= )."
; (3)
PTX 5mw 210mw 4.1w 8.4w 10.25 W
Ptotsect ! 1+ αmacro ( Zooming
_ = Pfixed + + αmacro . Ptax . (4) 25% 50% 100% 200% 250%
0.12 level

Where denotes the fixed power consumed that scales

3) Pico Base Station Modeling
with the cell load and it equals to 395.56 W and
Besides macro and micro BSs, pico cells are designed to
= 354.44 W. _ denotes the total power consumed by serve very small area such as part of a building, a street
the base station which is equal to the sum of and corner, malls and railway stations. These BSs require much
that denotes the power consumption that scales with the cell smaller power since they normally cover area with a cell
load. denotes the power amplifier that has a significant radius of 100m. Power consumption model of pico BSs is
portion of the energy consumed, since sufficient power is represented in Eq. 5 where a pico BS with a cell radius of 100
needed to reach distant terminals. ? ? denotes the m, we consider aB = 5.5 and bB = 38 W:
average power radiated to cover a specific area. This
parameter varies proportionally with the radius of the covered _ = !5.5 × ?Z + 38(, (6)
area.
where ?Z is the radiated power of pico BS.
Table I shows the power consumption percentage of each
element in the BS.
IV. PROGREEN ALGORITHM
Table I. Power Consumption Percentage of Macro Base Station Components.
Our ProGreen algorithm takes into consideration three
Air Signal Power Power major functions that help in the simulation which are the
Component
Conditioning Processing Amplifier Supply
Power
speed, the direction and the time remaining in a cell.
10%-25% 5%-10% 50%-80% 5%-10%
consumption
A. Speed of the Mobile Station
The speed of a mobile station is a very important scalar in
Table II shows all the values needed for calculating the ProGreen algorithm; it defines the rate of change of the
P@ABC_DE@FA in the macro base station [10]: user’s position with respect to time and it is used with a
certain threshold, 5 m/s. The speed function takes many
Table II. Different Zoom Level, Radiated Power and Coverage for the Macro parameters, the old and new locations in Cartesian system (x,
Base Station. y) of the MS, the time difference between these positions and
Coverage 400 m 600m 800m 1km the previous speed of the MS if it exists.
_! ` ab e e
GHIHJKLM cd( # !f` a bf cd (
17w 25w 33w 40w \] = ^. 5 + 0.5\ g . (7)
Zooming level 40 % 60% 80% 100%
The equation above calculates the average cumulative
speed of the user where \] is the velocity of the user and since
2) Micro Base Station Modeling
it takes the previous speed which is also calculated by the
Micro BSs usually cover smaller area with a cell radius
same equation. In the first speed calculation for the new user
between 100m and 250m [11], therefore these micro BSs
\ g is treated as zero.
require much smaller power consumption than macro cells.
The power consumption model of micro base stations is given B. Direction of the Mobile Station
by Same as for the speed, the direction of a MS plays an
= !N . + O (. (5) important role in connecting the user to the most suitable BS.
_
The algorithm uses Eq. 8 to determine the direction of the user
which is an angle!h( between 0 and 360 degrees.
h = 0.5 ∗ h) + 0.5 ∗ jNkb" !l −l ,o −o
m g m g
The direction function takes the old and the new locations
of the user to determine which direction the MS is going to. It
also takes the previous angle h) of the user if it exists and
calculates the average between them.
C. Time Remaining of the Mobile Station in the Cell
The connection time in the algorithm is a very important
value besides the amount of the consumed power. Velocity of
the user and the direction of the MS are used to compute the
time remaining of any user in the current cell. Once the time
remaining in the cell is known, it is compared to a certain
threshold and the algorithm decides whether to connect the
MS to the current BS or to any other BS.
The function takes into consideration the cell radius, the
location of the MS towards the base station and user’s
velocity. It first computes the angle between the MS and the
base station according to their locations in the cell and the
distance in Eq. 9 is calculated using this angle. Then, the time
remaining in the cell will be the distance divided by the user
speed. Fig. 1 shows the movement of the user in the cell.
Fig. 1. Example of Movement of Mobile Station in the Cell.
In the figure, p is the location of the BS, the MS is located
at C, and its location is considered to be known. q1 is the cell
radius. The line CF represents the present trajectory of MS.
Since we know distances d1, R1 and angle θ, the equation
below can be used to obtain CF which is the remaining
distance in the cell [12]:
rs = t1 u^v θ ± _!q1 − t1 vyk o(.
Finally, the time remaining in the cell will be as follows:
z{
j= . (10)
D. Proactive Algorithm: ProGreen
ProGreen algorithm focuses on all the users’ locations and
(. (8) movements inside a network in order to serve them in a best
way with lowest possible power consumption and is based on
estimating the MS velocity from the received signal in cellular
networks. Such interest is due to the fact that significant
improvements in the performance of wireless communication
systems are possible if the MS speed is known. Therefore,
when a new user enters the network; this algorithm will be
triggered and will start its first phase, which is calculating the
speed of the MS. Then the second phase where a comparison
will take place so the MS can be connected to the best BS.
1) First Phase
In the first phase, a new method is proposed for estimating
the velocity of mobile stations, the basic idea is to avoid
several types of handoff calls that unnecessarily occupy extra
power consumption by considering the relative mobility of the
user.
The MS speed is determined using the well-known
relationship between the distances taking into consideration
the direction and the differences in time. However, an
important feature within a cellular network is that the location
of a user can be determined.
As long as the cell-phone is powered on, the location of
the MS can always be traced to at least the cell from which it
is receiving signal from the cellular network. Such network-
based methods of estimating the location of a user is useful to
calculate the exact distances that the user is moving. This
paper investigates the accuracy of using cellular network BS
information for estimating the velocity of user, through
quantities analysis of BS data, where we can get the location
of each user at a specific time. Thus, depending on the data
that we get from the base station and using Eq. 7 we can get
an approximate value of velocity for a certain user.
According to the user’s speed, we classify the users into
two categories. First category is below a velocity threshold
where there are three optional BSs to connect to it
(macro/micro/pico). For instance, we assume the velocity
threshold is 5m/s for urban areas. Second category is above
the velocity threshold where there are only two optional BSs
(macro/micro) because pico cells coverage is very small
comparing to high speeds (i.e., v>5m/s). The basic idea behind
this discrimination is to reduce the possibility of handoff calls.
Thus, calculating the average velocity of the MS as
primary criteria will help in reducing the number of available
(optional) BSs, and this will lead to power consumption
reduction through minimizing the handoff calls. Fig. 2 below
illustrates steps of this phase in a flow chart.
(9)
2) Second Phase
After calculation of the user speed and classifying him into
one of the two categories explained above, the MS will
proceed to the second phase where it will be connected to a
BS with the lowest power consumption with respect to the
remaining time of the MS in the cell. In this phase of the
algorithm all BSs will be sorted in an ascending order based
on the extra power consumed per user for each available BSs,
where the energy consumption calculation will take place
using Eq. 5.
Fig. 2. The First Phase of the Proactive Algorithm.
A comparison between connecting the MS to the
macro/micro/pico will be performed in order to take the
optimum decision for the whole network; the BS with the
minimum value will be selected. A BS will enter the sorting
procedure if and only if there is a possibility to cover the
location of the MS at its maximum zooming level, and the BS
capacity status is able to accept any new user. Based on this
decision, the BS will remain in the available BSs list or will be
eliminated and the algorithm will move to its next state.
One of the major points to note in this phase is the
computation of the distance between the BS and the MS
before sorting the BSs whether or not that new MS is able to
connect to it in an optimized energy consumption connection.
Since choosing the distance between the MS and the BS as a
primary criterion will help in reducing the number of BSs in
the list which in turn leads to additional power consumption
reduction.
Defining this point as primary criteria for a BS will
optimize the performance of the proposed algorithm
regardless of the BS cell load since it is shown in the previous
section that the micro BS power consumption will increase
more when it zooms out than when its cell load increases.
Thus, the distance measured between the MS and the BS at its
current zooming level has significant rule to obtain an
optimized energy consumption connection.
Fig. 3 shows the steps of this phase:
• Step 1: Compute the extra power consumed per MS for
all the available cells.
• Step 2: Choose the BS with the minimum power
consumption.
• Step 3: Calculate the time remaining of the user in the
selected cell.
• Step 4: Compare the time remaining with a threshold Tth
(i.e., 5 seconds). If the remaining time is above the
threshold, connect the MS to this cell.
• Step 5: Else, find out whether the selected cell is able to
zoom out. If yes, go to Step 1.
• Step 6: Else, go to Step 2 and choose the next base station
where the current base station is eliminated from the list
of sorted base stations.
Here, we will use BS information for estimating the
direction and speed of MS. According to the direction and
speed of MS we can obtain the time remaining of a MS in a
cell. Once the time remaining in the cell is known, it is
compared to a certain threshold and the algorithm decides
whether to connect the MS to the current base station or to
zoom out the selected cell if possible.
Fig. 3. The Second Phase of the Proactive Algorithm.
If it is possible for the selected cell to zoom out, the
algorithm will start from the beginning (second phase only),
and BSs will be sorted again in an ascending order based on
the extra power consumed per user for each available BSs
taking into consideration the new coverage of the selected cell
after zooming out. This new zooming level of the selected cell
may lead to power consumption for the whole network higher
than the power consumption caused by connecting the MS to
adjacent BS. Therefore comparing extra power consumed per
user after zooming out the current BS is mandatory to have an
optimal decision.
In case there is no possibility for the selected cell to cover
the location of the MS and it reaches its maximum zooming
level, the selected BS will be eliminated from the list of
available BSs and the algorithm will move on the next
minimum extra power consumed per user.
V. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
We consider a macro BS with radius q = 1 km in its
normal state (without zooming) and a maximum number of
users | =500. The micro BSs each of radius q = 200 m
in the normal state and a maximum number of users } =50
each, and the pico BSs each of radius q = 100 m in the
normal state and a maximum number of users ƞ =20 each.
Furthermore, we assume that users are randomly distributed
inside the network. Two different scenarios will be discussed
hereafter to show how “ProGreen” can reduce the total energy
consumption of the different BSs in the network.
Using Matlab (R2014a), we will compare our new
algorithm “ProGreen” which is based on choosing the lowest
power consumption of the available BSs in the network taking
into consideration the velocity, direction and time remaining
of the MS in a cell, with another the “Nearest algorithm”,
which connects each MS to the nearest BS (macro, micro or
pico) regardless from the MS’s speed or direction.
A. Scenario 1: Simulations without Mobility
We simulate “Nearest” and “ProGreen” algorithms and
compare the power consumed by each algorithm for different
number of k users up to k = 200. In this scenario, there is no
need to test the velocity and remaining time of the MSs
because they are not moving. Simulation has been performed
in order to ensure the consistency and the sustainability of
“ProGreen” algorithm over the “Nearest” algorithm. The
configuration parameters of this simulation were adjusted to
repeat the algorithm for 200 users where for each user the total
power consumption of the system is recorded, and the average
of these total power consumptions for the two algorithms is
plotted in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Power Consumption for ProGreen and "Nearest" algorithm with 50
Pico Cells
As shown in Fig. 4, the power consumption at 100 users is
925W for the “Nearest” algorithm, and for “ProGreen”
algorithm the power is 660W. Therefore, “ProGreen”
algorithm reduced the power consumption with savings of
265W (decrease of 28% approximately). One additional
simulation has been performed in this case in order to ensure
the reduction of total power consumption of the cellular
network using the “ProGreen” algorithm by increasing the
number of pico BSs, and the average of these total power
consumption for different number of pico BSs is plotted in
Fig. 5.
It can be seen that our “ProGreen” algorithm consumes
less power than the “Nearest” algorithm, because the
“ProGreen” algorithm depends on connecting the MS to the
base station with the minimum power. In the second
simulation, it is clear that when increasing the number of pico
cells in the network less power is achieved, that is because
pico BS consumes less power than micro and macro BSs.
Fig. 5. Power Consumption of ProGreen in Terms of the Number of Pico BSs
B. Scenario 2: Simulations with Mobility
We simulate for a number of k=200 users, by changing the
positions of the 200 MSs and comparing the number of
handovers for the “Nearest” and “ProGreen” algorithms for
different average MSs velocities ranging from for • = 0m/s to
20m/s. The simulation starts by connecting the 200 MSs to the
BS similarly to Scenario 1 for each algorithm then we begin to
move the same MSs and determine whether a handover to
another BS for each MS is needed or not.
In the case of the “Nearest” algorithm, we take the average
velocity of MSs into consideration because this algorithm
connects the MSs to the nearest BS according to their new
locations. Therefore, there is no need to calculate the
remaining time for the MS in the connected cell. The zooming
level of micro and macro cells is also important for this
algorithm.
For the “ProGreen” algorithm, we take into account the
speed, the direction and the remaining time of the MS in the
cell. These parameters track and estimate the future movement
of the MS. After knowing the new position, the speed, the
direction of the MS and the remaining time can be calculated.
If the remaining time of the MS in the current cell is less than
five seconds (threshold remaining time), a handover will
occur. In this case, “ProGreen” algorithm also considers the
zooming level for micro and macro cells same as for the
“Nearest” algorithm. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the average
number of handovers for both algorithms when increasing the
velocity from 0m/s to 20m/s for 100 MSs and 200 MSs
respectively. When simulating over 100 MSs, the average
number of handovers for the “Nearest” algorithm is 18 HOs
when v = 20m/s, while the average number of handovers for
the “ProGreen” algorithm is 15 HOs for the same velocity.
For 200 MSs, Fig. 7 shows that the average number of
handovers for the “Nearest” algorithm is 33 HOs when v = 20
m/s, while for “ProGreen” algorithm the average number of
handovers is only 25 HOs for the same velocity.
Fig. 6. Average Number of Handovers in Terms of Velocity for 100 Mobiles
Fig. 7. Average Number of Handovers in Terms of Velocity for 200 Mobiles
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Currently, the information and communication technology
ICT sector is facing a serious challenge related to the
increasing power consumption due to the continuous
deployment of new base stations in order to respond to the
traffic demand around the world. In this paper, we have
reviewed the concept of heterogeneous networks and some
techniques that treat these challenges such as sleep modes and
cell zooming. Then, we have proposed our optimization
algorithm “ProGreen” that takes into consideration the user
mobility in the network and benefits by previously developed
techniques such as cell zooming and cells sleep mode. Our
algorithm achieved good reduction in the power consumed by
the different BSs and also a decrease in the number of needed
handovers in a network with micro and pico cells installed
within the macro base station.
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