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CS6304 QB
CS6304 QB
2 MARKS
UNIT 1
1. Define noise
Noise is an unwanted electrical signal which gets added tom a transmitted signal
when it is travelling towards the receiver
2. Define noise figure
Noise figure is a figure of merit and used to indicate how much the signal to noise
ratio gets degraded as a signal passes through a series of circuits
3. What is meant by analog communication system?
The modulation systems or techniques in which one of the characteristics of the
carrier is changed in proportion with the instantaneous value of modulating signal
is called analog communication system.
4. Define modulation
Modulation is defined as changing the characteristics of the carrier signal with
respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.
5. What are the needs for modulation
In order to carry the low frequency message signal to a longer distance, the high
frequency carrier signal is combined with it.
a) Reduction in antenna height
b) Long distance communication
c) Ease of radiation
d) Multiplexing
e) Improve the quality of reception
f) Avoid mixing up of other signals
6. What are the advantages of Analog communications
Transmitters and Receivers are simple
Low bandwidth requirement
FDM can be used
7. What are the disadvantages of analog communication?
Noise affects the signal quality
It is not possible to separate noise and signal
Repeaters can’t be used between transmitters and receivers
Coding is not possible
It is not suitable for the transmission of secret information
8. Define Amplitude modulation.
Amplitude Modulation is defined as changing the amplitude of the carrier signal
with respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.
9. Define Frequency modulation.
Frequency Modulation is defined as changing the frequency of the carrier signal
with respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.
10. Define Phase modulation.
Phase Modulation is defined as changing the phase of the carrier signal with
respect to the instantaneous change in message signal.
11. Define modulation index
It is defined as ratio of amplitude of the message signal to the amplitude of the
carrier signal
m=Em/Ec
12. Define percentage modulation
It s defined as the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave whn the
carrier is acted on by a modulating signal
M=(Em/Ec)*100
DR= f (max)/fm(max)
UNIT 2
Digital Modulation is defined as changing the amplitude of the carrier signal with
respect to the binary information or digital signal.
2. What are the advantages of Digital communications
It has a better noise immunity
Repeaters can be used between transmitters and receivers
It becomes simpler and cheaper as compared to the analog communication
3. What are the disadvantages of Digital communications
It requires a larger channel bandwidth
Delta modulation needs synchronization incase of synchronous modulation
4. Define bit rate
Bit rate is defined as number of bits transmitted during one second between the
transmitter and receiver.
5. Define baud rate.
Baud rate is defined as the rate of change of signal on transmission medium after
encoding and modulation have occurred.
6. Define Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
Amplitude Shift Keying is defined as changing the amplitude of the carrier signal
with respect to the binary information or digital signal.
7. Define Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).
Frequency Shift Keying is defined as changing the amplitude of the carrier signal
with respect to the binary information or digital signal.
8. Define Phase Shift Keying (PSK).
10. Define Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM).
QAM is a form of digital modulation similar to PSK except the digital
information is contained in both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted
carrier.
(or)
QAM is defined as changing the amplitude as well as the frequency of the carrier
signal with respect to the binary information or digital signal.
11. Define bandwidth efficiency
Bandwidth efficiency is the ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum
bandwidth required for a particular modulation
12. What are the advantages of MSK?
MSK baseband waveform are smoother compared with QPSK
MSK signals have continuous phase
It does not have any amplitude variation
13. What are the advantages of QPSK?
Very good noise immunity
Effective utilization of available bandwidth
Low error probability
Phase Shift Keying is defined as changing the amplitude of the carrier signal with
respect to the binary information or digital signal.
9. Define Minimum Shift Keying (MSK).
The minimum frequency space that allows the 2 fsk representing symbols 0s and
1s. Thus CP (Continuous Phase) FSK signal with a deviation ratio if one half is
defined as MSK.
Very high bit rate data transmission
UNIT 3
1. What is meant by data communication
Data communication can be defined as two personal computers connected through
a Public Telecommunication Network (PTN)
A key which turned the carrier of a transmitter ON and OFF to produce the dots and
dashes
information is transferred between a main frame computer and a remote computer
terminal
6. What is multipoint communication?
A multipoint line configuration is one in which more than two specific devices
share a single link
7. Define Morse code.
It is used to send messages
These dots and dashes were detected at the receiver and it is converter back into
letters and numbers makes the original message
8. What are the different types of error detection techniques?
a. Redundancy
b. Echoplex
c. Exact count encoding
d. Parity
e. Check sum
f. Vertical Redundancy Check
g. Horizontal Redundancy Check
h. Cyclic Redundancy Check
9. What is meant by Forward Error Correction (FEC)?
FEC, a receiver can use an error correcting code, which automatically
correct
certain errors without any retransmissions
In FEC, bits are added to the message before the transmission
Purpose of FEC code is to reduce the wasted time of retransmission
10. Define Pulse Amplitude modulation
fs>=2fm
UNIT 4
1. Define entropy
The entropy of a source is a measure of the average amount of information per
source symbol in a long message
2. What is meant by variable length coding?
The message occurring frequently can be assigned short code words,
whereas message which occur rarely are assigned long code word, such coding is
called variable length coding
3. Define source encoder
UNIT 5
2. For equal intervals of time a satellite will sweep out equal areas in orbital plane
3. The square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the cube of the mean
distance between the primary and the satellite
14. What are the links in satellite communication?
i) Uplink
ii) Downlink
iii) Crosslink
15. Define apogee
The point in an orbit that is located farthest from earth
16. Define perigee
The point in an orbit that is located closest to earth
17. Define Handoff.
When a user/call moves to a new cell, then a new base station and new channel should
be assigned (handoff)
• Handoffs should be transparent to users, while their number should be
kept to minimum
• A threshold in the received power (Pr, handoff) should be determined to
trigger the handoff process. This threshold value should be larger than the
minimum acceptable received power (Pr, acceptable)
• Define: Δ=Pr,handoff - Pr,acceptable
– If Δ is large then too many handoffs
– If Δ is small then insufficient time to complete a handoff.
Part B 16 MARKS
UNIT 1
1.(i) What is the principle of Amplitude modulation? Derive expression for the AM wave
and draw its spectrum. (8)
(ii) Describe the frequency analysis of Angle modulated waves. Explain their Bandwidth
requirements. (8)
(ii) Explain the principle of Angle Modulation. Derive and explain phase deviation,
Modulation index, frequency deviation and percent modulation. (8)
4)(i) Define modulation index for FM and PM and obtain the relation between modulation
(ii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of angle modulation with amplitude
modulation (8)
5) (i) Compare FM and AM. (12)
(ii) The phase deviation constant in a phase modulation system is K = 0.01 rad/v. Calculate
the maximum phase deviation when a modulating signal of 10 V is applied? (4)
6) In angle modulation, explain frequency deviation, percent modulation, phase deviation and
modulation index with suitable example.
7) (i) Derive the expression for a Amplitude Modulated wave and draw its spectrum. (10)
(ii) Obtain a relationship between carrier and side band powers in an AM DSBFC wave and
explain how power distribution takes place in AM DSB FC system. (6)
8) (i) Define modulation index for FM and PM and obtain the relation between modulation
index and modulating signal for FM and PM.
(ii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of angle modulation with amplitude
modulation.
(ii) Derive the relationship between the voltage amplitudes of the side band frequencies and
the carrier and draw the frequency spectrum. (8)
(ii) Obtain a relationship between carrier and sideband powers in an AM DSBFC wave
and explain how power distribution takes place in AM DSBFC system. (6)
UNIT 2
1. (i) Draw FSK Transmitter and explain. Describe its Bandwidth Considerations. (8)
(ii) For a BPSK modulator with a Carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an input bit rate of 10
Mbps, determine the maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequencies, draw the
output spectrum, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and calculate the baud
(Assume f= 5MHz)
2) (i) Draw and explain the operations of Non-coherent and coherent FSK modulators. (8)
(ii) Draw QPSK modulator and explain. Describe its Bandwidth considerations. (8)
(ii) Write short notes on the spectrum and bandwidth of FSK. (6)
(ii) Explain the eyepattern in base band digital transmission with a neat diagram. (8)
7) (i) Describe with neat diagram, the operation of a QPSK modulator. Draw its phasor and
constellation diagram. (10)
9) Draw the block diagram of FSK receiver and explain the operation. Determine the : (i)
peak frequency deviation (ii) minimum bandwidth (iii) baud for FSK signal with a mark
frequency of 49 kHz, space frequency of 51 kHz, and input bit rate of 2 kbps.
10) Draw the block diagram of QPSK modulator and explain its operation. For QPSK
modulator, construct the truth table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram.
11) What is known as Binary phase shift keying? Discuss in detail the BPSK transmitter and
Receiver and also obtain the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth.
12) (i) Illustrate the concept of 8 QAM transmitter with the truth table. (8)
(ii) What is the need for carrier Recovery? Explain the Costas loop method of carrier
recovery. (8)
UNIT 3
2. (i) Explain the elements of PCM system with a neat block diagram. (12)
3. (i) Draw the block diagram of a PCM transmitter and explain the function of each block.
(6)
(ii) What are the types of sampling? Explain the operation of the sample and hold circuit. (10)
4.Explain in detail about serial(RS 232) and parallel interface
5. Error detection and correction codes (most important for detection :-redundancy checking
and parity checking,CRC)
UNIT 4
10. Consider (6, 3) linear block code with generator matrix ***
G=
UNIT 5
2. Explain the two common multiple access technique for wireless communication.
4. (i) Explain the principle of DSSS with coherent binary PSK. (8)
(ii) Compare between the TDMA and CDMA wireless communication systems.
5. (i) Give a detail account of the different types of multiple access techniques. (10)
(ii) Describe with block diagram, DS SS binary PSK spread spectrum system. (8)
(ii) List the advantages of CDMA over TDMA multiple access scheme.(6)
9.GSM
10.SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
11. BLUETOOTH