Double-headed eagle

In heraldry and vexillology, the double-headed eagle is a charge associated

with the concept of Empire. Most modern uses of the symbol are directly or
indirectly associated with its use by the Roman/Byzantine Empire, whose
use of it represented the Empire's dominion over the Near East and the West.
The symbol is much older, and its original meaning is debated among
scholars. The eagle has long been a symbol of power and dominion.

The double-headed eagle motif appears to have its ultimate origin in the
Ancient Near East, especially in Hittite iconography. It re-appeared during
the High Middle Ages, from circa the 10th or 11th century, and was notably Russian imperial eagle, Saint Petersburg
used by the Byzantine Empire, but 11th or 12th century representations have
also been found originating from Islamic Spain, France and the Serbian
principality of Raška. From the 13th century onward, it became even more
widespread, and was used by theSeljuk Sultanate of Rumand the Mamluk Sultanate
within the Islamic world, and by the Holy Roman Empire, Serbia and Russia within
the Christian world.

Used during the late Byzantine Empire as a dynastic emblem of the Palaiologoi, it
was adopted during the late Medieval to Early Modern period in the Holy Roman
Ministry of War, Vienna
Empire on one hand, and in Orthodox principalities Serbia and Russia on the other,
representing an augmentation of the (single-headed) eagle or Aquila associated with
the Roman Empire.

In a few places, among them the Holy Roman Empire and Russia, the motif was further augmented to create the less prominent
triple-headed eagle.

Contents
Ancient Near East
Middle Ages
Byzantine Empire
Adoption in the Muslim world
Adoption in Christian Europe
Early Modern use
Serbia
Russia
Holy Roman Empire
Mysore
Albania
Modern use
Sports clubs insignia
Gallery of flags and coats of arms
See also
References
External links
Ancient Near East
Polycephalous mythological beasts are very frequent in the Bronze Age to Iron Age pictorial legacy of the Ancient Near East,
especially in the Assyrian sphere, and thence adopted by the Hittites. Use of the double-headed eagle in Hittite imagery has been
interpreted as "royal insignia".[1] A monumental Hittite relief of a double-headed eagle grasping two hares is found at the eastern pier
of the Sphinx Gate at Alaca Hüyük.[2]

Middle Ages
After the Bronze Age collapse, there is a gap of more than two millennia before the re-appearance of the double-headed eagle motif.
The earliest occurrence in the context of the Byzantine Empire appears to be on a silk brocade dated to the 10th century, which was,
however, likely manufactured in Islamic Spain;[3] similarly early examples, from the 10th or 11th century, are from Bulgaria[4] and
from France.[5]

Byzantine Empire
The early Byzantine Empire continued to use the (single-headed)
imperial eagle motif. The double-headed eagle appears only in the
medieval period, by about the 10th century in Byzantine art,[3] but as
an imperial emblem only much later, during the final century of the
Palaiologos dynasty. In Western European sources, it appears as a
.[6]
Byzantine state emblem since at least the 15th century

A modern theory, forwarded by Zapheiriou (1947), connected the

introduction of the motif to EmperorIsaac I Komnenos (1057–1059),
whose family originated in Paphlagonia. Zapheiriou supposed that
the Hittite motif of the double-headed bird, associated with the The double-headed eagle
Paphlagonian city of Gangra (where it was known as Haga, Χάγκα) device used by John VIII Double-headed eagles
might have been brought to Byzantium by theKomnenoi.[7] Palaiologos (r. 1425–1448) on imperial vestments
of Empress Theodora
Kantakouzene, from
the Golden Bull of
Alexios III of
Trebizond, mid-14th
century.

Adoption in the Muslim world

The double-headed eagle motif was adopted in the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Turkic beyliks of medieval Anatolia in the early
13th century. A royal association of the motif is suggested by its appearance on the keystone of an arch of the citadel built at Ikonion
(Konya) under Kayqubad I (r. 1220–1237).[8] The motif also appears on Turkomen coins of this era, notably on coins minted under
Artuqid ruler Nasir al-Din Mahmud ofHasankeyf (r. 1200–1222).[9]

Later in the 13th century, the motif was also adopted in Mamluk Egypt;[10] it is notably found on the pierced-globe handwarmer
[11] and in a stone relief on the walls of theCairo Citadel.[12]
made for Mamluk amir Badr al-Din Baysari (c. 1270),
 Nasreddin Mahmud's mint
dirham, 619 AH (1213/4
A double-headed
CE)
eagle relief, 13th-
century
(Seljuk/Ayyubid
period) architectural
A bicephalous bird fragment found at
ornament in a relief of Konya
the Divriği Great
Mosque and Hospital
(13th century)

Adoption in Christian Europe

Adoption of the double-headed eagle in Serbia, Russia and in the Holy Roman empire begins still in the medieval period, possibly as
early as the 12th century, but widespread use begins after the fall of Constantinople, in the late 15th century
.

The oldest preserved depiction of a double-headed eagle in Serbia is the one found in the donor portrait of Miroslav of Hum in the
Church of St. Peter and Paul in Bijelo Polje, dating to 1190. The double-headed eagle in the Serbian royal coat of arms is well
attested in the 13th and 14th centuries.[13]

An exceptional medieval depiction of a double-headed eagle in the west, attributed to Otto IV, is found in a copy of the Chronica
Majora of Matthew of Paris (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Parker MS 16 fol. 18, 13th century).

In Russian principalities, the two-headed eagle symbol is known since time of Jani Beg khan of the Golden Horde (1342–1357), who
was actively participating in internal politics of Russian principalities, and was stamping his coins with symbol of two-headed eagle.

Drawing of the double- First double-headed Seal of Ivan III of Russia

headed eagle as shown eagle as Reichsadler, (1472)
in the donor portrait of from Chronica Majora (c.
Miroslav of Hum in Bijelo 1250)
Polje (1190)

Early Modern use

Serbia
In Serbia, the Nemanjić dynasty adopted a double-headed eagle by the 14th century (recorded
by Angelino Dulcert 1339). The double-headed eagle was used in several coats of arms found in
the Illyrian Armorials, compiled in the early modern period. The white double-headed eagle on
a red shield was used for the Nemanjić dynasty, and the Despot Stefan Lazarević. A "Nemanjić
eagle" was used at the crest of the Hrebeljanović (Lazarević dynasty), while a half-white half-
red eagle was used at the crest of the Mrnjavčević. Use of the white eagle was continued by the
modern Karađorđević, Obrenović and Petrović-Njegoš ruling houses.

The Nemanjić coat of arms

as depicted in the Fojnica
Armorial(based on the
Ohmućević Armorial, late
16th century).

Russia
After the fall of Byzantium the use of two-headed eagle symbols spread to Grand Duchy of
Moscow after Ivan III's second marriage (1472) to Zoe Palaiologina (a niece of the last
Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, who reigned 1449-1453),[14] The last prince
of Tver, Mikhail III of Tver (1453–1505), was stamping his coins with two-headed eagle
symbol. The double-headed eagle remained an important motif in the heraldry of the imperial
families of Russia (the House ofRomanov (1613-1762)).

The double-headed eagle was a main element of the coat of arms of the Russian Empire
(1721-1917), modified in various ways from the reign of Ivan III (1462–1505) onwards, with
the shape of the eagle getting its definite Russian form during the reign of Peter the Great Coat of arms of Ivan the
(1682–1725). It continued in Russian use until abolished (being identified with Tsarist rule) Terrible (1589)
with the Russian Revolution in 1917; it was restored in 1993 after that year's constitutional
crisis and remains in use up to the present, although the eagle charge on the present coat of
arms is golden rather than the traditional, imperial black.

Holy Roman Empire

Use of a double-headed Imperial Eagle, improved from the single-headed Imperial Eagle used in the high medieval period, became
current in the 15th to 16th centuries. The double-headed Reichsadler was in the coats of arms of many German cities and aristocratic
families in the early modern period. A distinguishing feature of the Holy Roman eagle was that it was often depicted with
haloes.

After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the double-headed eagle was retained by the Austrian Empire, and served
also as the coat of arms of the German Confederation. The German states of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-
Sondershausen continued to use the double-headed eagle as well until they were abolished shortly after the First World War, and so
did the Free City of Lübeck until it was abolished by the Nazi government in 1937. Austria, which switched to a single-headed eagle
after the end of the monarchy, briefly used a double-headed eagle – with haloes – once again when it was a one-party state 1934–
1938; this, too, was ended by the Nazi government. Since then, Germany and Austria, and their respective states, have not used
double-headed eagles.
 The Quaternion Eagle of the Emperor
Holy Roman Empire c. 1510 Maximilian with the
Flag used in Ravensburg, 1849
Imperial Banner, c.
1515

Mysore
The Gandaberunda is a bicephalous bird, not necessarily an eagle but very similar in design to the
double-headed eagle used in Western heraldry, used as a symbol by the Wadiyar dynasty of the
Kingdom of Mysore from the 16th century. Coins (gold pagoda or gadyana) from the rule of
Achyuta Deva Raya (reigned 1529–1542) are thought to be the first to use the Gandaberunda on
currency. An early instance of the design is found on a sculpture on the roof of the Rameshwara
temple in the temple town of Keladi in Shivamogga. The symbol was in continued use by the
Maharaja of Mysore into the modern period, and was adopted as the state symbol of the State of
Mysore (now Karnataka) after Indian independence.
Kingdom of Mysore

Albania
The Kastrioti family in Albania had a double-headed eagle as their emblem in the 14th and 15th
centuries. Some members of the Dukagjini family also used double-headed eagles, and a coalition
of Albanian states in the 15th century, later called the League of Lezhe, also used the Kastrioti eagle
as its flag. The current flag of Albania does feature a black two-headed eagle with a crimson
background.

Principality of Kastrioti

Modern use
Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and Russia have a double-headed eagle in their coat of arms. In 1912, Ismail Qemali raised a similar
version of that flag. The flag has gone through a lot of alterations, until 1992 when the current flag of Albania was introduced. The
double-headed eagle is now used as an emblem by a number of Orthodox Christian churches, including the Greek Orthodox Church
and the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania. In modern Greece it appears in official use in the Hellenic Army (Coat of Arms
of Hellenic Army General Staff) and the Hellenic ArmyXVI Infantry Division,[15]

The two-headed eagle appears, often as asupporter, on the modern and historicalarms and flags of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia, Austria (1934–1938), Albania, Armenia, Montenegro, the Russian Federation, Serbia. It was also used as a charge on the
Greek coat of arms for a brief period in 1925–1926.[16] It is also used in the municipal arms of a number of cities in Germany,
Netherlands and Serbia, the arms and flag of the city and Province ofToledo, Spain, and the arms of the town ofVelletri, Italy.
An English heraldic tradition, apparently going back to the 17th century, attributes coats of arms with double-headed eagles to the
Anglo-Saxon earls of Mercia, Leofwine and Leofric.[17] The design was introduced in a number of British municipal coats of arms in
the 20th century, such as the Municipal Borough of Wimbledon in London,[18] the supporters in the coat of arms of the city and
burgh of Perth, and hence in that of the district of Perth and Kinross (1975).[19] The motif is also found in a number of British family
coats of arms.[20] In Turkey, General Directorate of Security and the municipality of Diyarbakır have a double-headed eagle in their
coat of arms. The Double-Headed Eagle of Lagash is used as an emblem by the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry.[21] It was introduced
[22]
in France in the early 1760s as the emblem of the Kadosh degree.

Sports clubs insignia

Several sports clubs, mainly Greek and Turkish, have the double-headed eagle in their insignia. Some of them are: two football clubs
of Turkey, Erzurumspor and Konyaspor[23] and the Greek sport clubs AEK (Athletic Union of Constantinople) and (since 1929)
P.A.O.K. (Panthesalonikios Athletic club of Constantinople). The Greek clubs use this symbol since both were founded by Greek
refugees who fled to Greece from Constantinople in the 1920s.[24] It is also the emblem of the Dutch clubs NEC and Vitesse
Arnhem, the English football club AFC Wimbledon and Scottish side Saint Johnstone FC. The Gandaberunda insignia is used by the
Indian club Bengaluru FC in their logo.

Gallery of flags and coats of arms

Imperial Banner of the Habsburg Spain banner, German war ensign Coat of arms of the
Holy Roman Empire, as used by Charles I of 1848–1852 Austrian Empire (1815–
modern re-creation Spain and in Toledo arms 1867)
1516–1700

Flag of the Principality of Coat of arms of Serbia Coat of arms of the Coat of arms of the
Montenegro (1852) (1882–1918 and 2004–) Kingdom of Yugoslavia Russian Empire (1883–
which used the Serbian 1917)
double-headed eagle
(1918–1945)
 Flag of Albania (1912 Flag of Montenegro Emblem of the Russian Emblem of the Russian
and 1992–) (2004–) Republic of 1917 Republic of 1917

Badge of the Mercian Coat of arms of Perth, Flag used by the Greek Coat of arms of the
Brigade (1948–64) and Scotland[26] Orthodox church and Russian Federation
current badge of the Mount Athos since the (1993–)
Mercian Regiment later 20th century
reformed in 2007[25]

Kingdom of Lombardy– 1776 proposal for the Coat of arms of

Venetia (1815–1866), a Great Seal of the United Karnataka, India
crown land of the States with a double-
Austrian Empire headed eagle as the
symbol for German
Americans

See also
Oksoko
Eagle (heraldry)
Triple-headed eagle
Three-legged crow
Serbian eagle
Reichsadler
Gandaberunda
Coat of arms of Russia
 Coat of arms of Montenegro
Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire
Coat of arms of Austria-Hungary

References
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Iconography, ed. Derek B. Counts and Bettina Arnold, pp. 59-74.Main Series, Number 24, Archaeolingua
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2. Jesse D. Chariton, The Mesopotamian Origins of the Hittite Double-Headed Eagle(https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/JUR-o
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1261. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Y ork, 1997. 326f.
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95/Origin_and_Evolution_of_the_Greek_Flag)2018-05-03 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-960-571-242-6
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present"). Athens, Greece. pp. 21–22.. "Ο φωτισμένος αυτός Αυτοκράτορας καταγόταν από Οίκο της Παφλαγονίας,
όπου στην πόλη Γάγγρα υπήρχε ο θρύλος της ύπαρξης φτερωτού αετόμορφου και δικέφαλου θηρίου (γνωστού ως
Χάγκα), το οποίο και κοσμούσε το θυρεό του κτήματος της οικογένειάς του στην Καστάμονη." It is unclear where
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Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261 , Metropolitan Museum of Art (1997),p. 411
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ancients.info/islam.html)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160505160413/http://tjbuggey
.ancients.info/islam.h
tml) 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine. "B2272. ARTUQUIDS OF HISN KAYFA AND AMID, NASIR AL-DIN-
MAHMUD, 1200-1222 AD.AE Dirhem, Spengler/Sayles 15. 12.68 gm.Two headed eagle with wings spread
representing the astrological sign Gemini/Legend.Nice VF." Edgar L. Owen, TURKOMAN AND OTHER EARLY
WORLD COINS (http://edgarlowen.com/a43cw.shtml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160426130623/http://
edgarlowen.com/a43cw.shtml) 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Machine. Baldwin Islamic Coin Auction 18(https://www.b
aldwin.co.uk/media/cms/auction-archive/auction-ica18/Islamic%20Coin%20Auction%2018%20-%20part%20three.pd
f) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160512183333/https://www .baldwin.co.uk/media/cms/auction-archive/auc
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626–629.
10. Mamlūk Studies Review, Volume 8, p. 64.
11. Pierced Globe (Handwarmer made for Badr al-Din Baysari) c.1270(http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/fisher/record.htm
l?id=FISHER_n2001071486)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160507170405/http://dla.library .upenn.edu/dl
a/fisher/record.html?id=FISHER_n2001071486)2016-05-07 at the Wayback Machine London: British Museum 78
12-30 682.
12. The Cairo Citadel relief is of uncertain origin, and was likely moved to Cairo during the Mamluk period.
Nasser
Rabbat, "The Visual Milieu of the Counter-Crusade in Syria and Egypt" in: Khalil I.Semaan (ed.), The Crusades:
Other Experiences, Alternate Perspectives: Selected Proceedings from the 32nd Annual CEMERS Conference
(2003), p. 76 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8u8b3RbcJQUC&pg=P A76#v=onepage&q&f=false). Its heads are
missing, and its design is the origin of the (single-headed)Eagle
" of Saladin" introduced as a symbol of Egyptian
Republicanism in the 1950s.L. A. Meyer, Saracenic Heraldry (1933), p. 195, cited afterThe Flag Bulletin 24 (1985),
p. 44.
13. Atlagić, Marko (2009)."Određivanje nacionalnih heraldičkih simbola na primjeru Srba i Hrvata[Étude des symboles
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.jpg) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
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Σημαίες, Σήματα-Εμβλήματα) (in Greek). E. Kokkonis-G. Tsiveriotis. pp. 47, 51. ISBN 960-7795-01-6.
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External links
de Vries, Hubert (2011). "Two-Headed Eagle". Hubert Herald.
Velde, François (2005)."Heraldry in Byzantine?". Heraldica.
"Themes in Late Byzantine Art". Byzantium Faith and Power (1261-1557). Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived
from the original on May 29, 2004. "Note: Embroidered double-headed eagle on the podea of Paul, Patriarch of
Constantinople (late 14th century)"

"Altar Cloth or Podea (of Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople)"

. Met Museum. Gallery 303. Accession: 12.104.1.

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