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Energy and Environment
Energy and Environment
Earth's energy budget gives the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the
Sun and the energy Earth radiates back into outer space after having been distributed
throughout the five components of Earth's climate system (water, ice, atmosphere, rocky
crust and all living things ) .
Understanding the Earth's energy budget can help to predict future effects of global
warming, and to understand the various flows of energy on the Earth. Knowledge of
Earth's energy budget balances can provide insight into how the energy from the
Sun interacts with the atmosphere.
Renewable and non renewable energy sources
Renewable resources are those resources that can be replenished or renewed
naturally over time.
For example – Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy etc.
Non-renewable resources are those natural resources that are available in limited
quantity and these resources cannot be renewed or replenished in short duration.
Therefore they are also known as exhaustible resources.
Examples- coal, natural gas, petroleum etc.
Disadvantages –
Only few sites have the potential of Geothermal Energy.
Total generation potential of this source is too small.
Most of the sites, where geothermal energy is produced, are far from markets or
cities, where it needs to be consumed.
There is no guarantee that the amount of energy which is produced will justify the
capital expenditure and operations costs.
There is always a danger of eruption of volcano.
It may release some harmful, poisonous gases that can escape through the holes
drilled during construction.
Installation cost of steam power plant is very high.
Biofuels are fuels produced directly or indirectly from organic
material – biomass – including plant materials and animal waste.
1st Generation Biofuels
Produced from food crops.Corn, wheat, and sugar cane are the most commonly used
first generation biofuel feed stock. Most common first-generation biofuels include:
Biodiesel - extraction of vegetable oils, with or without esterification, from the seeds
of plants like soybean, rape (canola) and sunflower
Ethanol - fermentation of simple sugars from sugar crops (sugarcane) or starch crops
(corn, wheat)
Biogas - anaerobic fermentation of organic waste and crop residues as energy crops
Disadvantages:
Biofuels have a lower energy output than traditional fuels
Refining biofuels to more efficient energy outputs and building the necessary
manufacturing plants to increase biofuel quantities, a high initial investment is required
which makes its production currently more expensive.
Utilization of valuable croplands for growing fuel crops might cause food shortage.
Moreover, food crops used for biofuel production (like corn) raises the price of staple
food crop.
Massive quantities of water are required for proper irrigation of biofuel crops as well as
to manufacture the fuel, which could strain local and regional water resources.
Tidal energy, is a form of hydropower
that converts the energy of tides into
useful forms of power – mainly
electricity.
Tidal energy or tidal power is a form of
renewable energy obtained due to
alternating sea levels. The kinetic
energy from the natural rise and fall of
tides is harnessed and converted into
electricity. Tides are caused by the
combined gravitational forces of the
moon, sun, and earth but they are
influenced most by the moon. The high
and low tides create tidal currents,
which are essential in generation of this
kind of energy mostly prevalent in
coastal areas.
Tidal barrage is a tidal power generation method that work similar
to hydropower and have sluices that control the tidal flow to drive turbines and
generate electricity.
Tidal barrages are among the oldest methods of tidal power generation, with projects
being developed as early as the 1960s.
Benefits:
Such types of dams can be used not only to produce renewable energy, but also to
reduce flooding. They can be used to prevent flooding of low lying areas - areas that
already are at a high risk of flooding - by holding back or releasing water as necessary.
High predictability as high and low tides can be predicted years in advance
Demerits:
o Tidal barrages alter the flow of saltwater in and out of estuaries, which can alter the
quality of the seawater and thus negatively impact and displace marine life in the
area.
o High development cost of tidal barrage
These are underwater windmills which are consistent source of kinetic
energy caused by regular tidal cycles influenced by the phases of the
moon.
Tidal turbines are installed on the seabed at locations with high tidal
current velocities, or strong continuous ocean currents where they extract
energy from the flowing water.
Tidal Fence is tidal stream generator design that uses the movement of the ocean’s
currents, flows and streams created by this constant ebbing and flowing of the tides to
generate electricity
All the electrical generators, machinery and cabling can be kept high and dry above the
water line where they can be easily accessed for maintenance and repair.
Unlike tidal barrage, a tidal fence can be used in open tidal channels between the
mainland and a nearby island, or between two islands with sufficient tidal stream.
They are also able to generate electricity as individual modules connected together,
rather than just one complete installation as in the case of tidal barrage schemes.
Tidal Fence has much less impact on the environment than other forms of oceanic tidal
generation.
They are cheaper to install than tidal barrages
Advantages of tidal energy
It is a renewable energy resource because the energy it produces is
free and clean as no fuel is needed and no waste bi-products are
produced.
It is not expensive to operate and maintain compared to other forms
of renewable energies.
It has the potential to produce a great deal of free and green energy.
It causes low noise pollution as any sound generated is transmitted
through the water.
High predictability as high and low tides can be predicted years in
advance, unlike wind.
Tidal barrages provide protection against flooding and land damage.
Large tidal reservoirs have multiple uses and can create recreational
lakes and areas where before there were none.
Low visual impact as the tidal turbines are mainly if not totally
submerged beneath the water.
Disadvantages of tidal energy:
It requires a suitable site, where the tides and tidal streams are consistently strong
It is not always a constant energy source as it depends on the strength and flow of
the tides which themselves are effected by the gravitational effects of the moon and
the sun.
High power distribution costs to send the generated power from the submerged
devices to the land using long underwater cables.
Danger to fish and other sea-life as they get stuck in the barrage or sucked through
the tidal turbine blades.
Intermittent power generation, only generates power ten hours a day during the
ebb and flow of the tides
Must be able to withstand forces of nature resulting in high capital, construction
and maintenance costs
Changes to estuary ecosystem and an increase in coastal erosion where the tides
are concentrated.
Hydroelectricity is the form of energy
which is produced when moving water rotates a
turbine shaft and this movement is converted
to electricity with an electrical generator.
A typical hydro plant is a system with three parts:
an electric plant where the electricity is produced,
a dam that can be opened or closed to control water flow, and
a reservoir where water can be stored.
The water behind the dam flows through an intake and pushes against blades in a
turbine, causing them to turn. The turbine spins a generator to produce electricity. The
electricity can be transported through long-distance electric lines to homes, factories,
and businesses.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Nuclear power produces nuclear waste that is very hazardous for the environment and
for any living being.
Disposing nuclear waste is a very expensive activity
Nuclear power has already produced several radioactive disasters that affected both
human life and the environment
Chernobyl Disaster
On April 26, 1986, a sudden surge of power
during a reactor systems test destroyed Unit
4 of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl,
Ukraine, in the former Soviet Union. The
accident and the fire that followed released
massive amounts of radioactive material into
the environment.
As per the report of Soviet
scientists, Chernobyl 4 reactor
contained about 190 metric tons of
uranium dioxide fuel and fission
products. Estimates are that 13%
to 30 % of this escaped into the
atmosphere.
The Chernobyl accident caused a
large regional release of
radionuclides into the atmosphere
and subsequent radioactive
contamination of the atmospheric,
aquatic, terrestrial and urban
environment.
The 1986 Chernobyl disaster triggered the release of substantial amounts
of radioactivity into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and
gaseous radioisotopes.
Contamination from the Chernobyl disaster was not evenly spread across the surrounding
countryside but scattered irregularly depending on weather conditions. Reports from
Soviet and Western scientists indicate that Belarus received about 60% of the
contamination that fell on the former Soviet Union. A large area in Russia south
of Bryansk was also contaminated, as were parts of north western Ukraine.
According to a 2009 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation (UNSCEAR), the Chernobyl accident had by 2005 caused 61,200 man-Sv of
radiation exposure to recovery workers and evacuees, 125,000 man-Sv to the populace of
the Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, and a dose to most of the more distant European
countries amounting to 115,000 man-Sv. The same report estimated a further 25% more
exposure would be received from residual radio sotopes after 2005.
Three Mile Island disaster
In March 1979, a series of mechanical and
human errors at the plant caused the worst
commercial nuclear accident in Three Mile
Island, Pennsylvania in U.S. history,
resulting in a partial meltdown that
released dangerous radioactive gasses into
the atmosphere. Water pumps that helped
to cool the radioactive fuel in the reactor
core malfunctioned.
Fukushima Daiichi disaster