Optimization of Intermittent Penetration Renewable
Energy with Energy Storage on Uncertainty and
Variability in Electrical Systems
Imron
18/434711/PTK/12274
Departement Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta
Abstract — Energy problems occur throughout the
world and energy reserves in the form of fossil energy are
decreasing. This energy crisis was followed by an increase in
electricity demand per capita. So that the fulfillment of electrical
energy needs can be threatened if it only depends on plants with
fossil fuels. These problems require the development of
renewable energy utilization in the process of fulfilling electrical
energy needs. Renewable energy plants consisting of two types,
namely (planned control/dispatchable) can be controlled such as
hydro/hydropower, geothermal/PLTP and (unplaned control/
intermittent/non-dispatchable) cannot be controlled such as
solar/PLTS and wind/PLTB. The intermittent nature causes an
aspect to be considered, namely variability and uncertainty. The
existence of a variability aspect, namely the condition of a plant
experiencing significant changes in conditions such as power drop
that occurs at a certain point, while the uncertainty is a condition
of uncertainty both from the source and the load. Conditions with
intermittent properties require resources that have flexibility
that is one of them using energy storage. Research on the
optimization of intermittent renewable energy penetration with
energy storage on uncertainty and variability in electrical systems
can determine an optimization result at the maximum level in
terms of some aspects of the uncertainty and variability of a
system. In this paper a literature study is conducted on the topic
of optimization of intermittent renewable energy penetration
with energy storage on uncertainty and variability in the
electrical system.
Key Word— Renewable Energy, Penetration, Intermittent,
Uncertainty, Variability, Energy Storage.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy primary coal, nuclear power, and natural gas are all
highly centralized sources of power, meaning they rely on
relatively few high output power plants. Wind and solar, on the
other hand offer a decentralized model, in which smaller
generating stations, spread across a large area, work together to
provide power. Energy problems occur throughout the world
and energy reserves in the form of fossil energy are decreasing.
The use of fossil energy holds a large portion in the process of
providing electricity. This energy crisis was followed by an
increase in electricity demand per capita. This condition
presents a challenge for centralized electricity providers with
the growth in electricity energy consumption combined with the
increasing inability of electricity providers with transmission
lines. In addition, following technological developments in the
electricity industry, the production of electricity from renewable
sources has gradually become economically feasible as
indicated by increased investment in solar and wind power
plants that were established in the late 1990s [1][2][3].
This increase must be balanced with the provision of
alternative electricity sources. So far, the plant that supports the
needs comes from conventional plants that use non-renewable
energy which is limited and the price of raw materials is always
increasing. So that an alternative generator is needed that can
use renewable energy, which can be more environmentally
friendly, economical, and flexible to use. These problems
require the development of renewable energy (EBT) utilization
in the process of fulfilling electrical energy needs.
High renewable energy penetration has a number of
impacts on the power system resulting from variability in
particular an unsatisfactory correlation between the electric
load profile and the renewable energy power profile. This
mismatch leads to a high percentage of limited energy,
therefore the power system needs to add some flexible
resources to deal with this problem, such as using energy
storage to charge outside the peak period and also use during
peak periods [3]. The flexibility of a system in an renewable
energy generator is one of the prerequisites needed for effective
grid integration. The process needed to determine the
operational flexibility of the power system, namely ramp-rate
power, generator energy and capability, load and storage
devices [4]. Based on the flexibility requirements of the system,
it is necessary to research the effect of intermittent renewable
energy penetration by adding an energy storage component that
is reviewed by uncertainty and variablility so that optimization
at the maximum level that can be penetrated into a system can
be effective.
II. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE INTERMITTENT
Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar have
great potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and
greenhouse gas emissions in the electricity sector. Solar power
plants (PLTS) and banyu/wind power plants (PLTB) are
intermittent EBT energies which are affected by climate
change. The issue of climate change is a condition that is faced
including as a renewable energy standard in solar and wind
energy sources, and the efforts of producers to produce an
increase in the application of the power plant are carried out by
the application of technology to produce electricity. Increasing
technological maturity can reduce the cost of the plant [5].
Solar and wind energy have variables and uncertainties
that are usually referred to as intermittent. In PLTS depends on
the existence of sources of sunlight and for PLTB depending
on the presence of fluctuating winds and having variables and
uncertainties from the sources obtained [5][6].

Figure 1. The structure of a distributed renewable energy
system.
III. SOLVE PROBLEM INTERMITTENCY
Battery storage has the ability to store and release energy
at high frequencies, ensuring long-term frequency and voltage
stability, providing an effective way to optimize renewable
energy management and the ability to regulate in weather
conditions. Battery energy storage systems have been widely
accepted as one of the potential solutions with advantages such
as rapid response capability, continuous power delivery, and
geographical independence. The use of intermittent energy to
produce output power will experience several problems if it
does not use effective energy storage. The problem in question
is the excess generation and lean needs that cannot be
overcome by conventional plants. Therefore, it is important to
have effective energy storage to be used to store the output
power of the renewable energy generator first so that it can be
used at the appropriate time. The following are some of the
methods used by several researchers :
1. Optimizing penetration of renewable energy in the regional
energy system
Using EnergyPLAN is a model that can plan regional
energy systems developed by Aalborg University in Denmark.
The system model is simulated every hour, including
electricity, heating, refrigeration, industry and the
transportation sector. EnergyPLAN aims to analyze the
influence of different energy strategies on energy, environment
and economy. The main objective is to model various options
so that they can be compared with each other, rather than the
one model optimal solution based on pre-determined
conditions. Next find the behavior of the energy used in an area
[1].
2. Dynamic economic emission dispatch considers the
uncertainty of wind power that combines energy storage
systems and demand side management.
Using Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is included
in the Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch (UC + ED)
platform and is considered a removable generator. BESS is
mainly used to provide a portion of the spinning reserve and
second to reduce the thermal generator load. Configuring
BESS that maximizes economic feasibility and minimizes
restrictions on RES is presented. The results show that
investment in this technology might be beneficial and greatly
reduce the level of restriction on RES [7].
3. Deploy storage assets to facilitate variable energy
integration: Impact of network flexibility, renewable
penetration, and market structure.
This paper evaluates storage asset utilities given different
electrical system configurations, market paradigms, and
management schemes using a production cost model. When
large portions of non-renewable generation come from
inflexible sources, storage is very important even in relatively
low renewable penetration. In high renewable penetration,
storage is becoming increasingly important in flexible systems
too. In addition to renewable penetration, the level of storage
utilization is sensitive to the market supply structure and
paradigm of ownership of storage assets, especially in
inflexible electricity systems [5].
4. The computational framework for the integration of
uncertainty in the commitment of stochastic units with
intermittent renewable energy sources.
This study proposes a comprehensive computational
framework for quantifying and integrating uncertainties in
distributed power systems (DPS) with intermittent renewable
energy sources IRES. Various sources of uncertainty in the
DPS such as electricity, wind and solar power forecasts and
termination of the generator are covered by the proposed
framework. Various sources of uncertainty in the DPS such as
electricity, wind and solar power forecasts and termination of
the generator are covered by the proposed framework. Further
integrated uncertainty is included in the problem of the
stochastic security constrained unit (SCUC) commitment and
the heuristic genetic algorithm is used to solve this stochastic
SCUC problem. The stochastic model shows better resistance
than deterministic ones. The power system carries a higher
level of risk during peak load hours [2].
5. Integrated modeling for renewable energy based power
supply variables in Europe
In this study, we emphasize the need for networks and
reserve capacity by investigating integrated markets in Europe,
allowing additional short-term and long-term storage and
considering concentrated solar power (CSP) as a backup option
that can be sent. The Renewable Energy Mix (REMix) energy
system model was introduced and applied to assess capacity
expansion and shipping every hour at various levels of
penetration of solar and wind energy [6].
6. Optimal Bidding Strategy for Energy Storage Systems in
the Energy Product Market and Flexible Slim Market
Increasing penetration of renewable energy in electric
power systems, operating problems caused by variability and
uncertainty of the renewable generation have become more
severe, which can be mitigated by the use of flexible services.
For investors who are economically inventive to provide
flexible services, a flexible lean product market is proposed in
the CAISO and MISO markets. With flexible power output,
energy storage systems have great potential to provide flexible
services. To maximize the benefits of energy storage systems
that can be obtained from a lean energy market and optimized
lean products, the optimal bidding strategy for energy storage
systems is given in this paper. Efficiency and adaptability are
tested in three numerical examples, of which only the energy,
energy markets are optimized and the market prices of
relatively high FRPs and jointly optimized energy and the
market price of FRP are relatively low. Comparisons of ESS
performance are made among different examples [3].
7. Short-term hydro-thermal-wind complement scheduling
considers the uncertainty of wind power using an algorithm
multi-objective bee colony optimization
Hydro-thermal-wind complementary scheduling
(HTWCS) formulated as multi-objective problem
optimization, namely economic and environmental criteria.
enhanced multi-objective bee colony optimization algorithm
(EMOBCO) proposed to solve this problem which adopts Elite
archive sets, adaptive mutation / selection mechanisms and
local search strategies to improve standard global search
capabilities bee colony optimization (BCO). In particular, new
obstacle improvement strategies with decision space
compression and violation adjustment methods are used to
handle various hydraulic and electrical constraints. Finally, a
case of a hydro-thermal-wind daily scheduling simulation
system was carried out to verify the feasibility and
effectiveness of the proposed EMOBCO in solving HTWCS
problems. Simulation results indicate that the proposed
EMOBCO can provide lower economic costs and smaller
pollutant emissions than other methods recently set while
considering various complex constraints on HTWCS problems
[8].
IV. METHODOLOGY
In this research MATLAB R2018a software is used for
electrical system simulations and modeling. References related
to this study are about historical data on solar and wind Java
Bali area conditions and unit commitment calculation methods
that can produce effective penetration results. Reference
sources taken can be in the form of papers, journals, textbooks,
or websites on the internet. Historical data on electricity loads
and load data statistics carried out by the PLN/IEEE 10 Bus.
The data comes from the Java Madura Bali electricity system
in the distribution areas of Central Java and Yogyakarta
(DIY)/IEEE for a test system obtained from the PT. PLN P3B
Central Java distribution and DIY/IEEE Data sheet. Data
needed is data load per unit 30 minutes every day. Renewable
energy installation can change the pattern of power flow on a
system. When installed at a location and optimal capacity can
overload the system. Renewable energy and energy storage can
help in reducing power losses and voltage levels in the system
when installed in the right place/capacity. In the paper an
explanation of optimization can be done with several aspects,
namely modeling both from the flow or algorithm model,
adding aspects of energy storage with flexibility.
REFERENSI
[1] D. Zhang, S. Mu, C. C. Chan, and G. Y. Zhou,
“Optimization of Renewable energy penetration in
Regional Energy System,” Energy Procedia, vol. 152,
pp. 922–927, 2018.
[2] H. Quan, D. Srinivasan, A. M. Khambadkone, and A.
Khosravi, “A computational framework for
uncertainty integration in stochastic unit commitment
with intermittent renewable energy sources,” Appl.
Energy, vol. 152, pp. 71–82, 2015.
[3] W. Liu, H. Guo, J. Li, Y. Chen, and Q. Chen,
“Optimal bidding strategy for energy storage systems
in energy and flexible ramping products markets,”
IEEE PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. Conf. Eur., pp.
776–780, 2016.
[4] A. Ulbig and G. Andersson, “Analyzing operational
flexibility of electric power systems,” Proc. - 2014
Power Syst. Comput. Conf. PSCC 2014, vol. 72, pp.
155–164, 2014.
[5] M. McPherson and S. Tahseen, “Deploying storage
assets to facilitate variable renewable energy
integration: The impacts of grid flexibility, renewable
penetration, and market structure,” Energy, vol. 145,
pp. 856–870, 2018.
[6] H. C. Gils, Y. Scholz, T. Pregger, D. Luca de Tena,
and D. Heide, “Integrated modelling of variable
renewable energy-based power supply in Europe,”
Energy, vol. 123, pp. 173–188, 2017.
[7] M. H. Alham, M. Elshahed, D. K. Ibrahim, and E. E.
D. Abo El Zahab, “A dynamic economic emission
dispatch considering wind power uncertainty
incorporating energy storage system and demand side
management,” Renew. Energy, vol. 96, pp. 800–811,
2016.
[8] M. Joos and I. Staffell, “Short-term integration costs
of variable renewable energy: Wind curtailment and
balancing in Britain and Germany,” Renew. Sustain.
Energy Rev., vol. 86, no. January, pp. 45–65, 2018.