DESIGN FLOWS

The design capacities of various components of POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT TYPES

water supply systems are given in the table below:
1. Rotary-type positive displacement pumps
Component Design Design  Gear pumps
Period Capacity  Screw pumps
1. Source of
 Rotary vane pumps
Supply
 River Indefinite Maximum daily 2. Reciprocating positive displacement pumps
demand  Plunger pumps
 Well field 10-25 Maximum daily  Piston displacement pumps
demand
 Progressing cavity pumps
 Reservoir 25-50 Average annual
demand  Peristaltic pump
2. Conveyance
 Intake 25-50 Maximum daily VALVES
Conduit demand
 Conduit to 25-50 Maximum daily  Shut-off or gate Valves
treatment demand  Air-relief or Air-and-Vacuum relief valves
plant  Blow-off valves or Drain Valves
3. Pumps
 Low lift 10 Maximum daily  Backflow prevention devices
demand, one
reserved unit TYPE OF VALVES
 High lift 10 Maximum daily
demand, one  Ball Valve
reserved unit  Butterfly Valve
4. Treatment Plant 10-15 Maximum daily
 Gate Valve
demand
5. Service 20-25 Working storage  Globe Valve
Reservoir plus fire demand  Needle Valve
plus emergency  Plug Valve
storage
 Spherical Valve
 Fixed Cone Valve
6.Distribution
System  Non-return (check) Valve
 Supply 25-50 Greater of (1)
pipe or maximum daily GUIDELINES FOR THE PLACEMENT OF
conduit demand plus fire HYDRANTS
demand or (2)
maximum 1. Not too close to buildings
hourly demand
2. Preferably located near street intersections
 Distributio Full Same as for
n grid develop- supply pipes 3. Far enough from roadway
ment 4. Close enough to the pavement to ensure a
secure connection with the pumper and
hydrant.
PIPELINES IN WATER DISTRIBUTION
5. High enough off the ground that valve caps
SYSTEMS INCLUDE:
can be removed with a standard wrench.
 Transmissions Lines
STORAGE OF WATER BECOMES
 Arterial Mains ESSENTIAL UNDER THE FOLLOWING
 Distribution Mains CIRCUMTANCES:
TYPES OF PUMPS 1. After the complete purification process,
water has to be stored in big underground
 Positive Displacement Pumps
reservoirs. From this reservoirs, water may
 Impulse Pumps
be directly pumped to the main distribution
 Velocity Pumps
line or it may be pumped to the elevated
 Gravity Pumps
reservoirs from where it flows to the
 Steam Pumps distribution system automatically.
 Valveless Pumps
2. Water is always stored in homes for use at STORAGE FACILITIES IN A
the time of non-supply hours. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ARE
3. Water closets, urinals are not flushed REQUIRED TO HAVE SUFFICIENT
directly from the water distribution system VOLUME TO MEET THE FOLLOWING
but through storage made in flushing tanks. CRITERIA:
4. Water may be stored for flushing of the
sewer lines. 1. Adequate volume to supply peak
5. In case of multi-stored buildings, it is not demands in excess of the maximum
possible to develop high pressure in the daily demand using no more than 50% of
distribution mains. For such buildings, a the available storage capacity.
separate pump is provided to pump water 2. For meeting the maximum daily demand
from the ground storage to the overhead fluctuations
storage tank. 3. Adequate volume to supply the average
6. It is also essential to keep water for fire daily demand of the system for the
fighting. estimated duration of a possible
emergency.
TYPES OF RESERVOIRS
TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
A. Classifications Based on the Positions of SYSTEM
the Tank
1. Surface Storage 1. Gravity Distribution
2. Elevated Storage Tanks 2. Pumping system without storage
3. Stand Pipes 3. Dual system with storage
B. Classification Based on the Materials ADVANTAGES OF THE DUAL
1. Reinforced Concrete Tank SYSTEM
2. Masonry Tank
3. Concrete Tank  Pumps runs at a uniform rate, thus suffer
4. Steel Tank less wear and tear
C. Classification Based on the Shape of the  In case of fires, motor pump can be used to
Tank develop high pressure
1. Circular Tank  More reliable
2. Rectangular Tank
3. Intze Tank DIFFERENT LAY-OUT OF PIPELINES FOR
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SURFACE STORAGE TANK
 Dead end or tree system
 Surface storage tank mostly made from the  Grid iron system
local available materials  Circular or ring system
 If the soil conditions are not bad, it can be  Radial system
made from masonry or concrete
 If a lot of soil pressure is expected to act, it ADVANTAGES OF DEAD END OR TREE
may be constructed from reinforced SYSTEM
concrete.
 It is possible to calculate accurately the
TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS discharge and the pressure at any point in
the distribution system
 Elevated storage tank  It requires comparatively less number of cut
 Ground storage tank off valves
 Stand pipes  Pipe lines can be laid in the streets in any
pattern which may not be standardized
 The diameter of mains are to be designed for
the population they have to serve
 DISADVANTAGES OF DDEAD END
OR TREE SYSTEM
 During the break down and repairs, large
areas which are served by this pipe go dry,
and thus great inconvenience to the public.
 There are large number of dead ends, where
water does not circulate but remains static,
which may get contaminated due to
stagnation
 Water available for the fighting will be
limited, since it is being supplied by only
one water main.
ADVANTAGES OF GRID SYTEM-
IRON SYSTEM
 At the time of repairs or breakdown only
small portion of the distribution lay-out is
affected
 As there are no dead ends and free water
circulation remains through-out, it is not
liable to be contaminated.
 Water reaches all the points with minimum
loss of head
 At the time, plenty of water supply may be
diverted and concentrated for fire fighting
by manipulating the cut-off valves
DISADVANATGES OF GRID-IRON SYSTEM
 Cost of pipe laying is more because
relatively more length of pipe is required
 It is difficult to calculate pressure and
discharge at various points of distribution
system
 More number of valves are required
THE FOLLOWING IMPORTANT ITEMS
SHOULD BE PROPERLY ATTENDED
DURING THE MAINTENANCE OF A WATER
SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. Up-to-date maps showing the lay-out of
distribution should be maintained
2. Water meter should be checked from time to
time and defective meter should be
immediately repaired or replaced.
3. In case of dead-ends on lines, the water
pipes should be flushed.
4. Hydrants, valves and other appurtenances
installed on water mains should be checked
regularly and maintained in perfect running
order.
5. The data and the records regarding the
lengths of pipes laid, lengths of pipe
repaired or replaced, expenditure incurred,
number of fire hydrants, number of service
connections and all other relevant data in
connection with the distribution system
should be well maintained for easy reference
6. The wastage of water, especially of leakage
through pipe joints should be brought down
to the minimum possible extent by adopting
suitable preventive measures
7. The water pipes should be cleaned
periodically by the use of scraping devices
and incrustations formed on the inside
surface of water pipes should be removed
METHODS PF SUPPLY WATER
 Continuous System
 Intermittent System
ADVANTAGES OF CONTINUOUS
SUPPLY
 Consumers do not have to store water
 Water remains always available for fire
fighting
 Wastage is less
 Air relief or pressure relief valves and scour
valves are not required due to constant
circulation of water in the pipe
 Small size pipes will be required
ADVANTAGES OF INTERMITTENT
SYSTEM
 Suitable when water from the source is
available in limited amount.
 Stored water for emergencies
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERMITTENT
SYSTEM
 Consumers have to store water for non-
supply hours. The purity of water may not
be maintained
 People have to construct storage tanks
 Bigger size of pipe to be provided
 Large number of valves and other fittings
will have to be installed
 During non-supply, consumers generally
leave their taps open, with causes wastages
PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS IN WATER HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES CAN
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM GENERALLY GROUPED INTO
THREE CATEGORIES
 Faucet pressure at about 35kPa are
satisfactory for most domestic needs  Flow measuring structures such as weirs
 A pressure of 520 kPa should be satisfactory  Regulation structures such as gates and
to building up 10 stories high stilling bars
 Discharge structure such as culverts
DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM WEIRS

 The design of water distribution system 1. Sharp Crested or Thin-Plate Weir

requires a detailed map of the city, on which A. Rectangular
the contours and locations of present and  Suppressed (uncontracted
future streets and lots are identified rectangular weir)
 After studying the topography, the city may  Unsuppressed (contracted) weir
be divided into districts, each to be served B. V-notch
by a separate distribution reservoir. 2. C. Compound Weir
 After supply main network is selected, 3. Broad Crested Weir
distribution mains are added to the system
CATEGORIZED AS CONTROLLED OR
DEVELOPMENT OF MUNICIPAL UNCONTROLLED, DEPENDING ON
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM WHETHER OR NOT THEY ARE
EQUIPPED WITH GATES.
GENERALLY, THE FOLLOWING STEPS
MUST BE ACCOMPLISHED IN TYPES OF SPILLWAYS
PLANNING A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM:
 Overflow Spillways
1. Obtain data on, or estimate, the future  Chute Spillways
population of the community, and study  Shaft Spillways
the local conditions to determine the  Side Channel Spillways
quantity of water that must be provided.  Limited Service Spillways
2. Locate one or more sources of water of
adequate supply
3. Provide for the necessary storage of
water, and design the works required to
deliver water from its source to the
community.
4. Determine the physical, chemical and
biological characteristics of the water
and establish water-quality requirements
5. Design any water-treatment facilities
may be necessary to meet water quality
requirements
6. Plan and design the distribution system,
including distribution reservoirs,
pumping stations, elevated storage, lay-
out and size of mains, and location of
fire hydrants.
7. Provide for the establishment of an
organization that will maintain and
operate the supply, distribution, and
treatment facilities.
 PARAMETERS CONSIDERED IN - 15% for corrugated metal pipe
DESIGNING A SPILLWAY
 SIZE
 The inflow design flood hydro-graph – minimum culvert size usually 30-
 The type of spillway to be provided and its 60cm range
capacity - Assumed 25% debris blockage
 The hydraulic and structural design of  ALLOWABLE VELOCITIES
various components - Minimum velocity 0.6-0.9 m/s
 The energy dissipation downstream of the - Maximum allowable velocity for
spillway corrugated metal pipe 3-5 m/s
- No specified maximum
TWO TYPES OF GATES
allowable velocity for reinforced
 Vertical Gates concrete pipe
 Radial Gates  MATERIAL
-most common culvert materials are
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE, CORRUGATED
RESERVOIR ALUMINUM and CORRUGATED
 Normal pool level STEEL
- Culvert material depends on:
 Minimum pool level
 Structural Strength
 Useful storage
 Hydraulic roughness
 Dead storage
 Durability
 Surcharge storage
 Corrosion & abrasion
 Bank storage resistance
TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS OF CULVERTS  INLET
-Four standard inlet types
 Circular  Flush setting in a vertical
 Arched headwall
 Rectangular  Wing wall entrance
 Oval  Projecting entrance
 Mitered entrance set flush
CULVERT CAPACITY IS DETERMINED BY: with a sloping embankment
 Headwater  OUTLET
 Tail water -typically designed for a 25 year
flow
 Culvert dimension
 DEBRIS CONTROL

THE ELEMENTS OF MODERN WASTE

If H/D > 1.2, the culvert entrance is WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
submerged; if not, the entrance is not
submerged  The individual sources of waste water
 On-site processing facilities
TYPICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR  Collection facilities
CULVERTS  Transmission facilities
 Treatment facilities
 FLOW
– minimum flows are taken as 2-  Disposal facilities
year design WASTEWATER THAT MUST BE DISPOSED
- Design flows as 10 year or 25 OF FROM A COMMUNITY INCLUDE:
year event
- Maximum flows as 100 year  Domestic (also called sanitary) wastewater
events. discharged from residences, commercial,
 SLOPE institutional and similar facilities
– maximum slope typically 10 % for  Industrial wastewater in which industrial
concrete pipe wastes predominate
 Infiltration/inflow extraneous water that
enters the sewer system through various
means
 Storm water from precipitation run-off
TYPE OF SEWERS
 Building sewers
 Lateral or Branch sewers
 Main sewers
 Trunk sewer
 Intercepting sewer
CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS
1. The pipe should be handled carefully,
properly bedded and backfilled in such a
manner that there is a minimum of breakage
during and after construction
2. Joints should be made with sufficient care to
eliminate excessive infiltration
3. The line and slope of the sewer should be
free of irregularities that might favour the
accumulation of solid wastes with resultant
clogging of the pipe
SITE ANALYSIS
1. Before starting to survey a site for drainage
purposes it is important to evaluate the site
2. If the site adjoins a waterway, do not remove
the vegetation adjacent to and along the
stream bank
3. Check your survey or plot for the location of
nearby flood plains
4. Also check the map for drainage easements
THREE PRIMARY DRAINAGE TASKS
 Urban storm drainage
 Land drainage
 Highway drainage
Drainage return of periods of 1-2
years in residential districts & 5-10
years in commercial districts
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF GUTTERS
DEPENDS ON:
 Shape
 Slope
 Roughness coefficient
TWO MAIN TYPES OF INLETS
 Grated inlets
 Curb opening inlet
A maximum width of gutter flow is
1.8 m
The most efficient grated inlets have
bars parallel to the curb
Grates with bars parallel go the curb
will be a hazard to the bicycle riders
unless the space between bars is less
than 2.5 cm
MANHOLE SERVE TWO MAIN
PURPOSE IN DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 They provide access to the drain for cleaning
 They act as junction boxes for tributary
drains
DESIGN OF STORM DRAINS
1. The pipe is assumed to flow full under
conditions of steady, uniform flow
2. To avoid clogging, the minimum pipe
diameter should be 10-12 inches
3. The minimum velocity flowing full should
be at least 2.5 ft/s
4. Pipe size should not decrease in the
downstream direction even tough increased
slope may provide adequate capacity in the
smaller pipe
5. Pipe slope should conform to the ground
slope in so far as possible for minimum
excavation
6. Pipe grades are described in terms of the
elevation of the invert, or inside, bottom of
the pipe.
DRAINAGE DITCHES
 Consists of laterals, sub mains and main
ditches
 Usually unlined
 Trapezoidal ditch is the most common,
with side slopes not steeper than 1:1.5
 Are usually between 6-12 feet
LAY-OUT OF TILE DRAIN SYSTEM
 Natural system
 Gridiron lay-out
 Herringbone pattern
 Double main system
 Intercepting drain
 DRAINAGE PATTERN

 Accordant drainage pattern

 Discordant drainage patterns

Dendritic drainage pattern

Parallel drainage pattern
Trellis drainage pattern
Rectangular drainage pattern
Radial drainage pattern
Centripetal drainage pattern
Deranged drainage pattern
Annular drainage pattern