1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

President Rodrigo Duterte first represented Tokhang during his

Candidacy on 2016 that he stated he would solve the drug addiction in just

6 months this was the first view of the creation of OplanTokhang that was

presented publically during his campaign which is for his for the start of

the change of the Philippines. Oplan Tokhang is also known as Toktok

Hangyo that comes from a visayan word.

Oplan Tokhang was a campaign Introduce by President Rodrigo

Duterte. This campaign was resumed in January 28, 2019 which the PNP

also promise that the errors and lapses by killing the persons involved in

drugs during the Tokhang will not be repeated.

The Philippine National Police lead by General “Bato” De La Rosa

are given the task to implement this throughout the Philippines. Only

selected Police Personnel are chosen by their superiors for the operation

to keep out the of the scalawag police officers.

During the operation there must be 4 personnel such as one

member of barangay, municipal or city anti-drug abuse council (ADACs),

one representative from the PNP human rights affairs office or any human
 2

rights advocate and members of the media / one religious sector or

prominent personalities in the area.

The police chief will also have a free hand in crafting a unique

activity plan together with his teams with the guidance of the operational

guidelines. Earlier, PNP chief Ronald dela Rosa said there are different

styles of conducting tokhang. He cited that in Cebu, police used to have a

funeral car carrying a coffin go around the barangay as they announce a

warning against drug use. Oplan Tokhang is conducted only from Monday

to Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.Under the guidelines, teams will visit only the

houses of personalities listed on the drugs watch list. The teams will be

allowed to talk only with the house owners or drug personalities

themselves outside the residence unless they are invited into the house.

Those on the watch list are not required to sign any document. If they

express an intention to surrender, they will be instructed to proceed to the

nearest barangay hall or police station, depending on their choice, along

with their relative. The PNP said the surrenderee will be asked to fill out

and sign biographical profile form or any other related documents but

taking of photographs including mugshots and other documentation

process such as fingerprinting should be voluntarily and not mandatory.

The PNP or the ADACs may also facilitate the enrolment of the

surrenderee should they wish to undergo rehabilitation.

 3

“If the subject personality refused to surrender or is hostile, do not

engage him/her, instead endorse to the Drug Enforcement Units (DEUs)

for the conduct of police operation including case build-up and negation,”

the guideline reads. However, Carlos urged the public to be vigilant and

immediately report to the police especially the COPs should the

tokhangers violated any of the guidelines.

The PNP has assured that the names on the drugs watch list were

carefully validated by the Directorate for Intelligence (DI) in accordance to

Dela Rosa’a order that tokhang operations should be intelligence-driven to

avoid violation of human rights. It said the names included on the list were

generated from the list submitted by the ADACs which undergoes strict

validation to ensure that the personalities were indeed involved in the

illegal drugs transaction.

For those personalities who cannot be located, tokhangers will

make necessary actions to remove them from the drugs list in the area of

their known address. The DI, for their part, will adjust its records

accordingly and will keep the list of unlocated drug personalities for future

reference.

Carlos said the PNP will strictly observe the one-strike policy under

the principle of command responsibility should there be any violation to

the guidelines for the sake of transparency and to avoid the public from
 4

doubting the tokhang activities. It means the precinct commander will be

relieved from post if even only one of his tokhangers failed to properly

observe the guidelines while COP, provincial director (PD) and regional

director will be relieved if two or more of their precinct commanders, COPs

and PDs violated the rules.

However, Dela Rosa himself admitted that the Oplan Tokhang,

when it was implemented nationwide, is being used by erring policemen

for their own benefit particularly for corruption. The connotation of the

word has also changed to killing after number of drug personalities being

killed during its conduct has shoot-up and call for human rights violation

increases. At least 3,000 drug personalities have been killed since the

administration with the PNP on the lead started its war on drugs.

There are 3 phases of Tokhang: Pre-Tokhang, During Tokhang and

Post-Tokhang.

'PRE-TOKHANG':

Under the "pre-Tokhang" phase, police intelligence must first

validate all information provided on the list of houses to be visited.Once

the list has been verified, the chief of police will have to coordinate the

operational plan with the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

and local government units.

 5

Each Tokhang team shall have at least 4 members, all chosen by

the chief of police based on track record. The deputy chief of police shall

lead the team, while at least one barangay official or a representative from

a human rights group or the religious sector must be present in the

operation.

The "Tokhangers" are required to undergo a one-day orientation

course. The team leader must also provide a pre-deployment briefing for

every operation.

'DURING TOKHANG':

Operatives will knock only on doors of individuals on the validated

list. "Tokhangers" are prohibited from entering homes of suspects without

the owners' permission.Suspects should not be forced to sign any

document, the new PNP guidelines read.

If the subject voluntarily surrenders, he or she will be advised to go

to the nearest barangay hall or police station along with a relative, for

processing and documentation. If the subject who voluntarily surrenders is

a minor, he or she should be accompanied by his or her parent or legal

guardian to the nearest local social welfare and development facility.

Those who want to undergo rehabilitation will be referred to a

concerned agency, or to PNP Recovery and Wellness personnel.The PNP

was explicit in barring operatives from engaging suspects who refuse to

 6

surrender. "If the subject personality refused to surrender or is hostile, do

not engage him/her, instead endorse to the DEUs (drug enforcement

units) for the conduct of police operation (case build-up and negotiation),"

the PNP guidelines read. The PNP encouraged operatives to use body

cameras. PNP Chief Director General Ronald Dela Rosa, however, earlier

said the agency has yet to make this mandatory as these are still being

procured.

'POST TOKHANG':

"Tokhangers" are required to submit an after-activity report and

conduct activity assessment and evaluation. These documents must be

submitted to the Regional Oversight Committee on Illegal Drugs. They are

also required to monitor changes in the behavior of those who

surrendered.

With a one-strike policy in place, precinct commanders will be

relieved if a Tokhang team member under his jurisdiction fails to properly

conduct Tokhang activities. The chief of police will also be relieved if two

or more precinct commanders under his jurisdiction will violate the

guidelines.

Provincial directors will also be removed from their posts should

they have at least two erring subordinates.The regional director will be

replaced if two or more of the provincial directors under his wing are
 7

relieved due to Tokhang-related issues. The PNP said the new guidelines

will be fully implemented on January 29, the day of the "Tokhang"

relaunch.

Stricter guidelines for anti-drug operatives were released months

after President Rodrigo Duterte allowed the force to rejoin the

government's anti-drug efforts. Duterte had put the PNP in the backseat of

his anti-drug campaign amid reported police abuses, directing the PDEA

to take the lead back in October.

We choose Barangay 23, Gingoog City to be our research setting

because its location is near to the two (2) schools the Gingoog Christian

College and Gingoog City Comprehensive National High School. We want

to know if this location is drug free, also we want to know if there was no

drug transaction happens with the students.

 8

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 9

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

PRE-TOKHANG
AGE List verification, team preparation &

GENDER DURING-TOKHANG
Engagement in non-hostile activities
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
POST-TOKHANG
CIVIL STATUS
Report preparation and filing for court
RELIGION litigation

TOKHANGERS

FIGURE 1. THE SCHEMA

 10

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Educational Attainment

1.5 Religion

2. What is the implementation process of Anti-Drug Campaign Program of

Duterte’s Administration in Barangay 23, Gingoog City using the

following indicator:

2.1 Pre-Tokhang

2.2 During-Tokhang

2.3 Post-Tokhang

3. Are there differences in the perception on the Implementation process

of Anti-Drug Campaign Program of Duterte’s Administration groups
according to:
3.1 Age
3.2 Gender
3.3 Civil Status
3.4 Educational Attainment
3.5 Religion
 11

HYPOTHESIS

The purpose of statistical testing problem is preside in null

hypothesis and tested as dual of significance, which problem 1.2 are

hypothesis free.

NULL HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant difference in the perception of the Barangay

23, Gingoog City constituents in the Implementation of the Anti-Drug

Campaign Program when groups according to the following:

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Educational Attainment

1.5 Religion

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be beneficial to the following persons:

a) GiCC Administrator. This will provide them information about

Implementation of Anti-Drug Campaign Program of Duterte’s

Administration in Barangay 23 in Gingoog City.

b) GiCC Students. This research will guide them on how to write a

survey research. The result of this study will help them to

understand the essence of Implementation of Anti-Drug Campaign

 12

Program of Duterte’s Administration in Barangay 23 in Gingoog

City.

c) GiCC Parents. This study will help them understand the effort and

struggles of GiCC students who are doing research paper.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This research study is limited only to the perception of the

Barangay 23, Gingoog City constituents of the Implementation of Anti-

Drug Campaign Program of Duterte’s Administration particularly in

Barangay 23, Gingoog City.

This research will be conducted in Barangay 23, Gingoog City

using 4 pages questionnaires containing 30 questions.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Tokhang. A project of Philippine National Police (PNP) called

“Oplan Tokhang” , a national law enforcement project was implemented all

over the country. A visayan word, “TOKHANG” means to approach and

talk.

Pre-Tokhang Phase. Police intelligence must first validate all

information provided on the list of houses to be visited.

During-Tokhang Phase. Operatives will knock only on doors of

individuals on the validated list. "Tokhangers" are prohibited from entering

homes of suspects without the owners' permission.

 13

Post-Tokhang Phase. "Tokhangers" are required to submit an after-

activity report and conduct activity assessment and evaluation. These

documents must be submitted to the Regional Oversight Committee on

Illegal Drugs.

Tokhangers. Police personnel who will implement Tokhang.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In order to stop the decease drug users, drug sellers and drug

buyers in the philippines this was implemented throughout the philippines.

Drug addiction was prevailing that Presedent Rodrigo Duterte come up

with this idea. For his idea to stop the the rampant of this activity. That has

lead to different major crimes in the regions such as forcible rape, hold-up,

child trafficking and etc.

Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC.study

(2001) Youth Drug Use and the National Youth Anti-Drug Media

Campaign said that the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)

currently is implementing the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign

to "educate and enable America's youth to reject illegal drugs as well as

alcohol and tobacco." Preceded by test phases of limited scope and

impact, the fully integrated media campaign started in mid-1999, and

 14

ONDCP expects to see improvement in anti-drug attitudes that will lead to

decreases in youth drug use by mid-2002. This report responds to the

directive for ONDCP to provide information on recent youth drug use

trends, specifically the Youth Risk Behavior survey, and their relation to

the National Youth Anti-Drug media Campaign. ONDCP's response

focuses on the following topics, each of which is discussed in separate

sections of the report: how the government tracks youth drug use; trends

in youth drug use; different perspectives on the same problem; the

National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign; and evaluating youth drug use

and the media campaign.

Another study of Scheier, Lawrence M.; Grenard, Jerry L.; Holtz,

Kristen D.(2011) An Empirical Assessment of the "Above the Influence"

Advertising Campaignsaid that this study evaluated the efficacy of "Above

the Influence" (ATI), a national media-based health persuasion campaign

to deter youth drug use. The campaign uses public service anti-drug

prevention messages and targets youth between the ages of 14 and 16, a

period of heightened susceptibility to peer influences. The evaluation

utilized mall intercepts from geographically dispersed regions of the

country. Theoretical impetus for the campaign combines elements of the

theory of reasoned action (TRA), persuasion theory, and the health belief

model. A series of structural equation models were tested with four

 15

randomly drawn cross-validation samples (N = 3,000). Findings suggest

that awareness of ATI is associated with greater anti-drug beliefs, fewer

drug use intentions, and less marijuana use. Congruent with the TRA,

changes in beliefs and intentions are intermediate steps linking campaign

awareness with behavior. This study provides further evidence of positive

campaign effects and may strengthen reliance on mass media health

persuasion campaigns as a useful adjunct to other programs targeting

youth.

Another study of Kingsbury, Nancy; Ekstrand, Laurie E. (2006)

ONDCP Media Campaign: Contractor's National Evaluation Did Not Find

That the Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign Was Effective in Reducing

Youth Drug Use. Report to the Subcommittee on Transportation,

Treasury, the Judiciary, Housing and Urban Development, and Related

Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate. GAO-06-818said

that GAO's review of Westat's evaluation reports and associated

documentation leads to the conclusion that the evaluation provides

credible evidence that the campaign was not effective in reducing youth

drug use, either during the entire period of the campaign or during the

period from 2002 to 2004 when the campaign was redirected and focused

on marijuana use. By collecting longitudinal data--i.e., multiple

observations on the same persons over time--using generally accepted

 16

and appropriate sampling and analytic techniques, and establishing

reliable methods for measuring campaign exposure, Westat was able to

produce credible evidence to support its findings about the relationship

between exposure to campaign advertisements and both drug use and

intermediate outcomes. Given that Westat's evaluation stated the

campaign did not reduce youth drug use nationally, Congress should

consider limiting appropriations for the campaign, beginning in the 2007

fiscal year budget until the Office of National Drug Control Policy

(ONDCP) provides credible evidence of a media campaign approach that

effectively prevents and curtails youth drug use. ONDCP's written

comments on our report generally disagreed with the findings. Specifically,

ONDCP does not believe the Westat findings reflect the campaign's

effectiveness. GAO believes the Westat study is sound. Appended are: (1)

Westat's Methods for Addressing Evaluation Implementation Issues; (2)

Comments from the Office of National Drug Control Policy; and (3) GAO

Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments.

Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC.study

(2001)Helping Youth Navigate the Media Age: A New Approach to Drug

Prevention. Findings of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign

Media Literacy Summit White House Conference Center, June 01,

2002said that this report highlights the findings of the 2001 National Youth
 17

Anti-Drug Media Campaign Summit. Because the campaigns entire

strategy acknowledges the power and influence of the media on America’s

youth, it is important and appropriate for the initiative to help young people

develop their critical thinking skills by further investigating media literacy.

Specifically, a media literacy approach can benefit drug prevention efforts

by teaching youth to recognize how media messages influence them; to

develop critical thinking; and to foster healthy self-esteem. A media

literacy approach to illicit drug abuse prevention should incorporate a

constellation of best practices recognized by the media literacy field.

Because there are few examples of comprehensive drug prevention

programs tied to media literacy skills, it is important to sketch out possible

areas for future growth. To this end, three hypothetical examples are

presented to help visualize the value of teaching media literacy and drug

prevention in a variety of settings: parent-focused, faith-based settings,

and evaluation of the Internet. The future of media literacy specific to drug

prevention will hinge upon efforts to support educators and practitioners,

educate decision-makers and invest in meaningful research. These key

ideas include support for practitioners, educating key decision-makers,

and investments in research.

Yanovitzky, Itzhak study (2017) A Multiyear Assessment of Public

Response to a Statewide Drug Take-Back and Disposal Campaign, 2010

 18

to 2012said that this study is the first to analyze public response to a drug

take-back program, the American Medicine Chest Challenge, in a single

state over a period of 3 years (2010-2012). The study utilized a three-

wave repeated cross-sectional design and an annual phone survey

conducted with a representative sample of adults (N = 906 in 2010, N =

907 in 2011, and N = 906 in 2012), which assessed exposure to the

campaign, drug disposal behaviors, possible mediators of campaign

effects (risk appraisal, personal agency, normative influence, and

interpersonal talk), and potential confounders. Logistic regression and

causal mediation analysis were employed to estimate confounder-

adjusted direct and mediated effects of the campaign. Results showed

that the campaign reached a sizable portion (50% to 60%) of state adults

and that campaign exposure was associated with increased likelihood of

having conversations with others about this topic. About 55% of all adults

in the state reported taking at least one of the actions recommended by

the campaign, and campaign exposure was associated with increased

likelihood of disposing of prescription drugs at a drug collection day event

(adjusted odds ratio = 4) and of talking to a child about the risks

associated with prescription drug abuse (adjusted odds ratio = 2).

Another study of Aina, Antoineet.al. (2017) Drug Design Workshop:

A Web-Based Educational Tool to Introduce Computer-Aided Drug Design

 19

to the General Publicsaid that due to its impact on society, the design of

new drugs has the potential to interest a wide audience, and provides a

rare opportunity to introduce several concepts in chemistry and

biochemistry. Drug design can be seen as a multiobjective cyclic

optimization process. Indeed, it is important to develop the understanding

not only that a drug is generally an effective ligand for a protein of

therapeutic interest, but also that these molecules need to have drug-like

properties. Computer-aided drug design and bioinformatics approaches

play a fundamental role in addressing these different challenges. Here we

introduce a new freely available integrated web-based educational tool,

Drug Design Workshop, which presents the basics of drug design and

provides anyone with access to computational methods and resources to

conceive and evaluate molecules for their potential to become actual

drugs. We provide 3 examples of drug design targets for the discovery of

common or state-of-the-art drugs, which can be used by educators to

introduce easily the different concepts related to drug discovery: anti-

inflammatory agents and drugs for immunotherapy or targeted cancer

therapy. Since 2015, the workshop has been successfully given to over

1,500 people. The Web site was optimized on the basis of the positive and

constructive comments from high-school teachers and students (15-19

years old).
 20

Dube, Danielle H. study (2018) Design of a Drug Discovery Course

for Non-Science Majorssaid that "Drug Discovery" is a 13-week lecture

and laboratory-based course that was developed to introduce non-science

majors to foundational chemistry and biochemistry concepts as they relate

to the unifying theme of drug discovery. The first part of this course strives

to build students' understanding of molecules, their properties, the

differences that enable them to be separated from one another, and their

abilities to bind to biological receptors and elicit physiological effects. After

building students' molecular worldview, the course then focuses on four

classes of drugs: antimicrobials, drugs that affect the mind, steroid-based

drugs, and anti-cancer drugs. During each of these modules, an emphasis

is placed on how understanding the basis of disease and molecular-level

interactions empowers us to identify novel medicinal compounds. Periodic

in class discussions based on articles pertinent to class topics ranging

from the spread of antibiotic resistance, to the molecular basis of

addiction, to rational drug design, are held to enable students to relate

course material to pressing problems of national and daily concern. In

addition to class time, weekly inquiry-based laboratories allow students to

critically analyze data related to course concepts, and later in the

semester give students an opportunity to design and implement their own

experiments to screen for antimicrobial activity. This course provides

 21

students with an understanding of the importance of chemistry and

biochemistry to human health while emphasizing the process, strategies,

and challenges related to drug discovery.

Reisinger, Kelsy B.; Rutledge, Patricia C.; Conklin, Sarah M. study

(2016) Study Drugs and Academic Integrity: The Role of Beliefs about an

Academic Honor Code in the Prediction of Nonmedical Prescription Drug

Use for Academic Enhancementsaid that the role of beliefs about

academic integrity in college students' decisions to use nonmedical

prescription drugs (NMPDs) in academic settings was examined. In Spring

2012 the authors obtained survey data from 645 participants at a small,

undergraduate, private liberal arts institution in the Northeastern United

States. A broadcast e-mail message was sent to 1,982 students, and data

were collected via an anonymous online survey. Of the participants, 19%

reported using medication prescribed for ADHD for academic

enhancement: Adderall® was the primary medication used. Academic use

of NMPDs was higher among participants who had lower levels of belief

that such use violated standards of an academic honor code.

Furthermore, NMPD use was higher among students for whom the

perception of peer use was higher. There is potential to reduce NMPD use

on college campuses through implementation of honor codes and

campus-wide campaigns related to academic integrity.

 22

Pilkinton, Melinda W.; Robertson, Angela; McCluskey, D. Lee study

(2013) Drugged Driving: Increased Traffic Risks Involving Licit and Illicit

Substancessaid that driving under the influence of drugs poses risks for

traffic safety. Most research attention has been focused on the most

prevalent drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription

drugs with high abuse potential. The objectives of this study were to

determine the types of drugs used by convicted DUI offenders on the day

of their arrest, prevalence of poly-substance use, and offender

characteristics associated with different drug use patterns. Data were

collected from 6,339 individuals enrolled in the court-mandated Mississippi

Alcohol Safety Education Program. After alcohol, cannabis was the most

frequently used substance, followed by sedative medications and

prescription analgesics. Among poly-substance users, 78.4% reported

combining alcohol with other drugs. Findings could be used to inform

public education campaigns, law enforcement training, and highway safety

policies about the prevalence of combining alcohol with other drugs, as

well as how poly-substance use further impairs traffic-related risks.

Asadullin, Azat R. et.al.study (2016) Approach to Classifying

"Design" Drugs and New Potentially Dangerous Chemical Substances,

with a Brief Review of the Problemsaid thatthe urgency of this study has

become vivid in the light of the growing problem of prevalence and use of
 23

new synthetic drug types. Lately there has been a tendency of expanding

the range of psychologically active substances (PAS) used by addicts with

the purpose of their illegal taking. The aim of this research is an attempt of

systematizing and classifying "design" drugs according to their chemical

structure, neurochemical mechanisms of action and clinical

manifestations. As a result, we have found that they can be divided into

ten big groups. This classification will allow to better arrange new clinical

phenomenology in modern addictology. This paper would be useful for

psychiatrists, experts in narcology, as well as for personnel of institutions

and agencies engaged in anti-drug activity.

Another study of Mottram, David (2012)Drugs in Sportsaid that

drugs may be used by athletes for a number of reasons, including

performance enhancement. The role of the World Anti-Doping Agency

(WADA) is vital to ensure a winning performance has been achieved by

fair means. Substances and methods that are included on the WADA

Prohibited List are described. The procedures for testing banned

substances are explained, together with the sanctions that are applied in

doping cases. The extent of drug misuse in sport is discussed together

with consideration of why drugs are used for performance enhancement.

Another study of The White House (2006) National Drug Control

Strategy, 2006said that this report presents a summary of the Fiscal Year
 24

2007 Budget for the National Drug Control Strategy within the three key

priority areas; education and community action, treatment and

intervention, and disruption in the illegal drug market. The first chapter,

"Stopping Drug Use Before It Starts," outlines the Administration's work to

prevent the initiation of drug use. An integral part of this effort is the new

"Above the Influence" initiative by the White House Office of National Drug

Control Policy (ONDCP)--National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign--and

the Partnership for a Drug Free America. This initiative, which consists of

television advertisements and interactive web-based outreach, calls on

young people to be true to themselves by remaining "above the influence."

The second chapter, "Healing America's Drug Users," highlights initiatives

that treat drug users. Key initiatives include the President's Access to

Recovery program, which expands treatment options, and drug courts,

which seek to rehabilitate offenders with substance abuse problems. The

third chapter, "Disrupting Drug Markets," outlines the Administration's work

at home and abroad to disrupt the availability of illicit drugs, through

source country efforts, interdiction programs, and investigative operations.

We are attacking market vulnerabilities in the illegal drug trade and

applying pressure to reduce profits and raise the risks of drug trafficking.

As in past years, this year's "National Drug Control Strategy" highlights the

good work faith-based and community organizations are doing to combat

 25

the scourge of illicit drugs in their own communities. The Strategy seeks to

harness these efforts, and the work of state and local officials, so that

Americans work together to reach the President's goal of reducing overall

drug use.

Custer, Bradley D. study (2018) Drug-Free Schools and

Communities Act Compliance at Michigan Community Collegessaid that in

1989, Congress passed the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act

Amendments to address illegal alcohol and drug abuse on college

campuses. To receive federal funding, each college must comply by

implementing an alcohol and drug prevention program, but the federal

government and some colleges have paid little attention to this policy.

Recently, the Department of Education vowed to intensify its scrutiny of

colleges and has begun issuing fines for noncompliance. There have been

no studies on this topic in over 20 years, leaving community college

administrators, in particular, without guidance on how to implement the

required programs. In this study, I analyzed public reports from Michigan

community colleges to evaluate compliance with the Drug-Free Schools

and Communities Act and to examine their alcohol and drug programs. I

found that 21 of Michigan's 28 community colleges partially complied with

the Act, only two implemented all the required mandates, and five were

noncompliant. Most notably, colleges failed to collect substantive

 26

programmatic outcomes data, and few offered evidence-based alcohol

and drug prevention programs to students. I provide rationale for why

colleges should invest in improving compliance and the quality of alcohol

and drug programs, and I offer seven recommendations to community

college administrators on how to do so.

Another study of Hornik, Robertet.al. (2003) Evaluation of the

National Youth Anti-Drug Campaign: Fourth Semi-Annual Report of

Findings. Executive Summary said that the National Youth Anti-Drug

Media Campaign was intended to reduce and prevent drug use among

youth by addressing them directly, as well as indirectly by encouraging

parents and other adults to take actions known to affect youth drug use.

Intervention components included television, radio, other advertising, and

public relations efforts (such as community outreach and institutional

partnerships). This report includes data from the National Survey of

Parents and Youth, which represents U.S. youth, living at home, and their

parents. Youth and parent questionnaires measured exposure to

messages of the Media Campaign and other anti-drug messages. The

youth survey examined beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors

regarding drugs and other factors known to relate to drug use or likely to

make youth more or less susceptible to Media Campaign messages. The

parent questionnaire measured beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and

 27

behaviors regarding interactions with their children. Overall, most parents

and youth recalled Campaign anti-drug messages. The Campaign

resulted in favorable changes in four out of five parent belief and behavior

outcome measures, including talking about drugs with, and monitoring of,

children. There was no evidence of indirect effects on youth behavior as a

result of parent Campaign exposure. There was little evidence of direct

favorable Campaign effects on youth.

Another study of Schachter, Ron(2012) A New Prescription for

Fighting Drug Abusesaid that it's a drug prevention conversation--and

program--that was largely missing as recently as a decade ago in most

middle and high schools. In those days, the principal concern of health

educators and disciplinarians alike was to keep students from misusing

alcohol and illegal street drugs such as ecstasy, cocaine and even

heroine. But driven by the proliferation of high-powered prescription drugs,

from the highly addictive painkiller OxyContin to the ADHD remedy

Adderall--and sobered by prescription drug abuse statistics for school-age

children--educational leaders are answering back with a host of new

initiatives targeted to that very problem and aimed largely at middle

schools, where such drug abuse often begins. Besides the risk of

addiction and overdoses, the widespread and unauthorized use of these

drugs is having other far-reaching effects. The 2009 National Risk

 28

Behavior Survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control showed a

strong correlation between illicit prescription drug use and academic

performance in high school. Of those students who had taken such drugs

once or more, 26 percent earned mostly Cs, while 41 percent registered

Ds and Fs. Last fall, the National Association of School Nurses (NASN)

started distributing "Smart Moves, Smart Choices," a comprehensive

"school toolkit" designed to prevent prescription drug abuse and featuring

noted authority Drew Pinsky in a series of video segments. The National

Education Association's (NEA) Health Information Network is creating an

anti-prescription-drug-abuse curriculum that its framers promise will

adhere to the National Health Education Standards and to the Common

Core State Standards. The curriculum is scheduled for release at the

NEA's national conference in July. Some school districts, meanwhile, have

taken prescription drug education into their own hands--the result of

growing abuse in their communities and fatalities in their schools.

Another study of Chang, Fong-Chinget.al. (2015) Effects of a

School-Based Drug Use Prevention Programme for Middle-School

Students in Taiwansaid that this study examined the effects of a school-

based drug use prevention programme for middle-school students in

Taiwan. The curriculum consisted of 10 lessons and 4 homework

assignments involving parent-child activities. A quasi-experimental design

 29

was used. The study was conducted in an urban middle-school located in

Taipei city and in a middle-school located in a rural area in

Taoyuancounty. A total of 327 middle-school students in the intervention

group and 314 students in the comparison group successfully participated

in the baseline (September 2011) and follow-up surveys (November

2011). A mixed-model approach was used to examine the effects.

Multivariate analysis results indicated that the school-based drug-

prevention programme increased the students' drug-related knowledge,

drug-prevention attitudes, enhanced life skills, and improved perceived

parental involvement in the prevention of drug use. The results of this

study endorse the implementation of school-based drug use prevention

programmes that include parent-child activities to enhance youth drug-

prevention knowledge, attitudes, and life skills.

CHAPTER 3

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the basic elements of the research process.

These are the research design, research setting and quantification of

variables.
 30

Research Design

The descriptive research method was used in the conduct of the

study. Descriptive research describes and interprets all the data gathered

by the researchers through a survey. It is defined through the collection of

responses from the questionnaires prepared by the researcher in order to

test hypothesis that will lead to analysis of data gathered. The perception

of respondents on the quantity of the implementation of anti-drug

campaign program of Duterte’sadministration.The dependent variables are

Pre-Tokhang, During-Tokhang, Post-Tokhang and Tokhangers.

Research Setting

The study was conducted in Purok 1-A Barangay 23, Gingoog City,

Misamis Oriental, Philippines.

 31

Figure 2. Location Map of Gingoog City in the Mindanao area.

 32

Figure 3. Aerial view via Google Earth of Gingoog City Poblacion

 33

Figure 4. Aerial Map showing the Purok 1 Barangay 23 via Google Earth.
 34

Respondents of the Study

Only the people of the selected barangay were taken as

respondents. The respondents answered the questionnaires once.

Sampling Procedure

The respondents were the households or persons of the respected

barangay, who are willing to answer the questionnaires chosen over a one

day period. A total of thirty (30) survey questionnaires for the thirty (3)

respondents were prepared and answered.

The survey questionnaires were formulated in English language

and was divided into two parts. The first part described the profile of the

respondents, and the second part determined of the implementation

process of the anti-drug campaign.

Table A. Sample Distribution of the Respondents

Barangay Number of Respondents

Barangay 23 30

Data Gathering Instrument and Procedures

The questionnaire was made by the researcher based on the anti-

drug campaign. It was divided into 2 parts. Part 1 of the questionnaire

described the respondent’s profile (1-page) the second part (3-page)

 35

focused on the perception of the respondents of the implementation of

anti-drug campaign.

The statements included in the questionnaire were pre tested to

ensure comprehension on the part of the respondents.

The researchers officially requested the authority to conduct the

survey from the Barangay Captain Hon. Julio B. Mercado and then

endorsed to the respondents. Likewise, respondents were shortly oriented

by the data gatherer. This was to ensure objectively of respondents

answers.

The questionnaires were given to the respondents after they are

oriented and explained. Before the revival of the questionnaires, the data

gatherer made follow-up questions, clarification to warrant the answers of

the respondents even to the point of translating the questions to the

Visayan dialect.

After the conduct of the survey, the researchers prepared a code

guide before tabulating the answers. Data were sorted by categories and

evaluated accordingly before applying appropriate statistical methods for

analysis.
 36

Scoring Procedure/ Quantification of Variables

Part 1 of the questionnaires focused on the profile of the

respondents using Five (5) independent variables with the respective

categories and codes as follows.

Independent Variables Categories Codes

Age 15-25 1

26-35 2

36-45 3

46-55 4

56-65 5

66-Above 6

Gender Male 1

Female 2

Civil Status Married 1

Separated 2

Annulled 3

Widow 4

Educational Attainment Elementary Graduate 1

High School Graduate 2

Degree Holder 3

Vocational 4
 37

College Level 5

With Masteral 6

With Ph.D. 7

Religion Roman Catholic 1

Baptist 2

Islam 3

SDA 4

Iglesia ni Kristo 5

Others 6

The code of the respondents responses were sorted to get the

corresponding frequency distribution and percentages.

Part 2 of the questionnaire measured the implementation of the

anti-drug campaign through three major indicators provided by the

researcher. These statement had 4 choices. Especially, for questions on

part 2 from questions number 1 to 30, the responses were weighted as

follows.

At all times - 4

Most of the time - 3

Sometimes - 2

Never - 1
 38

Statistical Statement

Tabulation and Statistical testing were done by the use of a

computer program. After each score in each choice was encoded, the

corresponding mean and standard deviation were also computed. The

results of these computations displaying frequency distribution and

percentage were presented in tables.

FORMULA FOR STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES AND TESTS

1. Descriptive Statistics

A. Percentage (%) = n/N

Where: n = number of responses

N = number of respondents

𝑥
B. Mean (X) ∑𝑛

Where: x = mean or average

N = total number of responses

C. Standard Deviation (sd)

Where:

S = the sample of standard deviation

N = the number of observations in the sample

X = the mean
 39

REFERENCES

Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC.study (2001)

Youth Drug Use and the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign
(http:eric.ed.gov)

Scheier, Lawrence M.; Grenard, Jerry L.; Holtz, Kristen D.(2011) An

Empirical Assessment of the "Above the Influence" Advertising
Campaigns (http:eric.ed.gov)

Kingsbury, Nancy; Ekstrand, Laurie E. (2006) ONDCP Media Campaign:

Contractor's National Evaluation Did Not Find That the Youth Anti-Drug
Media Campaign Was Effective in Reducing Youth Drug Use. Report to
the Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury, the Judiciary, Housing
and Urban Development, and Related Agencies, Committee on
Appropriations, U.S. Senate. GAO-06-818 (http:eric.ed.gov)

Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC.study

(2001)Helping Youth Navigate the Media Age: A New Approach to Drug
Prevention. Findings of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign
Media Literacy Summit White House Conference Center, June 01, 2002
(http:eric.ed.gov)

Yanovitzky, Itzhak (2017) A Multiyear Assessment of Public Response to

a Statewide Drug Take-Back and Disposal Campaign, 2010 to 2012
(http:eric.ed.gov)

Aina, Antoineet.al. (2017) Drug Design Workshop: A Web-Based

Educational Tool to Introduce Computer-Aided Drug Design to the
General Public (http:eric.ed.gov)

Dube, Danielle H. study (2018) Design of a Drug Discovery Course for

Non-Science Majors (http:eric.ed.gov)

Reisinger, Kelsy B.; Rutledge, Patricia C.; Conklin, Sarah M. study (2016)
Study Drugs and Academic Integrity: The Role of Beliefs about an
Academic Honor Code in the Prediction of Nonmedical Prescription Drug
Use for Academic Enhancement (http:eric.ed.gov)
 40

Pilkinton, Melinda W.; Robertson, Angela; McCluskey, D. Lee study (2013)

Drugged Driving: Increased Traffic Risks Involving Licit and Illicit
Substances (http:eric.ed.gov)

Asadullin, Azat R. et.al. (2016) Approach to Classifying "Design" Drugs

and New Potentially Dangerous Chemical Substances, with a Brief
Review of the Problem (http:eric.ed.gov)

Mottram, David (2012) Drugs in Sport (http:eric.ed.gov)

The White House (2006) National Drug Control Strategy, 2006

(http:eric.ed.gov)

Custer, Bradley D. (2018) Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act

Compliance at Michigan Community Colleges (http:eric.ed.gov)

Hornik, Robertet.al. (2003) Evaluation of the National Youth Anti-Drug

Campaign: Fourth Semi-Annual Report of Findings. Executive Summary
(http:eric.ed.gov)

Schachter, Ron(2012) A New Prescription for Fighting Drug Abuse

(http:eric.ed.gov)

Chang, Fong-Chinget.al. (2015) Effects of a School-Based Drug Use

Prevention Programme for Middle-School Students in Taiwan
(http:eric.ed.gov)