BAB
menderma, menerima, berkongsi
Jadual Berkala Unsur
4 Periodic Table of Elements
Jadual Berkala Unsur
4.1 Periodic Table of Elements
(a) Antoine Lavoisier
(b) Johann Dobereiner
(c) John Newlands
(d) Lothar Meyer
(e) Dmitri Mendeleev
(f) Henry J.G. Moseley
Susunan Unsur-unsur dalam Jadual
Berkala Unsur
Arrangement of Elements in the Periodic
Table of Elements
1. (a) proton / proton
(b) Kumpulan, valens / Group, valence
(c) Kala, petala / Period, shells
2. logam, peralihan / metals, Transition
3. bukan logam, satu / non-metal, one
4. bukan logam / non-metals
5. bukan logam / non-metal
6. separa logam / metalloids
Sifat-sifat Unsur dalam Suatu Kumpulan
Properties of Elements in a Group
1. kimia, valens / chemical, valence
2. jisim, saiz / mass, size
1 6. (a) sama, satu / same, one
B 2.8.2
C 2.8.8.2
D 2.3
E 2.8.5
F 2.8.8
G 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2 D
3
4
B
C
Unsur Kumpulan 18
4.2 Group 18 Elements
1.
Neon (Ne), Kripton (Kr), Radon (Rn)
Neon (Ne), Krypton (Kr), Radon (Rn)
2. (b) adi / noble
(c) monoatom / monoatomic
4. (a) bertambah / Increases
(b) Van der Waals, lebih
Van der Waals, more
(c) Meningkat / Increase
5. 2, 2.8, 2.8.8
• lengai, terluar, duplet, oktet
inert, outermost, duplet, octet
•
slowly, red, white
donate, accept, share
larut / dissolves
ungu / purple
6. Helium / Helium
Mengisi belon cuaca dan pesawat 4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
Fills weather balloons and airships Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH
Neon / Neon Natrium / Sodium
cepat, terang, kuning, putih
Mengisi lampu neon (untuk papan iklan)
Fills neon lights (for advertisement boards) rapidly, brightly, yellow, white
larut / dissolves
Argon / Argon
Mengisi mentol elektrik ungu / purple
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
Fills electrical bulbs
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
Kripton / Krypton
Mengisi lampu kilat fotografi Kalium / Potassium
Fills photographic flash lamps cepat, terang, ungu, putih
rapidly, brightly, lilac, white
Radon / Radon
larut / dissolves
Mengubati kanser
ungu / purple
Treat cancers
4K + O2 → 2K2O
K2O + H2O → 2KOH
Unsur Kumpulan 1
4.3 Group 1 Elements Kesimpulan / Conclusion
bertambah / increases
1.
Litium (Li), Kalium (K), Sesium (Cs)
Lithium (Li), Potassium (K), Cesium (Cs) oksida, larut / oxide, dissolves
C 1. klorida logam / metal chloride
2. (b) alkali / alkali
2. 2, XCl
3. (a) lembut / Soft Litium / Lithium
(d) Mengalirkan / Conduct perlahan, merah, putih
4. (a) bertambah / Increases slowly, red, white
(b) bertambah, lemah 2Li + CI2 → 2LiCI
increases, weaker Natrium / Sodium
(c) Meningkat / Increase cepat, terang, kuning, putih
5. • bertambah / increases rapidly, brightly, yellow, white
• lemah / weaker 2Na + CI2 → 2NaCI
• melepaskan, +1 / release, +1 Kalium / Potassium
cepat terang, ungu, putih
(b) satu, duplet, oktet, satu, + 1 rapidly, brightly, lilac, white
2 3 one, duplet, octet, one, + 1 2K + CI2 → 2KCI
2 4 A 2. alkali, hidrogen Kesimpulan / Conclusion
alkaline, hydrogen bertambah / increases
13 2 3. XOH
15 3
Litium / Lithium 2
perlahan, ‘hiss’, biru
18 3 slowly, ‘hiss’, blue (a) Natrium / Sodium
2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2 Litium / Lithium
18 1
Natrium / Sodium (b) Natrium lebih reaktif daripada litium.
rawak, ‘hiss’, biru Sodium is more reactive than lithium.
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 randomly, ‘hiss’, blue (c) Natrium mempunyai saiz atom yang
A
G
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 lebih besar berbanding dengan litium.
E F
Kalium / Potassium Daya tarikan nukleus atom natrium
ungu, cepat, rawak, ‘hiss’, terhadap elektron valens yang lebih
‘pop’, biru / lilac, rapidly, lemah menyebabkan atom natrium
randomly, ‘hiss’, ‘pop’, blue lebih mudah mendermakan elektron
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 untuk membentuk ion yang bercas +1.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion Sodium has a bigger atomic size compared
bertambah / increases to lithium. Its nuclei attraction towards
alkali, hidrogen valence electron in sodium atom is weaker
and this causes sodium atom easier to
alkaline, hydrogen
donate an electron to form an ion with the
B 1. oksida logam / metal oxide charge of +1.
2. X2O (d) Kertas litmus merah bertukar menjadi
3. alkali / alkaline biru.
4. X2O, XOH Red litmus paper turns blue.
Litium / Lithium (e) Gas hidrogen / Hidrogen gas
perlahan, merah, putih
(f) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
1
 Unsur Kumpulan 17 (c) rendah / low (b) (i) B
4.4 Group 17 Elements (d) rendah / low (ii) Unsur B mempunyai saiz
1.
Fluorin (F), Bromin (Br) 4.
(a) meningkat / increases atom yang paling besar.
Fluorine (F), Bromine (Br) (b) kuat, lebih / stronger, more Apabila menurun kumpulan,
(c) Meningkat / Increases saiz atom bertambah.
2.
(b) halogen / halogens
Daya tarikan nukleus
(c) dwiatom / diatomic 5.
berkurang / decreases
terhadap elektron valens
3.
(a) haba, elektrik / heat, electricity • berkurang / decreases menjadi lebih lemah. Ini
(b) gelap / darker • meningkat / increases menyebabkan atom B
kuning / yellow • –1, berkurang lebih mudah mendermakan
kuning kehijauan / Greenish-yellow –1, decreases
elektron untuk membentuk
perang kemerahan / Reddish-brown ion bercas +1.
hitam keunguan / Purplish black Element B has the biggest
atomic size. When going
6. sama, berkurang down the group, the atomic
similar, decreases size increases. The nucleus
(a) attraction towards the valence
Klorin Bromin Iodin electrons becomes weaker.
Chlorine Bromine Iodine This causes atom B to donate
cepat, kuning perlahan, perang kekuningan perlahan, kuning pucat valence electron more easily to
form an ion with the charge of
rapidly, yellow ; slowly, yellowish-brown ; slowly, pale yellow
+1.
merah, melunturkannya merah, melunturkannya merah, tidak
(c) (i) D
red, bleached red, bleached red, does not
(ii) Konduktor elektrik yang
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr I2 + H2O HI + HOI lemah
Weak conductor of electricity
(b) klorin / chorine (d) (i) Oksida berbes / Basic oxide
(ii) Kertas litmus merah
Klorin Bromin Iodin bertukar menjadi biru
Chlorine Bromine Iodine The red litmus paper turns blue
cepat, terang, perang sederhana, perang malap, perlahan, perang (iii) 4A  +  O2 → 2A2O
rapidly, bright, brown moderately, brown dimly, slowly, brown (e) C
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3 2Fe + 3Br2 → 2FeBr3 2Fe + 3I2 → 2FeI3 (f) (i) F
(ii) Unsur F adalah lengai
secara kimia
(c) Element F is chemically inert
Klorin Bromin Iodin
Chlorine Bromine Iodine (g) A dan B / A and B
(h) (i) A, C, D
hijau kekuningan, perang kemerahan, ungu kehitaman, perlahan, (ii) Apabila merentasi kala,
cepat, tidak berwarna kurang, tidak tidak saiz atom unsur berkurang.
greenish-yellow, rapidly, reddish-brown, less, purplish-black, slowly,
colourless colourless colourless
Cas positif nukleus
bertambah disebabkan
Cl2 + 2NaOH → Br2 + 2NaOH → I2 + 2NaOH nombor proton bertambah.
NaCl + NaOCl + H2O NaBr + NaOBr + H2O → NaI + NaOI + H2O Ini menyebabkan kekuatan
nukleus untuk menarik
Unsur dalam Kala 4.
menerima, negatif / receive, negatively elektron ke dalam petala
4.5 Elements in a Period terluar bertambah. Oleh
5.
bertambah, increases
itu, kelektronegatifan
1.
Na, Al, Si, P, Cl C (a) Pepejal / Solid, Gas / Gas bertambah.
12, 15, 16, 18 (b) Logam, Separa logam, Bukan When going across the period,
2.8.1, 2.8.2, 2.8.3, 2.8.4, 2.8.5, 2.8.6, logam the atomic size of the elements
2.8.7, 2.8.8 Metal, Semi metal, Non-metal decreases. The positive charge
Magnesium, Silikon, Sulfur, Argon (c) Baik, Lemah, Tidak boleh of the nucleus increases due
Good, Weak, Cannot to an increase in the proton
Magnesium, Silicon, Sulphur, Argon
numbers. This causes increase
2.
tiga / three D 1. (a) bes / basic in the strength of the nucleus
(b) beralkali / alkaline to attract electrons into the
A berkurang / decreases
2. (a) asid / acidic outer most shell. Therefore, the
1. bertambah / increases
(b) berasid / acidic electronegativity increases.
2. positif, bertambah / positive, increase
3. (a) amfoterik / amphoteric
3. bertambah / increase Unsur Peralihan
(b) asid, alkali 4.6
4. berkurang / decreases acidic, basic
Transition Elements
B 1. kekuatan, elektron 1. 2, 13
strength, electrons 3 2. (a) elektrik, haba / electricity, heat
2. berkurang / decreases (b) berkilat / shiny
1. (a) Melalui pertambahan bilangan (c) ditempa / malleable
3. positif, bertambah, bertambah

Positive, increases, increase proton (d) tinggi / High
By the increase in the number of proton

2
 (e) tinggi / High
(f) tinggi / High
3. (a) berlainan / different
(b) berwarna / coloured
(c) kompleks / complex
(d) mangkin / catalyst
4. Ferum / Iron
Platinum / Platinum
Vanadium(V) oksida / Vanadium(V)
oxide
Nikel / Nickel

4
1.
(a) Logam Q / Metal Q
(b) Logam Q mempunyai nombor
pengoksidaan yang lebih
daripada satu.
Metal Q has more than one oxidation
numbers.
(c) Batu permata / Precious stones