Sri Venkateshwara International

Senior Secondary School

PROJECT

ON

LIGHT DEPENDENT
RESISTANCE

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr.R.Vittal. Naveen.G.S.
(Dept of Physics) (Class- XII)
 Certificate

Reg. No: ……………………

This is to certify that Naveen.G.S. student of Class XII, Sri Venkateshwara

International Senior Secondary School has completed the project titled
Light Dependent Resistance during the academic year 2017- 2018 towards
partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation of CBSE 2018, and
submitted satisfactory, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

Internal Examiner Principal

Submitted for the Practical Examiner held on ……….......................... at Sri Venkateshwara

International Senior Secondary School (CBSE) , Sri Vidhya Nagar, Othakuthirai,
Gobi- Erode District- 608476.

Date : External Examiner

 Acknowledgement
“There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise
to only as good as belittle person, whose words do not express, but only put
veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at these point of time”.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physics mentor Mr.Vittal,

for his active support, guidance and encouragement, without which this
project would not have come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to
the staff of the Physics Department at Sri Venkateshwara International Sr.
Sec. School for their support during the making of this project.

(Naveen.G.S)
 Index

1. Introduction

2. Principle

3. Advantages

4. Brief Description of components

5. Working

6. Uses

7. Bibliography
 Light Dependent Resistance

INTRODUCTION:-

In the society, sometimes street lights glow in day time due to any reason. In mines
area people face many difficulties due to absence of light in the nights. In frontier and
hilly areas, people face many problems due to damaged street lights.

For solve above these problems, we create a device in which the lights glow in night
and in day time, they off automatically and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve
above problems and can also save electricity and men's power.

PRINCIPLE:-

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). Light Dependent

Resistance [LDR] is a resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on
the presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or
decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on it.

If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it,
the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence
of light and darkness changes its resistance is depends on the different types of
LDR.
ADVANTAGES:-

 Collection of parts of the circuit are easily available.

 Accuracy of this circuit is more than accuracy of other circuits.

 By using laser, it can be used for security purposes.

 It can be used to stop the wastage of electricity.

 The cost of circuit is low.

 This circuit saves the men's power.

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:-

1. TRANSISTOR: When a thin slice of p-type is sandwiched between two blocks of

n-type, then n-p-n transistor is formed. It consists of emitter, base, and collector. In
the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-147 & SL-100) is used.

2. DIODE: When a p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined a diode is formed.
It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. In the
project, IN-4007diode is used.

3. RELAY: It helps to contact and discontact. In the project, we use relay of 6 ohms.

4. CARBON RESISTOR: A carbon resistor has generally four rings or bands A, B,

C and D of different colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In project, we
use carbon resistance of 220 kilo-ohms, 1.5 kilo-ohms and 820 ohms.

5. LDR: LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to complete the
circuit.

6. TRANSFORMER: Transformer is used to convert low alternating voltage to high

alternating voltage by decreasing the current and vice-versa. We use a transformer
of 6-0-6V for the circuit.

7. CAPACITOR: Capacitor is used to block DC. In the circuit, we use the capacitor
of 220mfd and 1000mfd.
8. BULB: An electric bulb is connected to the circuit when LDR comes in the
darkness.

WORKING:-

Let 6V. DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on LDR then the resistance of
LDR will decrease and approximate equal to zero. 6V DC come from 220 kilo-ohms
resistance and passes through LDR. At this time, it becomes earth, so that no
voltage flows through the base of transistor T1. Due to absence of positive voltage at
base, emitter hasn't negative voltage in the comparison of its base, so that transistor
T1 don't conduct and no current flows through it. But resistance of 1.5 kilo-ohms is
connected with 6V DC line, so that from 6V DC approximate 4V DC passes through
820 ohms and reach at the base of transistor T 2. For conduction, emitter has some
negative voltage in the comparison of its base. But at this time, 4V DC reach at base
of transistor T2, so that emitter has highly negative voltage in comparison of its base,
so that transistor T2 highly conducts. The collector of transistor T2 is connected with
relay coil, so that magnetic induction around relay coil will disconnect with rest point
and connect with active point. So, according to the circuit, the bulb will glow.

Now, when light don't fall on LDR so that the resistance of LDR increases. Now LDR
has not zero resistance due to darkness, so that 6V DC line and 220 kilo-ohms
resistance, some positive voltage reaches at the base of transistor T1.The collector of
transistor T1 has positive voltage because 6V DC pass through 1.5 kilo-ohms
resistance and reach at collector of transistor T1.In this way transistor T1 conduct and
current start to flow in transistor T1. Transistor T1 and resistance of 1.5 kilo-ohms are
connected in series so that the current also flows through 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance.
Now, the above terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has 6V DC, it means the lower
terminal of 1.5 kilo-ohms resistance has lower voltage i.e. 3 or 3.5 V. From 3V
approximate 1.5 V or 1 V. DC reaches at base of transistor T2.The collector of
transistor T2 has positive voltage by relay coil. But at this time, emitter has some
negative voltage in the comparison of its base.
So that the quantity of current which flows through transistor T 2 and relay coil will
very low. Due to this, magnetic induction around relay coil will not more effective and
pole point will disconnect with active point and connect with rest point. According to
the circuit, the bulb will glow.

USES:-

 It can be used in street lights.

 It can be used in mines areas.

 It can be used in hilly areas.

 By using laser, it can be used for safety purposes.

 It can be used in frontier areas.

 It can be used in houses.

It can be used in jail lights.

 Bibliography

 Wikipedia.com
 www.google.com
 www.scbrid.com