Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No.

10

The Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home:

An Exploratory study of Rumah Seri Kenangan Cheras, Selangor

Hasif Rafidee Hasbollah, Mohd. Nazaruddin Yusoff, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi

rafidee@umk.edu.my
Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan,
16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

nazaruddin@uum.edu.my
School of Government College of Law, Government and International Studies,
Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, UUM Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia.

nasrun@uum,edu.my
School of Technology Management and Logistic,
Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, UUM Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia.

Abstract

The terminologies of “Green Building” and “Sustainable Building” explore the practice
of creating structures by using processes that are environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient. This is done through examining a building's life-cycle that is related
with economy, utility, durability, and comfort of occupants. In Malaysia, “Green
Building” and “Sustainable Building” for Care Facilities of Elderly Care Homes are
still in its infancy. Elderly Care Home is a long term care facility that provides
permanent living space and support for the elderly, with the activities of daily living
that offers personal care and support. This research explores the Green and Sustainable
Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home – Rumah Seri Kenangan (RSK) in Cheras,
Selangor (GSch-RSK). RSK is established to provide care, treatment and shelter to the
elderly poor, aged 60 years and above. It provides care and protection services;
guidance and counselling; recreational activities; medical treatment; occupational
therapy; and physiotherapy for the elderly to live in peace and enjoy a good quality of
life. This research adopts observation, interview, and document review methods in
gathering data. The findings indicate six characteristics of GSch-RSK which consists
of (1) Location and Surrounding area of RSK which is explored and consisted of road,
RSK building and green landscape; (2) Integrated Operation of Operations and
Maintenance in daily cleaning and monthly elevator maintenance; (3) Healthy
Environment of Atmosphere and Well-being that consist of bright colours and
ventilation system (modern windows and exhaust fan); (4) Waste Management System
that includes garbage removal and designated sewerage; (5) Energy Efficiency
characteristic that is the installation of the Energy Efficiency Appliances and Solar
Panel System; and (6) Sustainable and Green Management of Green Landscape which
has been practiced by setting up Rain Garden and planting Edible Green leaves and
flowers. All these characteristics are vital in developing the theoretical framework of
Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Homes in Malaysia. Finally, these
characteristics will be used for the development framework of existing buildings of
Elderly Care Homes in Malaysia.

Keywords: Green, Sustainable, Care Facilities, Elderly Care Home, Exploratory

 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

Introduction

The word “Green Building” and “Sustainability Building” are gaining popularity in the
building construction development. They are used interchangeably for development projects
for residential homes, commercial buildings, schools, institutional buildings, and care facilities
(Eichholtz et. al., 2009; Larsen, 2015; Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff et. al., 2016).
“Green Building” is designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on
human health and the natural environment with the efficient usage of energy, water, materials,
and other resources; protecting occupant health by improving employee productivity; reducing
waste, pollution and environmental degradation of the building life cycle (Howe, 2011; EPA,
2016).
“Sustainable Building” is constructed for integral quality of a building which includes
economic, social and environment. It is designed to maximise aesthetic quality, life cycle-cost,
has a minimum environmental impact, and provides a healthy environment for users (OECD
2003; Feige et. al., 2013; Kibert, 2016).
According to Berardi (2013) “Sustainable Building” is a “Green Building” that goes
further in making the best adaptive use of the building which provides a sense of community,
and increases social equity, cultural heritage, human health, healthy environments, and at the
same time maintaining an effective level of operations and maintenance.
“Sustainable Building” incorporates all environmental, social and economic aspects,
while “Green Building” refers to the environmental leg of sustainability or the economic leg
(Yanarella et. al., 2009).
The terminologies of “Green Building” and “Sustainable Building” explore the practice
of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-
efficient throughout a building's life-cycle that are concerned with economy, utility, durability,
and comfort of users and occupants.
Therefore, whether it is “Green Building” or “Sustainable Building”, both the
terminologies encompass the practice of creating and using healthier and more resource-
efficient models of building development construction in the sustainable world.

Green and Sustainable Care Facilities for Elderly Care Home

The United Kingdom is one of the developed countries that practices “Green and
Sustainable Building” for care facilities which has the “Minimum Standard Care Home”
(Ministry of Health United Kingdom, 2003). The Green Building Council’s LEED for Existing
Buildings: Operations and Maintenance (2008) has released “The Green Guide for Health
Care” that practices “Green”. The Green Guide for Health Care (2008) provides guidance to
integrate enhanced environmental health principles and practices into the planning, design,
construction, operations and maintenance of sustainable healthcare facilities. The guide has
already played an important role in spurring development of healthier building materials and
gives the healthcare industry especially for the Elderly Care Home.
The development of “Green” House Project and Eden Alternative is an example of the
new America’s National Model that exercises the “Green” and “Sustainable” Elderly Care
Home Programmes. The Model provides a home-like atmosphere, including physical
environment and social functions of Elderly Care Home (Rabiq et. al., 2006; Koren, 2010;
Zimmerman and Cohen, 2010). It incorporates environmental aspects of “Green” living with
the access of plenty of sunlight, plants and garden areas; social function of warmth (living
situation that consists of a layout, furnishing and decorations that encourages social activities),
 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

autonomy (the elderly has their own private room and bathroom) and intimacy (consists of
clusters of smaller home care with 6 to 10 elderly).
In Malaysia, “Green Building” and “Sustainable Building” for Care Facilities
especially Elderly Care Homes are still in its infancy. Only few researches are done on “Green”
and “Sustainable Building” on Care Facilities such as “Opportunities for the Transfer of United
Kingdom Best Practices for the Provision of Public Residential Care Facilities for the Elderly
in Malaysia” by Noralfishah (2012) and “The Minimum Standard Facilities at the Nursing
Homes in Klang Valley” by Nik Muhammad Faris (2017). However, to date there is no
substantial findings on the characteristics of “Green Building” and “Sustainable Building” for
Care Facilities especially in Malaysia. Therefore, this research attempts to explore the Green
and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home in Malaysia.

Methodology
This research adopts observation, interview, and documents review methods to gather
data by exploring the Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home – Rumah
Seri Kenangan (RSK) in Cheras, Selangor. Observation is used in theorising, generating
descriptions and explaining the phenomena in the research (Malderez, 2003). The data from
observational study can be integrated as auxiliary or confirmatory research (Gray, 2009). In
this study, observation method is used in collecting information that includes the process of
“seeing” and theorising the characteristics of Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly
Care Home.
An interview is conducted with the management of RSK to provide information on
the characteristics of Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home - RSK. The
semi-structured interview technique is used to cover a wide range of subject matter; a series of
questions are in the general form of an interview schedule but it has the ability to diverge from
the sequence of questions should the opportunity arise (Bryman and Bell, 2007).
In this research, the documents of contracts and reports of the development of Green
and Sustainable Care Facilities of RSK are reviewed and analysed. Document analysis is a
systematic procedure for reviewing and evaluating documents both printed and electronic
material. It requires data to be examined and interpreted in order to elicit meaning, gain
understanding, and develop empirical knowledge (Corbin and Strauss, 2008; Bowen, 2009).

Elderly Care Home - Rumah Seri Kenangan

Elderly Care Home is perceived as one of the long term care facilities. Long term care
facilities are places that provide permanent living space and support for the elderly, with the
activities of daily living that offers higher levels of personal care and support to elderly needs
(Ministry of Health Care and Long Term Care, 2013). Nursing Homes, Hospitals, Hospices,
and Care Homes are referred as long term care facilities (Philips and Chan, 2002; Sulaiman,
2013; Hasif et. al., 2015).
In Malaysia, Elderly Care Homes are known as Rumah Seri Kenangan (RSK). There
are ten RSK that are supervised and managed by the Department of Social Welfare, Ministry
of Women, Family and Community Development which are situated in Cheras, Selangor;
Kangar, Perlis; Taiping, Kinta and Seri Iskandar, Perak; Seremban, Negeri Sembilan; Cheng
Melaka; Johor Bahru, Johor; Kemumin, Kelantan; and Bedong in Kedah (Department of Social
Welfare, 2018).
 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

RSK is established to provide care, treatment and shelter to the elderly poor and aged
60 years and above with care and protection services; guidance and counselling; recreational
activities; medical treatment; occupational therapy; and physiotherapy for the elderly to live in
peace and enjoy a good quality of life (Malaysian Institute of Economic Research, 2006;
Selvaratnam et. al., 2010; Department of Social Welfare, 2018).

Theorising the Characteristics of Green and Sustainable Care Facilities for Elderly Care
Home

Most of the researches of the Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care
Homes discuss the philosophy of resident care, staff culture and the physical structure of the
care facilities (Doty et. al., 2008; Sharkey et. al., 2011; Bowers and Nolet, 2014; Care Quality
Commission, 2017). However, the aim of this study attempts to theorise the Characteristics of
the Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home from the perspective of built
environment.
The characteristics of “Green and Sustainable Building” are distinguished by Berardi
(2013) and Olaniyi (2017). Table 1 indicates the characteristics of “Green and Sustainable
Building”. The characteristics of “Green Building” illuminate the environmental friendly part
of a building, while the characteristics of “Sustainable Building” highlight the built
environment, social, and economic part of a building.

Table 1: The Characteristics of Green and Sustainable Building

Characteristics Green Building Sustainable Building

Consumption of non-renewable resources / /
Water consumption / /
Materials consumption / /
Land use / /
Impacts on site ecology / /
Urban and planning issues / /
Greenhouse gas emissions / /
Solid waste and liquid effluents / /
Indoor well-being: air quality, lighting, acoustics / /
Longevity, adaptability, flexibility /
Operations and Maintenance /
Facilities Management /
Social Issues (access, education, inclusion, cohesion) /
Economic considerations /
Cultural perception and inspiration /
Source: Adapted from Berardi (2013) and Olaniyi (2017)

The characteristics of “Green and Sustainable Building” cover psychological and social
functions of Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home with a meaningful building functionality. It
caters the holistic concept of well-being which covers the location, design, and resource
efficiency towards the healthy environment.
The Green Guide for Health Care (2008) is one of the resources and foundation to
characterise the Green and Sustainable Care Facilities for Elderly Care Home. Table 2 shows
the Required Green Guide for Health Care Facilities.
 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

Table 2: The Required Green Guide for Health Care Facilities

Characteristics Sub- Characteristics Aim

Integrated Operations Integrated Operations & Maintenance
Process
Facilities Management Energy Efficiency Best Practices:
Planning, Documentation &
Opportunity Assessment
Minimum Building Energy Efficiency
Performance
Refrigerant Management –
Ozone Protection
Minimum Indoor Plumbing Fixture and
Fitting Efficiency
Outdoor Air Introduction &
Exhaust Systems
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Prevent exposure of building,
Control
Chemical Management Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Reduce the potential exposure of
Removal and Asbestos-Containing building occupants to PCB and ACM.
Materials (ACM) Management
Chemical Management Policy and
Audit
Community Contaminant Reduction:
Leaks & Spills
Waste Management Waste Management Plan
Waste Generation Profile and
Measurement
Source: Adapted from the Green Guide for Health Care (2008)
Demonstrate a cross discipline in
Operations and Maintenance decision-
making and implementation to ensure
safe, healthful, environmentally
sensitive methods and materials.
Promote continuity of information to
ensure that energy-efficient operating
strategies are maintained and provide a
foundation for training and system
analysis.
Establish the minimum level of energy
efficiency for the building and
systems.
Reduce stratospheric ozone depletion.
Reduce indoor fixture and fitting water
use within buildings to reduce the
burdens on potable water supply and
wastewater systems.
Establish minimum Indoor Air Quality
(IAQ) performance to enhance indoor
air quality in buildings, thus
contributing to the health and well-
being of occupants.
occupants, indoor surfaces, and
systems to ETS.
Prevent associated harmful effects of
these hazardous materials in new and
existing buildings.
Institute a comprehensive chemical
management policy and audit process
to establish a framework of policies
and procedures to reduce and eliminate
the use, emission and improper
disposal of chemical hazards and toxic
materials within the healthcare facility
and to the surrounding community.
Mitigate leaks, spills and waterborne
effluents to prevent releasing
waterborne environmental, health and
safety burdens to the site neighbours
and surrounding community
Institute a waste management plan to
establish a framework of policies and
procedures with a goal of zero waste.
Establish baseline generation rates of
all waste categories to enhance
environmental goal setting and
performance tracking.
 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

Table 2: The Required Green Guide for Health Care Facilities (Continued)

Characteristics Sub- Characteristics Aim

Waste Management
Environmentally
Preferable Purchasing
Electronic Assets Environmental
Solid Waste Land Disposal
Mercury Reduction
Management Plan
Source: Adapted from the Green Guide for Health Care (2008)
Prevent contamination of the land
associated disposal of toxic, hazardous,
infectious or radiological substances.
Protect the health of patients, staff, and
visitors, reduce disposal costs and
liability, by avoiding purchase of
mercury-containing equipment, devices
and phasing out existing mercury
sources.
Reduce the environmental and health
burdens associated with the
manufacture, use and disposal of
electronic products.

There are five (5) Required Green Guide for Health Care Facilities, which are
Integrated Operations, Facilities Management, Chemical Management, Waste Management,
and Environmentally Preferable Purchasing. These five Required Characteristics are vital to
ensure the standard and continuity of Green and Sustainable Building for existing care
facilities.
In Malaysia, there are no guidelines, framework or standard Characteristics of Green
and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home to date. However, the issues and
phenomenon of “Green and Sustainable Building” have been discussed by Mohd Nazaruddin
Yusoff and Kamarudin Mohd Nor (2014) in their book “Sustainable Development of Built
Environment and Global Warming”. Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff (2011) also highlighted the
characteristics concept of “Green and Sustainable Building” that include the following
characteristics:

i) Location and surrounding area;

ii) Energy efficiency;
iii) Healthy environment;
iv) Integration design;
v) Water supply management;
vi) New development considerations;
vii) Utilising the usage of resources; and
viii) Site conservation.

The eight (8) characteristics of “Green and Sustainable Building” that have been
mentioned by Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff (2011) are also adapted in theorising the
Characteristics of the Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home in Malaysia.
 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

Expoloring the Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home – RSK,
Cheras, Selangor

In exploring the Green and Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Home (GSch)-
RSK Cheras, Selangor, the underlying theory of Characteristics of Green and Sustainable
Building (Berardi, 2013; Olaniyi, 2017); The Required Green Guide for Health Care (Green
Guide for Health Care, 2008); and the Characteristic Concepts of Green and Sustainable
Building (Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff, 2011) are adapted. Table 3 indicates the exploration and
findings of GSch-RSK.
Table 3: Exploration and Findings of GSch-RSK

Characteristics Exploration and Findings

Location and • Location
surrounding - RSK Cheras is situated at Kilometre 18, Jalan Cheras, 43000 Kajang,
Selangor and can be accessed by road transportations.
• Surrounding area
- The land estimation area is about 15 hectares which consists of road,
RSK building (office, dormitory and other facilities) and green
landscape (flowers and edible green leaves).

Integrated Operations • Operations & Maintenance

- Operations of daily cleaning and disinfection are practiced at
dormitory, floor, furnishings, office and bathroom.
- Monthly elevator maintenance is done to ensure the continuation of
operation performance.

Figure 1: Elevators in RSK

Healthy Environment • Atmosphere well-being

- The colour of RSK building is painted white and cream. Bright
colours are used for heat absorption reduction.
- RSK has modern transparent windows for ventilation that allows air,
light and sound.
- Exhaust fan is used in Store and Kitchen to reduce moisture.

Figure 2: Modern windows in RSK

 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

Table 3: Exploration and Findings of GSch-RSK (Continued)

Characteristics Exploration and Findings

Waste Management
• Waste Management System
- Residual and Garbage removal are managed by private company
from RSK to disposal plant 3 times a week.
- RSK has designated sewerage that is managed by private company
which incorporates the sewers, disposal pipes, and pumping
stations.

Figure 3: Designated sewerage in RSK

Energy efficiency • Energy efficiency appliances

- The installation of appropriate electrical equipment such as an air
conditioner, refrigerator and fans are according to ENERGY STAR
standard benchmark.
• Solar Panel System
- The installation of Solar Panel System as a community sustainable
project by a private company helps to absorb sunlight as source of
energy to generate electricity.

Figure 4: Solar Panel System in RSK

Sustainable and Green • Green Landscape

Management - RSK has practiced sustainable and green landscape of Rain Garden
to conserve water decrease runoff.
- Flowers and Edible Green leaves are planted in the landscape area
of RSK.

Figure 5: Rain Garden and Edible Green leaves in RSK

 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

Discussion

The findings indicate six characteristics of GSch-RSK are gathered. The location and
surrounding area of RSK is explored and consisted of road, RSK building and green landscape.
Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff and Kamarudin Mohd Nor. (2014) asserted that the location and
surrounding area have a huge impact towards green and sustainable building. The locality of
the building surrounded by the green landscape helps to reduce heat and increase the energy
efficiency. Retaining and sustaining the green landscape contributes to the local water sources
and the surrounding area fertility of the soil.
The Integrated operation characteristic discovers that RSK has practiced Operations
and Maintenance (OM) of daily cleaning and monthly elevator maintenance. The International
Facility Management Association or IFMA (2006) states that “OM is essential in maintaining
the original anticipated useful life and the original intended usage of a fixed asset. OM is the
upkeep of property and equipment that includes periodic inspection, adjustment, lubrication,
cleaning (non-janitorial), painting, replacement of parts, minor repairs, and other actions to
prolong service and prevent unscheduled breakdowns”.
According to the Green Guide for Health Care (2008), the objectives of OM for Care
Facilities are to ensure safe, healthful, environmentally sensitive methods and materials. The
characteristics of OM are also mentioned by Berardi (2013) and Olaniyi (2017) in Sustainable
Building criteria.
Mohd Nazaruddin Yusoff (2011) has highlighted that Healthy Environment as one of
the characteristics of “Green and Sustainable Building”. He illustrates that, Healthy
Environment of Atmosphere Well-being exists in RSK. Atmosphere Well-being is the basic
human rights that includes the rights to breathe clean air, the rights to thermal comfort, the
rights to visual health and comfort (WHO, 1985; 2000). The Atmosphere Well-being consists
of bright colours (RSK building) and ventilation system that includes modern windows and
exhaust fan. The bright colours help to reflect heat away from the building (LEED, 2008). The
ventilation system improves indoor air quality for enhancement of occupants comfort,
productivity, and well-being to reduce the chances of ill health (Paola, 2006; LEED, 2009;
Siew, 2011).
The findings indicate that RSK has exercised the waste management system that
includes garbage removal and designated sewerage. The garbage removal service is operated
three times a week transported from RSK to Solid Waste Land Disposal. According to Green
Guide for Health Care (2008) Solid Waste Land Disposal aims to prevent contamination of the
land associated disposal of toxic, hazardous, infectious or radiological substances. The
Designated Sewage is a sewerage system that collects and transports sewage to a required level,
uses, disposes of or discharges effluent, bio solids, methane or any other products from the
sewage treatment process and returning them to the environment (New South Wales
Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, 1996). The Waste Management System is
administered by an appointed private company.
RSK has taken up the Energy Efficiency Characteristics by the installation of the
Energy Efficiency Appliances and Solar Panel System. The usage of electrical appliances with
ENERGY STAR standard and renewable Solar Panel. The Energy Efficiency Characteristics
are related to the equipment that helps to do more work with less energy usages whilst
providing the same service. It is a strategy for decreasing the usage of energy and has negative
impacts on the environment (Joelsson and Gustavsson, 2009; Rosen, 2009; Wang et. al., 2012,
Olaniyi, 2017).
Sustainable and Green Management of Green Landscape have been practiced by RSK
by setting up a Rain Garden. A Rain Garden is a depressed area in the landscape that collects
rain water from a roof, driveway or street and allows it to soak into the ground and is used by
 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, October 2018, Vol.9, No. 10

the plants (Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). The Green Landscape of RSK is planted
with flowers and Edible Green leaves which are beautiful, cost-effective and reduce water
runoff.

Conclusion

In conclusion this exploratory study has observed six important characteristics. Firstly,
the characteristic of GSch-RSK begins with the Location and Surrounding Area, which is the
locality of the building surrounded by the green landscape. Secondly, it is the exploration of
Integrated Operation of OM that discusses the Cleaning Operation and Elevator Maintenance
in ensuring safe and healthy environment. Then, the Healthy Environment of Atmosphere
Well-being is discovered in GSch-RSK. This consists of bright colours and good ventilation
system for occupants and productivity. Another characteristic of GSch-RSK is Waste
Management System that includes Garbage Removal Service to Solid Waste Land Disposal
and Designated Sewage for green environment. Next, is the Energy Efficiency that includes
the installation of electrical appliances with ENERGY STAR standard and renewable Solar
Panel. Finally, it is the Sustainable and Green Management characteristic that consists of Rain
Garden and Edible Green that have been set up.
All these characteristics are vital in developing the theoretical framework of Green and
Sustainable Care Facilities of Elderly Care Homes in Malaysia. Eventually, these
characteristics will be used for the development framework of existing buildings of Elderly
Care Homes in Malaysia.

Acknowledgement

Special thanks are directed to the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development,
Department Social Welfare and Rumah Seri Kenangan, Cheras, Selangor for material support
and cooperation given for this research.

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