Rajasthan, situated at the northwestern part of India is the biggest state in the country of India and lies between

23°30' and
30° 11' North latitude and 69° 29' and 78° 17' East longitude. The state shares its north-western and western boundary with
the Indo-Pakistan international border that extends about 1,070 km and touches the major districts Barmer, Bikaner,
Ganganaga and Jaisalmer. Rajasthan is bordered by Pakistan in the west and northwest, the states of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh
and Haryana in the north and northeast. The state of Madhya Pradesh lies in the southeast and Gujrat in the southwest.

The huge portion of the state of Rajasthan is desiccated and houses the biggest Indian desert- the Thar Desert known as
the 'Maru-kantar'. The oldest chain of fold mountains- the Aravali Range splits the state into two geographical zones- desert
at one side and forest belt on the other. Only 9.36% of the total geographical region lies under forest vegetation. The Mount
Abu is the only hill station of the state and houses the Guru Shikhar Peak that is the highest peak of the Aravali range with
an elevation of 1,722 m. The capital city of Rajasthan is Jaipur.

Flora & Fauna

Rajasthan is the abode of certain flora and fauna that are particularly endemic to arid regions and are specially adapted
biologically to survive in the dry, waterless regions of the state. Owing to the varied topography one can find an assortment
of flora and fauna and avifauna in Rajasthan. The forest vegetation that accounts for 9% in Rajasthan is deciduous and has
thorny trees, grasses and shrubs. The tree species found are teak, bamboo, varied species of acacia and khejri. Some
National Parks house numerous species of herbs and plants that have medicinal values.The fauna of Rajasthan consists of
23 species of lizards and 25 species of serpents including the Spiny Tail Lizards and the Russel's Vipers.Other wildlife
species include Antelopes, Indian Gazelles or Chinkaras, endangered Great Indian Bustard, Black Bucks, the Nilgai or the
bluebull, wild cats, silver foxes ans so on. There are about 450 species of avifauna including various migratory birds.

Climate

Like its varying topography, Rajasthan has varying climate. The weather or climate of the Rajasthan can be broadly
classified into four distinct seasons. They are - Pre-monsoon, which is the hot season preceding the monsoon and extends
from April to June, the Monsoon that occurs in the month of June in the eastern region and mid- July in the western arid
regions, the Post-monsoon that commences from mid-September and continues till November and the Winter that extends
from December to March, January being the coldest month of the year. The average temperature in winter ranges from 8° to
28° C (46° to 82° F) and in summer the average temperature range from 25° to 46° C (77° to 115° F).

The world of Rajasthani languages is variegated and colorful. Though Hindi is the predominant dialect, local tongues like
Shekhawati, Marwari, Harauti, Bagri, Malvi, Wagri or Bhili, Mewati, Dhatki, Gade Lohar, Gujari also thrive. English, the
language of the Empire, is also widely spoken in this part of India.
Languages

The rich linguistic diversity of Rajasthan becomes evident with the prevalence of different dialects in different districts.
Inhabitants residing around Jodhpur, speak Marwari, one of the oft-spoken dialects of the state. The tongue is also prevalent
in Barmer, Jalore, Pali, Ajmer, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Sirohi, certain portions of the district of Nagaur, Bikaner,
Sikar, Jhunjhunu and Ganganagar. You will come across a huge cross section of Mewari speaking community in and around
Mewar, that consists of Udaipur, Chittorgarh and Bhilwara. Mewari is known by the name of Thali in Western
Barmer, Jaisalmer, Parkar and Thar. Dhatak, Bikaneri and Bagri are some of the other variants of the dialect.

Classification[edit]
The Rajasthani languages belong to the Western Indo-Aryan language family. However, they are controversially conflated
with the Hindi languages of the Central-Zone in the Indian national census, among other places. The varieties of the
Rajasthani language are:[6]

 Standard Rajasthani: the common lingua franca of Rajasthani people and is spoken by over 18 million people (2001) in
different parts of Rajasthan.[7] It has to be taken into consideration, however, that some speakers of Standard
Rajasthani are conflated with Hindi speakers in the census.
 Marwari: the most spoken Rajasthani language with approximately 45 to 50 million speakers [citation needed] situated in the
historic Marwar region of western Rajasthan. The 2001 census, however, records only 7.9 million speakers. Like
Standard Rajasthani, many Marwari speakers are conflated with Hindi speakers in the census.
 Malvi: approximately 10 million speakers in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh.
 Dhundhari: approximately 8 million speakers in the Dhundhar region of Rajasthan.
 Harauti: approximately 4 million speakers in the Hadoti region of Rajasthan.
 Mewari: approximately 5 million speakers in the Mewar region of Rajasthan.
 Ahirwati: approximately 3 Million speakers in the Ahirwal regions, comprising Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan.
 Shekhawati: approximately 3 million speakers in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan.
 Wagdi:approx 2.2 million speakers, spoken mainly in southern region which include Dungarpur & Banswara districts
also called Wagad region.
 Bagri: approximately 1.4 million speakers in northern Rajasthan and northwestern Haryana. There are also speakers
situated in southern Punjab.
 Nimadi: approximately 2.2 million speakers in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
 Other Rajasthani languages are Dhatki, Godwari, Gujari, Gurgula, Goaria and Lambadi.*
Festivals

Rajasthan is a cheerful state that celebrates its vibrant culture through an array of fairs
and festivals running all year round, adding numerous colors to the arid land of the
state. These glaring fairs and festivals come with a chance for the travellers to delve
into the art, culture, traditions that are very nicely interwoven with the state’s royal
history. Rajasthan is a unique place that believes in celebrating life. And to savour the
true flavours of this amazing land, visit during this festivity and become a part of it.
These varieties of fairs and festivals infuse life into the barren land of Rajasthan and
fill the colors of joy all around. Out of all of such festivities, some of the major ones
are Ashwa Poojan, Navratri, Guru Purnima, Mt. Abu: Summer and Winter Festival,
Pushkar Fair, Gangaur Festival, Nagaur Festival, Kite Festival, Kumbhalgarh Festival,
Teej, Marwar Festival, Summer Festival, Baneshwar Fair, Sheetla Mata Fair, Elephant
Festival, Camel Festival, Desert Festival, Pushkar Fair and Urs Fair, that are
celebrated in different parts of Rajasthan. Also, Hindus one of the biggest festival
Dussehra and Diwali are also celebrated with much grandeur and the display of
fireworks.
Dress[edit]
Rajasthani man wearing a paggar style of turban.

Traditionally men wear dhotis, kurta, angarkha and paggar or safa (kind of turban headgear). Traditional Chudidar
payjama (puckered trousers) frequently replaces dhoti in different regions. Women wear ghagra (long skirt)
and kanchli (top). However, dress style changes with lengths and breaths of vast Rajasthan. Dhoti is worn in different ways
in Marwar (Jodhpur area) or Shekhawati (Jaipur area) or Hadoti (Bundi area). Similarly, there are a few differences pagri
and safa despite both being Rajasthani headgear. Mewar has the tradition of paggar, whereas Marwar has the tradition
of safa.
Rajasthan is also famous for its amazing ornaments. From ancient times, Rajasthani people have been wearing jewelry of
various metals and materials. Traditionally, women wore Gems-studded gold and silver ornaments. Historically, silver or
gold ornaments were used for interior decoration stitched on curtains, seat cushions, handy-crafts, etc. Wealthy Rajasthanis
used Gems-studded gold and silver on swords, shields, knives, pistols, cannon, doors, thrones, etc., which reflects the
importance of ornaments in lives of Rajasthanis. [50]
Cuisine[edit]
Rich Rajasthani culture reflects in the tradition of hospitality which is one of its own kind. Rajasthan region varies from arid
desert districts to the greener eastern areas. Varying degree of geography has resulted in a rich cuisine involving both
vegetarian and non vegetarian dishes. Rajasthani food is characterized by the use of Jowar, Bajri, legumes and lentils, its
distinct aroma and flavor achieved by the blending of spices including curry leaves, tamarind, coriander, ginger, garlic, chili,
pepper, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, cumin, and rosewater.
The major crops of Rajasthan are jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, rice, wheat, barely, gram, tur, pulses, ground nut, sesamum, etc.
Millets, lentils, and beans are the most basic ingredients in food.
The majority of Hindu and Jain Rajasthanis are vegetarian. Rajasthani Jains do not eat after sundown, and their food does
not contain garlic and onions. Rajputs are usually meat eaters. Eating beef is and was a taboo.[51][52]
Rajasthani cuisines have a whole lot of varieties, varying regionally between the arid desert districts and the greener eastern
areas. Most famous dish is Dal-Baati-Churma. It is a little bread full of clarified butter roasted over hot coals and served with
a dry, flaky sweet made of gram flour, and Ker-Songri made with a desert fruit and beans.

Dance

Highly cultivated classical music and dance with its own distinct style is part of the cultural tradition of Rajasthan. The music
is uncomplicated and songs depict day-to-day relationships and chores, more often focused around fetching water from
wells or ponds.
The Ghoomar dance from Jodhpur and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a
vital part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputali, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindar, Kachchhighori, Tejaji,parth dance etc. are the
examples of the traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories;
and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis (often accompanied by musical instruments
like dholak, sitar, sarangi etc.) are also sung.
Kanhaiya Geet also sung in major areas of east rajasthani belt in the collectiong manner as a best source of entertainment
in the rural areas.
Government
The Government of Rajasthan also known as the State Government of Rajasthan, or locally as State Government, is
the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Rajasthan and its 33 districts. It consists of an executive, led by the
Governor of Rajasthan, a judiciary and a legislative. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, and houses the Vidhan
Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the secretariat.

Seat of government Jaipur

Executive

Governor Kalyan Singh

Chief minister Ashok Gehlot

 Deputy Chief Minister Sachin Pilot

Chief Secretary N C Goyal

Legislature

 Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha

Assembly

Speaker C. P. Joshi

Members in Assembly 200

Judiciary

High Court Rajasthan High Court

Chief Justice Justice Pradeep Nandrajog

Neighbouring states
Rajasthan is located in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. It is bordered on its west and northwest by Pakistan, on its
north and northeast by the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, on its east and southeast by the states of Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and on its southwest by the state of Gujarat. The Tropic of Cancer passes through its
southern tip in the Banswara district. The state has an area of 3,42,239 square kilometers. The capital city is Jaipur.

Historical monuments

Rajasthan is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India, for both domestic and international
tourists. Rajasthan attracts tourists for its historical forts, palaces, art and culture with its slogan 'Padharo mahare desh'.
Every third foreign tourist visiting India travels to Rajasthan as it is part of the Golden Triangle for tourists visiting India.[1][2]
The palaces of Jaipur, lakes of Udaipur, and desert forts of Jodhpur, Bikaner, and Jaisalmer are among the most preferred
destinations of many tourists, Indian and foreign. Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state's domestic product. Many
old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels.
Rajasthan is known for its historical hill forts & palaces, it is claimed as the best place for tourism-related to
palaces.[3][4] Following are some of the major Palaces to Visit in Rajasthan.

 Umaid Bhawan Palace: It is the largest Royal Palace in Rajasthan. It is also one of the largest private residences in the
world.
 Lake Palace: It is now a luxury hotel located in Pichola Lake, Udaipur.
 Hawa Mahal: It is known as "Palace of Wind" or "Palace of Breeze" because there are more than 950 Windows in the
Palace.
 Rambagh Palace: Formerly a Royal Palace now converted into a Heritage Hotel.
 Devi Garh Palace: Formerly a palace now converted into a Heritage Hotel, In 2006, The New York Times named it as
one if leading luxurious hotel in Indian subcontinent.
 Forts[edit]
Rajasthan is known for its forts. Hill Forts of Palaces in Rajasthan are also a part of world heritage. [5]

 Chittor Fort, Ranthambore Fort, Gagron Fort, Amber Fort, Jaisalmer Fort, Kumbhalgarh Fort, Mehrangarh Fort

Education System
 Rajasthan represents color of India. Besides being the land of festivals, this state is focusing in developing the
educational system through various reforms. The rate of literacy level is increasing in Rajasthan more than ever.
According to the last census of 2011, the rate of male literacy is 80.5% and female literacy rate is 52.7%. The rate of
literacy level is less in the rural areas than the urban regions of Rajasthan. The state government is taking steps to
increase the rate of education level. Rajasthan’s education system is primarily governed by the state government. The
school education system in Rajasthan is improving. In fact, advanced educational procedure is used to uplift the overall
education standard. Like rest of the Indian states, Rajasthan is also following multi-tiered education system. They are:
Primary education
 Secondary education
 Higher secondary education
 College/University education
 Professional education
School Education System in Rajasthan: Today, the school education system of Rajasthan has advanced a lot in comparison to
the past. Rajasthan Board conducts school education of this state. Another important goal of the Rajasthan government is to
increase the rate of female education. More schools are being built in the state for spreading education to all, even the
marginalized. Besides government schools, there are private English medium schools in Rajasthan. Most of the private
schools are affiliated under CBSE and ICSCE. Simultaneously, two syllabuses are followed in Rajasthan. According to latest
statistics, there are around fifty-five thousand primary schools and seven thousand four hundred secondary schools in this
largest state of India. College and Universities in Rajasthan: The college education of Rajasthan is developing like never
before. Today, there are around nine universities. Around forty one engineering colleges are there in Rajasthan, where more
than eleven thousand students enroll each year. MBA colleges in Jaipur are also having a good intake of candidates.
Besides these career courses, distance education is also available in this state. Rajasthan is bestowed with one hundred
and fifty two Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) and twenty three polytechnics. There are acclaimed engineering, architectural
and pharmacy colleges in this state. The Rajasthan Technical Education Board situated in Jodhpur conducts Rajasthan Pre
Entrance Test for engineering, architecture and pharmacy, better known as RPETEAP. Top engineering colleges are there
in Jaipur, the capital city of Rajasthan. “Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to
another”. This famous line of Gilbert K. Chesterton is the most appropriate statement for the education system in Rajasthan.

NATIONAL PARTIES

1 . BJP Bharatiya Janata Party 2 . BSP Bahujan Samaj Party 3 . CPI Communist Party of India 4 . CPM Communist Party of
India (Marxist) 5 . INC Indian National Congress 6 . NCP Nationalist Congress Party

STATE PARTIES - OTHER STATES 7 . AIFB All India Forward Bloc 8 . CPI(ML)(L) Communist Party of India (Marxist-
Leninist) (Liberation) 9 . INLD Indian National Lok Dal 10 . JD(S) Janata Dal (Secular) 11 . JD(U) Janata Dal (United) 12 .
RLD Rashtriya Lok Dal 13 . SHS Shivsena 14 . SP Samajwadi Party