PEGN 419 / GPGN 419

Spring 2017
Formation Evaluation and Well
Logging
Manika Prasad
Mansur Ermila
Expert Resource: Robert Lieber

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 1
INTRODUCTION
PEGN 419
Formation
Evaluation
Spring 2017

Coccoliths

Rhabdolith

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 2
 Course Instructors
• Manika Prasad (Section A): mprasad@mines.edu
• Mansur Ermila (Section B): mermila@mines.edu
• Robert Lieber (Adjunct):

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 3
 Course TA’s
• TBA

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 4
 Grading
• Quizzes / Clicker 20 %
• Laboratory / Homework 25 %
• Mid-term exam I 15 %
• Mid-term exam II 15 %
• Term Project 25 %

Term Paper due Friday, April 28, 2017

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 5
 References
• Books:
– Asquith and Krygowski: Basic well log analysis: Great Introductory book
with examples: required (also on library reserve)
– Geologic Interpretation of Well Logs by M.H Rider - Library
– Bassouini, Zaki: Well Log Analysis excellent reference book - Library
– Tiab: Petrophysics book on formation evaluation / petrophysics – Library
– Ellis and Singer: Well Logging for Earth Scientists; Springer Verlag
• Others: Online information sources (tutorials, information,
tips, examples)
– Schlumberger (www.slb.com)
get a password for access to tutorials
– Baker Atlas (www.bakerhughes.com/bakeratlas/)
excellent introductions on logging / exploration
– Halliburton (www.halliburton.com)
– Weatherford (www.weatherford.com)
– Society of Petroleum Well Logging Analysts (www.spwla.org)
– Society of Core Analysts (www.sca.org)

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 6
 Course Goals
• Knowledge
– Learn basic petrophysics – make “educated”
assessments using all information available
– Learn the terminology
– Awareness of assumptions and complications
– Understand uncertainty and the value of risk
reduction
• Skills
– Interpretation of well log data
– Communication skills

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 7
 Honestly?
• You can work together: you cannot ask others to do
your work!
• If you work together, you MUST mention names of
those people. If they are taking this class, they should
list you too.
• If someone outside of class works with you, you must
mention what role they played.
• Plagarism, copying, cheating are unethical and not
tolerated by CSM – you must report unethical behavior.
• Unethical behavior brings down the quality of the
entire class; it is unpleasant; it gets you an “F”

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 8
 Week # Start Date End Date Topics to be Taught
1 Jan 9 Jan 13 Syllabus and Introduction to the course
2 Jan 16 Jan 20 Drilling and Logging
Course Outline (Subject to change)

3 Jan 23 Jan 27 Introduction to Resistivity, P & T Tools

4 Jan 30 Feb 3 GR, SP, Sonic & Caliper Tools
5 Feb 6 Feb 10 Density and Neutrons Logs
6 Feb 13 Feb 17 Case Studies and Midterm I Review
7 Feb 20 Feb 24 Feb 22, Midterm Exam
8 Feb 27 Mar 3 Porosity and Lithology Logs
9 Mar 6 Mar 10 Saturation: Movable vs Residual Oil
10 Mar 13 Mar 17 Velocity, Stress, Modulus
11 Mar 20 Mar24 Mar. 22, Midterm II
12 Mar 27 Mar 31 Spring Break
13 Apr 3 Apr 7 Saturations: Rxo, Rt, Sw, So, Sg
14 Apr 10 Apr 14 Project setup
15 Apr 17 Apr 21 Final Project Setup
16 Apr 24 Apr 28 April 28, Term Paper Due Date
Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 9
 What to Expect Every Week
1. Class Structure:
1. Two lectures (Monday and Wednesday)
2. One tutorial (Friday)
2. Expect a quiz in every lecture
3. Homework:
1. Assignment on Fridays
2. Due date following week on Friday 9:00 am
4. Reading assignment for following week

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 10
 Absence in Class
• Absence in class must be excused
• Excused absence ≠ Exempt assignment
• Makeup times must be availed when offered
• No individual assignment makeup times

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 11
SCALES IN FORMATION EVALUATION

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 12From Max Peeters
 History Of Wireline Logging
1927 • Electric – Spontaneous Potential
• Gamma Ray
• Neutron
• Sonic
• Density, Dipmeters
• Compensated Logs
• Photoelectric, Spectral Gamma Ray
• Borehole Images, Magnetic Resonance
• Measurement While Drilling

2014
Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 13
 Petrophysical Properties
• Porosity
• Saturation
• Mineralogy (Lithology)
• Permeability

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 14
 Components of a Log
• Header
• Auxiliary information
• Disclaimer, curve scales
• Log curves, main log
• Depth track, depth grid
• Repeat section
• Calibration tail

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 15
 Log header: location; mud
properties; datum

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 Log header: equipment;
calibration; comments

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 Log tracks and scales

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 Log plots; wraparound scale

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 Log plots; repeat section

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 Log calibration section

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 21
 Quantitative Log Models
Formation Evaluation φ, k, Sw, Rock Type

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 22
 Quantitative Log Models
Formation Evaluation φ, k, Sw, Rock Type

Mechanical Properties Ε, ν, Stress

Zone Productivity
Hypothetical Production Decline
Rate
20.00
LF1
LF2
15.00 LF3
Rate (MMCFD

10.00

5.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time
7 8 9 10
Time (years)

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 23
 Wireline logging tools
measure for for
• Resistivity (DLL dual laterolog) Sw HC
• Natural gamma radiation (GR) Vsh Litho
• Electron density (LDT litho-density) ρ
Phi
• Neutron absorption Φ
(CNL compensated neutron log)
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) perm
•dipmeter, gamma ray spectra, formation microscanner, borehole
televiewer, full wave acoustic, electromagnetic propagation

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 24
 Why Petrophysics & FE (Bob Lieber)
• Most important part of the oil and gas cycle of
exploration – discovery – production
– I may be biased
• Key to making money in the oil business
– That will be your job
• Because if you do not do it right, someone
else will do it wrong

From Robert Lieber

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 25
 Expected Level of Knowledge by Oil
Companies from New Hires? (Bob Lieber)
• Basic understanding of log measurements
– What does each log measure and in what units
– What is the approximate vertical resolutions of
each logging tool
• Familiarity (not expertise) with analysis work
flows
– How are clay volume, porosity and saturation
calculated
From Robert Lieber

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 26
 Deterministic versus Deductive Workflows

• Deterministic • Deductive
– Always a Right Answer – Eliminate the impossible
– Plug data into an – Data is important, but
equation and solve not crucial
– Requires knowledge, but – You must think first and
not thought then analyze
– Easy – Hard

From Robert Lieber

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 27
 Deterministic versus Deductive Workflows

• Deterministic • Deductive
– Always a Right Answer – Eliminate the impossible
– Plug data into an – Data is important, but
equation and solve not crucial
– Requires knowledge, but – You must think first and
not thought then analyze
– Easy – Hard

From Robert Lieber

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 28
 Final Thoughts
• We will focus on deterministic approach
• You will still be required to think
• This is a first step, remember petrophysics is
fun!
• There will be interpretation ambiguities
• All properties of interest are either calculated
or interpreted

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation 29
 Reading Assignment
• Chapter 1 on borehole environment of BWLA
(Basic Well Log Analysis)
Pages (1 – 5)

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