INOCHE1 PSYCHM1 Chapter 0 PDF

Review Chapter
Measurement and
Calculations in
Chemistry
Review Chapter
Table of Contents
R.1 Units of Measurement

R.2 Uncertainty in Measurement
R.3 Significant Figures and Calculations
R.4 Dimensional Analysis
R.5 Temperature
R.6 Density
R.7 Classification of Matter
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Section R.1
Units of Measurement
Nature of Measurement
Measurement
• Quantitative observation consisting of two parts.
number
scale (unit)
• Examples
20 grams
6.63 × 10–34 joule·second
$ 50
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Section R.1
The Fundamental SI Units
Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation

Mass kilogram kg
Length meter m
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric current ampere A
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
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Section R.1
Prefixes Used in the SI System

• Prefixes are used to change the size of the unit.
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Section R.1
Prefixes Used in the SI System
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Section R.2
Uncertainty in Measurement
• A digit that must be estimated is called

uncertain.
• A measurement always has some degree of
uncertainty.
• Record the certain digits and the first uncertain
digit (the estimated number). [ONLY!]
• These numbers (the certain digits plus one
uncertain digit) are significant figures.
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Section R.2
Measurement of Volume Using a Buret
• The volume is read at the bottom of
the liquid curve (meniscus).
• Meniscus of the liquid occurs at
about 20.15 mL.
Certain digits: 20.15
Uncertain digit: 20.15
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Section R.2
Precision and Accuracy
Accuracy
• Agreement of a particular value with the true value.
Precision
• Degree of agreement among several measurements

of the same quantity.
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Section R.2
Precision and Accuracy
Not precise, not Precise but not Precise and

accurate (random accurate (systematic accurate
error) error)
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Section R.3
Significant Figures and Calculations
Rules for Counting Significant Figures

1. Nonzero integers always count as significant
figures.*
3456 has 4 sig figs (significant figures).
*Provided that only the last digit is

uncertain.
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Section R.3

• There are three classes of zeros.
a. Leading zeros are zeros that precede all the
nonzero digits. These do not count as
significant figures.
0.048 has 2 sig figs.
Leading zeroes merely indicate the position of the
decimal point.
0.048 = 4.8 × 10–2 (2 sig figs.)
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Section R.3

b. Captive zeros are zeros between nonzero
digits. These always count as significant figures.
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Section R.3

c. Trailing zeros are zeros at the right end of the
number. They are significant only if the number
contains a decimal point.
150 has 2 sig figs.
150. has 3 sig figs.
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Section R.3

3. Exact numbers have an infinite number of
significant figures.
1 inch = 2.54 cm, exactly. (That is, 1 inch =
2.54000000000000000000000000000000000… cm)
9 pencils (obtained by counting).
In 2πr (circumference of a circle), 2 is exact and
therefore has infinite number of sig figs.
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Section R.3
Exponential Notation
Next: Rules for Rounding
• Example
300. written as 3.00 × 102
Contains three significant figures.
• Two Advantages
Number of significant figures can be easily indicated.
Fewer zeros are needed to write a very large or very
small number.
For example, the mass of a single hydrogen atom in grams
is approximately 0.0000000000000000000000016736 g or
more conveniently, 1.6736 x 10-24 g.
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Section R.3
Rules for Rounding
1. In a series of calculations, carry the extra digits through to the final result, then
round.
2. If the digit to be removed
a. is less than 5, the preceding digit stays the same. For example,
1.33 rounds to 1.3 when rounded-off to 2 sig figs
b. is equal or greater than 5, the preceding digit is increased by 1. For example,
9.365 × 10–2 rounds to 9.37 × 10–2 when rounded-off to 3 sig figs
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17
Section R.3
Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations

1. For multiplication or division, the number of
significant figures in the result is the same as
the number in the least precise measurement
used in the calculation.
1.342 × 5.5 = 7.381 Æ 7.4
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Section R.3
Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations

2. For addition or subtraction, the result has the
same number of decimal places as the least
precise measurement used in the calculation.
23.445
+ 7.83
31.275 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
Corrected 31.28
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Section R.4
Dimensional Analysis
• Use when converting a given result from one

system of units to another.
To convert from one unit to another, use the
equivalence statement that relates the two units.
Derive the appropriate unit factor by looking at the
direction of the required change (to cancel the
unwanted units).
Multiply the quantity to be converted by the unit
factor to give the quantity with the desired units.
A unit factor is always exactly equal to 1.
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Section R.4
Example #1
A golfer putted a golf ball 6.8 ft across a green. How
many inches does this represent?
To convert from one unit to another, use the

equivalence statement that relates the two units.
1 ft = 12 in
The two unit factors are:
1 ft 12 in
and
12 in 1 ft
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Section R.4
Example #1

• Derive the appropriate unit factor by looking at the

direction of the required change (to cancel the
unwanted units).
12 in
6.8 ft × = in
1 ft
1 ft
NEVER DO THIS: 6.8 ft × = in
12 in
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Section R.4
Example #1

• Multiply the quantity to be converted by the unit factor

to give the quantity with the desired units.
12 in
6.8 ft × = 82 in
1 ft
Note significant figures

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Section R.4
Example #2
An iron sample has a mass of 4.50 lb. What is the

mass of this sample in grams?
(1 kg = 2.2046 lbs; 1 kg = 1000 g)
1 kg 1000 g
4.50 lbs × × = 2.04 × 103 g
2.2046 lbs 1 kg
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Section R.5
Temperature
Three Systems for Measuring Temperature

• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin
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Section R.5
Temperature
The Three Major Temperature Scales
Note: K not
°K.
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Section R.5
Temperature
Converting Between Scales
TK = TC + 273.15 TC = TK − 273.15
D
9D F
TC = ( D 5
TF − 32 F D
9F
C
) TF = TC × D + 32DF
5C
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Section R.5
Temperature
Exercise
At what temperature does °C = °F?
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Section R.5
Temperature
Solution
• Since °C equals °F, they both should be the same

value (designated as variable x).
• Use one of the conversion equations such as:
D
TC = (T F )
5
− 32DF D
9F
C
• Substitute in the value of x for both TC and TF. Solve

for x.
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Section R.5
Temperature
Solution
D
TC = (T F
5
)
− 32DF D
9F
C
D
x= ( 5
x − 32DF D
9F
)
C
x = − 40
So − 40°C = − 40°F
Next: More examples on temperature.

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Section R.6
Density
• Mass of substance per unit volume of the

substance.
• Common units are g/cm3 or g/mL.
mass
Density =
volume
m
symbolically, ρ =
V
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Section R.6
Density
Example #1
A certain mineral has a mass of 17.8 g and a volume of

2.35 cm3. What is the density of this mineral?
mass
Density =
volume
17.8 g
Density =
2.35 cm3
3
Density = 7.57 g/cm
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Section R.6
Density
Example #2
What is the mass of a 49.6-mL sample of a liquid, which

has a density of 0.85 g/mL?
mass
Density =
volume
x
0.85 g/mL =
49.6 mL
mass = x = 42 g
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Section R.7
Classification of Matter
Matter
• Anything occupying space and having mass.

• Matter exists in three states.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
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Section R.7
The Three States of Water
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Section R.7
Solid
• Rigid
• Has fixed volume and shape.
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Section R.7
Liquid
• Has definite volume but no specific shape.

• Assumes shape of container.
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Section R.7
Gas
• Has no fixed volume or shape.

• Takes on the shape and volume of its container.
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Section R.7
Mixtures
• Have variable composition.

Homogeneous Mixture
Having visibly indistinguishable parts; solution.
Heterogeneous Mixture
Having visibly distinguishable parts.
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Section R.7
Concept Check
Which of the following is a homogeneous

mixture?
Pure water
Gasoline
Jar of jelly beans
Soil
Copper metal
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Section R.7
Physical Change
• Change in the form of a substance, not in its
chemical composition.
Example: boiling or freezing water
• Can be used to separate a mixture into pure
compounds, but it will not break compounds
into elements.
Distillation
Filtration
Chromatography
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Section R.7
Chemical Change
• A given substance becomes a new substance
or substances with different properties and
different composition.
Example: Bunsen burner (methane reacts with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water)
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Section R.7
The Organization of Matter
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Section R.7
Concept Check
How many of the following are examples of a

chemical change?
Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt

Burning of wood
Dissolving of sugar in water
Melting a popsicle on a warm summer day
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Review Chapter

R.1 Units of Measurement

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

The Fundamental SI Units

Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Prefixes Used in the SI System

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Prefixes Used in the SI System

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

• A digit that must be estimated is called

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 7

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 8

Precision and Accuracy

• Degree of agreement among several measurements

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 9

Precision and Accuracy

Not precise, not Precise but not Precise and

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

Rules for Counting Significant Figures

*Provided that only the last digit is

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

Rules for Counting Significant Figures

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 12

Rules for Counting Significant Figures

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 13

Rules for Counting Significant Figures

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14

Rules for Counting Significant Figures

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 15

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 16

Rules for Rounding

Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations

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Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 19

• Use when converting a given result from one

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 20

To convert from one unit to another, use the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 21

A golfer putted a golf ball 6.8 ft across a green. How

• Derive the appropriate unit factor by looking at the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 22

A golfer putted a golf ball 6.8 ft across a green. How

• Multiply the quantity to be converted by the unit factor

Note significant figures

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 23

An iron sample has a mass of 4.50 lb. What is the

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 24

Three Systems for Measuring Temperature

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 25

The Three Major Temperature Scales

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 26

Converting Between Scales

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 27

At what temperature does °C = °F?

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 28

Having visibly indistinguishable parts; solution.

Having visibly distinguishable parts.

Pulverizing (crushing) rock salt