World leaders

Jhon Rodriguez
July 2018

SENA
Norte de Santander
English Word 6
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Copyright © 2018 by Jhon Rodriguez, All rights reserved.

 Dedicatoria iii

I dedicate it to my mother, the one who has always supported me and motivated me to get

ahead, the one who has always been with me and my grandmother for giving me advice on how

to act in different stages of life. To God for giving me the opportunity to study and improve

myself in daily life.

 Agradecimientos iv

I thank those who were my teachers in elementary and high school, They gave me so

many advices and helped me overcome in the different stages of the study, For demanding me.

Because thanks to them I have knowledge and I always try to do things well.
 Abstract v

In this paper I will make an explanation for the world leader that I chose is Nelson Mandela, For

Making Peace in South Africa and who led the anti-apartheid movement and was elected to the

Nobel Peace Prize, Like that of any African child in the zones. rural, the childhood of Nelson

Mandela passed between games and in close contact with the traditions of his people. Son of the

head of a tribe, he was called Rolihlahla, which means unruly, but at the age of seven, so that he

could attend the Methodist school, he was baptized with the name of Nelson in the church of

Transkei; already famous, his compatriots would call him Madiba, by the name of his clan.
 Tabla de Contenidos vi

Capítulo 1 Nelson Mandela ........................................................................................................ 1

A born leader............................................................................................................................... 2
The exacerbation of apartheid ..................................................................................................... 4
From jail to the presidency ......................................................................................................... 5
Lista de referencias ....................................................................................................................... 10
Vita................................................................................................................................................ 15
 Lista de Figuras vii
Figura 1 Nelson mandela ................................................................................................................ 1
Figura 2 Mandela and Winnie on the day of their wedding (1958) ................................................ 3
Figura 3 Nelson mandela in jail ...................................................................................................... 5
Figura 4 Mandela and frederik ........................................................................................................ 6
Figura 5 Datos ................................................................................................................................. 7
Figura 6 Datos ................................................................................................................................. 8
Figura 7Datos .................................................................................................................................. 8
Figura 8 Datos ................................................................................................................................. 9
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Capítulo 1

Nelson Mandela

(Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, Mvezo, Transkei, 1918 - Johannesburg, 2013) South

African activist and politician who led the anti-apartheid movements and who, after a

long struggle and 27 years in prison, presided over in 1994 the first government that put

an end to the regime racist. The twentieth century left two world wars, the extermination

camps and atomic terror, but also great champions of the fight against injustice, such as

Mahatma Gandhi or Martin Luther King. The last and most charismatic of them was

Nelson Mandela.

Figura 1 Nelson mandela

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Like any African child in rural areas, the childhood of Nelson Mandela was spent in
games and in close contact with the traditions of his people. Son of the head of a tribe, he
was called Rolihlahla, which means unruly, but at the age of seven, so that he could
attend the Methodist school, he was baptized with the name of Nelson in the church of
Transkei; already famous, his compatriots would call him Madiba, by the name of his
clan.

Two years later, because of the death of his father, little Nelson was left in the care of his
cousin, the great chief Jongintaba; with him who became fond of listening to the tribal
chiefs and became aware of the sense of justice. When he was sixteen years old, he
became part of the tribal council; three years later, in 1937, he entered the boarding
school for blacks of Ford Hare to pursue higher education.

But when in 1941 he learned that Chief Jongintaba had arranged a marriage for him,
Mandela decided to leave his village and left for Johannesburg. Poorly settled in the
overpopulated suburb of Alexandra, shortly after arriving he met Walter Sisulu, with
whom he established a friendship that would be decisive in all areas: it influenced his
political ideas, helped him find work and finish his law studies and He introduced his
cousin Evelyn Mase, with whom he would marry in 1944.

A born leader

Both Walter Sisulu and the infinity of people who had contact with Mandela throughout
his life coincide in pointing out his extraordinary personality. The power of seduction,
self-confidence, ability to work, courage and integrity are among the virtues by which it
shone wherever it was. Sisulu immediately captured his innate leadership skills and
introduced him to the African National Congress (ANC), a movement against oppression
that South African blacks had been suffering for decades. Soon his qualities would place
him in prominent positions in the organization. In 1944, Mandela was one of the
founding leaders of the Congress Youth League, which would eventually become the
dominant group of the African National Congress; his ideology was an African socialism:
nationalist, anti-racist and anti-imperialist.

In 1948 the National Party came to power in South Africa, which institutionalized racial
segregation by creating the apartheid regime. In fact, institutional racism went back to
South Africa at least in 1911, the date of a discriminatory provision that prohibited blacks
from occupying qualified jobs. Numerous measures enacted in the following decades
(thirty-six in all) had already led, for example, to the exclusion of blacks and mestizos
from the electoral census.

The triumph of the National Party of Afrikaans (white descendants of the Dutch boers
who colonized the country) came to corroborate and expand without euphemisms what
already existed: the government of Daniel Malan (1948-1954) set up a complete system
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of segregation and social, economic, cultural, political and territorial discrimination to the
detriment of the black majority; it was the so-called apartheid or "separate development
of each race in the geographical area that is assigned to it", according to the official
definition. The following governments, chaired by Strijdom and Verwoerd, continued the
same policy. A decree of 1949 prohibited mixed marriages; other subsequent laws and
regulations ended up configuring the segregationist system: official recognition of races,
segregation at the time of using services (including beach space) and separation in
factories and public transport.

Under the inspiration of Gandhi, the African National Congress advocated non-violent
methods of struggle: the Congressional Youth League (chaired by Mandela in 1951-
1952) organized campaigns of civil disobedience against segregationist laws. In 1952
Mandela went on to preside over the federation of the African National Congress of the
South African province of Transvaal, while directing the volunteers who challenged the
regime; He had become the de facto leader of the movement.

Figura 2 Mandela and Winnie on the day of their wedding (1958)

Mandela and Winnie on the day of their wedding (1958)

The repression produced 8,000 arrests, including that of Mandela, who was confined in
Johannesburg. There he established the first black law firm in South Africa. Gradually he
had abandoned his Africanist position and adopted the ideology of internationalist
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humanism that he would sustain throughout his life. In 1955, after serving its sentences, it
reappeared in public, promoting the approval of a Freedom Charter, which embodied the
aspiration of a multiracial, egalitarian and democratic State, an agrarian reform and a
social justice policy in the distribution of the wealth. In those years another woman burst
into her life: the social worker Nomzano Winnie Madikizela, better known as Winnie
Mandela, with whom she married in 1958.

The exacerbation of apartheid

The hardening of the racist regime reached its culmination in 1956, with the
government's plan to create seven reserves or bantustans, supposedly independent
marginal territories in which it was intended to confine the black majority, which
represented more than seventy percent of the population. Such a measure entailed
condemning blacks not only to marginalization, but also to misery: those lands could not
offer a livelihood because they would be too populated for their agriculture to feed them,
or for their industries to give work to all . For the rest, the white power would never be
interested in creating any important industry in such reserves because of the danger that
they would be competitive with respect to those of the white areas of the Republic.

The African National Congress responded with demonstrations and boycotts that led to
the arrest of most of its leaders; Mandela was accused of high treason, tried and released
for lack of evidence in 1961. During the long trial the Sharpeville massacre took place, in
which the police opened fire on an unarmed crowd protesting racist laws, killing 69
demonstrators (1960). The massacre advised the government to declare a state of
emergency, under which he arrested the leaders of the black opposition: Mandela was
detained for several months without trial.

Those facts ended up convincing the leaders of the African National Congress of the
impossibility of continuing to fight by non-violent methods, which did not weaken the
regime and provoked an equally bloody repression. In 1961 Mandela was elected
honorary secretary of the National Action Congress of All Africa, a new clandestine
movement that adopted sabotage as a means of fighting the regime of the newly
proclaimed South African Republic; He was also in charge of directing the armed branch
of the African National Congress (Lanza de la Nación). Its strategy focused on attacking
facilities of economic importance or symbolic value, excluding the attempt against
human lives.
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Figura 3 Nelson mandela in jail

In 1962 he traveled to various African countries raising funds, receiving military

instruction and making propaganda of the South African cause; Upon his return, Mandela
was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison. While still in prison, he was one of the
eight leaders of the Spear of the Nation found guilty of sabotage, treason and violent
conspiracy to overthrow the government in the Rivonia trial (1963-1964), at the end of
which he addressed to the judges a famous final plea, full of firmness and drama, which
did not prevent him from being sentenced to life imprisonment. Despite being in
captivity, that same year was appointed president of the African National Congress.

From jail to the presidency

Prisoner for 27 years (1963-1990) in painful conditions, the government of South Africa
rejected all requests that he be released. Nelson Mandela became a symbol of the struggle
against apartheid inside and outside the country, in a legendary figure that represented the
suffering and lack of freedom of all black South Africans.

In 1984 the government tried to put an end to such an uncomfortable myth, offering him
freedom if he accepted to establish himself in one of the Bantustans to whom the regime
had granted a fiction of independence; Mandela refused the offer. During those years his
wife Winnie symbolized the continuity of the struggle, reaching important positions in
the African National Congress. Winnie's fervent activism was not exempt from scandals;
 6

Years later, already in the 90s, she would be involved in a controversial trial in which she
was accused of murder, although she was acquitted.

Finally, Frederik De Klerk, president of the Republic for the National Party, had to yield
to the evidence and open the way to dismantle racial segregation. In February 1990 he
legalized the African National Congress and freed Mandela, who became his main
interlocutor to negotiate the dismantling of apartheid and the transition to a multiracial
democracy; Despite the complexity of the process, both were able to successfully
complete the negotiations. Mandela and De Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Mandela and Frederik De Klerk at the Nobel Awards

Figura 4 Mandela and frederik

The 1994 elections made Mandela the first black president of South Africa (1994-1999);
From that position he set in motion a policy of national reconciliation, keeping De Klerk
as vice president and trying to attract the Zaku majority Inkhata party to the democratic
participation. A film by American filmmaker Clint Eastwood, Invictus (2009), would
reflect quite accurately the Mandela of those years; his support for a national team made
up of whites during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, held in South Africa, shows his
commitment to integrate the white minority and the black majority using that sporting
event and his firm will to build a nation for all South Africans, without distinction of
race.

Mandela initiated the Reconstruction and Development Plan, which allocated large
amounts of money to improve the living standards of black South Africans in matters
such as education, housing, health or employment, and also promoted the drafting of a
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new constitution for the country, which was finally approved by parliament in 1996. A
year later, the leadership of the African National Congress gave way to Thabo Mbeki,
destined to become his successor in the presidency. In 1998, two years after she divorced
Winnie, she married Graça Machel, widow of the former president of Mozambique,
Samora Machel.

Together with Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who presided over the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission, Nelson Mandela presented the report with the conclusions of
the Commission in June 1998. The size of the African leader was shown once again
when, in the opinion of the African National Congress, he endorsed the conclusions of
the report, which indicated not only the abuses and crimes of the segregationist regime,
but also those committed by the various groups of the movements of the African
liberation, including the African National Congress. Three months before the end of his
term, Mandela announced that he did not intend to stand for re-election. He was
succeeded by Thabo Mbeki, winner of the June 1999 elections.

Separated from political life since that year, he received multiple awards, although his
health problems made his public appearances more and more sporadic. Despite his
withdrawal, the fervor that Mandela aroused in his countrymen remained alive: in 2010
he was present at the World Cup soccer ceremonies in South Africa, and received the
warm support of the crowd; In July 2013, when the leader was seriously ill, the South
African population took to the streets to celebrate its 95th anniversary. Raised to the
status of one of the most charismatic and influential characters of the twentieth century,
his figure has entered history as an embodiment of the struggle for freedom and justice
and as a symbol of an entire nation.

"I have treasured the ideal of a free and democratic society, in which people can live
together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I am willing to
die » Nelson Mandela, 1961.

Figura 5 Datos
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Figura 6 Datos

Figura 7Datos
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Figura 8 Datos
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Lista de referencias

Ross, 2006, p. 203.

Volver arriba↑ Martínez de Rituerto, Ricardo (26 de abril de 1994). «Los

surafricanos acuden hoy a las urnas bajo el impacto de nuevos y sangrientos
atentados de los 'ultras' blancos». El País. Consultado el 26 de enero de 2014.

Volver arriba↑ The 1994 Elections

Volver arriba↑ Lyon, 1995, p. 271.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 195-196.

↑ Saltar a:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p Ortiz de Zárate, Roberto (2013). «Nelson

Mandela». CIDOB. Consultado el 26 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «Sudáfrica, 20 años sin apartheid». ABC. EFE. 2 de febrero de

2010. Consultado el 30 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ Lyon, 1995, pp. 271-272.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, p. 348.

Saltar a:a b c Lyon, 1995, p. 272.

Volver arriba↑ Ortiz de Zárate, Roberto (2013). «Thabo Mbeki». CIDOB.

Consultado el 15 de marzo de 2015.

Saltar a:a b c d Lyon, 1995, p. 274.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, p. 358.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 202-203.

Volver arriba↑ Carlin, John (30 de abril de 1993). «"Sin De Klerk no puede haber
cambio pacífico en Suráfrica"». El País. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2013.

Saltar a:a b Carlin, John (16 de junio de 1999). «Mandela Superstar». El País.
Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2013.
 11

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, p. 196.

Volver arriba↑ Carlin, John (14 de octubre de 1993). «Escalofrío de guerra civil
en Suráfrica». El País. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2013.

Saltar a:a b c Johnson, 2005, p. 351.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 199-200.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 204-205.

Volver arriba↑ Carlin, John (12 de marzo de 1994). «Miles de neonazis invaden
un 'homeland' de Suráfrica para apoyar su Gobierno contra el ANC de
Mandela». El País. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ Carlin, John (13 de marzo de 1994). «La policía de

Bophuthatswana mató a dos blancos porque "habían disparado contra gente
inocente"». El País. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ Carlin, John (14 de marzo de 1994). «Suráfrica liquida la

'independencia' de Bofuzatsuana». El País. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de
2013.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 198-199.

Saltar a:a b c d Ortiz de Zárate, Roberto (6 de junio de 2011). «Jacob

Zuma». CIDOB. Consultado el 2 de enero de 2014.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, p. 360.

Volver arriba↑ Lyon, 1995, pp. 275-276.

Saltar a:a b c d e «Sudáfrica: sistemas electorales, manejo de conflictos e

inclusión». Enciclopedia de Administración y Costo de Elecciones (ACE).
Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2013.

Saltar a:a b c d e f Lyon, 1995, p. 273.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, pp. 361-363.

Volver arriba↑ «Renuncia a la lucha armada el principal grupo antiblanco de

África del Sur». El País. 17 de enero de 1994. Consultado el 30 de diciembre de
2013.
 12

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 203-205.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, p. 205.

Volver arriba↑ Martínez de Rituerto, Ricardo (20 de abril de 1994). «Los zulúes
de Inkatha participarán en las elecciones de Suráfrica». El País. Consultado el 1
de enero de 2014.

Saltar a:a b Ross, 2006, pp. 205-206.

Volver arriba↑ Martínez de Rituerto, Ricardo (29 de abril de 1994). «Las urnas de
Suráfrica estarán abiertas un día más». El País. Consultado el 30 de diciembre de
2013.

Volver arriba↑ Lyon, 1995, p. 275.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 201-202.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Limpopo:

Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Mpumalanga:

Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Gauteng:

Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - North West:
Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Free State:
Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - KwaZulu-Natal:

Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 17 de diciembre de 2013.
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Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Northern Cape:
Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Eastern Cape:
Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Western Cape:
Provincial Legislature». Election Resources on the Internet (en inglés).
Consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Schedule 6:

Transitional Arrangements». Wikisource (en inglés). Consultado el 1 de abril de
2015.

Volver arriba↑ Lyon, 1995, p. 277.

Saltar a:a b c d Ross, 2006, p. 207.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, pp. 347-354.

Saltar a:a b Johnson, 2005, p. 353.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, p. 347.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, p. 335.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, p. 365.

Volver arriba↑ Martínez de Rituerto, Ricardo (3 de mayo de 1994). «Los mulatos

votaron al Partido Nacional». El País. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2013.

Lyon, 1995, p. 278.

Carlin, John (14 de febrero de 1994). «"Los 'afrikaners' queremos gobernarnos a

nosotros mismos"». El País. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ «La ultraderecha blanca no participará en las elecciones

multirraciales surafricanas». El País. Reuters. 6 de marzo de 1994. Consultado el
29 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ Martínez de Rituerto, Ricardo (21 de abril de 1994). «La derecha
montaraz». El País. Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2013.
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↑ Saltar a:a b Unión Interparlamentaria. «South Africa Parliamentary Chamber:

House of Assembly» (en inglés). Consultado el 29 de diciembre de 2013.

↑ Saltar a:a b «April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Republic of South
Africa Totals: Provincial Legislatures». Election Resources on the Internet (en
inglés). Consultado el 2 de enero de 2014.

Volver arriba↑ Martínez de Rituerto, Ricardo (2 de mayo de 1994). «Mandela

obtiene una rotunda victoria en Suráfrica, según datos parciales del
desesperante recuento». El País. Consultado el 31 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, p. 366.

Volver arriba↑ Martínez de Rituerto, Ricardo (7 de mayo de 1994). «Los resultados

finales en Suráfrica sellan la amplia mayoría absoluta de Mandela». El País.
Consultado el 31 de diciembre de 2013.

Volver arriba↑ Ross, 2006, pp. 207-208.

Volver arriba↑ Lyon, 1995, pp. 278-279.

Volver arriba↑ Lyon, 1995, pp. 281-282.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, pp. 365-369.

Volver arriba↑ Johnson, 2005, pp. 370-379.

Volver arriba↑ Carlin, John (8 de diciembre de 2013). «La fiesta en honor a

Mandela en la que los políticos no cuentan». El País. Consultado el 29 de mayo
de 2015.

Volver arriba↑ Carlin, John (10 de diciembre de 2013). «Sudáfrica despide a

Mandela». El País. Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2015.

El País. Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2015.

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Vita

Hi my name is Jhon Rodriguez, I'm 18 years old. I am a technician in system and

I am currently training in technology in design, implementation and maintenance of

telecommunications systems, I live in cucuta.

I am studying in some courses because I want to learn more, I want to expand my

knowledge to include more in the labor field to have a life as I wish.