GUÍA ESTUDIO VOCABULARIO

INGLÉS

PERSONAL ADJECTIVES

 Ambitious: ambicioso. “She was promoted to line manager given that she was the
most ambitious person in the company”
 Cautious: precavido, prudente. “My boss is so cautious that he never takes any
risks”
 Chatty: hablador. “My friend is so chatty that she keeps me talking for ages when I
phone her.”
 Daring: atrevido, osado. “My friends are daring. They love risky sports when we go
on adventure trips.”
 Easy-going: persona fácil de tratar. “I consider myself as an easy-going person,
which is why I never have problems when I work with new people and bosses”
 Fearless: Valiente. “It´s difficult to be fearless when you are on a plane or boat”
 Immature: inmaduro. “It´s said that young people are immature but I don´t agree, it
depends on each person”
 Lazy: perezoso, vago. “Don´t be lazy and do your homework, John!”
 Lively: animado, alegre. “I used to be a lively guy who loved partying, but everything
changed when I became a father”
 Quick-thinking: persona con rápidos reflejos. “I have always admired her quick
thinking when it comes to making decisions”
 Outgoing: extrovertido. “My partner is so outgoing that she doesn´t have any
problems to talk to people she doesn´t know”
 Reliable: persona en la que se puede confiar. “It´s hard to find reliable colleagues”
 Selfish: egoísta. “My cousin is selfish, she only thinks of herself”
 Skillful: habilidoso, hábil, diestro. “Our new colleague Will do a good job as she
looks quite skillful”
 Trustworthy: persona en la que se puede confiar. “My boss is lucky as she has
trustworthy people in her company”
 Talented: talentoso, prodigioso, dotado. “Professional musicians are talented since
they are born”
 Self-confident: Seguro de sí mismo. “The more you study for your exam, the more
self-confident you become”

CONECTORES EN INGLÉS

 YET = HOWEVER = NEVERTHELESS = BUT: la palabra yet no siempre significa

todavía, aún o ya; sino que en ocasiones se traduce por sin embargo / pero. Se
coloca al principio de la oración, delante del sujeto “ I like the house, yet it could be
better”, “He didn´t have any experience. Yet he got the job”
Nevertheless es bastante más formal, por lo que se usa en writings.
  ALSO
La posición del adverbio also sigue las siguientes reglas:
o Before the main verb: “I like pasta. My sister also likes it”
o After verb to be: “I´m a student, I study history. My best friend is also a
student, but he studies German”
o After modal verbs: “I can dance very well. I can also sing quite well”
o In the middle, when a verb has two parts (present/past perfect, will + infinitive,
etc..): “My brother has bought a present for mum. I have also bought one.”
o Al principio de la oración, seguido de coma (significa “Además”): “Also, I´m
studing…”

LINKERS B2, C1, C2

 BECAUSE OF = DUE TO = ON THE GROUNDS OF = ON THE GROUNDS THAT =

OWING TO
Todos significan lo mismo, “debido a” o “por”. Todos van seguidos de preposición y
como siempre sucede con las preposiciones en inglés, detrás necesitan verbo en ing
si se quiere incluir un verbo. Tienen tres estructuras:
o + noun = Because of the rain, we didn´t go out
o + verb in ing = Due to having focused on her studies for so long, she lost
contact with her friends
o + the fact that + Subject + Verb + Complement = Owing to the fact that the
flight had been delayed, I was force to sleep at the airport
En esta última estructura siempre que se quiera introducir una oración después de
una preposición hay que poner “the fact that”. Salvo cuando el linker es “on the
grounds that” , porque that introduce oraciones.

 NEVERTHELESS / NONETHELESS / EVEN SO / DESPITE THAT / YET /

HOWEVER
Todos estos linkers significan “sin embargo” y van a principio de oración y
preferiblemente seguidos de coma.
o “I know beans don´t appeal to you, children. Even so, you must eat them
because they are good for you”
o “I would rather stay in. Despite that, I wouldn´t say no to his invitation”
o “It´s difficult to find a job in this country. Nevertheless, I would not emigrate if I
were offered one in a foreign country”

 AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED / IN MY VIEW / TO MY MIND / THE WAY I SEE IT

IS / FROM MY PERSPECTIVE
Sinónimos de “in my opinion”, que está bien y es correcto pero es muy usado y es
muy valorada la diversidad.
o “In my view, the situation will not improve”
o “To my mind, that film includes too much violence for children to see it”
o “The way I see it, measures should be taken if they really want to tackle the
problem”
 AS FAR AS SOMETHING IS CONCERNED / WHEN IT COMES TO / REGARDING
/ CONCERNING / AS FOR / WITH REGARD TO / IN REGARD TO / WITH
REFERENCE TO / IN TERMS OF
Mucha variedad para expresar “por lo que respecta a”
o “As far as climate change is concerned, experts claim it should be a current
issue in UN summits”
o “When it comes to unemployment, disadvantaged people should be taken into
consideration”
o “In terms of homework, many parents do not agree on the idea of giving too
much”

 IN ORDER TO / IN ORDER THAT / IN ORDER FOR SOMEBODY TO INFINITIVE /

SO AS TO
Linkers que sirven para no repetir todo el tiempo “to” cuando se quiere expresar
“para”, “con el objetivo de”, “a fin de”. El “in order” tiene varias maneras, según lo
que pongamos detrás:
o In order to + infinitive: “In order to be promoted, you need to speak English
fluently”
o In order that + Subject + Verb + Complemento: “Several exams are taken
every term in order that students can be assessed regularly”
o In order for + somebody + to infinitive: “In order for me to accept that post,
I will have to be well paid”
o So as to + infinitive: “I will not tell him the truth so as not to offend him”
El ultimo ejemplo en negativo es para mostrar que el not se introduce delante del to
(al igual que in order to)

 TO SUM UP / IN SUM / IN A NUTSHELL / IN SUMMARY / ALL IN ALL / AS A

WHOLE / BY AND LARGE / IN SHORT / ON THE WHOLE / ALL THINGS
CONSIDERED / TO CUT A LONG STORY SHORT
Linkers para concluir un writing o un monólogo. Se pueden traducir como: en
conclusión, en resumidas cuentas, en líneas generales, en resumen, en conjunto, en
definitiva, considerándolo todo, etc…
o “By and large, I agree on the measures but I think we should speak about
them in great detail”
o “All things considered, we will focus on the way to spend our money”
o “In a nutshell, the situation has improved quite a lot”

 FURTHERMORE / MOREOVER / BESIDES / WHAT´S MORE / IN ADDITION / IN

ADITTION TO
Con estos linkers expresamos “además” y deben ir seguidos de una coma. Se usan
para introducir nuevas ideas no mencionadas con anterioridad. La diferencia entre in
addition es que va seguido de coma; mientras que in addition to va seguido de
sustantivo. “What´s more” tiene significado de queja (como ¡y encima, llego tarde!)
o “I was required a degree and in addition, English and French”
o “In addition to my CV, I included a cover letter”
o “He didn´t turn up and what´s more, he didn´t apologize afterwards”
 ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH / EVEN IF / ALBEIT
Para expresar “aunque” tenemos estos cuatro linkers.Significan lo mismo que “in
spite of” o “despite”, pero la forma es diferente porque salvo “albeit” van seguidos de
oración. Albeit va seguido de sustantivo, adverbio (late) o preposicion (albeit without
any success)
o “Even though we knew they wouldn´t come to our wedding, we invited them”
o “Even if I couldn´t speak good English, I would go to England to work
because there are many Spanish people living there and they would help me”
o “He apologizes, albeit late”

 IN FACT / AS A MATTER OF FACT

Significan “de hecho”
o “I don´t like studying. In fact, I started doing a degree and gave it up after 3
months”
o “I love reading. As a matter of fact, I read a book every week”

 ACCORDING TO / IN SOMEBODY´S WORDS

Linkers que podemos traducir por “en palabras de”, “según”, “como dice”, etc..
o “According to researchers, more money is necessary if we want new
vaccines”
o “In my brother´s words, who is a teacher, all students should go to a foreign
country while they are studying”

 AS FAR AS SOMEBODY CAN REMEMBER / TO MY KNOWLEDGE

Estos dos se utilizan para expresar lo que otra persona recuerda o sabe.
o “To my knowledge, she has been sent to another city for work”
o “As far as I can remember, they are getting married soon”

 WITHOUT A SHADOW OF A DOUBT

Sin lugar a dudas, sin la más mínima duda.
o “Without a shadow of a doubt, marriages are seen as a thing of the past”

 LAST BUT NOT LEAST

Por último, pero no por ello menos importante. Para introducir una última idea y dejar
claro que es igual de importante que las demás.
o “Last but not least, don´t forget to lock the door when you leave”

 CONVERSELY
Este linker lo podemos traducir por “por el contrario”.
o “I love the beach. Conversely, my partner hates it”

 WHAT WITH
Este linker se utiliza para expresar “considerando”
o “I felt exhausted, what with waiting for my flight for so long and having to
spend the night at the airport”

 THUS / THEREFORE
 Este linker lo podemos traducir por “por tanto”, “por consiguiente”.
o “It rained heavily. Thus, they decided to have the party indoors”

FINISH VS END

 FINISH
Se utiliza para expresar que hemos acabado con algo, completado una actividad, un
trabajo, un proyecto, etc…
El verbo finish puede ser transitivo o intransitivo, si va seguido de complemento
(acabar algo) o no (acabar rápido, etc…)
o Transitivo: “I didn´t finish my lunch because I didn´t like it”
o Intransitivo: “When you finish, we will leave”
Puede ir seguido de -ing: “When I finished drinking my tea, we left”

 END
También puede ser transitivo o intransitivo, si va seguido de complemento o no. Se
utiliza para expresar que algo ha llegado a su fin, por cambio de periodo, de época,
porque algo no funciona (como una relación), algo ha dejado de existir o de suceder:
o “She ended their relationship because he was having an affair with another
person”
o “The musical ended with a well-know song”
El verbo end no puede ir seguido de otro verbo en ing

 END UP
Significa acabar de una determinada manera:
o “As we didn´t have a Satnav, we ended up lost” (¿como acabamos?
perdidos)
o “The children were arguing for a long time and one of them ended up crying”
Si se pone un verbo detrás del end up tiene que ser en -ing

IN THE END VS AT THE END = IN THE BEGINNG VS AT THE BEGINNING

 At the end (of something)

o At the end of the film I couldn´t help crying
o At the end of this street there is a big supermarket
o At the end of the book the main character, Lisa, dies
o At the end, the film was a bit boring
Se usa cuando se tiene un lugar/tiempo específico. A veces se usa con la
preposición of, pero se puede omitir si se sobreentiende (último ejemplo)

 In the end: similar a finally, a modo resumen de una idea

o In the end 2000 people attended the conference
o In the end I learnt you have to work very hard to be successful
IN TIME VS ON TIME

 On time: similar a punctual, not late

o “I´m always on time”
o “I don´t like people who don´t arrive on time”
 In time: with spare time (con tiempo suficiente, con antelación)
o “I like to get to the airport in time and have a drink before boarding”
o “As I arrived at the concert in time, I could get a good seat”

WAIT VS HOPE VS EXPECT

 Wait: es un esperar físico, como cuando esperamos a alguien “I´ve been waiting for
you all day!”. Siempre va con preposición for, delante de la cosa que espero. Si no
digo lo que esto esperando, va sin for y con -ing: “They haven´t called me yet, we´re
still waiting”. También puede ser sustantivo “did you mind the wait?”. También hay
expresiones muy usadas:
o Wait a long time: esperar mucho tiempo
o Wait a minute / second
o Can´t wait: se utiliza para expresar que estás deseando que llegue algo “I
can´t wait for my holidays”
 Hope: cuando queremos expresar la idea de esperanza, espero que algo ocurra. “I
hope you´ll pass your exam”. Se puede usar con future, o con presente si está
ocurriendo ahora “I hope you´re fine”. Algunas expresiones con hope:
o Abandon hope: perder la esperanza
o Give up hope: perder la esperanza
o False hope: falsas esperanzas
o Full of hope: lleno de esperanza
o Hold out hope: no perder las esperanzas
 Expect: cuando anticipamos una idea y esperamos que ocurra una cosa u otra. “I
expect my son will fail his exam again as he gets very nervous” Aquí no utilizamos
hope porque es positivo (esperanza), y no queremos que nuestro hijo suspenda
aunque lo creamos.

LOOK VS SEEM

Los dos significan parecer /estar:

 Look: significa parecer cuando nos referimos al aspecto físico. “You look beautiful”,
sería estás guapa. No se usa to be porque se refiere al físico
 Seem: significa parecer cuando nos referimos a una impresión general, algo que
nosotros pensamos que es así. “You seem to be working hard”

MIND VS MATTER

Los dos significan importar:

 Mind: cuando el sujeto es una persona “I don´t mind babysitting for you when you go
out”
  Matter: el sujeto de matter es it. “It doesn´t matter if we are late”. Se puede incluir la
persona usando con to me: “It doesn´t matter to me if you smoke”

BEAT VS WIN

Los dos significan vencer o ganar:

 Beat: va seguido de una persona o un equipo “Real Madrid beat MU 2-1”
 Win: va seguido de palabras como match, cup, trophey; se refiere a ganar una
competición. “We won the match lasta weekend”

REFUSE VS DENY

Los dos significan negar:

 Refuse: se traduce por negarse a hacer algo y va seguido de to infinitive “I refused
to go to the party if my ex was there”
 Deny: se traduce por negar, cuando dices que algo no es o no fue verdad. Puede ir
seguido de verbo en ing o de una oración con that + sujeto + verbo + complement
“He denied telling her the secret”

ADVISE VS WARN

Los dos significan aconsejar o advertir:

 Advise: es aconsejar algo a alguien. “I advised my daughter to study English”
 Warn: significa avisar o advertir a alguien de algo. “He warned me that he could be
late”

RAISE VS RISE

 Raise: es un verbo transitivo, lo cual quiere decir que lleva complemento directo
“The teacher told us to raise our hand if we wanted to ask questions”
 Rise: es un verbo intransitivo, aquí es algo sube y raise es tú subes algo. “The
unemploment rate will rise next year”

LAY VS LIE

 Lay: es un verbo transitivo, detrás de él lleva su objeto y significa poner o colocar. “I

always lay my baby on the sofa to change his clothes”
 Lie: es un verbo intransitivo, su significado es tumbarse. “I was lying on the sofa”

Son bastantes confusas sus tiempos verbales:

Lay (infinitive) / laid (past simple) / laid (past participle) / laying (gerundio)
Lie (infinitive) / lay (past simple) / lain (past participle) / lying (gerundio)
STEAL VS ROB

 Steal: significa robar, dinero o cualquier otra cosa, pero no dices a quién se lo
quitas. “Someone stole my bike”
 Rob: también es robar, pero se dice la persona o el lugar robado. “Two men robbed
that shop last Monday”

KNOW VS MEET

Los dos significan conocer, pero tienen particularidades

 Meet: para expresar “quedar”, “reunirse” y “encontrarse” con alguien. Pero como
“conocer” se usa cuando conocemos a alguien por primera vez
o “I met my wife / husband in 2003”
o “I´m meeting my old school friends next Friday”
 Know: es conocer una persona, pero cuando la conoces en profundidad
o “I´ve known my best friend for 15 years”
o “I know you very well”

REFUSE VS DENY

 Refuse + to infinitive: negarse. “The child refused toe at vegetables”

 Refuse + somebody: rechazar. “My brother proposed to her friend yesterday but
she refused him”
 Refuse: denegar. “I wanted to pay in cash but they refused”
 Deny + ing: negar algo que es verdad. “He denied stealing the bag”
 Deny + verbo: negar el acceso. “I was denied Access to the disco”
 Deny + noun: negar algo. “He denied the theft”

REMEMBER VS REMIND

 Remember: acordarse uno mismo de algo, nadie se lo “recuerda”

o “I don’t remember your name”
o “Remember to phone the doctor to make an appointment”
 Remind: recordar algo a alguien (porque se ha olvidado). “Remind + somebody + to
infinitive” o “remind + somebody + about / of + something”
o “Remind the child to do his homework.”
o “Remind me about your address.”

FALSE FRIENDS

 Pretend: es fingir
 Educated: es educado en el sentido cultivado, con estudios (lo otro es polite)
 Library: es biblioteca (librería es bookshop)
 Assist: es ayudar (como help)
 Attend: es asistir
 Actually: significa realmente (actualmente es currently)
 Destination: destino en el sentido geográfico
  Destiny: destino en el sentido filosófico, sinónimo de fate
 Realize vs notice: los dos significan darse cuenta, pero realize es cuando te das
cuenta de algo (“He doesn´t realice how important this is for me”), pero con notice te
das cuenta porque lo ves con los ojos (“Didn´t you notice that this road is closed
ahead?”)
 Argument vs discussion: argument es discusión pero sinónimo de pelea, mientras
que disussion es debate
 Work vs job: las dos son trabajo, pero work es en general y job cuando hablamos
de algo específico, el trabajo de una persona (“There is no work in Spain at the
momento”, “I don´t like my job”). NOTA: work es incontable, pero job sí
 Tall vs high: las dos significan alto, pero tall es para personas y high para el resto
(buildings, mountains, etc..)
 Career vs degree: career es carrera profesional, mientras que degree es carrera
universitaria
 State vs private: colegio público en inglés es state school; mientras que privado
puede ser private/public school.
 Recipe vs receipt vs prescription:
o Recipe /resipi/: receta de cocina
o Receipt /risi:t/: ticket de compra, justificante de pago. “Can I have a receipt
for this, please?
o Prescription /priskripsion/: receta médica
 Apologize vs Apology: uno es el verbo /apoloyaiz/ y otro el sustantivo /apoloyi/
 Lend vs Borrow: lend es prestar, pero you lend something to somebody; mientras
que borrow es pedir prestado “I borrow money from the bank”

IDIOMS Y SAYINGS (frases hechas, refranes)

 Be a scaredy cat: ser muy asutadizo. “I´m a scaredy cat, everything frightens me”
 Get on well with somebody: llevarse bien con alguien
 Get on like a house on fire: llevarse muy bien con alguien, a otro nivel “As you are
a teacher and my best friend too, I really think you would get on with her like a house
on fire”
 Get along: llevarse muy bien “My sister and I have always got along well with each
other”
 Laugh one´s my head off: partirse de risa. “The joke Kevin told me was so funny
that I almost laughed my head off”
 Make waves: causar problemas o meter cizaña “He did not seem like the kind of
person to make waves”
 One little bit: nada, ni una pizca, en absoluto “I don´t like thunderstorms one little
bit”

SIMILES
Son comparaciones o frases hechas

 Sleep like a baby / log: dormir mucho

 Eat like a horse: comer como una vaca
 Work like a dream: ir como la seda
  Drink like a fish: beber como una cuba
 Be like two drops of water: ser como dos gotas de agua
 Like two peas in a pod: como dos gotas de agua
 Like father, like son: de tal palo tal astilla
 As stubborn as a mule: terco como una mula
 As good as gold: ser un pedazo de pan
 As deaf as a post: sordo como una tapia
 As blind as a bat: ciego como un topo
 As quick as a flash: en un sanitamen
 As white as a sheet: blanco como una sabana
 As light as a feather: estar hecho un fídeo
 As happy as a sandboy: más feliz que una perdiz

NEWS
Significa noticia o noticias, y es singular, una palabra incontable (uncountable noun). Por
ello, no se le añade -s para hacerla plural, no necesita la preposicion a/an delante y se
puede hacer contable añadiendo palabras delante

PEOPLE
Es una palabra plural irregular, (el singular es person) por lo que el verbo que rige es plural.
 People are…
 There are lots of people…
 Many people think that…
Tampoco se le pone el artículo “the” delante.
HAIR
Puede ser pelo en general o un solo pelo (cabello). Depende de si ponemos el artículo “a”:
 “I have long hair”: tengo el pelo largo (todo)
 “I found a hair in my soup”: solo un pelo

CONCLUSION
Significa sacar conclusiones:
 “I came to the conclusion that you should talk to your friend”
In conclusion or as a conclusion = to sum up, to conclude

TRAVEL / TRIP / JOURNEY / VOYAGE

Se usan con el verbo “go” (go on a trip), salvo journey que se hace con make.

 Travel: is used to talk about going from one place to another. It can be a verb, a
noun or an adjective
o Verb: Tom travels a lot in his job
o Noun (uncountable): Travel nowadays is faster and less expensive that
before”
o Adjetive: There is a travel agency beside the bank
 Trip: is used to talk about a short journey somewhere for a purpose, business or
pleasure.
o For our wedding anniversary, we went on a trip to Venice
 o My boss is often away on business trips
o During our holidays, we took a boat trip to the islands
 Journey: is the distance covered in travelling from one place to another. Can refer to
a long distance or a short regular one
o The journey was long and tiring; it took us 5 hours to get there
o Did you have a good journey? Yes, it was quite pleasant.
o How long is your journey to work? Just about 20 minutos
o To make a journey: He makes the journey to Rome three times a year
 Voyage: is a long journey by sea or in space
o Before the 20th century, long sea voyages were common
o A spacecraft will take you on a voyage through space

PHRASAL VERBS

 Give up: rendirse. “I give up. I don´t know how to do it”

 Break down: romperse, dejar de funcionar. “My car´s broken down”
 Keep on: continuar. “If you keep on making so much noise, we won´t go to he park”
 Turn up: aparecer. “I waited for him for 10 minutes but he didn´t turn up”
 Come up with: pensar en. “I´ve come up with a great idea”
 Take on: emplear, contratar. “They are taking on 20 workers”
 Make up: inventar. “It´s not true. I´ve made it up”
 Give out: entregar, distribuir. “When I´ve finished giving out the papers, you can
start”
 Come round: pasarte por algún sitio, casa “Why don´t you come round after class?”
 Carry out: hacer, llevar a cabo. “I asked my cousin to help me carry out the project”
 Pass on: dar algo a alguien. “My aunt passed on all her recipes to all the members
of the family”
 Call off: cancelar (a meeting, a match)
 Put off: postpone (a metting, a trip)
 Put up something/somebody: tolerar (igual a stand, “I can´t stand”, no lo soporto)
 Look forward to + ing: estar deseando que algo ocurra
 Look into: investigar
 Look up to somebody: admirar a alguien
 Look down on somebody: menospreciar a alguien, mirar por encima del hombro
 Figure out: resolver ( a maths problem for example)
 Find out: averiguar, buscar algo que no sabes para entonces saberlo.
 Set up: montar (a business, a company, a shop)
 Close down: cerrar (a business)
 Come up with + an idea: ocurrisete una idea
 Run out of something: quedarse sin algo
 Break off: romperse algo, hay que tener en cuenta que el sujeto de este verbo es lo
que se rompe, que pueden ser máquinas o vehículos, y después el verbo que no va
en pasiva
 Split up: dejar una relación, el sujeto son las personas que dejan la relación
 Turn up to: aparecer, dejarse caer por un lugar
 Work out: hacer ejercicio
 Take up: empezar una nueva actividad, un hobby nuevo
 Agree on: estar de acuerdo con algo
 Back out: echarse atrás, arrepentirse
 Break off: desprenderse
 Call for: requerir
 Clear up: limpiar, ordenar
 Come across: encontrarse por casualidad
 Cut down on: reducir el consumo de algo
 Draw up: redactar un plan, un boceto
 Fall behind: quedarse atrás
 Fall out: pelearse
 Get away with: salir impune de un crimen
 Give in: ceder
 Go off: echarse a perder
 Hold on to: agarrarse a algo / alguien
 Let somebody down: decepcionar
 Knock down: derrumbar
 Pass away: morir, fallecer
 See somebody off: despedir a alguien
 Think back on: recorder, rememorar
 Take somebody back: pillarle a alguien por sorpresa