Laser & Optical Fiber

DEWI WULANDHARI
FAIDHI RAHMAN HAFIZH
GIANDINI PATRISYA
HERLINA NOOR UTAMI
 Definition
• LASER

LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

is a tool that can emit light (electromagnetic radio waves) in the area
of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet. The light emitted by the laser
radiation emission resulting from stimulation of the medium in a
laser. Laser medium can be solid, gas, liquid, or semiconductors.
Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
Laser Wavelength
 History and The Founder
• LASER
In 1957, Charles Hard Townes
and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, at Bell
Labs, began a serious study of the infra
red laser. As ideas developed, they
abandoned infrared radiation to
instead concentrate upon visible light.
The concept originally was called an
“Optical maser".
Charles Hard Arthur Leonard
Townes (born Schawlow (born
July 28th , 1915) May 5th , 1921)
 History and The Founder
• LASER
On May 16th 1960 ,
Theodore H. Maiman operated
the first functioning laser
Maiman's functional laser used
a solid-state flashlamp-pumped
synthetic ruby crystal to
produce red laser light, at 694
nanometres wavelength.
 Mecanism of Creating
• LASER
Laser forming process there are three steps :
1. Photon absorption
2. Spontaneous emission
3. Stimulated emission
How It Works?
 Ways of
working
• LASER

“Laser Printers”
 Ways of
working
• LASER

“Laser Printers”
 Ways of
working
• LASER

“Laser Printers”
 Ways of
working
• LASER

“Laser Printers”
 Definition
• OPTICAL FIBER

Optical fiber transmission line which is made of glass or plastic

that is used to transmit light signals from one place to another . The
light source used is a laser because the laser has a very narrow
spectrum.
 Part of Optical
Fiber
Core -This is the physical medium
that transports optical data signals
from an attached light source to a
receiving device.
Cladding -This is a thin layer that
surrounds the fiber core and serves
as a boundary that contains the light
waves and causes the refraction,
enabling data to travel throughout
the length of the fiber segment.
Coating -This is a layer of plastic that
surrounds the core and cladding to
reinforce the fiber core, help absorb
shocks, and provide extra protection
against excessive cable bends.
Strengthening fibers -These
components help protect the core
against crushing forces and
excessive tension during installation.
 History and The Founder
• OPTICAL FIBER
1961 : Elias Snitzer and Will
Hicks demonstrated that the laser
beam is directed through a thin
glass fiber (fiber optic). The glass
fiber core is quite small which
makes the light can only pass one
section only.
 History and The Founder
A young researcher Charles K.
• OPTICAL FIBER Kao who works at Standard
Telecommunications Laboratories (STL)
examine ways to reduce the attenuation
fiber-optic existing at that time.
In his research, Dr. Charles K. Kao
managed to find that the ability of the fiber
optic founded by him have the ability to 200
tv channels or 200 thousand telephone
lines.
Dr. Kao said that he expects to
reduce the attenuation of 20 dB / Km. He
then proposed funding for the research.
Charles K. Kao
 History and The Founder
• OPTICAL FIBER
Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter Schultz
Three people who works at the Corning
Glass Works company
In September 1970, Dr. Kao with
his partner announced that they had made
a singlemode fiber with attenuation at 633
nanometers (nm) helium neon line below
20 dB / km.
And after a try at Martlesham
Heath Research Laboratory confirmed the
material has low attenuation.
Furthermore, many companies and
institutions that conduct research and
developement continuously up until the
achievement of the moment.
 Mecanism of Creating
• OPTICAL FIBER
As the name implies, the optical
fiber is made of silica glass with a circular
cross-section or other forms. Manufacture of
fiber optic done by pulling the viscous-liquid
glass material that can be obtained
fiber/glass fiber with a particular cross-
section. Packaging processes such as the
provision of protective materials or the
manufacturing process of the connective
cable made up of several pieces to hundreds
of cable-making process is no different than
regular cable.
 The Types Of Optical Fiber
I. STEP INDEKS SINGLEMODE
Optical fiber with a very small Characteristic features :
core, the diameter approached to the 1. Very small core diameter
wavelength so that the light that goes
2. Used for long distance transmission
into it not reflected to the cladding (>120km), large bandwidth, high
wall. speed, small transmission shrinkage.
Advantage : 3. There is only one beam of light that
can pass through
 Large bandwith 4. No disperssion
 Longer distance traveled 5. No influence of the refractive index
 The Types Of Optical Fiber
II. STEP INDEKS MULTIMODE
Fiber optics rather large core Advantage :
diameter which makes laser in it will be
reflected to the cladding wall which can  Easy to make, the first optic fiber that
lead to the reduction of bandwidth, the being used
characteristics are :
 Thick core and easy to connect
1. The core measure about 50 mm -
125mm, cladding diameter of 125
mm - 500 mm Disadvantage :
2. Large core diameter for easy  Dispersion happened
connecting
3. Good for low transmission speed and  Low distance transmission with low
short distance transfer speed
 The Types Of Optical Fiber
III. GRADE INDEKS MULTIMODE
Fiber optics with large diameter
core and cladding having graded
refractive index so as to increase
bandwidth when compared with
Step-index multimode.
Disadvantage :
 Hard to make
 Too expensive
Characteristic features :
1. Core diameter 30 - 60mm,
cladding diameter 100 -
150mm
2. Merging multimode and
singlemode fiber cable
3. Transmission distance 10 -
20 km like LAN
 The Application in Daily life
• LASER • OPTICAL FIBER

1. Barcode Reader 1. Cabel telephone

2. Laser Printers 2. Cable for local area networking

(LAN)
3. Accellerometer (speed measuring)
3. Optical fibers are used in a number
4. Laser diode of instruments that enable doctors
to view internal body parts without
5. Telecommunications optics having to perform surgery.
 Ways of
working
• OPTICAL FIBER

“Fiber Optic
Cabel”
 Conclusion
• LASER
LASER (Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a
tool that can emit light
(electromagnetic radio wave) by the
laser radiation emission resulting from
stimulation of the medium in a laser.
• OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber transmission is
used to transmit light signals from one
place to another. Optical Fiber
transmission speed is very high so it is
great to use as a communication
channel.