CRITICAL JOURNAL REVIEW

Arranged By:

Name : Izzatul Khairi Sajida S

IDN : 4162331003

BILINGUAL CHEMISTRY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCE FACULTY

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2018

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 PREFACE

Thank God I pray for the presence of Almighty GOD has given me health,
and the gift of His grace so that I can complete this CJR in form teaching
materials to meet 6 KKNI tasks in the course Chemical Bonding. Not forgetting
authors thank the lecturer Dr. Iis Siti Jahro, M.Si., as the lecturer of the course, as
well as the author would like to thank those who give motivation and
encouragement to the author. CJR contains a brief discussion related to “lead”. To
the authors are aware that there is still a shortage CJR. Authors expect
constructive suggestions for the next. End the author apologizes, if there is a
writing error or language. Hopefully, this work can make readers understand the
subject matter taught at the university. Hopefully useful for all. thank you.

Medan, 20 febuary 2019

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER................................................................................................1
PREFACE.............................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENT........................................................................3
IDENTITY OF JOURNAL...................................................................4
RESUME OF JOURNAL.....................................................................5
ADVANTAGES OF JOURNAL..........................................................9
DISADVANTAGES OF JOURNAL...................................................10
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................11

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 I. IDENTITY OF JOURNAL
A. JOURNAL 1

TITLE Lead In South Africa

AUTHOR A.A. Snodgaass

PUBLISHER J. S. At,. Inst. Min. Metall

YEAR 1986

COUNTRY South Africa

VOLUME 86(4)

Journal Of The South African Institute Of Mining And

JOURNAL TYPE
Metallurgy

B. JOURNAL 2

TITLE Extraction Of Lead From Galena Concentrates Using

Fluosilicic Acid And Peroxide

AUTHOR
Dessy Amalia, Yunita Ramanda And Maryono

PUBLISHER Research & Development Centre For Mineral And Coal

Technology

YEAR 2017

COUNTRY Bandung

VOLUME 20(1)

JOURNAL TYPE Indonesian Mining Journal

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 II. RESUME OF JOURNAL
A. JOURNAL I
lead ranks 34th in abundance and is one of the most widely used
metals in the industrial world. The useful characteristics of lead are
unrivalled and at present it has no substitute in most of its uses. Its unique
properties include high density, high ductility and malleability, low creep
resistance and softness, low melting point, high resistance to chemical
attack and corrosion, easy shaping and castability, and sound-wave and X-
ray attenuation. Lead is one of the oldest metals used by man and, even
today, one of the most useful and essential1. Its use dates back to between
5000 and 7000 RC., when the early Egyptians used it for glazing pottery.
The first known specimen of lead, dating from before 3800 RC., is in the
form of a figure found at the Dardanelles on the site of an ancient city
called Abydos. The earliest known mines were established by the
Phoenicians, who mined lead in Spain, Greece, Sardinia, and Cyprus, to be
followed by the Romans who had lead mines in Spain, England, Gaul, and
the Eifel Mountains. In the Middle Ages, deposits were developed in
Germany at Rammelsberg and in the Erzgebirge.
The consumption of lead can be divided into two categories:
dissipative and non-dissipative. The first precludes the recovery or
recycling of any lead, and refers to such uses as gasoline additives or paint
pigments. Nondissipative consumption is mainly in the battery sector,
where the bulk of the metal can be recycled.
The use of lead as a gasoline additive ha~ come under increasing
pressure, and it is being phased out in most industrial countries.
Tetraethyllead is added to gasoline as the most convenient and economic
way of producing the high octane grades that are needed for the efficient
operation of engines of high compression ratio. By its use, the costs of oil
refining are reduced, energy is saved, and more high-grade fuel is obtained
from a given quantity of crude oil. Although the lead industry is regarded
as a hazard to the environment, lead plays an important role in the
protection of the environment (including the work environment). Good

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examples are the electric cars and electric locomotives used in mines,
which are powered by leadacid batteries. Lead is also used in cable as a
sheathing material for protection against corrosion and mechanical
stresses. Lead pipes are used in numerous household and chemical
applications, and it is interesting that lead pipes in almost perfect states of
preservation have been dug up in recent years in the ruins of Pompeii and
Rome. Substitution by aluminium and plastics has reduced the demand in
these.
Lead is produced from two main sources: primary lead from ore by
smelting and refining, and secondary lead from refining scrap. Both
methods result in lead of very high purity.
Lead is mined in 50 countries of the world in over 400 mines,
which accounted for the 1984 production of 3,25 Mt of lead in
concentrates6. South Africa's contribution amounted to 2,9 per cent of this
production. Most industrial countries, such as Belgium, France, Germany,
England, and Japan, are deficient in mineable reserves to meet smelter
requirements and most of them import concentrates.
Geology
Lead deposits can be divided into five broad geological categories.
Strata bound sedimentary deposits
are commonly found in limestones or dolomites and are the most
productive source of lead. The best examples are found in thenMissouri
lead belt.
Volcanic sedimentary deposits
include massive sulphide bodies interlayered with volcanic and
sedimentary rocks.
Replacement deposits
are generally irregular hydrothermal deposits in carbonate, quartzite, or
metamorphic rocks.
Vein deposits
are the most obvious of the lead deposits and the first to be exploited.
However, they are of minor commercial importance.

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 Contact metamorphic deposit
are found near igneous intrusions, which have either provided the
mineral-rich solutions or have altered a mineral-rich rock to form the
deposit.
Mineralogy
More than 130 lead minerals occur in nature, galena (PbS) being of the
greatest economic importance. The near-surface parts of some of the lead
orebodies have galena altered to cerussite (PbCO]) or anglesite (PbSOJ,
and these minerals are also exploited. However, 90 per cent of the-world's
lead is extracted from galena.
B. JOURNAL II
Galena is one of the lead ores that can be used as a raw material to
obtain the lead. Naturally, the mineral is associated with sphalerite (ZnS),
chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and pyrite (FeS2) (Zárate-Gutiérrez, Lapidus and
Morales, 2012). One of lead separation methods is flotation to obtain a
lead concentrate (Idiawati, Triantie and Wahyuni, 2013). Indonesia has
totally 387.280 million tons of lead reserves (Kementerian Energi dan
Sumber Daya Mineral, 2013) and some of them have been processed to
obtain the lead concentrates. However, according to the provisions of
Regulation No 4 of 2009, the concentrate cannot be exported unless it has
been processed through further refinery in Indonesia.
Generally, lead manufacturing for commercial use is conducted by
pyrometallurgy method (Zárate-Gutiérrez, Lapidus and Morales, 2012).
The process is extracting the ores using high-exothermic temperature and
transforms the material from solid to melted form. Separation process with
pyrometallurgy method requires relative short time, but it must be
conducted at high temperatures that can reach thousands degrees Celsius.
In addition, obtaining metals such as lead by pyrometallurgy method must
be conducted to high-grade ore and can be used for a large production
capacity.
Lead extraction process using hydrometallurgical method has been
conducted by previous researchers using leachate solutions such as

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sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids. Using these
acids will cause some problem in leaching process, as the sulfuric acid will
form a PbSO4 precipitate that will be difficult to be separated from the
leaching solution results. Nitric acid as leaching solution can be used but
the process is uneconomical. HCl may be applied as leaching solution but
it will produce a PbCl2 that only soluble in hot water (Li et al., 2016).
Furthermore, the PbSO4 and PbCl2 salt are difficult to solve in an aqueous
solution that results aqueous electrolysis is hard to do. An alternative
electrolysis of PbCl2 salt can be conducted in the molten-salt system at
450°C which is required higher energy. Another more selective solution
towards Pb is fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6). The Pb metal will produce at the
cathodes and PbO2 at the anodes as the PbSiF6 solution is electrolyzed
(Golomeov et al., 2003).
Physical characterization of the sample was obtained by XRD,
optical microscopy and SEM-EDS analysis. According to the XRD
analysis, the lead concentrate comprised of galena, sphalerite and
chalcopyrite as shown in Figure 2. The majority of those three minerals
can be recognized through the optical microscope as seen in Figure 3.
Galena (white color) was compared to other minerals within the section
such as chalcopyrite (yellow color).
The Chemical composition of lead concentrate was examined
through AAS as shown in Table 1. It depicted that the concentrate was
dominated by lead (Pb) and sulfur (S). Zinc (Zn) and irons (Fe) were not
too high. The chemical analysis confirms that the sample was lead
concentrate.

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 III. ADVANTAGES OF JOURNAL
I. Complete Description Of Theory.
1) JOURNAL 1
a. Using schemes to look for process
b. description of the formula formula explained in detail.
c. Explain theory detail.
2) JOURNAL 2
a. This second journal is more complete in explain where Galena
comes from.
b. discussed in detail for the elements used.
II. CONCEPT

1) JOURNAL 1
a. In the journal, the use of the scheme is explained and the results are
in the form of a schema.
b. the equations are explained in detail.
c. write the standard as a limitation.
d. journals make us easy to read because with one another things
become unbroken information.
2) JOURNAL 2
a. This journal relates to the experiments carried out and the theory
then to the results explained in detail.
III. ADVANCED

1) JOURNAL 1
a. a brief description of solid material explains the symbols and
equations
b. many references
c. And complete with schema, images.
2) JOURNAL 2
a. The references are many and give clearer explanations than the
first journal
b. The material is easy to understand because it starts from the
definition of the lead.

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 IV. DISADVANTAGES OF JOURNAL
I. Complete Description Of Theory.
1) JOURNAL 1
a. not explained what is meant by lead.
b. there is no depth of material about lead in galena.
2) JOURNAL 2
a. The second journal does not explain the theory in detail
b. use a little theory about lead, the process of making lead and
others.
c. Do not explain what method is used when processing lead

II. CONCEPT

1) JOURNAL 1
a. Does not describe what from the galena in detail.
b. renewable journal
c. the journal does not explain each procedure
2) JOURNAL 2
a. There is no concept of process making lead
b. No discussion abou lead specifically
c. no discuss about procedure
III. ADVANCED

1) JOURNAL 1
a. Not describing material about what is lead process.
b. does not link the first and the next procedure
2) JOURNAL 2
a. The lead no has so the reference must also be added
b. Description about schema no have refrence.

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 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

From the journal we can know that the use of lead as a gasoline additive
has come under increasing pressure, and it is being phased out in most industrial
countries. Tetraethyllead is added to gasoline as the most convenient and
economic way of producing
the high octane grades that are needed for the efficient operation of engines of
high compression ratio. By its use, the costs of oil refining are reduced, energy is
saved, and more high-grade fuel is obtained from a given quantity of crude oil.
Lead is produced from two main sources: primary lead from ore by smelting and
refining, and secondary lead from refining scrap. Both methods result in lead of
very high purity.
Fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) and peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant can dissolve
Pb. However, the Pb extraction has not reached to 99% due to some lead
precipitation into lead sulfate. Based on ANOVA, the doses of H2SiF6and H2O2
significantly affect the Pb extraction. The greater the H2SiF6and H2O2 used, the
greater the Pb extraction percentage. In addition, to reduce the lead precipitation,
PbO2 could be added to prevent precipitation due to its higher reactivity compared
to lead.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Snodgaass, A., 1986, Lead In South Africa : J. S. At,. Inst. Min. Metall, Journal
Of The South African Institute Of Mining And Metallurgy, 86(4).

Amalia, D., Ramanda, Y and Maryono., 2017, Extraction Of Lead From Galena
Concentrates Using Fluosilicic Acid And Peroxide : Research &
Development Centre For Mineral And Coal Technology, Indonesian Mining
Journal, 20(1).

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