Malayala Sahithyam 207

School of Distance Education
ae-bmf kmlnXvyw
COMMON COURSE
For
BA / B Sc
III SEMESTER
(2011 Admission)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635
111
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 1
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
BA/B Sc
III SEMESTER
COMMON COURSE
ae-bmf kmln-Xyw
Prepared by:
Module I - Sri. N. Balakrishnan,

Module II (hr≤-kZ\w) Njayath House,
P.O. Malayamkavu, Kulukkallur.
Module II (sNdp-I-Y) - Dr. Radha. P.I,

Module III & IV Associate Professor,
Department of Malayalam,
Unity Women’s Collge, Manjeri.
Scruitnised by - Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal,

‘Swathi’, Malapparamba,
Kozhikode - 673009.
Layout: Computer Section, SDE
(c)
Reserved
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 2
Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿
samU-yqƒ ˛ 1
tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw 5
Km‘mco hnem]w 9
Ie-ym-W-skuK‘nIw 16
N≠m-e-`n-£pIn 23
ae-tI-d¬ 28
Hcp tXmWn-bm{X 31
IdpØ sNń-®n-Iƒ 38
_m°n h√-Xp-apt≠m 41
amº-g-°mew 44
samU-yqƒ ˛ 2
hr≤-k-Z\w 46
ssSK¿ 68
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ 71
LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw 73
samU-yqƒ ˛ 3
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ 75
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy 80
samU-yqƒ ˛ 4
ImgvN 83
k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv 87
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 3
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 4
samU-yqƒ 1
tKmh¿≤t\m≤m-cWw
(IrjvWK - m-Y)
sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncn
ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-X-y-Øns‚bpw hnI-mk ]cn-Wma ]≤-Xn-bnse Hcp hgn-Øn-
cn-hmWv IrjvW-KmY AYhm IrjvW-∏m-´v. kmam-\-y-P-\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]N-cn-®n-cn∂ \mtSm-Sn-
∏m-´p-I-fp-tSbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v am{Xw e`n-®n-cp∂ kwkvIrX kmln-XyØns‚bpw kwkvIm-
cßfpsS -k-a-\-z-b-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. \mtSm-Sn-Km-\-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS ssien-bn¬
kmln-Xy KpW-k-ºp-jvS-ambn ae-bm-f-Ønep≠mb H∂m-asØ alm-Im-hy- a - mWv IrjvWK
- mY F∂p
]d-bmw. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ D≠mbsX∂v hni-z-kn-°m-hp∂ Cu IrXn-bnep-
]-bp-‡a - mb ae-bm-fØ
- ns‚ kmc-fyw C∂pw A¤p-Xm-hl - a
- mWv. kwkvIrX `mj-bnepw kwkvIr-
X-Øn\v ap≥Xq°apff aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønepw am{Xw Ihn-X-sb-gpXp∂Xv `qj-W-ambn Icp-Xn-bncp∂
ImeØv Hcp \ºq-Xncn°hn Fgp-Xnb kmln-X-y-aq-e-y-ap-ff Hcp IrXn F∂ khn-ti-j-Xbpw
AXn-\p-≠v. `mjm-co-Xn-bn¬ ae-bm-ft- ØmSpw BJ-ym-\s
- si-en-bn¬ aWn-{]-hmf k{º-Zm-bt- ØmSpw
tN¿∂p \n¬°p∂p F∂-XmWv IrjvWKm-Y-bpsS as‰mcp {]tX-y-I-X. ip≤-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-ß-fpsS
Hc-]q¿∆ tiJ-cw-Iq-Sn-bmWv IrjvW-KmY. Fgp-Ø-—\v apºv ]pcm-W-I-Y-Iƒ BJ-ym\w sNbvX
Hcp anI® Imhyw F∂ \nebv°pw B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-Øps‚ Bcw`w kqNn-∏n-°p∂ IrXn
F∂ \nebv°pw IrjvW-Km-Y-bv°p-ff {]m[m-\yw hnkva-cn-bv°m-h-X-√.
sNdp-t»cn \ºqcn
tIme-Øncn cmPm-hmb Hcp DZ-bh - ¿Ωs‚ B{in-X\ - m-bn-cp∂p sNdp-t»cn \ºq-Xncnsb∂pw
At±-lØ
- ns‚ Bh-iy- {- ]-Imcw cNn-®X
- mWv IrjvWK
- m-Ys
- b∂pw Imh-y`- m-KØ
- p¬\n∂v kv]jvSa- m-W.v
]memgn-amXp Xm≥ ]men-®p-t]m-cp∂
tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-h¿Ω≥
B⁄-sb-s®-bvI-bm¬
- F∂ {KŸm-cw-`-Ønse kqN-\bpw
B⁄bm tIme `q]-ky
{]m⁄tkym-Z-b-h¿ΩWm˛
IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ymbmw
F∂v A≤-ym-b-ß-fpsS Ah-km-\-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂-Xp-Xs∂ CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv.
Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-X-Im-e-tØbpw Ipdn®v CXn¬°q-Sp-X¬ hy-‡-amb sXfp-shm∂pw

e`n-®n-ń-√. IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv cmam-b-Ww, `mcXw XpS-ßnb {]kn≤ aWn-{]-hm-f-N-ºp-
°-fpsS I¿Øm-hmb ]q\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. IrjvW-Km-Y-sb-t∏mse alm-
`m-c-X-Km-Y-sb-s∂mcp IrXnbpw Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. AXpw DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-
{]-Imcw cNn-®-sX-∂mWv kqN-\. Cu c≠p KmY-Ifpw GI-I¿Ør-I-am-sW∂pw Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v.
IrjvW-KmY, `c-X-Km-Y, cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-cX Nºp-°ƒ F∂n-h-bnse BJ-ym-\-co-Xnbpw `mjm-
co-Xnbpw Ah hn`n∂ I¿Ør-I-ß-sf∂v hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p-sh-∂mWv ]WvUn-X-aXw. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬
sNdn-t»cn C√w A\yw \n∂v ]\w C√Øn¬ ebn-®p-sh-s∂mcp sFXn-ly- hpw {]Nm-cØ - n-ep-≠v.
Cu IY Adn-bp-∂-h¿ IrjvW-KmY ]p\Ønt‚sX∂pw A√m-Ø-h¿ sNdn-t»-cn-bp-tS-sX∂pw
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 5
]d™p h∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS I¿Ømhv ]p\w \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂
hni-zmkw D≠m-b-sX∂v alm-Ihn Df-fq¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. IrjvW-Km-Ym-Im-cs‚ t]cv
i¶-c≥ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ s]mXpsh C√-t∏-cn¬ Adn-™p-h∂ - n-cp∂Xn\m¬
At±lw sNdp-t»cn F∂ t]cn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv {]kn-≤-\m-b-Xm-sW∂pw Duln-°mw.
{InkvXz- _vZw]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠mWv IrjvWK - m-Yb
- psS cN-\m-Imew F∂v `qcn-]£w kmln-Xy- -
N-cn-{XIm-c∑
- mcpw AwKo-Ic
- n-°p-∂p.
{KŸ-kz- c
- q]w
`‡n-ck - {- ]-[m-\a - mb `mK-hX - Ø - nse Zi-ak - vI‘ - a - mWv IrjvWK - m-Yb - nse IYm-hk - vXp.
Ihn DZ-b-h¿Ω cmPm-hp-ambn NXp-cwKw Ifn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ cmPm-hn-\v Ifn-bn¬
hnP-bn-°m≥ th≠ kqN\ \¬In-s°m≠p cm⁄n Hcp Xmcm-´p-]m-Sn-sb∂pw B Xmcm-ńs‚
coXn-bn¬ `mK-hX - Ø- nse Zi-ak - v°‘ - Ø - n-ep-ff IYsb Ah-ew-_n-®v- Hcp ae-bmf Imhyw cNn-
°m≥ cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv \n¿t±-in-®p-sh-∂p-amWv IrjvWK - m-Yb- psS D¬]-Øn-sb-∏‰nbpff {]kn-
≤-amb sFXn-ly- w. IrjvWK - m-Yb - n¬ `mK-hXw Zi-akvI‘ - Ø- n¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ {ioIr-jvWm-h-
Xmcw apX¬ kz¿§m-tcm-lW - w-hs - c-bp-ff ]pcm-WI - Y - I
- ƒ Xs∂-bmWv apJ-ya - mbpw h¿Æn-°p-∂-
sX-¶nepw ]Xn-s\m∂pw ]{¥≠pw kvI‘-ßf - n-tebpw Nne `mK-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. `mK-hX - -
I-YI
- f- psS icn-∏I - ¿∏mb Hcp ]p\-cm-Jy- m-\a - √ IrjvWK - m-Y.- aqe-IY - sb kz¥w A`n-cp-Nn-bv°-
\p-k-cn®v Npcp-°p-∏-d-bm\pw hnkvX-cn-®p-]-]mZn-°m\pw At±lw aSn-®n-√. kq`{Zm-l-cWw
t]mse aqeØn¬ Npcp°n {]Xn-]m-Xn-®X - ns\ Hcp ]q¿Æ Imh-yc - q-]Ø- n-em°n h¿Æn°p∂ `m-
K-ßfpw D≠v. Hcp kz-X{¥Imh-yØ - ns‚ coXn-bmWv IrjvWK - m-Yb
- n¬ kzo-Ic - n-®n-´p-ff
- X
- .v kwkvIr-
X-Øn-tebpw ae-bm-fØ - n-tebpw ]q¿∆-Ih - n-If- psS IrXn-If - n¬ \n∂v Bi-bß - ƒ kzo-Ic - n®v \qX\
`wKn-tbmsS kz¥w IrXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂X - nepw sNdpt»cn t]mcmbva I≠n-ń-√. ]c-Io-
bm-ib- ß- ƒ°v kz¥w `mh-\m-hn-emkw sIm≠v auen-IX - zw hcp-Øp-∂X - nepw At±lw _‘-{i-
≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]u-c∑ - m-cn¬ ]pcm-WI - Y- m-Jy- m-\Ø - n-eqsS `‡n Dd-∏n-bv°pbpw sshcm-Kyw P\n-∏n-
bv°p-Ib - p-amWv Imh-ye - £- y- w.
kµ¿`w
{ioIr-jvWs‚ _me-eo-eI - f
- n¬ {][m-\s
- ∏´ H∂mWv tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw. hrµm-h\- -
hm-kn-Iƒ sIm√w tXmdpw tZth{µ\v Hcp hntij ]qP\¬Inbncn-∂p. Hcn-°¬ \µ-tKm-]cpw
kwLhpw C{µ-]q-Pbv°v h´w-Iq-´p-∂-Xp-I≠v AsX-¥n-\m-sW∂v DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ At\-z-jn-®p.
tZth{µ\mWv ag-bpsS A[n-\m-b-I≥. At±lw ]ng-]-‰msX h¿jn-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
kk-y-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw ]p√pw `qan-bn¬ hf-cp-∂-Xv. AXmWv \ΩpsS k¿∆-k-z-amb ]ip-°ƒ°v
`£-Ww. Cu D]-Im-ck - vac
- W
- b
- v°mWv \mw C{µ-]qP \S-Øp-∂Xv F∂v \µ-tKm-]¿ ]d-™p.
Al-¶m-cn-bmb C{µs‚ Z¿∏w AS-°m≥ ]‰nb Ah-kcw CXp-Xs∂ F∂p Xo¿®-bm°n
{ioIr-jvW≥ Nncn-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p. CXv h√mØ h¶Øw Xs∂. C{µ≥ ag-s]-øn-°p-∂-
Xp-sIm≠p am{X-a√ tKmh¿≤\w F∂ ]¿∆Xw ChnsS D≠m-bX - p-sIm-≠pIqSnbmWv btYjvSw
]p√p apfbv°p-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠mWv \ΩpsS ]ip-°ƒ Xn∂p-sIm-gp-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Cu
]¿∆-Xt- Øbpw ]ip-°t- f-Øt- ∂-bp-amWv \mw ]qPn-t°-≠Xv .
AXnepw Hcp-bp-‡n-bp-s≠∂p a\- n-em-°nb tKm]-∑m¿ C{µ-]q-P-bvs°m-cp-°pb

km[-\ß- ƒsIm-≠v ]¿∆X-tØbpw ]ip-°t- fbpw ]qPn-®p. {ioIr-jvW≥ amb-sIm≠v ]¿∆-X-
cq]w [cn®v {]X-y-£-\mbn ]qPm-{Z-h-y-ßƒ kz-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tKm]-∑m¿°v AsXmcp
]pXnb A\p-`h - a
- m-bn-cn-∂p. AtXmsS F√m-h¿°pw hni-zm-khpw Xr]vXn-bp-am-bn. X\n-bv°p-ff
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 6
]qP {ioIr-jvW≥ apS-°n-b Imcyw \mc-Z≥ ]d-™d- n™v Ip]n-X\ - mb tZth-{µ≥ tKm]≥amsc
Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-∏n-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ]qP-I-gn™v tKm]-∑m¿ Xncn®p t]mIm≥ XpS-ßp∂
ka-bØv C{µ≥ t]amcn XpSßn. `b-hn-l-z-e-cmb tKm]¿ {ioIr-jvWt\mSv k¶Sw ]d-™p.
{ioIr-jvW≥ \nßƒ ]qPn® ]¿∆Xw Xs∂ \nßsf c£nbv°pw F∂p ]d-™m-iz- k - n-∏n®v
tKmh¿≤\]¿∆Xw ]pg-°n-sb-SpØv Hcp IpS-t]mse CS-Xp-ssI-sIm≠v Db¿Øn∏nSn®v
tKm]- t cbpw tKm°- t fbpw AXn- \ p- I o- g n¬ \n¿Øn {]f- b - h ¿j- Ø n¬ \n∂v c£n®p
\n¬°mØ ag Ggp-Zn-hkw XpS¿∂p. {ioIr-jvW≥ ssI Ipg™v ]¿∆Xw Xmsg-bn-Sp-sa-∂mWv
C{µ≥ {]Xo-£n-®-Xv. ]t£ taL-ß-fmWv Ipgßn-bXv. ag X\nsb \n∂p. K¿∆-`wKw h∂
tZth-{µ≥ Imt[-\p-hn-t\bpw sIm≠p-h∂v {ioIr-jvWs‚ ]mZ-ßƒ hWßn am∏-t]-£n-®p.
Ima-t[-\p-hns‚ ]m¬sIm≠v {ioIr-jvWs\ A`n-tjIw sNbvXv tKmhn-µ≥ F∂ Hcp
Hma-\t- ∏cpw sImSp-Øp.
t]am-cn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-bv°m≥ tKm]-∑m¿ At]-£n-bv°p-∂X
- p-ap-X¬°mWv ]mT-y`- m-Kw.
Df-fS- °
- Ø
- n-eqsS
Xt∂bpw ......................................... \n∂-∂p-sNm-∂m≥
tImg-s∏-SpI = Zp:Jnbv°pI
Xs‚ Np‰-]mSpw h∂p-\n¬°p-∂h - s

- c√mw Cßs\ Zp:Jnbv°p-∂\
- p-I≠
- t- ∏mƒ Cu tImcn-
s®m-cn-bn∂ s]cp-ag I≠n´v Bcpw Zp:Jn°≠ F∂v {ioIr-jvW≥ ]d-™p.
tKmh¿≤-\t- ØmSv ......................................................... ]n≠-Øn\pw
{ioIr-jvW≥ ]d™p, Cu cq]-Ø¬ \n∂v c£n-bv°phm≥ \nß-sf-√m-hcpw tKmh¿≤-

\-]¿∆-X-tØmSv At]-£n®p t\m°p-hn≥ . tZth-{µ-\p-]-Icw \nß-fpsS ]qPsb kzo-I-cn-®Xv
Ch-\m-W-t√m. Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah≥ \nß-fpsS k¶-SsØ ]cn-l-cn®v c£n-°pw. I≠-Xn\v
Ah-Im-ia - p-ff
- h
- ≥ Xs∂-bm-Wt√m ]nWvUwsh-bvt°-≠X
- pw.
I≠tØ-bm-≠h - ≥ ]n≠-tØbpw
hni-Zo-Ic- Ww ˛ JWvUw , IjvWw F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ X¬`m-ha - mdn I≠w F∂ ]Z-
sa-Sp-°mw. I≠w F∂ ]ZØn\v `qk-zØv F∂ A¿∞-Øn≥ {]Nm-ca - p-≠.v ]q¿∆n-Is‚ kzØn\v
Ah-Im-i-ap-ff A\-¥c-h≥ ]nWvUw (]n≠w ˛ X¬`m-hw) shbv°m\pw (a-c-Wm-\-¥c {Inb)
Npa-Xes∏´-h\ - m-Wv. kz-Øh - I
- m-iΩ
- p-ff
- h
- \v tij-{Inb sNøm\pw Npa-Xe - b
- p≠v Fs∂mcp
\mS≥ sNm√p≠v. ChnsS ]qP-kz- o-Ic - n® ]¿∆-XØ- n\v ]qPn® tKm]sc c£n-bvt°≠ Npa-Xe - -
bp-ap-s≠∂p kqN-\.
F∂-ßp-sNm-∂p-ff .............................................. sas√
C{]-Imcw ]d™ {ioIr-jvW≥ tKmh¿≤\ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚bSp-Øp-sN∂v ssINp-cpń
sas√ Hc-Sn-sIm-Sp-Øp.
I´-°n-Sm-hp-X≥ ................................................................ Ip∂p-at- ∏mƒ

{ioIr-jvWs‚ CSn-tb‰ ]¿∆-XØ - ns‚ Ahÿ hnh-cn-bv°p- ∂ - p.
I´-°n-Smhv = I‰-°n-Sm-hv, sNdn-b-Ipń, imJ = hr£w, Xn´Xn = ]cn-{àw
hm\-c-bqYw = Ipc-ßn≥Iq´w, In∂-c¿ = Hcp hn`mKw tZh-∑m¿,
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 7
Iµcw = Kpl , Ipdp-´pI = Ic-bpI, Iºw = Cf°w,
am´pI = NXn-bv°pI, tNWp‰ = at\m-lc
- a
- mb, GWw = am≥,
im¿±qew = \cn, t]mXw = Ipń, \n¿Qcw = Acphn
B sNdnb Ipń-bpsS CSn-tb-‰-t∏mƒ B Ip∂v sRń-Øn-cn™v Id-ßm≥ XpS-ßn.

hr£-ßƒ sRcn-™p. ]£n-Iƒ ]d-∂p-b¿∂p. ac-s°m-ºp-If - n-en-cn-bv°p∂ Ipc-ß∑ - m¿ Np‰p-
]mSpw NmSm≥ XpS-ßn. ]cn-{`-an® F´Sn am\p-Iƒ h´-Øn-em-bn. ]¿∆-X-Kp-l-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-
bv°p∂ In∂-c∑ - m¿ Zp:Jn®p. Iq´w-Iq-Sn-\n-∂n-cp∂ ]∂n-Iƒ Ic-™p-s°m≠v \mep-]m-Sp-tam-Sn.
t]Sn®v hnd-bv°p∂ ]pen-Iƒ ]cn-{`-an®v Atßm-´p-an-tßm´pw HmSm≥ XpS-ßn. \mbm-ń-s\-Ønb
Im´m-f-∑m¿ Ft¥mNXn-{]-tbmKw \S-ØnbXmbn-cn-bv°m-sa∂p hnNm-cn®v Im´p-t]m-Øp-Ifpw
ae-aq-ńse Ims´-cp-aI
- fpw NmSn-tbm-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. Im´m-\I- ƒ Iq´w sX‰n-tbm-Sn-Øp-Sß- n. `wKn-bp-
ff am≥InSm-ßƒ t]Sn®v ]pen-I-fpsS kao-]-Øpw, ]pen-°p-ń-Iƒ am\p-I-fpsS Iq´-Øpepw
c£-tX-Sn. CSn-tb‰ thZ-\s - Im≠v Im´-cp-hn-If
- m-Ip∂ IÆp-\o¿s]m-gn®v knwl-ßf - psS `b-¶c- -
amb Ae¿® ams‰m-en-s°m-ff - p∂ Kpl-If- m-Ip∂ hmb-sIm≠v B Ip∂pw ITn-\a - mbn Ic-bm≥
XpS-ßn.
Cßs\ Is≠mcp ...................................................... Km\w XpS-ßn-Xms\
hmaw = CSXv h√-h≥ = tKm]≥
h√hn = tKm]kv{Xo s]m¬°p-g¬ = s]m≥Ip-g¬ (s]m-t∂m-S°
- p-g¬)
Cß-s\-bm-bt- ∏mƒ {ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ CS-Xp-ssI-sIm≠v ]¿∆-XsØ FSp-Øp-s]m-°n-

s°m-≠p-]d- ™p Fs‚ ssIøn-ep-ff Cu Ip∂ns‚ Nph-ń-te°v F√m-hcpw \qWp-Ib - d- p-hn≥
CXptI´ tKm]-∑mcpw tKm]n-amcpw Ipń-It- fbpw FSp-Øp-sIm≠v AXns‚ Nph-ń-tebv°p Ib-
dn. ]ip-°fpw inip-°fpw F√mw Ip∂ps‚ Nph-ń¬ FØn-bt- ∏mƒ {ioIr-jWv ≥ Xs‚ s]mt∂m-
S-°p-gs
- e-SpØv B\-µK - oXw ]mSm≥ XpS-ßn.
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (A-º-Xp-hm-°n-tem, \qdp-hm-°ntem Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv)

1) C≠e-t∏m-°o´p ]men-®p-sIm-ffpw Xm≥
I≠-sØ-bm-≠h- ≥ ]n≠-tØbpw Bibw hni-Zo-Ic
- n-bv°p-I.
2) tKmh¿≤-\Ø
- ns‚ Ic-®n¬ Fß-s\-bmWv sNdp-t»cn h¿Æn-bv°p-∂Xv
3) {ioIr-jvWs‚ CSn-tb‰ ]¿∆-XØ

- n¬ D≠mb am‰-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
4) Fss¶-bn-ep-sf-fmcp h≥Ip-∂n≥ Iognte

h∂nßp \qgp-hn≥ \nß-sf√mw kµ¿`w Ipdn-°p-I.
II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Zyw (ap-∂qdp hm°n¬ Fgp-Xp-I)
1) sNdp- t »cn- b psS h¿Æ- \ m- s shZ- K v [ yw ]mT- y - ` m- K sØ ASn- ÿ m- \ - a m°n
hni-Zo-Ic
- n-bv°pI.
2) sNdp-t»-cn-bpsS Ae-¶m-cI
- e
- v]\
- I
- t- f-bpw, `mjm-em-fn-Xy- t- Øbpw ]cn-tim-[n-bv°pI
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 8
Km‘mco hnem]w
alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m´v ˛ kv{Xo]¿∆w
Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥
Fgp-Ø-—≥
ae-bmf`mjbv°pw kmln-X-y-Øn\pw am{X-a√ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\pw Hcp \thm-∞m\w
kw`-hn-bv°p-∂Xv alm-Ihn Xp©sØgp-Ø-—s‚ Imew sXm´m-Wv. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS
]nXm-sh∂p hnfn-bv°s
- ∏-Sp∂ At±-ls
- Ø-∏‰n almIhn hf-ft- Ømƒ:
ss]Xemw ae-bm-f-`m-j-X≥ icn-bmb

PmXIw Ipdn-®n-´-X-Øncp \mcmbw Xm≥
F∂p h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv A£-cw-{]Xn icn-bm-Wv. aWn-{]-hm-fs - a∂pw ]ms´∂pw c≠p imJ-

I-fmbn th¿]n-cn™p InS-∂n-cp∂ ae-bm-fI - h
- n-Xb- v°v, c≠p {]ÿm-\ß - f- n-tebpw \√ hi-ßƒ
kzo-I-cn®v ]WvUn-X-]m-a-c-∑m¿°v Hcpt]mse kzo-Im-c-y-amb Hcp ]pXnb Imh-y-`mj \S-∏n-em-
°nbXmWv At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m-h\. B Imh-y-`m-j-bv°m-Is´ ]mńse Ir{Xn-
a-Xz- tam aWn-{]-hm-fØ
- nse ImTn-\y- tam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. _ml-yk - u-µc- yw am{X-a√ B¥-cK- u-c-
hhpw AXns‚ {]tX-yI - Xbmbn-cp-∂p. ^yq-Ue - n-kØ- ns‚ XW-en¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ [m¿Ωn-Im[:]X-
\-Øn\p t\sc IÆv Xpd-∏n-®Xpw km[m-cW P\-ß-fn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-t_m-[hpw Bflo-b-Nn-¥bpw
DW¿Øm≥ t{]cn-∏n-®X - p-amWv At±-lØ
- ns‚ Ihn-Xb - psS hnP-bw.
ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Xncq-cn-\-SpØv Xr°-≠n-bq-cn-ep-ff Xp©≥]-d-ºn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—≥

P\n-®sX∂pw ]me-°m´p Pn√-bnse Nn‰q-cn¬ (Xp-©≥a-Tw)sh®mWv Pohn-Xm-¥yw kw`-hn-®-
sX∂pw hni-z-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±lØns‚ Pohn-X-Imew. IqSpw-_-N-cn-{Xw, IrXn-Iƒ,
F¥n-\-[n-Iw, t]cp-t]mepw X¿°hn-j-b-amWn∂v. {InkvX-z_vZw 16 ˛mw iXIw (sIm-√-h¿jw
650\pw 750\pw CS-bn¬) BWv At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-XI - m-es- a∂v `qcn-]£w ]WvUn-Xcpw AwKo-
I-cn-°p-∂p. iq{Z-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw cma≥ F∂p t]cmbn Kpcp-hmb Hcp ktlm-Z-c≥
D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw IrXn-If - n¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°mw. A≤-ym-flc - m-am-bW
- w, alm-`m-cXw F∂o
c≠p Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, lcn-\m-aI - o¿Ø-\w, ssIh-ey- \ - h- \ - o-Xw. Nn¥m-cXv\w, cmam-bWw Ccp-]Ø - n-
\mep hrØw F∂n-hs - b√w At±-lØ - ns‚ IrXn-If - m-sW∂pw hni-zk - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. AXn¬Xs∂
A`n-{]m-bt- `-Za
- p-s≠-¶nepw F√mhcpw AwKo-Ic - n®pI-gn-™n-´p-≠.v Xp©Øv cmam-\p-Ps - \-gp-Ø—
- ≥
F∂mWv hnfn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. `mK-hXw Infn-∏m´v Fgp-Ø-—s‚ IrXn-bm-sW-∂mWv s]mXp-hmb
hni-zm-kw.
Infn-∏m´v
Infnsb k¬°-cn®v kt¥m-jn-∏n®v IY ]d-bm-\m-h-i-y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn®v
Infn IY ]dbp-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂XmWv Infn-∏m-´p-{]-ÿm-\Ø
- ns‚ kt¶-Xw. ae-bm-fØ
- n¬
Infn-∏m-´p-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂v Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s\ hnfn-bv°p-∂p. shdpw
_ml-y-amb kt¶-X-Øn¬ am{Xw HXpßn \n¬°p∂ Infn-∏m-ńs\ Hcp {]ÿm-\-tØmfw
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 9
]pI-gvtØ-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Fgp-Ø-—s‚ A≤-ym-fl-cm-am-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw Kuc-h-ta-dnb
Imh-y-cq-]-Øn-ep-ff c≠p k¶o¿Ø-\-Im-h-y-ß-fm-sW∂pw kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sn-s\-t∏m-ep-ff
]WvUn-X∑ - m¿ hnebncp-Øp-∂p. Xan-gnepw ae-bm-fØ
- nepw Infn-Isf IYm-Jy- m-\I
- ¿Øm-°f- m-bn-
°m-Wp∂ ]mc-ºc - yw ]≠p-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Fgp-Ø— - s‚ Imew sXm´v ae-bm-fØ- n¬
Infn-∏m-´p-cq-]Ø
- n-emWv [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNnbv°s∏´-sX-∂Xv AwKo-Ic - n-°msX hø.
alm-`m-cXw Infn-∏m´v
A≤-ym-flc - m-am-bW
- a
- m-bn-cn-°Ww BZ-ysØ Infn-∏m-s´∂p Icp-Xs∏Sp-∂p. kmln-Xy- ]
- c
- -
ambn alm-`m-cX
- a
- mWv cmam-bW - s- Ø-°mƒ anI-®p-\n¬°p-∂X - v.
temI-Øn¬sh®v G‰hpw alØpw _rl-Øp-amb hym-k`- m-cX - sØ Ah-ew-_n-®mWv `mcXw

Infn-∏m´v cNn-®n-´p-ff
- s- X-¶nepw hym-k`- m-cX
- Ø
- ns‚ t\¿X¿÷-ab - √ Fgp-Ø— - t‚Xv. Hcp e£Øn
Ccp-]-Ø-øm-bn-c-tØmfw t«mI-ßfpw Iptd KZ-yhpw AS-ßp∂ `mcXw aqe-Ir-Xn-bnse {][m-\-
s∏´ Bi-b-ßfpw kw`-h-ßfpw hn´p-t]m-ImsX ]e `mK-ßfpw Xt‚Xmb ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°p
hnt[-ba - m°n ]c-am-h[n kw{K-ln-®mWv Fgp-Ø— - ≥ alm-`m-cXw cNn-®X - v. `‡n-{]-Nc - W
- Ø - n\pw
[m¿ΩnIt_m[-\-Øn\pw Xs∂-bmWv At±lw Du∂¬ \¬In-b-Xv. `K-h-ZvKo-X-sb-t∏mse
Kl-\a - mb thZm-¥X - Ø - z- ß
- ƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ `mK-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p-ap-≠v. hym-k`- m-cX - Ø- nse
18 ]¿∆-ßsf (A-≤-ym-b-ßƒ) Fgp-Ø-—≥ kuI-c-y-Øn-\p-th-W-°≠n 21 ]¿∆ß-fm°n
am‰n-bn´p≠v. Imh-yK - p-Ww, ]m{X-kr-jvSn, Pohn-Xh- y- m-Jy- m\w XpS-ßnb Imc-yß - f
- n-se√mw XnI®pw
auen-IX ]men-bv°m≥ Infn-∏m-ń¬ {i≤n-®n-´p-≠v. Iuc-h-˛-]m-WvU-h- IpSpw-_-I-e-l-Øn-eqsS
Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m ssZ\-ym-h-ÿ-I-tfbpw Ahbv°p Imc-W-amb aZ-am-’-c-ym-Zn-I-tfbpw
ka¿∞ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Fgp-Ø-—∂p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
kv{Xo]¿∆w
]Xns\´p Znh-ksØ Ipcp-t£-{X-bp-≤Ø- ns‚ Ah-km-\Ø - n¬ Zptc-ym-[\
- \pw acn-s®-∂-
dn™ [rX-cm-jv{S¿ t_m[w-sI-´p-ho-gp∂p. kRvP-b\pw hnZpccpw thZ-h-ym-k\pw At±-lsØ
Bi-z-kn-∏n-°p-∂p. hnP-bn-I-fmb ]mWvU-h¿ [rX-cm-jv{S-tcbpw Km‘m-cn-tbbpw hW-ßm-s\-
Øp-∂p. {ioIrjvWs‚ kqX-{]-tbmKw sIm≠v òa≥ [rX-cm-jv{Sm-enw-K\ - Ø
- n¬\n∂p c£-s∏-
Sp-∂p. CjvS-P-\-ßƒ acn® k¶-S-Øn¬ \ne-sX-‰nb kv{XoP-\-ßƒ Km‘m-cn-bpsS t\Xr-X-z-
Øn¬ {]nb-s∏-´-h-cpsS icocw Ah-km-\-ambn Hcp t\m°p ImWp-hm≥ ]S-°-f-Øn-te°v
\oßp-∂p. AhnsS I≠ ImgvN Km‘m-cnsb D∑m-Zn-\n-bm-°p-∂p. Km‘mcn {ioIr-jvWt- \bpw
bmZ-hh- w-it- Øbpw i]n-bv°p-∂p.
Df-fS- °
- Ø
- n-eqsS
]Øp-kl - {kw ........................................
...................................... am[-h≥ Xt∂m-Sp-sNm-√n-\mƒ
kl{kw = Bbncw cYn = tXcn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h≥
]Øn = ssk\-y-ß-fpsS Hc-fhv tZh-{h-X≥ = òjva¿
{]h-c≥ = t{ijvT≥ ]{Xn-Iƒ = Aºp-Iƒ,
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw 10
On{Z-amb AwKw = ]nf¿∂ icocw c‡-k-tcmPw = Nph-∂-Xm-ac

_≤m-RvPen = ssIIƒ Iq∏n-s°m≠v lkvXw = ssI
ap‡n = tam£w ]m¿Øv = {]Xo-£n®v
apSn = IncoSw ISIw = hen-b-hf
O{Xw = IpS (sh¨sIm‰-°p-S) Xme-hr¥w = hnidn (B-e-h-´w)
ikv{Xw = Bbp[w IrØ-Km{Xw = Iodn-ap-dn™ icocw
akvXIw ˛ Xe Nn{X-]Sw = Xe-∏mhv
X]vXw = NqSp-]n-Sn-∏n® Im¿Ø-k-zcw = kz¿Æw
kvI‘w = IgpØv lkvXn = B\
Pmew = Iq´w Kf-{Z‡w = Hgp-Ip∂ tNmc
kn‡w = \\™ `qsau = `qan-bn¬
Kr{≤≥ = Igp-I≥ \‡-©c- ≥ = cm{Xn¬ k©-cn-°p-∂h
- ≥(-`q-Xw)
C≠¬ = Zp:Jw
]Xn-\m-bn-c°
- W
- °
- n¬ B\-It- fbpw IpXn-cI - t- fbpw AXn-\p-]m-IØ
- n-ep-ff Imemƒ∏-SI - -
tfbpw Hmtcm Znh-khpw sIms∂m-Sp-°n-s°m≠v ]Øp-Zn-h-khpw Iuc-h-∏-Ssb \bn® òjva-
]n-Xm-a-l-s\-bmWv BZyw I≠-Xv. hn√m-fn-ho-c-\mb A¿÷p-\s‚ ic-ß-tf‰v Iodn-∏-dn™
ico-c-hp-am-bn, `‡-h-’-e-\mb {ioIr-jvWs‚ sN¥m-a-c-°m-e-Sn-I-fn¬ `‡n apgpØv Dd-®p-
\n¬°p∂ a\- p-am-bn, Iq∏nb ssII-fp-ambn aq¿®-tb-dnb ic-i-ø-bn¬ ac-W-am-Ip∂ h[p-
hns‚ hchpw {]Xo-£n®p InS-°p∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hmb òjvasc I≠-t∏mƒ Ah¿ hnIm-c
-hn-h-i-bm-bn. (ò-jva¿ C\nbpw acn-®n-ń-√. kz-—µarX-yp-hmb At±lw tam£-{]m-]vXnbv°p
]‰nb DØ-cm-b-W-Imew Bhp-∂Xpw ImØp-In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv). ]Xn-s\´p Znhkw apS-ßmsX
bp≤w sNbvXp acn-®p-hoWp InS-°p∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Inco-Sw, kz¿Æ-h-f, Iq‰≥ tXcp-Iƒ,
sImSn-ac- ß
- ƒ, tNmc-bn¬ Cg-™p-In-S° - p∂ sImSn-°q-dI - ƒ, sh¨sIm-‰I - p-SI- ƒ, Be-h´- ß- ƒ
sh¨Nm-ac - ß
- ƒ, Bbp-[ß- ƒ, Bbp-[ß - ƒsIm-≠p On∂-`n-∂ß - fmb ico-cß - ƒ, Xe-bn¬\n∂v
Du¿∂p In-S° - p∂ Xe-∏m-hp-Iƒ, hk-v{Xme¶m-cß
- ƒ, Xnf-ßp∂ kz¿Æm-`c - W- ß- t- fmSp IqSnb
amdn-S-ßƒ, NØp-a-e-®p-In-S-°p∂ B\-Iƒ, IpXn-c-Iƒ, FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ Bbp-[-ß-tf‰v
apdn-™p-th¿s]´p InS-°p∂ Ah-bh - ß- ƒ Ch ImW-s∏´p. k‘-ym-Imiw t]mse Nph∂ B
]S-°-f-Øn¬ \nc-∂p-hoWp InS-°p∂ a°-fp-tSbpw _‘p-°-fp-tSbpw ih-i-co-c-ßƒ Igp-I-
∑mcpw ]ń- I fpw \cn- I fpw a‰p ]£n- I fpw `qX- t {]- X - ß fpw ISn- ® p-
h-en-°p-∂Xp I≠v Zp:Jw s]mdp-°m-\m-hmØ Km‘mcn sshIp-WvTh - m-kn-bmb {ioIr-jvWt- \mSv
]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn.
Km‘mco-hn-em]w
I≠oetbm \o apIpµm [c-Wn-bn¬ ............................................
................................. a≠n-\mƒ hoWmƒ Dcp-≠mƒ sXcp-sXsc
[cWn = `qan Icn = B\

[\p v = hn√v kw{I-µ\≥ = tZth-{µ≥
kw{I-µ-\m-fl-P≥ = A¿÷p-\≥ timWnXw = c‡w
Ie-ym-W-cq-]≥ = kpµ-c≥ A√¬ = Zp:Jw
h√-ho-h-√-`≥ = h√-hn-I-fpsS (tKm-]-kv{Xo-I-fp-sS) `¿Ømhv ˛ {ioIr-jvW≥

Cµo-chw = Icn-¶qhfw {Iµ\w sNøpI = Ic-bpI
B¿{ZX = Aenhv Bc-W≥ = {_m“-W≥
[rjvSX = [n°mcw alm-atX = alm-flmth
tKm]Xn = ]ip-]m-e-I≥, tKm]≥ [cm-[n-]≥ = cmPmhv
IpWvUew = I¿Æm-`c - Ww IpWvUew = I¿Æm-`c - Ww
KWvU-ÿew = IhnƒØSw ]qcn® = h¿≤n®
`qjWw = Ae-¶mcw Dº¿tIm≥ = tZth-{µ≥
]pjvS-tIm]w = henb tZjyw ]£w = CjvSw
tl apIpµm (ap-Ip-µ≥ = tam£w sImSp-°p-∂-h≥ F∂m-W¿∞-sa-t∂m¿°-Ww) \o

I≠n-t√, alm-cm-Pm-°∑ - m-cn¬ Hcm-fmb `K-ZØ
- ≥ Xs‚ B\-bpsS ASpØv ssI∏n-Sn-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw
hn√p-[-cn®v A¿÷p-\s‚ Atº‰p acn-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. (t{Zm-W-]¿∆-Øn¬ `K-Z-Ø-h[w
{]tX-y-In®v h¿Æn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. `K-Z-Øs‚ B\ òa-tk-\s\ Npg‰n tatem-s´-dn™v Xmsg
hogp-tºmƒ sImºn¬ tIm¿°m≥ th≠n Xe Db¿Øn \n¬°p-tºm-gmWv {ioIr-jW v ≥ A¿÷p-
\∂v Cu cwKw ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Cu B]¬L-´-Øn¬ k¿∆-i-‡n-Ifpw kw`-cn®v
A¿÷p-\≥ Ab® Hscm‰ Aºv, B\-bpsS IgpØpw `K-Z-Ø≥ Aºp-sXm-SpØp hen®p
\n¬°p∂ hn√pw `K-Z-Øs‚ IgpØpw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® B\-bpsS hmepw Acn™ Hc-km-[m-c-
W-Nn{X-ap-≠v). AXn-kp-µ-c-\mb A`n-a-\-yp-Ip-am-c-\nXm tNmc-bn¬ Ipfn®p hoWp-In-S-°p-∂p.
\√ ac-X-I-°-√ns‚ tim`-bq-f-f-h≥ A¿÷p-\s‚ ]p{X-\m-Wv. tl {ioIr-jvWm,-\ns‚
acp-a-I\pamWv. F¥p-sIm≠v Ah-s\-sb-¶nepw \o sIm√msX ImØn√. F√m-h-tcbpw
sIm√n-bv°p-I-bmWv \n\°p ckw. CsXms° ImWpw-tXmdpw F\nbv°p kln-bv°m≥
høm-Xm-Ip-∂p. Rm≥ s]mfn ]d-bp-I-b√ Ipó, ]p©ncn XqIn-s°m-≠p-ff Cu apJw I≠m¬
Fßs\ kln-bv°pw. tIhew _men-Ib - mb DØc (A-`n-a\ - y- p-hns‚ `mc-y) bpsS Ic-®n¬ \o
ImWp-∂n-t√. kp`{Z (A-`n-a-\-yp-hns‚ AΩ) `qan-bn¬ hoWp-cp≠p Ic-bp-∂Xp I≠n´v
\n\-s°m∂pw tXm∂p-∂nt√. \ns‚ a\ v I√m-tWm. I√pw CØcw ImgvN I≠m¬ Dcp-Ipw.
A∏p-dØv òa-]p-{X-\mb LtSm¬°-N≥ InS-°p-∂p. Hcp \oe-ae t]mse Ah≥ acn-®p-In-S° - p-
∂p. (I¿Æ≥ th¬ {]tbm-Kn-®t- ∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥ X\n-bv°m-hn-s√∂v LtSm¬°-
N\v Dd-∏m-bn. At∏mƒ ambm-hn-Zy sIm≠v Xs‚ icocw ]¿∆Xw t]mse ]c-am-h[n hep-Xm°n
Iuc-h-∏-S-bpsS CS-bn-te°v adn-™p-ho-Wp-. Hcp-]mSp ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ B ico-c-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬s]´p
acn-®p-t]m-bn, acn®p hogp-tºmgpw kz-¥-°m¿°v \∑ hcp-Ønb Cu c‡-km-£nsb I¿Æs‚
then\v Iev]n-®p-Iqń Cc-bm-°n-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.) A¿÷p-\s‚ Atº‰v Igp-Ø‰ Pb-{Z-Ys‚
(Iu-c-h-cpsS GI-k-tlm-Z-cn-bmb Zp»-f-bpsS `¿Øm-hv) ico-c-am-Wn-Xv. (P-b-{Z-Ys‚ inc v ]S-
°-fØ- n-en-√. Pb-{Z-Ys‚ Xe-bd- pØv `qan-bn-en-Sp∂ BfpsS Xe k-zbw s]mń-sØ-dn-bv°p-sa-∂p-
ff Hcp hcw At±-lØns‚ A—≥ t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v AdpØ Xe `qan-bn¬ hogvØ-
cp-sX∂v IrjvW≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. A¿÷p-\≥ XpS¿®-bmbn Aºp-Iƒ hn´v B apdn® Xe Aß-
Ise k‘-ym-h-µ-\-Øn\v ssI°q-ºn-fn¬ shf-f-sa-SpØv IÆ-S-®p-P-]n®p \n¬°p∂ Pb-{ZY
]nXm-hns‚ ssI°p-ºn-fn¬ hogvØn. ssIbn¬ Ft¥m h∂p hoW-Xn-\m¬ At±lw ssIIƒ
s]´∂p hen-®p.Pb-{Z-Ys‚ inc v B ssIbn¬ \n∂v `qan-bn¬ hoWp. AtXmsS ]nXm-hns‚
Xebpw s]mń-sØ-dn-®p.) Fs‚ aI-fpsS Ic-®n¬ I≠n´v Fs‚ a\ v sh¥p-cpIp∂p.
t{ZWm-Nm-cy- sc kwkvIc - n® ÿe-am-Wm-°m-Wp-∂X - v. At±lw Hcp {_m“-W\ - m-bn-cp-∂p-ht- √m.
[rjvS-Z-yp-av\s‚ [n°mcw ItTmcw Xs∂. \√-h-\mb Kpcp-\m-Ys\ Cßs\ \njvI-cpWw
h[n-bv°p-hm≥ Ch-\√ - msX at‰m-cmƒ°p tXm∂p-tam. (t{Z-Wsc h[n-bv°m-\mbn am{Xw bmKm-·n-

bn¬ \n∂v ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-Øb - m-fmWv [rjvSZ- y- p-av\≥). Atøm, AXnt‚bpw A∏p-dØ - Xm AXo-h-
kn-µc - \ - mb Zp»m-k\ - ≥ InS-°p-∂p. òa≥ Iodn-∏d- n® Cu amdnSw I≠m¬ Fs‚ Ipó, Fßs\
kln-°pw. {ioIr-jvWm, \osb-¥mWv Cßs\ {IqcX Im´p-∂-Xv. Fs‚ a\- n¬ XobmWv
IØp-∂-Xv. Fs‚ Cu IÆp-\o¿h‰p-tam. Fs‚ Cu Zp:Jw Fs∂-¶nepw ian-bv°p-tam. Fs‚
aI-\mb Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ aI≥ e£-W-Ip-am-cs‚ DS-em-Wt√m B ImÆn-∂-Xv. e£-W-samØ
e£WIpamcm \obpw Rßsf NXn®p t]mtbm? icnbv°pw IÆp-sIm≠v Cu Zb-\o-b-cw-K-
ßƒ ImW-W-sa∂v Fs‚ Ipń-Itf F\nbv°p tXm∂m≥ Imc-W-sa-¥v. (AXv as‰mcp
Zpc-¥a - m-Wv. Km‘mcn Xs‚ \qs‰m∂p a°-tfbpw CXp-hsc IÆp-sIm≠p I≠n-ń-√. `¿Ømhv
A‘-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ B ]Xn-{hX IÆ-S-®p-sIń kzbw A‘-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ B ]Xn-{hX IÆ-S-®p-
sIń kzbw B‘yw hcn®psIm-≠mWv Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A‘-\mb [rX-cm-jv{S¿°pw A¥n-a-
ambn Xs‚ a°-fpsS ih-ic - ocw t\cn¬ Im-Wm≥ hym-k≥ A\p-{Klw sImSp-Øp. At∏m-gmWv
Km‘m-cnbpw a°-fpsS {]Xm-]I - m-es - Øm∂pw Ahsc ImWmØ AΩ Ah¿ \qdp-t]cpw acn-®p-
In-S-°p∂ ImgvN ImtW-≠n-h-∂Xv Zb-\obw Xs∂. bmZ-h-hw-i-Øn\p t\tc-bp-ff s]mń-sØ-
dn-bmb Km‘m-cn-bpsS im]-Øn\v ]›m-Øesamcp-°p-Ib - m-W.v DÆn-It- f-sb-\n-bs v °-¥nXp tXm∂p-
hm≥ F∂ tNmZ-yØ - nse [z-\n-bm-Wv.) AwKcm-Py- Ø - nse cmPmhpw Fs‚ Ipń-If - psS D‰-kl - m-
bn-bmb I¿Æ-\mWv B InS-°p-∂-Xv. B ImXn¬ ISp-°-\n-√. F∂n´pw B IhnƒØSw
Ct∏mgpw Xnf-ßp-∂p. (Bbp[-`-ymk ]co-£-bn¬ A¿÷p-\∂p aosX \n∂ I¿Æs\
kqX-]p-{X≥ F∂v Bt£]n®v a’-c-Øn-\-\¿l-\mbn {]J-ym-]n-®-t∏mƒ X¬£Ww Zptc-ym-Z-\-
\mWv I¿Æs\ AwK-cm-Pm-hmbn A`n-tjIw sNbvXXv. ]nXm-hmb kqc-y≥ I¿Æs‚ ico-cc - £- -
bv°mbn \¬In-bX - m-bn-cp∂p Znh-yi - ‡ - n-bp-ff Ih-NI - p-WvUe - ß
- ƒ. {_m“-Wt- h-j - n¬ tZth-
{µ≥ AXp I≠pw NXn-bn¬ ssI°-em-°n. AXmWv IpWvU-ea‰p InS°p∂p F∂v {]tX-yIw
kqNn-∏n-®-Xv). hn√m-fn-ho-c-\mb I¿Æs‚ hn√Xm thsd InS-°p-∂p. AXn-at- \m-lc- a- mb B
ico-ca- Xm Ct∏mƒ ZpjvSP - ¥
- p-°ƒ ISn-®p-he - n-°p-∂p. Cui-zcm, Cß-s\-sbms° kw`-hn-bv°m≥
Imc-W-sa¥v? Xs‚ `¿Øm-hns‚ A‰p-In-S-°p∂ ssI FSpØv X‚ aSnbn¬ h®Xm
Zqcn-{i-h - ns‚ `mcy Ic-bp-∂p. Cu `b-¶c - a- mb \mi-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ Imc-W° - m-c\ - mb iIp\n
(Iu-ch - c - psS AΩma≥, Km‘m-cn-bpsS ktlm-Zc - ≥, If-f®- qXp Ifn®v ]mWvUh - sc Imń-te-bv°-
b-bv°m≥ D]-tZ-in-®Xpw klm-bn-®Xpw iIp-\n-bm-Wt- √m. B kz-Øp-X¿°-am-Wt√m Ipcp-t£-
{X-bp-≤-Øn¬ FØn-b-Xv)bpsS ihw ]£n-I-fXm sImØn-h-en-bv°p-∂p. {ioIr-jvWm, CXp
ImWm-\t√ Aßv B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂X - v. aXn-bm-bn-t√. DÆo, Zptc-ym-[\ - I- p-am-cm, \ns‚ kz¿Æ-In-co-
Shpw kz¿Æm-`c - W
- ß - fpw tZth-{µ∂p Xpe-ya - m-bh- ºpw {]Xm-]hpw `mh-Kmw-ò-cy- bpw F√mw s]s´-
∂p-t]-£n®v \ns‚ G‰hpw {]nb-s∏´ A—-t\bpw H‰-bv°m°n \o t]mb-sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv.
CsXm√mw I≠n´v Fs‚ lrZ-b-anXm ]nf-cp-∂p. Ft∏mgpw ]´p-In-S-°-bn¬ am{Xw InS-°m-dp-ff
\o CXm Ct∏mƒ, tNmc-bn¬ Ipfn®v acn®v InS°p∂p. CsXm∂pw F\nbv°p ImWm≥ hø
F∂p ]d™v Km‘mcn ]S-°-f-Øn-eqsS Hcp {`m¥n-sb-t∏mse ]m™p-\-S-∂p, hoWp, Dcp-≠p.
Km‘m-co-im]w
]ns∂ tamln-®mƒ DW¿∂mƒ s]mSp-°s\ ........
......................... awKew h∂o-Sp-sa-∂mƒ Infn-aI
- ƒ
Jn∂X = tJZw IpSn-e-Xzw = NXn
]mßmbn = ]£w-]n-Sn®v B¥cw = Df-fn-en-cn∏v
Xh = \ns‚ \n¿÷-c≥ = tZh≥
\njvI-f≥ = ]q¿Æ≥
\n¿÷-c\m-bI]p{X-{]n-bk - Jn = tZth{µ ]p{X-\mb A¿÷p-\s‚ tXmg≥, {ioIr-jvW≥
hnhn-‡h- m-k{- ]n-b≥ = hnh-‡Ø
- n¬ (G-Im-¥X - b
- n¬ ˛ H‰-b°
v )v Ign-bm≥ CjvSs
- ∏-Sp-∂h
- ≥
Km‘mcn t_m[w-sI´p hoWp. DW¿s∂-gp-t∂‰v ]ns∂ AS-°m-\m-hmØ Zp:Jw sIm≠v

s]mń-°-c-™p-sIm≠v Cßs\ ]d™p {ioIr-jvWm, Aß-sb-t∏mse C{X h©-I-\mbn
as‰m-cmƒ `qan-bn-ep-≠m-hn-√. Hcp-`mKw tN¿∂p-\n-∂v, Ccp-tN-cn-bnepw hmin-tbmsS bp≤w sNbvX
A`n-am-\n-I-fmb cmPm-°-∑m-sc-sb√mw sIm√n-®Xv \ob-√msX a‰m-cp-a-√. a‰p-f-f-hsc Ip‰-s∏-Sp-
tØ≠ Imc-y-a-√. Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ F√mw Icp-X-ep-f-f-h-\mb \obpw \ns‚
bmZ-h-hw-ihpw Hcp ap∏-Øm-dp-sIm-√-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ CXp-t]mse \in-®p-t]mIpw, kwi-b-an-√.
IrjvW≥ ]d-™p, Aß-s\-Xs∂-bmWv th≠-sX-∂mWv Ft‚bpw B{K-lw. \ΩpsS c≠m-fp-
sSbpw a\ v H∂m-b-Xp-\-∂mbn. (Km-‘m-cn-bpsS G‰hpw henb {]X-n-Im-c-amb im]w-t]mepw
IrjvW≥ Hc-\p-{K-la - m-bmWv FSp-°p-∂Xv F∂-XmWv Km‘m-cn-bpsS Zb-\o-ba - mb ]cm-Pb
- w).
{ioIr-jvW\pw Km‘m-cnbpw Cßs\ kwkm-cn®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ [rX-cm-jv{S¿

bp≤-Øn¬ acn-®h - c
- p-sS-sb√mw ih-kw-kv°mcw hn[n-bmw-hÆw \S-Øn-bv°m≥ [¿Ω-]p-{XtcmSv
]d-™p. \njv]-£-_p-≤n-bmb [¿Ω-]p-{X¿ AsX√mw DØ-a-\mb Ir]sc Gev]n-®n-´p-s≠∂p
]d-™p. lrZ-b-am-Ip∂ IÆp am{X-ap-ff [rX-cm-jv{S¿ Km‘m-cn-sbbpw a‰pw Iqń k¶Sw
]c-am-h[n \nb-{¥n®v lkvXn-\-]p-cn-bn¬ sN∂p-Xm-a-kn-®p. ip≤m-flm-hmb bp[n-jvTn-c≥
ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSpw Cui-z-c≥ Xs∂-bmb {ioIr-jvW-t\mSpw a‰p _‘p-°-tfmSpw IqSn
KwK-bn¬ FØn D‰-h¿°p-th≠n tij-{In-b-Iƒ sNbvXv kpJambn Ign-™p.
IqSp-X¬ Ct∏mƒ ]d-bm≥ {]bm-k-ap-s≠∂p ]d™v F√m-h¿°pw \∑ t\¿∂v XØ

IY-]d- b
- ¬ X¬°m-et- Ø°p \n¿Øn-sh-®p.
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (50-/100 hm°n¬ Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-h)
1) `K-ZØ
- s‚ ac-W]
- ›
- m-Øew Fgp-XpI
2) “sIm√msX sImffm™sX-¥h - ≥ Xs∂ \o’’Bsc sIm√msX? CXm-cpsS Bt£-]-

amWv? BcmWv “\o’’ ? sIm√m≥ Imc-Ws
- a¥v?
3) “I√psIm-t≠m-a\ - X
- m-hI
- a
- m-In-e˛
- p-≠n-Xp-Im-Wp-tºmƒ ’’ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡a
°√n-\p-am¿{Z-Xb - m-°pI
4) “as‰mcp-Ø\p tXm∂o-Sptam am\tk ’’ F¥v?
5) “IÆpsIm-≠n-ßs\ ImtW-Ws - a-∂Xp

apÆn-Is - nXp tXm∂p-hm≥ ’’ Bi-bhpw hy-‡a
- f-sb-\n-bv°¥ - m-°pI
6) “Zptcym-[\ - ocw ’’ I≠ Km‘m-cn-bpsS {]e-]-\-ßƒ Npcp°n Fgp-Xp-I.

- s‚ ih-ic
7) “I≠pIq-Sm-sb-\n-bvs°∂p Km‘m-cnbpw ’’Km‘mcnbv°v I≠p-Iq-SmØ kw`-hs

- a¥v?
8) “ F¥n\p-a‰- p-ff
- h
- s
- c-∏d- b
- p∂p
Nn¥n-bv°n≥ \n≥ amdn-am-b-a-sXm-s°bpw’’kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI
9) “Aßs\Xs∂ htcWsa∂pf-fXp
≠nsß-\nbv°pw a\-°m-ºn¬ kp_-etP’’ kµ¿`w hni-Zo-Ic
- n®v Bi-bw hy-‡a
- m-°pI
II D]-\-ym-k-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ
1) Km‘mcn-bpsS Zpc-¥\
- p-`h
- ß
- ƒ Zb-\o-ba
- mb \n -lm-bm-hÿ
- b
- n-se-Øp∂ ImgvNb
- mWv
kv{Xo ]¿∆-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv ˛ ]cn-tim-[n-bv°p-I.
2) Icp-Wc
- k
- m-hX
- c
- W
- Ø
- n¬ Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø—
- s‚ ]mShw Km‘m-co-hn-em-]sØ ASn-ÿm-
\-am°n N¿® sNøp-I.
******
Ie-ym-W-sku-K-‘nIw (Xp-f-f¬)
Ip©≥ \º-ym¿
ssIcfn-bpsS s]mń-®ncn F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-bv°m-\p-ff Xpf-f¬°-hn-Xb - psS I¿Ømhpw
Xpf-f-se∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hp-amb alm-Ihn Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sØ-
°p-dn®v ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw A⁄m-X-am-Wv. Ip©≥ F∂-t]-cp-t]epw X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Wv.
cma-]m-Wn-hm-Z≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ t]sc∂pw A`n-{]m-bap-≠v. At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-
X-Imew 1700 \pw 1775-\p-an-Sb
- n-em-sW∂v s]mXpth AwKo-Ic - n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂p. H‰∏me-Øn-\S- p-Øp-ff
Inf-fn-°p-dn-»n- aw-K-eØv Ie-°Øv hoń-emWv At±lw P\n-®-sX∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ A—≥
InS-ßq¿°m-c\ - mb Hcp \ºq-Xn-cn-bm-sW∂pw ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. A—s‚ IqsS InS-ßq-cn-se-Ønb
\º-ym¿ IpS-am-fq-cnse sXt°-SØp `´-Xn-cn-bpsS B{in-X-\mbn kwkvIr-X-]-T-\w-\-S-Øn.
I≠- ¶ cn apdn- b n¬ \µn- I m´v DÆn- c - h n- ° p- d p∏pw At±- l - Ø ns‚ Kpcp- \ m- Y - \ m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
t{ZmW-º-ffn \mbv°-\n¬ \n∂v Btbm-[-\-I-ebpw hi-am-°n. hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn\p tijw
sNº-I-t»cn cmPmhv tZh-\m-cm-b-Ws‚bpw a{¥n-bmb amØq¿]-Wn-°-cp-tSbpw B{in-X-\m-bn-
°-gn-™p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cmb am¿Øm-WvU-h¿Ω-bp-tSbpw [¿Ω-cm-Pm-hnt‚bpw
B{in-X\ - m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. Aº-e∏ - p-gsh-®m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-Xm-¥y- w.
Fgp-Ø-—\p-tijw ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-X-y-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Hscm-∂c \q‰m≠p

Ime-tØ°v aµ-X-bm-W-\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xv. Infn-∏m-´p-I-fpsS A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw B´°YI-fp-amWv
A°m-e-Øp-≠m-b-Xv. FSpØp]d-b-Ø° PohnX ho£-W-[m-c-Itfm kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-X-Øns‚
ssNX-\y- Ø
- p-Sn∏p-Itfm A°m-eØv Ihn-Xb- n¬ {]X-y£ - s- ∏-ń-√. Cu ÿnXn°v KW-ya
- m-sbmcp
am‰-ap-≠m-bXv Xpf-f¬°-hn-XI
- f
- psS Bhn¿`m-ht- Øm-sS-bm-Wv.
\m¬∏-Xn-tesd Xpf-f¬ IrXn-Iƒ \º-ym-cptSXm-bn-´p≠v. Adp-]-tXmfw Ds≠-∂pw-

]-£-ap-≠v. CXn\p ]pdsa {ioIrjvW-N-cnXw aWn-{]-hm-fw, \f-N-cn-Xw, inh-]p-cm-Ww,
]©-X{¥w apXemb Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, `K-h±- qXv ]Xn-\mep hrØw F∂n-hbpw \º-ym-cpsS Imh-yß
- -
fmbn IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ Akm-am-\-y-]-mWvUn-Xyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ At±lw
B `mj-bnepw GXm\pw IrXn-Iƒ Ncn-®n-´p-≠v.
Xpf-f¬ {]ÿm\w
Xpf-f¬ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wt√m Ip©≥ \º-ym-cpsS
{]i-kvXn. kmln-Xy- c - q-]s
- a∂ \ne-bnepw P\-Iob Iem-cq-]s - a∂ \ne-bnepw Xpf-fe- ns\ hne-bn-
cptØ≠Xp-≠v. a≤-y-tI-c-f-Ønepw sX°≥ tIc-f-Ønepw Pohn-°p-hm\pw Ahn-SpsØ P\-ß-
fp-ambn ASp-Øn-S]
- g- I- p-hm\pw km[n® \º-ym¿ A∂p-C] - N
- m-cØ
- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]e A\p-jvTm-
\-I-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \mS≥ Iem-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw efn-X-kp-µ-c-amb ]e LS-I-ß-fpw
Iqń-tN¿ØmWv X\n-t°-cf - o-bs- a-∂h - I - m-is
- ∏-Sp∂ Xpf-f¬ F∂ Iem-in-ev]Ø - n\v cq]w sImSp-
Ø-Xv. Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ NmI-ym¿IqØpw ]mT-Ihpw Xs∂-bmWv C°m-c-y-Øn¬
IqSp-X¬ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-ń-f-f-Xv. ]cn-an-X-amb thj-`q-jm-Zn-Iƒ, Npcp-ßnb cwK-k-÷o-
I-cWw, ]mI-Øn\v kwKo-Xh - m-Zy- m-`n-\b - ß- ƒ, ct≠m aqt∂m hy-‡n-Iƒ tN¿∂p \n¿∆-ln-bv°m-
hp∂ Ah-X-c-Ww, Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-ff ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp \n_-‘-\-bp-an-√mbva
CsXm-s°-bmWv a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v Xpf-f-en-\p-ff ta∑. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv AXns‚
{]Nm-cØ- n\pw hnP-bØ - n\pw Imc-Wa - mbn `hn-®Xpw.
hmkvXh - Ø
- n¬ \º-ymsc kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw Xpf-fe - nse sIm´pw ]m´pw thj-hp-sa√mw
Xs‚ ]pXnb coXn-bn-ep-ff Imh-y{- ]-]© - Ø- n-te°v klr-Zb - sc hnfn-®p-Iq-´m-\p-ff _mtlym]m[n
am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ImWmw. kmam-\y- P - \
- Ø
- ns‚ kmaq-ly- P- o-hn-Xs
- Ø-∏‰n At±-lØ
- n\v km[m-
cW P\-ßt- fmSp Nne-Xp-]d- b - m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv P\-ßsf tIƒ∏nt® ASßq F∂ hminbpw
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb ]p\-cm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv At±lw sNbvX-Xv.
CØcw \qX\ {]h-W-X-I-fn-te°v P\-ßsf ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-c¬ F°m-eØpw {]bm-k-ap-f-f-
Xm-Wv. Hcn-bv°¬ Bk-zm-Zn-®m¬ ]n∂o-S-h¿ FØn-s°m-f-fp-sa∂v B h-iyhN- n\v XnI™
Bfl-hn-iz- m-ka - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ Xpf-fe - n¬ Ihn-Xbv°v ˛ kmln-Xy- mw-iØ - n-\p-Xs
- ∂-
bmWv \º-y¿ Du∂¬ sImSp-ØX - v.
km[m-cW
- °
- m-cs\ Xs‚ Ihn-Xm-tem-IØ- ntebv°Sp-∏n-°m≥ a‰p Nne {]tX-yI
- X
- I
- ƒIqSn
thW-sa∂t±lw Dd-®p. `mjm emfn-X-y-amWv Ah-bn¬ apJ-yw.
Ihn-XI - ƒ tIƒ°p-t∂-cw-Xs∂
sNhn-bp-tf-fm¿°m-\µw thWw
F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ Z¿i\w.
Nncn∏m≥ kwK-Xn-bp-ff Ihn-Iƒ sNm√n-bm¬ tIńń-cn-∏m-\m-{K-l-ap≠mw F∂pw
Nncnbv°p∂ IY tI´m-en-cn-bv°p-am-b-X-s√-¶n¬ Xncnbv°pw F∂pw At±-l-Øn\v
\∂m-bd- n-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.
`mj-bpsS Imc-yØ - n¬ At±-lØ
- ns‚ ho£Ww Cß-s\-bm-Wv.
`S-P\
- ß- f - psS \Sp-hn-ep-sf-fmcp
]S-bW- n-bv°nl tNcp-hm≥
hSn-hn-bs- ∂mcp Nmcp-tI-cf
`mj-Xs∂ NnXw hcp.
IpS-Is- S-∏S- p-IT
- n\ kwkvIrX
hnIS ISp-Ihn sIń-bm¬
`S-P-\-ßƒ [cn-bv°-bn√
Xncn-bv°p-sam-s°bp ta‰p-S≥
Cu hI ap≥[m-c-W-Ifpw D]-Z¿i-\-ß-fp-amWv Xpf-f¬ {]ÿm-\sØ \nb-{¥n-®-Xv.
Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂nßs\ Xpf-fe - ns\ aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Zri-yI

- e
- m-cq-
]-Øn\p am{Xta CXp _m[-Ia - m-Ip-∂p-ff
- q. thj-ßf- nepw Imh-yc
- N
- \
- b
- v°p-]t- bm-Kn® hrØ-ß-
fnepw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-bn-ep-ap-ff hy-X-ym-k-ß-fmWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn\v \nZm-\w. Cu aq∂p hn`m-K-
Øn¬sh®v Zri-y-`wKn IqSn-bXv Hm´-\mWv. AXp-sIm≠v Hm´≥ Xpf-f-en-\mWv km¿∆-{Xn-I-amb
{]Nm-cw.
kµ¿`w
]mWvU-h¿ h\-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ òa-tk-\\pw ]m©m-enbpw kwkm-cn-®n-cn-
°p∂Xn\n-S-bn¬ AXn-hn-in-jvS-amb Hcp ]q ˛ sku-K-‘nI∏qhv ˛ kao-]Øv Im‰n¬
h∂p-ho-Wp. AØcw Ipd®p ]q°ƒ Inń-bm¬s°mf-fm-sa∂v ]m©men Xm¬∏-cyw {]I-Sn-∏n-®-
t∏mƒ òa≥ skuK‘n-Is
- ∏mbvI tXSn ]pd-s∏-´p. ac-ßfpw h√n-Ifpw X√n-ØI
- ¿Øv Imń-eqsS
hgn-bp-≠m°n apt∂-dnb òa≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ as‰mcp ]p{X-\mb {iol-\p-am≥ {iocm-as\

[ym-\n-®n-cn-bv°p∂ IZ-fo-h-\-Øn-se-Øn. a‰p tXm´-ß-fn¬ \ns∂ms° XnI®pw hy-X-y-kvX-hpw
im¥-kp-µc - hpamb Cu IZ-fo-h\w Bcp-tS-sX∂v A¤p-Xs- ∏´v òa≥ AXn-tebv°p {]th-in-®p.
òas‚ bm{Xm-tIm-em-lew sIm≠p [ym-\-Øn¬\n-∂p-W¿∂ l\p-am≥ [ym-\-Zr-jvSn-bn-

eqsS òa-t\bpw Cu bmt{Xm-t±-y-i-y-tØbpw a\- n-em°n. ktlm-Z-cs\ t\cn¬°m-Wm\pw
òas‚ Al-¶mcw Aev]-sam∂p Ipd-bv°m\pw At±-l-Øn\v am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-hm\pw
l\p-am≥ Xo¿®-bm-°n. òas‚ Zqc-Øp-\n-∂p-ff hchv l\p-am≥ ImWp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp
apX¬°mWv ]mTy-`mKw Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂Xv BZ-ysØ iIm-ch - ¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw l\p-am-s\-Øn-
cn-®d- n™ òa‚ Bh-iy- {- ]-Imcw l\p-am≥ Xm≥]≠v e¶-bn-te°v kap{Zw NmSn-°S- ° - p-tºmƒ
kzo-Ic - n® òam-Imcw ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw `b-hn-kvab
- m-[o-\\
- mb òa≥ l\p-ams\ kvXpXn-
bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂n-SØv ]mT-y`- mKw Ah-km-\n-bv°p-∂p.
ssh{i-hW
- s‚ skuK‘n-Is
- ∏m-bvIb
- nte°pff hgn a\- n-em°nb òa≥ Ahn-sS-s®∂v
tXm´w Imh¬°msc Iog-S°n ]pjv]w ]dn-®p-hc
- p-∂X
- mWv _m°n`m-Kw.
]Zm¿∞-kq-N\
AXpew = AXp-e-y-amb, hf-sc-b-[nIw aXn-am≥ = _p≤n-am≥
amXpXn = acp-Øns‚ (Im-‰ns‚) ]p{X≥, l\p-am≥
aXn-sIm≠v = a\- p-sIm≠v Z\p-P-∑m¿ = Akp-c≥am¿
Ic-Øns‚ _ew = ssIbq°v ]S-pXzw = kma¿∞yw
hSn-hmbn = cq]-sa-SpØv, IWvTo-chw = knwlw, IWvtT = IgpØn¬
IW = Akv{Xw, D≤-X≥ = a¿±n-®-h≥ , ]≤Xn = hgn
_eo-ap-J≥ = hm\-c≥ kwKXn =Im-cWw
Zp¿L-S-ÿm\w = A]-ISw ]nSn® ÿew Zp¿`m-jWw = NoØ-hm-°p-Iƒ
Ib¿Øv = tIm]n®v G‰pam-dm≥ = Fgp-t∂‰p \oßm≥
Ffp-X√ = Ign-bn√, s]mø√ = If-h√, Ie-ºpI = hg-°n-SpI
NphSv = ASn apgp-°p∂p = h¿≤n-°p∂p
]qcp-hwiw = ]qcp-hns‚ Ipew (b-bm-Xn-bpsS ]p{X-\mb ]qcp-hns‚ hwi-]c- º
- c- b
- n¬ s]´ ]mWvUh
- ¿)
t\cm-b-am¿§w = [¿Ω-]Yw F∂pw icn-bmb hgn F∂pw
]Xn°pw = hogpw \b-⁄≥ = \b-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂-h≥
]©-_m-Wm¿Øn = Ima-th-Z\ t]mcpw = aXn-bmIpw
NnXw-hcm = DNn-X-amb, If{Xw = `mhw, Iq‰p-Im¿ = _‘p-°ƒ
`ffv = Al-¶mcw Imw£ = sImXn
ARvP\ - m-]p-{X≥ = ARvP\ - b
- psS ]p{X≥ (l-\p-am≥)
`RvP\w sNøpI = \in-∏n-°pI h£ v = amdnSw
[qa-tIXp = hm¬\-£{Xw ([q-a-tI-Xp-hns‚ DZbw \mi-kq-N-I-am-sW∂v hni-z-kw)
cq£X = `b-¶-cX Ime-\q¿ = ba-temIw
Ac-°≥ = cm£-k≥, kmew = ]\, Uw`n-®p-h∂ = aZn-®p-h∂
Prw`n® = XSn®, hn{Klw = icocw, kn≤≥ = Znh-y≥
πhw-K≥ = Ipc-ß≥, k∂mlw = Hcp°w, Zp»m-k\w = NoØ-°-ev]\
\mkvXnbmw = C√m-Xmhpw, ISp∏w = siucyw, ]mZ]w = acw

Dcs-Ø¶n¬ = FXn¿Øm¬ ewLn-°pI = NmSn-I-S-°pI
s\Sp°pw =\o≠ KZm-ZWvUw = KZ-sIm-≠p-ff ASn
`wKw = \miw {i-hn-°pI = tIƒ°pI
\‡-©-cm-cm-Xn-Zm-k≥ = cm£-k-∑m-cpsS i{Xp-hns‚ ({io-cmsa‚) Zmk≥
]p—m{Kw = hmcns‚ A‰w Xcn-ºn√ = Aev]-hp-an√
taem = hø, aZv_ew = Fs‚ i‡n, \jvSn = \miw
Cf-s∏´p = ]cm-P-b-s∏´p D¬°-Sm-tSm]w = h¿≤n® K¿t∆msS
apjv°v = [n°mcw, ]w‡n-I-WvT≥ = cmh-W≥, alm-hm-cn-cmin = alm-k-ap{Zw
tIfnIm-\\w = DZ-ym\w kwt¢iw = IjvS-s∏´v
et¶-i-]p-{X≥ = (C-hn-sS)-A-£-Ip-am-c≥ NWvUamb = D{K-amb
]t¶-cp-lm£n = ]t¶-cplw (Xm-a-c-)t]mse IÆp-f-f-hƒ-˛-kp-µcn
KWvU-ÿew = IhnƒØSw a£nI = Cu®
]h-\m-flP - ≥ = hmbp-]p-{X≥˛l-\p-am≥ D≤-aXn = Al-¶mcn
[hfw = shfpØ k∂n`w = Xpeyw, s\Sp-Xm-In\ = \o≠
sNºp-In-Smcw = sNºp-]m{Xw, IpSn-em-IrXn = hf™, Z¥-I-Zw_w = ]√n≥°q´w
kS = Ip©n, tcmaw ]cnLw = Ccp-ºp-ZWvUv, ]rYp-Xcw = XSn®
ISn-XSw = Ac-s°´,v Jc-X-c-I-c-\-J-c-\n-Imbw = Dd-t∏-dnb ssI \J-ß-fpsS Iq´w
Dcp-Xcw = henb PwLm-bpKfw = c≠p-I-W-¶m-cp-Iƒ
\n`w =Xp-eyw ZojWw = `b-¶cw Aw_-c-Xew = BIm-i-tZiw
D¬°-S-I-SpZo¿L = ITn-\hpw `b-¶-chpw \o≠-Xp-amb
CZm\ow = Ct∏mƒ, lpXm-i-\≥ = Xo khn-Xmhv = kqc-y≥
CXn = C{]-Imcw \pXn = kvXnXn
kmcw
Cu ka-bØv l\p-am≥ Znh-y-Zr-jvSn-sIm≠v Cßs\ a\- n-em°n: `mcybpsS B{Klw
km[n-∏m≥ hoc-\mb òa≥ Xnc°n´pt]m-Ip-∂p. C-h≥ Fs‚ A\p-P\ - m-Wv. cm£-km-¥I - \
- mb
kzktlm-Zc - s‚ ssIbq°v Ch-s\-sbm∂p [cn-∏n-°W - w. Chs‚ hgn XS-bW - w. Chs‚ Du°p-
i-an-®m¬ hgn sImSp-°p-I-bp-amhmw . Cßs\ Nn¥n®v Zb-\o-b-amb ań¬ Hcp hr≤-
hm-\-cs‚ cq]-Øn¬ InS-∂p. At∏mƒ ImSn-f°n hcp∂ B\-Isf h´w Npg-‰nbpw Im´p-ar-K-
ßsf `b-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw òa≥ IZ-fo-h\ - Ø
- n¬ {]th-in-®p. Xs‚ hgn apS-°n-°n-S° - p∂ X¥-°p-
c-ßs\ t\m°n C{]-Imcw ]d™p: Fs‚ hgn-bn¬°nS-°p∂ Ip-c-ßm hgn-am-dv. \osb-¥n-
\mWv Cu A]-I-S-ÿ-m\Øp InS-°p∂Xv. am\-ysc I≠m-e-dn-bm-ØXv \ns‚ PmXn-k-z-`mhw
Xs∂. \o Iq´w-sX‰n h∂-Xm-tWm. DSs\ Fgp-t∂‰pamdn-bn-s√-¶n¬ B]-Øp-≠m-hpw. Cßs\-
bp-ff òas‚ [n°m-c-hm-°p-Iƒ tI´v hr≤-hm-\-c≥ Nncn-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™p: Aßv F¥n-
\mWv Cßs\ tIm]n°p∂Xv. F\n-s°-gpt∂¬°m≥t]mepw hø. Aßv hgn-amdn t]mIp-∂-
XmWv \√-Xv. Ah-i-\mb Cu Ipc-ß-®s\ Aßp I≠n-t√. Xf¿∂p InS-°p∂htcmSv
Bsc-¶nepw tIm]n-bv°m-dpt≠m? icn-bmb hgn-hn´v c≠-Sn-b-tßm´p amdn-bm¬ F¥p Ipg-∏-
amWv? l\p-ams‚ hm°p-tI´v òa≥ H∂p-I-qSn {Ip≤-\mbn ]d™p: \obmtcmSmWv kwkm-
cn-°p-∂X
- .v- ]qcp-hw-iØ
- nse hoc-\mb òa-tk-\\
- mWv Rm≥, t\¿h-gn-hn´p \S-°p-Ib- p-an-√, BtcmSpw
tXmev°p-I-bp-an√ Rm≥. Ft∂m-Sp-am-dn-\-S-°m≥ ]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS amd-tØ-bv°p-f-f-XmWo KZ.
k÷-\ k-{º-Zmbw Adn-bmØ ZpjvS∑ - m-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ Rm≥ kln-bv°n-√. [¿Ω-am¿§-ßƒ

Adn-bmØ \nt∂mSv kwkm-cn-®n-s´¥p Imcyw? [¿a--a] - p-{Xs‚ A\p-P\- mb Rm≥ A[¿Ω-ßƒ
sNøp-I-bn-√. CXptI´ l\p-am≥ Nncn®p sIm≠p ]d-™p. \o \b⁄-\m-sW∂pw
]mWvU-h¿ A[¿Ωw {]h¿Øn-°n-s√∂pw ]d-™Xv tIaw Xs∂. ]≠v ]m©men F∂ Hcp
s]Æns\ \nßƒ A©p-t]cpw tN¿∂v hnhmlw Ign-®p-sh∂v Rm≥ tIń-´p- ≠v. Ah-ƒ°©pw
X©w Xs∂. IS-°-tÆ-¿-sIm≠v \nßsf A©p-t]tcbpw NXn-∏m≥ Ahƒ aXn. \me©p
`¿Ømhv Hcp s]Æn\v F∂ \ne Hcp PmXn°pw ]Xn-hn-√. hmep-ff hm\-c∑ - m-cmb Rßƒt]mepw
Aßs\ sNøn√m Nne-t∏mƒ tPyjvT-Øn, Nne-t∏mƒ A\p-P-Øn. Nne-t∏mƒ `mc-y. CsX¥p
[¿Ω-am-Wv. \nß-fpsS Nm]-e-y-ßƒ tI´m¬ Nncn-h-cpw. F∂n-´mWv t\cmb am¿§w shSn-bn√
F∂p ]d-™-Xv. \o BtcmSpw tXmev°n-s√∂p ]d-™Xpw ck-am-bn-´p-≠v. \q‰-h¿ \mSpw
\K-chpw ]nSn-s®-SpØv \nßsf Imń¬ sX≠m\b®-Xt- √. hoń¬ InS-°m≥ \nßƒ°pw
tbmK-an-√. Zptc-ym-[-\≥ Bń-bn-d-°n-b-Xn-\p-tijw \mń¬ IS-°m\pw ]‰n-√. F∂m¬ Imń¬
Ign-bm≥ sskz-ca - p-t≠m. AXpw C√. If-f® - q-Xn¬ tXm¬∏n®v Zptc-ym-[\ - ≥ \mSp-IS- Ø- nb \nß-
fp-sS-IqsS B s]Æpw t]m∂p. IÆn¬ I≠-sXms° Ahƒ Bh-i-y-s∏-Spw. Ah-sf-t∏-Sn®v
\nßtfm AXp-t\-Sm≥ s\t´m´w HmSpw. I≠ \nan-jØ - n¬Xs∂ \ns‚ IY-sbms° F\n°p
a\- n-em-bn. Cu ]cn-lmkw tI´v tIm]n® òa≥ ]d-™p: Im™nc-°mb Xn∂p-I-gn-bp∂
\ns‚ a≠ XI¿°m≥ tXm∂p-∂n-√. Fs‚ tPyjvT\ - mb l\p-ams‚ hwi-Ønem-Wt√m \obpw
P\n-®s - X-t∂m¿Øn´v. òas‚ tbmK-yX Cu aqfn-°p-cs - ß-¥d- n-™p. cm£-km-[n]∑mcmb lnUnw-
_-t\bpw _I-t\bpw X√n-®X - ®
- Xv Rm\m-Wv. Pcm-k‘ - s\ c≠mbn ]nf¿∂n´Xpw Rm≥ Xs∂.
In¿Ωo-cs\ h[n®v Xm]-k-∑m-cpsS k¶Sw Xo¿ØXpw a‰m-cp-s√. Cß-s\-bp-ff Ft∂mSv Hcp
Im´p-Ip-cßmtWm [n°mcw ]d-bp-∂Xv. At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-™p. Fs∂ XI¿°m≥
aSn-bv°-≠. Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ Iev]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v ]≠v Zp»m-k-\≥ ]m©m-ensb ]nSn®v ]c-k-y-
ambn hen-®n-g®v \nß-fpsS A©p-t]-cp-tSbpw apºn-en´v DSp-h-kv{X-a-gn-®-t∏mƒ cm£-k-∑msc
sIm∂ \ns‚ ]cm-{Iaw Imin°p-t]m-bn-cp-∂pshm? kz¥w `mc-ys - b A\-y≥ A]-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ
I≠p \n¬°p∂XmtWm \ns‚ BW-Øw. \ns‚ anSp°pw Du°pw Hs°-sb-\n-°-dn-bmw.
AsX√mw Imńse ac-ßt- fmSpw ]¿∆-Xß - t- fmSpw ]mh-Øm-\mb X¥-°p-cß - n-t\mSpw ]‰pw. ]√pw
ISn®v IÆp-cpń Fs∂ iIm-cn-°p-∂s - X-¥n\m? F\n-s°s‚ hmep-t]mepw A\-°m≥ Bh-Xn-√.
\o Fs∂-®m-Sn-°-S-∂p-t]m-bm-epw. Rm≥ \ns‚ hgn-ap-S-°p-∂n-√. At∏mƒ òa≥ ]d-™p.
""\obn-∏d- ™- s
- Xms° CØncn Poh-\p-ff Hcm-fmWv ]d-™n-cp-∂s - X-¶n¬ Fs‚ ssIbq°v ImWn-
®p-X-cm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Nmhm-fn-°p-c-ßs\ òa≥ X®p-sIm-∂p-sh∂p tI´m¬ alm-P\-ßƒ
Fs∂ ]cn-l-knbv°pw. \ns∂ NmSn-°-S-°m\pw aSn-bp-≠v. Fs‚ tPjvT-\mb l\p-ams‚
Ipe-Øn¬ ]nd∂ \ns∂ NmSn-°-S-°p-∂-Xp alm-]m-]-am-Wv."" At∏mƒ l\p-am≥ ]d-™p:
""aSn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AXpw th≠. hgn-bn¬ hne-ßs\ InS-°p∂ Fs‚ Cu \o≠ hmsem∂v am‰n-
sh®v th≠ hgn°pt]m-bm-epw. ssIsIm≠v Ipc-ßs\ sXmSm\pw Ad-∏m-sW-¶n¬ \ns‚ ssIbn-
ep-ff B Iq‰≥ KZ-sIm≠v Cu hm¬ tXm≠n-bn´p t]mbm¬ aXn"". òa≥ tNmZn-®p. tXm≠n-bn-
Sp-tºmƒ apdn-™p-t]m-bmtem F∂v. ""apdn-bp-∂Xv Fs‚ hmtem \ns‚ KZtbm"" F∂m-bn-cp∂p
l\p-ams‚ kwi-bw. òa≥ ]d-™p. ""h∑-e-Iƒ IpØn-s∏m-Sn-bv°p∂ Fs‚ KZ Xmßm≥
Ign-hp-ff - h - c
- n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Nmhm-fn-°p-cß - ns‚ hmep-sXm-´m¬ AXp s]mSn-™p-t]m-Ipw.
CXp-hsc tIƒ°mØ \ns‚ CØcw A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ tI´v Rm≥ tIm]w sIm≠v Pz-en-°p-∂p.""
Cßs\ ]d™v òa≥ KZ-sIm≠v l\p-ams‚ \o≠p XSn® hme‰w tXm≠nsbdn-bp-hm≥

{ian-®p. kI-e-i‡n D]-tbm-Kn-®n´pw hmense c≠p tcma-ßƒt]mepw Cf-°m-\m-bn-√. F{X
{ian-®n´pw Ign-bmsX h∂-t∏mƒ \mW-t°-tSmsS Nn¥n-®p. ""temIw apgp-h≥ Iog-S-°nb Cu
òa\v Hcp X¥-°p-c-ßns‚ hm¬ Cf-°m-\m-hp-∂n-√. Fs‚ ]cm-{Iaw FhnsSt∏mbn. CXp-h-√-
am-bm-{]-tbm-K-hp-am-tWm. òa≥ Hcp Ipc-ß-t\mSp tXms‰∂p tI´m¬ Iuc-h¿ ]cn-l-kn-°pw.
Fs‚ Bƒ-°mcpw Fs∂ Dt]-£n-°pw. C\n Rm≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂n´p Imc-y-a-√. Cu X¥-°p-c-
ßs\ X®p-sIm-∂m-tem. ]cm-P-b-s∏´v òa≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°n-√."" Cßs\ Nn¥n® òa≥
l\p-aps‚ t\sc ]m™-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p ]d-™p: "" \ns‚ NXn-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ Ft∂m-Sp-th-≠.
Zz-µ-bp≤w XpS-ßn-bm¬ \ns‚ lp¶p ian-°pw. At∏mƒ \o CXp-hsc Adn-™n-ń-√mØ Fs‚
i‡n t\cn´p a\- n-em-°mw. I≠m-ed- n-bm-Øh - ≥ sIm≠m-ed- n-bpw. \ns‚ a{¥-hn-Zy- bpw NXn-{]-
tbmK-ßfpw Ft∂mSv th≠. Ipc-ß-\mb \n\-s°-¥p-sN-øm≥ Ignbpw. ASp-sØ-Øn-bm¬
hmepw Db¿Øn ac-Øn-te°v NmSp∂ h¿§-a-t√. \ns‚ [n°mcw \nanØw F\n°pw \ne-hn´p
kwkm-cn-bvt°-≠n-h∂ - p."" CXp-tI´v l\p-am≥ ]d-™p: ""Ipc-ßs - \∂p hnNm-cn®v \nµn-bvt°≠.
a¿°-S∑ - m-cnepw apjv°c - ∑
- m-cp-≠v. ]s≠mcp Ipc-ß\ - m-Ws√m cmh-Ws\ hmen¬ _‘n®v \mep-
k-ap-{Z-ßfpw NmSn-°-S∂Xv. as‰mcp hm\-c-\t√ ]≠v kap{Zw NmSn--°-S∂v e¶-bn¬ sN∂v
cm£-k∑ - msc Nnesc sIm∂Xpw DZ-ym\w XI¿ØXpw bp≤-Øn-\p-h∂ cmh-W] - p-{Xs\ sIm∂Xpw
koXsb B-i-z-kn-∏n-®Xpw bp≤-Øn-s\-Ønb cmh-Ws‚ tXcn¬ NmSn-hoWv Ahs‚ sNIn-S-
Øm-™S- n-®Xpw F√mw. CXp-t]mse tbmK-y∑ - m-cmb ]e hm\-c∑ - m-tcbpw Rm\-dn-bpw. Ipc-ß≥
Ipc-ß≥ F∂p ]d-™p-If - nbm-°msX \n\°p \ns‚ hgn-°p-t]m-Ip-∂X - mWp \√-Xv"". CXp-tI´
òa≥ ]d-™p: ""\o ]d-™Xv Fs‚ tPyjvT\ - mb l\p-am≥ F∂ alm-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv. At±l-
sa-hnsS \osø-hn-sS. ]d-hI - f
- n¬ s]´-XmWv Kcp-U≥ F∂p hnNm-cn®v Cu®-Iƒ Al-¶c - n-°p-∂-
t]m-se-bm-Wn-Xv. cma-`‡ - \ - mb l\p-ams‚ hwi-Øn¬ ]nd∂p F∂-XmWv \ns‚ lp¶v.
C{Xbpw tI´t∏m l\p-am≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w Xs‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w [cn-®p. lnam-eb - w-t]m-

se-bp-ff ico-cw, sImSn-a-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff hmev, sNºp-In-Sm-cw-t]m-se-bp-ff IÆv, N{µ-°-e-t]m-
se-bp-ff ]√p-Iƒ, Ccp-ºp-e°- t- ]m-esØ ssIIƒ, ]¿∆-XX - S- w-t]m-se-bp-ff amdv Cßs\ sbms°
òj-Wa - mb cq]-Øn¬ BImiw aps´ \n¬°p∂ l\p-ams‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w Iäp-ºn¬ I≠-
t∏mƒ òa≥ A¤pXw sIm≠v hnd-®p. CsX¥p adn-am-b-am-Wmthm F∂v hnNm-cn®v F¥mWv
sNtb-≠-sX-∂-dn-bmsX t]Sn-®p. e£-W-ß-sf√mw sh®v Btem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ CXv Xs‚ tPyjvT-
\mb l\p-am≥ Xs∂ F∂p-d® - p. DSs\ ]e-hn-[Ø
- n¬ kvXpXn-®p-sIm≠v B Im¬°¬ hoWp
\a-kv°c - n-®p.
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (50/100 hm°n¬)
1) ""aXn-am≥ amcp\n Xs‚ aXn-sIm≠v \ncq-]n®p"". \ncq-]n-®-sX¥v?

2) hr≤-\m-tbmcp _eoapJs\ I≠p"" BcpI≠p? Bcq]w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p?
3) ""s]s´-s∂-gp-t∂‰p t]mIm-bvIn-em-]Øp
s]ó-Sp-sa∂p [cn-°-\o-h-m-\cm"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
4) ""]mcw-h-e™p InS-°p-∂-h¿I-tfm˛
Smcp-ao-hÆw Ie-ºp-am-dn-t√tSm"" ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
5) Rßƒ [¿Ωw shSn-s™m∂pw {]h¿Øn-b°
v p-Ib
- n√"" F∂ òas‚ Bfl-{]-iwkbv°v
l\p-ams‚ {]Xn-I-cWw F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
6) ""I≠t\cw Xs∂ \ns‚ ]cm-{Ia
ap≠mbv \ap-s°-∂-dnI hrtIm-Zc"" ˛l-\p-ams‚ Cu adp-a-Sn-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂
]cn-lmkw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I. ]cn-lm-k-]-c-a-√mØ Hc¿∞w Cu hcn-I-fn¬ Dt≠m?
7) ""s]mÆ-Ø-Sn-b\mw \ns‚ ]cm-{Iaw
Iminbv°p t]mtbm IYnbv° hrtIm-Zcm"" Ft∏mƒ? hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
8) ""Adn-bm™n´p-tNm-Zn-t®≥ Acn-i-ap-≠m-I-th≠""
Bcv BtcmSv F¥p-tNm-Zn®p? Ft∏mƒ?
9) ""s]s´∂p Poh≥I-f-hm≥ aSn-bn√ IjvS-ao-ò-a-\n-f-s∏-ń-cn-bv°ptam"" C{Xhv°v
Bfl-\nµ tXm∂m-\p-≠mb kw`-h-sa¥v?
II D]-\-ym-ktNmZyßƒ
1) l\p-a¬-˛-òa kwhm-ZsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ip©≥\-º-y-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-]m-Shw

hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
2) Ip©≥º-ym-cpsS h¿Æ-\m-ssh-ZK
- v[y- w- tkm-Zm-lc
- Ww hnh-cn-°p-I.
3) Ip©≥\-º-ym-cpsS Ihn-Xm-coXn ]mT-y-`m-KsØ B[m-c-am°n D]-]m-Zn-bv°p-I.
NWvUm-e-`n-£pIn
Ipam-c-\m-im≥
Ipam-c-\m-im≥
1873¬ Imbn-°-c-bn¬ sXmΩ≥hn-fm-Iw-ho-ń¬ \mcm-b-Ws‚bpw Imfn-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw
aI-\mbn P\n-®p. A∂sØ k{º-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v kwkvIrX-km-ln-X-yhpw imkv{Xhpw ]Tn-®p.
]Xn-∂memw hb- n¬ Xs∂ A≤-ym-]-\-hrØn kzo-I-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ A∂p-ap-X¬ Bim≥ F∂
t]cn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-´p. ]Xn-s\´mw hb n¬ {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hpambn ASpØp _‘-s∏-Sm≥
Ign-™Xv At±l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. ]n∂oSv kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ D]-cn-
]-T\w \S-Øn. H∏w-Xs∂ Cw•ojpw _wKm-fnbpw ]Tn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ am¿§w kmln-X-y-]-c-
ambn Xncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ CXp Imc-W-am-bn. 1902¬ Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-bpsS Imc-y-Z¿in-bmbn
\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-k-zman At±-lsØ sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. BZ-y-Im-eØv irwKm-c-t«m-I-ßƒ Fgn-Xn-
bn-cp-∂p. B hgn \ntj-[n®Xpw {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-k-zman Xs∂. 1922¬ shbn¬kv cmP-Ip-am-
c-\n¬\n∂v Bim≥ ]´pw-hf - bpw kzo-Ic - n-®Xv henb hna¿i-\Ø
- n-\n-Sb
- m-°n. hoW-]q-hv, \fn\n,
eoe, {]tcm-Z\ - w, NWvUm-e`- n-£p-In, Nn¥m-hn-jvSb - mb koX, Icp-W, _me-cm-am-bW
- w, {io_p-≤-
N-cnXw, Zpc-hÿ apX-em-b-h-bmWv apJ-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ. 1924 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ ]√-\-bm-‰nse sdUo-a¿
t_m´-]I - S- Ø
- n¬ AIm-eN - c- a- a
- S- ™p.
JWvU-Im-h-y-{]-ÿm\w
G.B¿ cmP-cm-Ph - ¿ΩbpsS ae-bh - n-em-ka - mWv ae-bm-fØ - nse BZy JWvUI - m-hyw. Imev]-
\nI {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ {]I-Se - £
- W - ß - ƒ BZ-ya - mbn ImWn® ae-bm-fI - r-Xnbpw AXp-Xs - ∂. [mcmfw
JWvU-Im-h-y-ß-ƒ ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-bn. F∂m¬ DØ-a-J-WvU-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS ]q°mew Ihn-{X-b-
Øns‚ Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipam-c-\m-im\pw hf-f-tØmfpw Df-fqcpw JWvU-Im-hy cN-\-bn¬
AX-y-]q¿∆-amb Ignhpw angnhpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. alm-Im-h-y-ß-fpsS hmNm-e-X-bn¬ a\w-a-Sp-Øn-
cp∂ A\p-hm-NI - ¿°v `mh-Xo-{hX ]pe¿Øp∂ Cu eLp-Im-hy- ß - ƒ Hcp ]pXnb A\p-`h - a - m-bn.
`mh-Ko-Xß- f - psS `mh-Xo-{h-Xbpw BJ-ym-\I - m-hy- ß - f
- psS BJ-ym-\s - si-enbpw GI{X ktΩ-fn-®-
Xm-bn-cp∂p JWvUI - m-hy- ß
- ƒ. JWvUI - m-hy- ß
- f - n¬ CXn-hr-ØØ - nse sshIm-cn-Imw-iß - ƒ°v
ap≥Xq°w sImSpØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. alm-Im-h-y-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se, `mh-Xo-{h-
Xbv°pw GIm-{K-Xbv°pw tIm´w X´-Ø° - c - o-Xn-bn¬ h¿Æ-\I - fpw Ae-¶m-cß - fpw {]tbm-Kn-°m-dn-√.
Imh-ym-a-XvItam \mS-Io-btam Bb kw`-h-ßfpw IY Ifp-amWv CXn-hr-Ø-am-bn- kzoIcn-°m-dv.
]pcm-Wß - f- n-tebpw CXn-lm-kß - f - n-tebmw IYmw-iß - fpw JWvUI - m-hy- ß- ƒ°v hnj-ba - m-Im-dp-
≠v. At∏mƒ Ah-bnse auen-Imw-iß - ƒ°v am‰w hcp-Øm-dn-√. Imev]\ - nI{]h-WX - I - ƒX-s∂-
bmWv anI® JWvUI - m-hy- ß
- f - nepw sXfn-™p-I≠ - n-cp∂-Xv. {]tX-yI - n®v hnj-bm-hX - c - W
- Ø - nepw
kao-]-\-Øn-ep-ap-ff Bfl-\n-jvTX. Ihn-{X-b-Øn¬ Ipam-c-\m-im-\m-bn-cp∂p Imev]-\n-I-X-bn¬
Gsd Xm¬]-cyw ImWn®Xv. ae-bm-fØ - nse e£-Ws - amØ H∂m-asØ Imev]\nI IrXn-bmbn
hoW-]q-hn-s\-bmWv AwKo-Ic - n-®n-´p-ff- X- v.
NWvUm-e-`n-£pIn
IY ˛ kµ¿`w
s{]m^-k¿ e£vao-k-c-kp-hns‚ “The Essence of Budhism” F∂ IrXn-bnse Hcp
`mKsØ CXn-hr-Ø-ambn kzo-Ic - n®v Ipam-c\- m-im≥ cNn® Hcp kz-X{¥ JWvUI - m-hy- a
- mWv
NWvUme`n£p-In. {io_p≤s‚ BZ-y-Im-e-in-j-y-cn¬ Hcm-fmb B\-µ-`n£p Hcp sImSnb
th\¬°m-eØv \´p-®bv°v HXp {Kma-]-cn-k-c-Øn-ep-ff B¬Ø-d-bn¬ hn{i-an-bv°p-tºm-gmWv
A[:-Ir-Xk - a- p-Zm-ba
- mb amXwK PmXn-bn¬ s]´ Hcp-s]Ïn-Smhv hr£-ka - o-]Ø
- p-ff InW-dn¬
\n∂v shf-fw-tIm-cn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ h∂-Xv. Zmlm¿Ø-\mb `n£p Ahsf ka-o] - n®v Aev]w
shffw tNmZn-®p. amXw-Knbv°v AsXmcp ]pXnb A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. k\-ym-kn-am-sc-t∏mse
Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿ XmW-Pm-Xn-bn¬s]´ XßƒsXm´ Pew IpSn-b° v m-dn-s√∂pw Aßbv°v shffw
X∂m¬ ]m]-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Ahƒ ]d-™p-t\m-°n. PmXn-Nn-¥sb hnK-Wn®v `n£p shffw
IpSn®v Xncn®v t]mbn. {]Y-a-Zr-jvS-ym-Xs∂ `n£p-hns‚ cq]-Im-¥n-bn¬ ab-ßnb amXwKn
At±-lsØ ]ncn-™n-cn-bv°m≥ Ign-bmØ \ne-bn-em-bn. A∂p-cm{Xn Ahƒ GIbmbn hoSp-hn-
ń-dß
- n. Hcp hn[-Øn¬ {imh-kX v n-b°v S- p-Øp-ff s_u≤m{i-aØ - n-se-Øn. bmZr-—n-Ia - mbn amXwKn
_p≤-`-K-hms‚ apºn-se-Øn. {io_p-≤s‚ D]-tZ-iw-aqew Ahƒ°v B\-µ-`n-£p-hn-ep-≠mb
kvt\lw hni-z-kvt\-l-ambn amdp-Ibpw Ahƒ k\-ymkw kzo-I-cn®v _p≤-`n-£p-Wn-bmbn
B{i-aØ - n¬ ÿnc-Xm-ak - a
- m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. PmXn-bn¬XmW Hcp InSm-Ønsb B{i-aØ - n¬
Xma-kn-∏n-®X - d- n™v PmXn-{`m-¥∑ - mcmb ]WvUn-X∑ - mcpw cmPmhpw Ip]n-Xc- mbn B{i-aØ - n-se-Øn.
{io_p-≤≥ Xs‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-fn-eqsS PmXn-h-y-h-ÿ-bpsS A¿∞ iq\-yX Ahsc t_m≤-y-s∏-Sp-
Øn. AXn-\m¬ F√m-hcpw im¥-cmbn Xncn-®p-t]m-∂p. A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ-s°Xnsc XqenI ]S-hm-
fm-°nb Ipam-c-\m-ims‚ B hnj-b-Øn-ep-ff HXp apJy IrXn-bmWv NWvUm-e-`n-£p-In.
B\-µ`- n£p amXw-Kn-tbmSv Zml-Pew tNmZn-bv°p-∂X

- p-ap-X¬°mWv ]mT-y`- m-Kw.
Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
XqatXSpw ...........................................................................................-Aº
- c
- t- ∂m-Xn-\mƒ
Xqa = ip≤n A¿∞n®p = At]-£n®p `Kn\n = ktlm-Zcn
hrØn-bp-ff IpØp-]mf InW-‰n-en´v Ib-dp-h-en®v Ahƒ shffw tImcn-s°m-≠n-cn-bv°p-

tºmƒ B am\y `n£p Ah-fpsS kao-]Øp sN∂v Bh-i-b-s∏-´p, ""F\n°p Zmln-°p-∂p.
ktlm-Zc - o, Zb-hp-≠mbn Cu XWp-Øs
- h-ffw F\n-bv°nØncn Xcq"". B kpµcn AXp-tI´v ]cn-
{`-an-®p-sIm-≠p-]d- ™
- p.
A√se-¥p-IY ................................................................................-I√
- √
- n-cp-º√
""Fs¥mcp IjvSa- mWv ]d-bp-∂Xv. Zml-£oWw sIm≠v Aßv PmXn t]mepw ad-∂pthm?
XmW-Ip-e-Øn¬ (\o-N-Pm-Xn) ]nd∂ HcpØnbpsS ssIøn¬ \n∂v D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-cmb tbmK-y-
∑m¿ shffw hmßn-Ip-Sn(-BN- a
- n)-bv°ptam? Ft∂mSv tZjyw tXm∂-cptX. shffw X∂m¬ ]m]-
ap-≠m-hpw. ImcWw Rms\mcp NWvUm-ek - v{Xo-bm-Wv. {Kmam-Xn¿Ønbv°∏pdw Xma-kn-bv°p∂
Hcp "Nma¿" kap-Zm-b-°mcs‚ aI-fm-Wv Rm≥. CXp-tI´v ]cn-{`-an-®p(-hn-e-£≥) sIm≠v `n£p
]d-™p, ""ktlm-Zco Rm≥ PmXn-tNm-Zn-®n-√. shf-fa - mWv tNmZn-®X
- v. Fs‚ \mhp-Wß - n-t∏m-Ip-
∂p. t]Sn-bv°msX \o F\n°v shf-ff - f
- w-Xc
- q."" Cßs\ ]d™p sN¥m-ac - t- ]mse kpµ-c\
- mb
At±lw Xs‚ ssI°q-ºnƒ \oń. ]ns∂ Ahƒ apS°w ]d-™n-√. Ahfpw Hcp s]Æm-Wv.
It√m Ccptºm A√-t√m.
I‰-°m¿ Iq¥¬ ....................................................................... \n¬∂pw-t]m-se.

I‰-°m¿ = CS-Xq¿∂ taLw Iq¥¬ = apSn
Bkyw = apJw tNmcnhm = XpSpØ hmb
hnkv^mcnXw = hnI-kn® Xmc = IrjvW-aWn
abv°Æn = kpµcn Acp-Wmwiq = CfwNph-∏p-ff civan
]qcw = Iq´w
tNe-sIm≠v Idp-Øn-cp≠ taLw t]mse-bp-ff apSn--s°´pw apJhpw Gsd-°psd adn®v

]p©n-cn-s]m-gn®v Ahƒ Np≠p-]n-f¿Øn A¤p-X-`m-h-Øn¬ IÆp-hn-S¿Øn \n∂p. AXv {]`m-X-
Øn¬ Cfw-Np-h-∏p-c-ivan-bn¬ apßn-°p-fn®p \n¬°p∂ sN¥m-a-c-sam´v h≠p-h-∂p-ap-ń-b-t∏mƒ
CXƒ hnS¿Øn \n¬°p-∂X - p-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p.
at\m-l-c-amb Hcp hmMva-b-Nn-{X-am-Wn-Xv. amXw-Kn-bpsS kzm-`m-hn-I-amb \ne-bv°-∏pdw

h≠nW apń-hn-Ik - n® sN¥m-ac F∂ {]tbm-KØ - n-eqsS `n£p-hns‚ t\m´-Øn-eqsS Ah-fnse
A\p-cm-Km-¶p-chpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p.
]ns∂-ss°-Øm¿ ............................................................. Ip\n-™h

- ƒ
]ns∂ Ah-fpsS ssIhn-d® - X

- n-\m¬ ]mf-bn¬ Xpfp-ºn-bXpw ]mf-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ \n∂v apdn-
s™mgpIp∂Xpw sXfn™ IÆm-Sn-t]mse Xnf-ßp-∂-Xp-amb shffw Zml-hn-h-i-\mbn `n£p
\ońb Xmc-°p-ºnƒt]m-cp-ff ssII-fn-te°v Ahƒ Aev]-sam∂v hf™v Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.
]pW-yi
- men\n .................................................... am‰p-∂p-ap-≠mhmw
kpIr-Xl
- mcw = ]pW-y-ame in£n-X¿ = ]cn-io-en-∏nbv°s∏´-h¿
in£n-Xm-fl-\n¿∆m-W¿ = Afl-\n¿∆m-Ww (A-h-\-hs‚ tamt£m-]m-bw) ioen-®-h¿
A{K-y≥ = apº≥ Z£w = ka¿∞w
Ihn-bpsS A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-amWv Cu hcn-Iƒ A√tbm `mK-y-h-Xo, \o Ct∏mƒ Hgn-®p-

sIm-Sp-°p∂ shf-f-Øns‚ Htcm-Xp-f-fnbpw Af-h‰ `mK-yw-sIm≠p e`n® apØp-am-e-Iƒ
(sh-ff- Ø
- p-ffn = apØv) \ns‚ Df-fnse Bflmhn¬ Nm¿Øp-∂p-≠m-hmw. (am-eb - n-S¬ ˛ hnhm-l-
{]-Xo-£) hy-‡n-I-fpsS tam£-{]m-]vXn-bv°p-ff am¿§-ß-sf-∏‰n \∂mbn A`-y-kn® Cu `n£p
Bcm-sW∂v Ipó \o Adn-bp-∂n-√. Btcbpw c£n-°m≥ Ign-hp-ff At±-lØ - ns‚ A\p-{Klw
Hcp ]t£ \ns∂ as‰m-cm-fm-°n-tb-bv°mw. (B-\µ - `- n£p Chƒ°v tam£w sImSp-°m≥ Ign-hp-
ff Bfm-Wv. X¬°mew At±-l-Øns‚ `¿i\w Xs∂ Ahƒ°v tam£w. Ahsf k\-ym-k-
Øn-eqsS tam£-Øn-se-Øn-b° v p-∂X- n\pw Imc-W°
- m-c≥ B\-µ`- n£p Xs∂. `n£p tamt£m]mb-
Øn¬ {]tX-yI ]cn-ioe\w t\Snb alm-∑m-hm-W-t√m. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kmZw amXw-Knsb

thsdm-cm-fm-°p-∂p. shffw tImcm≥h-cp∂ amXw-Knb√ Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip∂ amXwKn. {]W-bh - n-h-
i-bmb Ahƒ alm-X-]-kzn-\n-bmbn amdp-∂Xpw `n£p-hns‚ kzm-[o\w sIm≠m-Wv. IYm-]-cn-
Wm-at- Øbpw kqNn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. _mte F∂ kwt_m[\-bnse "_p≤n-bp-db - v°m-Øh- tf" F∂
[z-\n-IqSn {i≤n-bv°Ww).
ARvPen X∂n¬ ................................................................. hne-°p∂p
ARvPen = Iq∏pssI (A-ßs\ ]nSn® ssI°p-ºnƒ) IRvPw = Xmac
hmcn-X≥]qcw = shffw ]mh\w = ]cn-ip≤w Babw = Zp:Jw
Iq∏p-ssI-t]mse ]nSn® ssI°p-ºn-fn¬ Xs‚ apJ-am-Ip-∂-Xm-a-csb tN¿Øp-sh®v B

`n£p Ip\n™p \n∂p. AXn¬ hogp∂ shf-fn-°º - n-t]m-se-bp-ff sXfn-sh-ffw At±lw B¿Øn-
tbmsS ISn-®p. AXv Xs‚ ]cn-ip-≤-amb `mhn-hn-⁄m-\-[m-c-bm-sW-∂-t]m-se-bmWv At±lw
Bk-z-Zn-®-Xv. B alms‚ kwXr]vXn I≠v amXwKn tcmam-©-a-Wn™p \n∂p. £oWw-am-dn;
shf-fw-aXn˛F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ At±lw CS-XpssI sIm≠p BKyw ImW-n®p.
kmZw-Xo¿∂v ................................................................................................. Rm≥ t]mIp-∂p.

kmZw = £oWw tamZ-am\w = kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂
]£-vafw = Ca-tcmaw \n¿∆m-W-\n[n = tam£-am-Ip∂ \n[n
Kp¿∆-[o-i≥ = Kpcphpw F√m-‰n\pw DS-a-ÿ-\pamb
]q¿-∆-N-{µ≥ = shfp-Ø-hm-hn≥ \mfsØ (]q¿Æ) N{µ≥
£oWw-amdn knc-I-sf√mw Dt∑-jm-h-ÿ-bn¬ FØnb Ejn \nh¿∂p-\n∂v IS-bv°¬

t\cn-bN
- p-h∂ Ca-Xq¿°v \o≠ IÆp-Iƒ sIm≠p \µn kqNn-∏n®v X\nbv°p]Imcw sNbvX B
kpµ-cn-tbmSp ]d-™p. ""temI-Øn¬ tam£-Im-cWw Is≠-Øn-b-h\pw F√m P\-ßƒ°pw
Bcm-≤y- \pw Zbm-ab
- \
- pw, Kpcphpw F√m‰nt‚bpw \mY-\p-amb {io_p-≤≥ kpµ-co, \ns∂ A\p-
{K-ln°pw. Rm\n-t∏mƒ t]mI-t´.
F∂p ho≠pw .................................................................... amc-Pn-sØ-∂t- ]m¬

Cßs\ ]d™v im¥\pw sKuch-{]-Ir-Xn-°m-c\pw Bb B _p≤-`n£p B B¬Np-h-
ń-te°v sN∂v BX-We - n¬ t\csØ ]d™ ÿm\Øv Ccp∂p. kmh-[m-\Ø - n¬ Im´-cp-hn-bn¬
sN∂v Zmlw am‰n-b-tijw Xs‚ Kpl-bn-te°v aS-ßn-h∂ knwl-sØ-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-
lw. ]ns∂ hgn-bmw-hÆw tbmKm-k\ - Ø - n¬ Ccp∂v At±lw [ym-\Ø - n¬ apgp-In. ^¬Kp \Zo-
Xo-cØ- p-ff Ac-bm¬®p-h´- n¬ Xs‚ Kpcp-hmb amc-PnØv (Im-at- Z-hs\ Pbn-®h - ≥, _p≤≥) Ccn-
bv°p∂ t]mse-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.
X≥Ip-Shpw .............................................................................................. at\m-lcn
Xs‚ IpS-Øn¬ shffw \nd®v AXns‚ h°p-Xp-S®v hrØn-bm°n B kpµcn am‰n-sh-®p.
]ns∂ \of-ap-ff Ibdv Npcpń ]mf-bn¬ HXp-°n-sh®p Ahƒ Xncn-®p-t]m-Im≥ XpS-ßn-sb-¶nepw
AXn\p Ign-bmsX Ahn-sS-Øs∂ ]cp-ßn-\n-∂p. (_p-≤`- n-£p-hns‚ kmao-]yw \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂X
- n-
√p-ff hnj-aw) k‘-ym-Im-iØ
- n¬ \n∂v AS¿∂p hoW Hcp Xp≠p-t]mse at\m-lc - a
- mbn ]qØp-
e™p \n¬°p∂ Hcp ]qa-c-Øns‚ Nph-ń¬ B kpµcn \n∂p. (A-\p-cm-Km¿-{-Z-bmb amXw-Kn-
bpsS kzbw ad-∂p-ff \n¬∏v)
Nmcp-t\{X .................................................................................-sX-√nS kpµcn
Nmcp-t\{X = at\m-lc - a
- mb ItÆm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bh
- ƒ
Icpw Xmcn-W-ame = IdpØ c≠p ]q°ƒ sIm≠p-ff ame
tamLw = \njvêw
amc-ZqXn = Ima-tZ-hs‚ ktµiw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-hƒ
B ssa°Æn CS-wtXm-fp-sIm≠v CS-Øp-`mKw B hmI-a-c-Øn¬ Nmcnbpw sNcn™pff

t\m´-am-Ip∂ c≠p \oe-∏q-°ƒ sIm≠v `n£p-hn-\mbn ame-Iƒ \njvê- a
- mbn D≠m-°nbpw `qan-
bn¬ Hcp Im¬am{Xw Dd-∏n®p sh®v Ima-tZ-hs‚ ZqXn-sb-s∏mse \n∂p.
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (50/100 hm°n¬)
1) ""B at\m-lc
- n-bº
- c
- t- ∂m-Xn-\mƒ"" ˛ BXmWv B at\m-lc
- n? Aº-c°
- m≥ Imc-Ws
- a¥v?
2) NWvUm-en- `n-£p-hn-t\mSv ]d™ adp-]S- n-sb-gp-XpI
3) ""X\-zn-bm-W-hƒ I√-√n-cp-º√"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-XpI
4) _p≤-`n-£p-hn\v amXwKn Pew Hgn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ hmMva-b-Nn{Xw hnh-cn-°p-I.
5) ""c£m-Z£
- amw X¬{]-kmZw \ns∂
∏t£ thdm-fmbv am‰p-∂p-ap-≠mhmw"" Cu hcn-I-fnse A¿∞-X-e-ßƒ Ipdn-bv°p-I.
6) ""aµpw Im´p-ds
- hØn Zmlw Xo¿Øp
Iµ-cw- ]qIpw tIk-cn-t]m-eh
- ≥"" kµ¿`hpw kmc-ky- hpw hy-‡a
- m-°pI
7) ""t]mIp-hm-t\m-ßn-sb-¶nepw s]Ïn-Sm˛
hmIm-™s - ßm-é- k
- b
- mbv Np‰n-\mƒ"" Bcv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
8) ]mcn-sem-‰°- m-cq∂n \ne-sIm-≠mƒ

amc-Zq-Xn-t]m¬ sX√nS kpµcn"" B \n¬∏ns‚ `wKn hnh-cn-°p-I.
1) B\- µ - ` n- £ p- h ns‚ {]Y- a - Z ¿i\w amXw- K n- b n¬ D≠m- ° nb A\p- ` qXn hntijw

hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-I.
2) kw`-h-ß-tfbpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-tfbpw HuNn-X-y-]q¿Æ-ambn hn\-y-kn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬

Ipam- c - \ m- i m- \ p- f f sshZ- K v Z yw NWv U m- e - ` n- £ p- I n- b nse ]T- n ® `mK- ß sf
ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏-SpØn A]-{K-Yn-°p-I.
aetI-d¬
Df-fq¿
Df-fq¿ Fkv. ]c-ta-i-z-c-ø¿ (1877-˛1949)

ae-bmf`mjbv°pw kmln-Xy- Ø - n\pw al-Ømb kw`m-h\ - I
- ƒ \¬Inb alm-Ihn Df-fq¿
Fkv. ]c-ta-iz- c
- ø
- ¿1877-˛¬ P\n-®p. ÿntcm-’m-ln-bm-bn-cp∂ At±lw Pohn-Xt- ¢-iß
- sf hI-
h-bv°msX ]Tn®v 26-˛mw hb- n¬ _n.-F¬. ]co-£bpw XpS¿∂v Fw.F ]co-£bpw ]m m-bn.
Ffn-b-\n-e-bn¬ HutZ-ym-KnI Pohn-X-am-cw-`n® At±lw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m¿k¿∆o-kn¬
sk{I-´-dn, No^v sk{I-´-dn, Znhm≥ t]jvIm¿ apX-embn `mcn® DØ-c-hm-Zn-X-z-ap-ff ]e
]Z-hn-Ifpwhln-®p. 1949 Pq¨ 15\v A¥-cn-®p.
Xnc-°p-]n-Sn® HutZ-ym-KnI tPmen-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw alm-Ihn kmln-X-y-Øns‚ hnhn-[-

im-J-I-fn¬s∏-Sp∂ [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®p. ae-bm-f-Øn\p ]pdsI Cw•o-jnepw kwkvIr-X-
Ønepw At±lw {KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v. Pohn-X-Øncpw kmln-X-y-cw-KØpw am‰-an-√mØ
IrX-y\- n-jvT, Aan-Xm-≤z- m-\i
- o-ew, ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-kß- f
- n-ep-ff A]m-ca - mb ]mWvUn-Xy- w, A\-\y- -
km-[m-cW- a - mb Hm¿Ω-i‡n CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ PohnX hnP-bØ - n\v klm-b-
I-ambn `hn® kn≤n-Iƒ. ]Xn-Ωq-∂mw-hb -
- n¬ At±lw Ihn-Xs - b-gp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn. Dam-tI-cfw
(a-lm-Im-hy- w) kpPm-tXm-Zz- m-lw(-Nº- p), I¿Æ-Zq-jW- w, ]nMvKf - , Nn{X-im-e, `‡n-Zo-]n-I, anY-ym-]-
hm-Zw, (J-WvU-Im-h-y-ßƒ) Inc-Wm-h-en, Xmc-lmcw, Xcw-Kn-Wn, aWn-a-RvPp-j, lrZ-b-sIuapZn,
cXv\-am-e, Aar-X-[m-c, Iev]-imJn (Im-h-n-Xm-kamlmcßƒ) XpS-ß-b-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚
{][m\ ]Z-y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ `mjm-N-ºp-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff Hcp ]T\w hn⁄m-\-Zo-]nI \mep-`m-K-ßƒ,
tIc-f km-ln-X-y-N-cn{Xw Ggp-`m-K-ßƒ F∂nh At±-l-Øns‚ {][m\ KZ-y-Ir-Xn-Ifp-amWv.
ae-tI-d¬ ˛ Df-f-S-°-Øn-eqsS
ae-I-b‰w Hcp {]Xo-I-am-Wv. t¢i-ß-tfbpw XS- -ß-tfbpw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v cmjv{S-
]p-tcm-KX- nbv°pw kap-Zm-b] - p-tcm-KX- nbv°pw th≠n-bp-ff Bl-zm-\a - m-Wn-Xv. h¿Æ-h¿§ kap-Zm-
b-t`-Zß
- ƒs°-Xn-cmbn kvt\l-Øns‚bpw sFI-yØ - nt‚bpw al-Xzw DZvtLm-jn-bv°p∂ Hcp-`m-
h-Km-\a- m-Wn-Xv. cmjv{S-]p-tcm-KX - nbv°v kz-X{- ¥-`m-cX- Ø
- nse ]uc-∑m-cpsS Npa-Xe- sb kzm-X{- ¥-e-
_v[n-bpsS ]›m-X-e-Øn¬ Df-fq¿ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂p.
Db-cp-hn≥thKw ...................................................................................-ap-db
- v°p-t]mI \mw.
thKw Db¿∂p-hc - p-hn≥. ae-Ib

- d- p-hn≥. Aßs\ hn[n-bpsS Xocp-am-\sØ \ap°v Xncp-
Øn-°p-dn-bv°mw. ]d-∂p-b-cp-hm≥ Nne-In-√m-Ø-h-cmWv \mw. \sΩ ]nSn®p Ib-‰p-hm≥
Bcp-an-√. ih-°p-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hfsc Znh-k-ßƒsIm≠v C{X-tØmfw kzbw Cg™p Ib-
dnbhcmWv \Ωƒ. (A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff tamN-\-amhmw Dt±-in-bv°p-∂-Xv) I√p-I-fn¬
Xń-Ø-S-™mepw apf-fn≥ ap\-bn¬ Xń apdn-™mepw \ΩpsS Imep-Iƒ C\nbpw Db-c-s´.
\ap-°p-th≠n Bcpw ]q°ƒ hncn® hgn Xpd-∂p-sh®v ImØn-cn-bv°p-∂n√. \ap°v ]pcp-jm¿∞w
t\Sm≥ apt∂m´v t]mtb-]-‰q. (]p-cp-jm¿∞w ˛ [¿Ωw, A¿∞w, Imaw tam£w F∂ \mep
Pohn-X-e-£-y-ßƒ) AXp-sIm-≠v {Ia-Øn¬ apt∂m´p t]mIpI Xs∂.
X]- p-sN-bvthm¿°p.........................................................-A`- o-jvSe
- £
- y- Ø
- n¬
hn_p-[¿ = tZh-∑m¿ D®-ÿ¿= Db¿∂-]-Z-hn-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-h¿
henb Iiykn-≤nbv°p th≠n ITn-\-ambn X]- p-sN-øp-∂-h¿°v ]e-Xcw apS°ßƒ
D≠m-°p-hm≥ kz-¿§-ÿ-cmb tZh-∑m¿ Ft∏mgmw D’mlw ImWn-°p-∂p. (a-\p-j-y¿ X] p
sNøp-tºmƒ tZh∑m¿ AXn\v hnLv\-ßƒ D≠m-°nb ]e-I-Y-Ifpw ]pcm-W-ß-fn-ep-≠v.
hni-zm-an-{Xs‚, \c-\m-cm-bW - ≥am-cp-sS, A¿÷p-\s‚sbms° X] v DZm-lc - W
- w) ("X-Sÿw" sX‰v
"XS w" BWv- icn. XSÿw = XS-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂X - v˛- a
- ≤
- y- m-h¿Øn F∂¿∞w) Aa-rXw a‰mcpw
Ain-°c - pXv (`-£n-°c
- p-Xv) F∂v ka-Za - mb ((-aZ- t- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b) a\- n¬ Ft∏mgpw hnNm-cn-bv°p-
∂-h-cmWv tZh-∑m¿. Ah-cm-Is´ kz¥w Xm¬]-c-y-ßƒ kwc-£n-bv°p-hm≥ ]e-X-c-Øn-ep-ff
sImXn-∏n-°en-eqsS al¿jnamsc-t∏mepw BI¿jn-bv°p∂p. Ah¿ \ap-s°-s¥-¶nepw klmbw
sNøp-sa∂p {]Xo-£n-bvt°-≠X - n√. Ah¿°p klmbw Ah¿. \ap°p \Ω-fpw. AXp-sIm≠v
Imep-Iƒ CS-dmsX \nc-sX‰nbv°msX, Bcp-sS-ap-ºnepw tXm‰p-sIm-Sp-°msX, \ΩpsS ssII-fnse
sImSn-Iƒ hogmsX F√m-hcpw ssIIƒ ]c-kv]cw tIm¿Øp-]n-Sn®p, Htc kz-cØ - n¬ Pb-tIm-em-
lew Iqńbpw ap∂n¬ hcp∂ \qdp-I-W-°n-ep-ff apS-°-ßsf ]Xn-cp-t]mse Zqtcbv°v DuXn-∏-
d-Ønbpw \ap°v AWn-b-Wn-bmbn apt∂m-°p-t]m-Imw, \Ωƒ B{Kln-°p∂ e£-y-ÿm-\Øp
thK-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cmw.
Ccn-°epw acn-®m-epw.......................................................-Zi
- m-hn-]c
- y- bw?
Pohn-®mepw acn-®mepw Xc-t°-Sn-√. ssIøq-°p-ff - h

- \v F∂pw B{K-ln-®s - X√mw t\Sm≥
Ign-bpw. `bw F∂ ZpjvSi - ‡
- nsb \Ωƒ Xs∂ D≠m-°n-bX - m-Wv. \ap°v Xs∂ AXns\ C√m-
Xm-°mw. Htc AΩ-bpsS a°-fmbn P\n® \Ωƒ XΩn¬Ø√n \in-bv°p-∂p-h-t√m. ]e Xc-
Øn¬ sIme-bpw, sImf-fbpw sImf-fn-sh∏pw \Ωƒ \S-Øp-∂p. CXn-\p-th-≠n-bmtWm \mw
kzm-X-{¥yw t\Sn-b-Xv. B Aar-Xns\ Cßs\ Kcfw (hn-jw) B°-tWm. bp≤-s°m-Sp-¶m-
‰n¬s]´v N∏n-e-t]mse \mw ho≠pw Xmtgm-´p-ho-gp-I-bmtWm? CXv GXv Cui-z-c-\mWv
CjvS-am-hpI? i{Xp-°sfb-√msX CXmsc kt¥m-jn-∏n-°pw. CsX-s¥mcp {`m¥m-Wv.
CsX-s¥mcp A[:-]X - \
- a
- m-Wv. XmtWm `mc-X`- q-an-bpsS Ah-ÿm-t`Zw?
DZb ssie-Øn¬...............................................................-a\
- p-jy- \
- m-Z¿iw
AXm DZ-b-]¿∆-X-Øns‚ apI-fn¬\n∂v _me-kq-c-y≥ kz¿Æ-ag s]øn-°p-∂p. \n m-c-
amb ]p√p-I-fpsS IÆo¿ (sN-S-n-bn¬ {]`m-XØn¬ Xqßn \n¬°p∂ Pe-I-Wn-I-Iƒ) kz-¥w--
ssI-Is - f-s°m≠v XpS-®p-am‰p∂p (I-cw-˛s
- sI, civan) kqc-y≥ DZn-®p-bc
- p-tºmƒ ]p¬s®-Sn-If- nse
Pe-Øp-f-fn-Iƒ h‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂p) \n m-c-amb ]pgp-°ƒ°p-t]mepw kqc-y≥ Dt∑jw \¬Ip-∂p.
""Ccp-ńs\ Zqc-tØbv°v HmSn®p Cfw-°m-‰p-sIm≠v ]qaWw ]c-Ønbpw C∂se ISen¬ NmSnb
(A-kvXa - n-®) Rm\nXm ho≠pw BImƒØn-tebv°v ]d∂pI-bd- p-∂p. th≠Xpw th≠m-ØXpw
Xncn-®d- n-be - m-Ip∂ hnf-°ns‚ {]`-sIm≠v F\n°v icn-bmb hgn-Im-ń-Øc - p-∂X
- n-\m¬ IS¬Øn-
c-Iƒ I≠v Rm≥ Iqkn-bn-√. IS-en¬sh®v a’-y-ß-fpsS Cc-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-an√. Rm≥
IS¬Ø-ń¬ \n∂v hne-tb-dnb apØpw ]hn-ghpw tiJ-cn-°m≥ an\-s°-ń-√. ASp-Øp-ff Z-zo-
]n¬ Ib-dn-°n-S-°m≥ t]mbn-√. F\n°v Fs‚ e£-y-Øn-se-Ø-Ww. Cu H‰ Hm¿ΩsIm≠v
Rm\nXm ChnsS FØn."" Cßs\ Hmtcmtcm ]£n-I-sf-s°m≠p shdpsX (hn-X-Yw) kz¥w
IY-]m-Sn®p C\≥ (kq-c-y≥) AXm ap∂n¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂p. kzbw ]c-ym-]vX-\mb a\p-j-y\v
BZ¿iw {][m-\a - m-Wv.
£nXn-bn-se..........................................................................-\S- p-ßpw-ssZ-hhpw
Cu `qan-bn-em-sI-bp-ff Ccp´v \ΩpsS lrZ-ba- m-Ip∂ Kpl-bv°p-ff- n¬ Ib-dn-∏‰- n-°g- n-™p.

A\-ys\ shń-ho-gØ v p∂ hmƒ A¶-°e - n-sIm≠v AXn-\p-tijw Xncn-™p-h∂v \tΩbpw Acn™p
hogv Ø p- I - b nt√? Ign- ™ p- t ]mb NoØ- ° m- c - y ßsf√mw \ap°p ad- ° mw. \ΩpsS
AI-Øf - ß- ƒ Xpd-∂p-sh-b°v mw. Im‰pw shfn-®hpw AI-tØbv°p Ibdt´. Htc e£-yt- ØmsS
\ap°p apt∂m´p \oßmw. At\-ym-\y- k - vt\lw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°mw. \ΩpsS `mcw a‰p-ff - h
- c- psS
Xe-bn¬ sIń-sh-bv°msX H∂n-®p-\n¬t°-≠-hsc i{Xp-°-fm-°msX \Ωƒ°mWv `qcn-]£w
F∂v Du‰w sImf-fm-sX, XmW \ne-bn¬ Ign-bp-∂-hsc ]p—n®p Xf-fm-sX, apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂-
h¿°v ]md-°-√p-Iƒ ]q°-fm-Ipw. Ccp´phn-f-°m-Ipw. L\w (ta-Lw) DUp (\-£-{Xw)hmIpw
Ccp-´p-]c
- Ø- p-∂Xv shfn®w Xcp-∂X - mIpw. Bfl-hoc-yØ - n¬ Bfl-hn-iz- m-ka- p-ff
- h
- scI°-≠m¬
FXn-cmbn \n¬∂p∂ hn[n-t]mepw ]X-dpw.
hrØw ˛ A∂-\S
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ
1) ""X] p sNtbzm¿°p XS- -ap-≠m-°m≥

hn_p-[c-- p-®∞
- ¿IqXp-In-Is
- f∂pw"" Bibw hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-I.
2) ""]c-s\-sh-´pw-hmƒ Ien-sIm-≠∏
- pdw
Xncn-™p-\-tΩ-bp-a-cn-™p-X-f-fnt√"" Bibw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
3) "X\-Xp-ho-cy- Ø
- n¬ hni-¶t- Xm-∂mØ
P\-X-sb-°-≠m¬ \Spßpw ssZhhpw" Bibw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
1) Df-fq-cns‚ ]£-Øn¬ F¥mWv bYm¿∞-]p-tcm-KXn?

2) ae-tI-d¬ F∂ IhnX DZvt_m-[n-∏n-bv°p-∂s
- \¥v?
Hcp tXmWnbm{X
hf-f-tØmƒ
alm-Ihn hf-f-tØmƒ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ (1878-˛1958)
hmKvtZ-h-X-bpsS ]pcpjm-h-Xm-c-sa∂v Ipń-°r-jvW-am-cm¿ hnti-jn-∏n® alm-Ihn

hf-f-tØm-fns‚ Xd-hmSv Xncq-cn-\-Sp-Øp-ff awKew {Kma-Øn-em-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ÿnc-Xm-akw
{][m-\-ambpw sjm¿Wq-cn-\-Sp-Øp-ff sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-Xhpw Bbq¿th-Z-
hp-amWv ]Tn-®X- v. ]{X-am-kn-II
- ƒ hgn ImenI s]mXp-hn-⁄m-\ß - ƒ t\Sn. Cw•o-jp-]c
- n-⁄m\w
IjvSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
kwkvIr-X-]m-c-º-cyw hgn \ntbm-¢m-kn°v {]h-W-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Imh-y-c-N\

Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw Ime-Øns‚ cpNn-t`-Z-a-dn™v Imev]-\n-I-Nm-cp-Xsb Xs‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬
Bhm-ln-bv°m≥ ]n¬°m-eØv At±-lØ - n\p {]bm-ka - p-≠m-bn-√. \ntbm-¢m-knIv ssien-bn¬
FgpXnb kvtXm{X-ß-fpw, irwKm-c-t«m-I-ßfpw (hn-em-k-e-Xn-I, {Kma-ku-`m-K-yw) Nn{X-tbmKw
alm-Im-h-y-hpamWv BZ-y-L-´-Ønse IrXn-Iƒ c≠mw-L-´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ _‘-\-ÿ-\mb
A\n-cp-≤≥, inj-y\pw aI\pw, A—\pw aI-fpw, sIm®p-ko-X, aKvZe - \
- a- d- nbw F∂n-hb - psS cN-\-
bn-emWv hf-ft- Ømƒ°-hn-Xb - psS hy-‡n-ap-{Z-Iƒ ]Xn-™X - v. F∂m¬ ka-Ime kmaq-ly cmjv{So-
bm-\p-`-h-ßsf hnj-b-am-°n-bp-ff eLp-I-hn-X-I-fmWv hf-f-tØm-fns‚ G‰hpw D÷-z-e-amb
IrXn-Iƒ. Ah-bmWv kmln-Xy- a - R
- vPcn ]c-ºc - I
- f- n¬ kam-lc - n®n´pf-fX - v. JWvUIhnX-If - n¬
NneXpw kmln-Xy- a - R
- vPc
- n-bnse GXm\pw Ihn-If - p-amWv hf-ft- Øm-fns\ ae-bm-fØ - ns‚ alm-I-
hn-bm-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw X¿÷-a-km-ln-X-y-Øn\p \¬Inb kw`m-h-\Ifpw Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-ß-
fm-Wv. hmevaoIn cmam-bWw X¿÷a sNbvXX - ns‚ t]cn¬ At±-lsØ tIc-fh - m-evaoIn F∂p
hnfn-bv°m-dp-≠v. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ EtK-zZ- h - pw ]q¿Æ-ambn hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. IqSmsX
`mkt‚bpw Imfn-Zm-kt‚bpw Nne \mS-Iß - fpw {][m-\s - ∏´ ]pcm-Wß - fpw ]cn-`m-js - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v. \mS-Io-b-amb BJ-ym-\-kw-hn-[m-\w, t\cn-´p-Im-Wp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp-ff h¿Æ-\-Iƒ, anX-
amb \¿Ω-t_m-[w, AXn-kp-`K - a
- mb cN-\m-Kp-Ww, CXn-hr-Øhpw IYm-]m-{X-ßf - p-am-bp-ff X∑-bo-
`m-hw, Hcn-bv°epw hn´p-am-dmØ Pohn-Xc - oXn F∂n-hb - mWv hf-ft- Ømƒ°hn-Xb - p-aS kz-Xz- L- S- -
I-ßƒ. ka-Im-en-I-I-hn-Iƒ kwkvIr-X-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ am{Xw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂ A°m-eØv {Zmhn-
U-hr-Øß - f
- psS i‡nbpw kuµ-cy- hpw {]tbm-Kn-®p-Im-Wn® Ct±lw C°m-cy- Ø - n¬ Xp©-sØ-
gp-Ø®- s‚ bYm¿∞ ]n≥Km-an-bm-W.v hf-ft- Ømƒ°-hn-Xb - nse tZio-b{- ]-ÿm-\m-th-ihpw ssNX-
\-yhpw FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xp≠v ]n¬°m-e-I-hn-Iƒ°pw hf-f-tØmƒ Hcp amXr-I-bm-bn-´p-≠v.
tZio-bh - o-£W- Ø- ns‚ `mK-ambn \ΩpsS ]mc-ºc - y- I
- e- I
- f - psS kam-≤c - W- Ø - n-\p-th≠n At±-l-
Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz- Ø - n¬ D≠mb alm-ÿm-]\ - a
- mWv tIc-fI - e- m-aW- vUe - w.
kmln-X-y-a-RvPcn
Xp©sØ-gp-Ø-—-\p-tijw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬ ]ptcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-hpw Zqc-h-ym-]-I-hp-amb
]cn-h¿Ø-\Ø- n\p t\Xr-Xzw sImSpØ B[p-\n-II - hn alm-Ihn hf-ft- Øm-fm-Wv. Xm≥ Pohn®
Ime-tØmSv G‰hpw i‡n-bmbn {]Xn-Ic
- n® Ihn-bm-Wt- ±-lw. `mc-XØ
- n¬ kzm-X¥- y- k
- a
- cw sImSp-
ºn-cn-s°m≠ Ime-amWv hf-f-tØm-fns‚ kmln-X-y-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønse AXn-{]-[m-\-L-´w.
AXn-\m¬ \mń¬ Xnc-bS- n-bv°p∂ \thm-∞m-\{- ]-hm-lt- Øbpw km[m-cW - P
- \- ß- f - psS Bi-bm-
`n-em-jß- t- fbpw kz¥w Ihn-Xb - n¬ At±lw {]Xn-ê - n-∏n®p. efn-Xhpw kpµ-ch - p-amb AØcw
Ihn-XI - f
- psS kam-lm-ca- mWv kmln-Xy- a- R
- vPc
- n-Iƒ. {]I-cW - i- p≤n XnI-™h - b- mWv B Imh-yX - -
√-Pß- ƒ. kmln-Xy- Ø - nse i_vZw, A¿∞w, Bi-bw, Ae-¶m-cw, cN-\m-co-Xn, `mhw XpS-ßn-bh - -
sb√mw Imh-yk - µ
- ¿`-Øn-t\mSv G‰hpw CW-ßn-\n¬°p∂ coXn-bv°mWv At±lw {]I-cW - i- p≤n
F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. kmln-X-y-a-RvP-cn-bnse {][m-\-I-hnXI-sf√mw `mh-Ko-X-ß-fm-Wv.
I¿Ø-r-\n-jvThpw ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-™-Xpw, hnIm-c{][m-\-hp-amb Ihn-X-I-fmWv `mh-Km-\-
ßƒ(lyrics). Imev]\nI {]ÿm-\Ø - n¬s∏-Sp-∂h - b- mWv `mh-Km\w. KoX-Iw, hnem-]I - m-hy- w,
kzm-KXm-Jy- m\w F∂n-hbpw `mh-Km-\ß - ƒ Xs∂. Npcp-ßnb hcn-If - n¬ HXp°n Hcp-hk - vXpthm,
kw`-htam Bi-btam Ihn-lr-Zb - Ø
- n¬ D≠m-°nb A\p-`q-Xnsb AtX-]Sn Bk-zm-ZI - \
- n-tebv°p
kw{I-an-∏n-bv°p-∂X - mWv AXns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\m¬ ]Z-_‘ - Ø- n-epw, h¿Æ-\I - f
- n-epw, D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂ hrØ-ß-fnepw, kq£vaX ]men-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hf-f-tØm-fns‚ `mhm-\-ßƒ A{X
sNdp-X√ Fs∂mcp {]tX-y-I-X-tb-bp-f-fq. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ `mh-Km-\-{]-ÿm\w thcp-d-bv°p-∂Xv
hf-f-tØm-fns‚ Ime-Øm-Wv. Xs‚ Np‰p]mSpw ImWp∂ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ, hy-‡n-]-c-amb
A\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ, ]pcm-Wß - f - n¬ \n∂pw CXn-lm-kß - f
- ¬ \n∂pw Xnc-s™-SpØ Nne kµ¿`-ßƒ,
Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ßƒ, A‘-hn-i-zm-k-ßƒ, A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ XpS-ßnb F√m hnj-b-ßfpw At±-l-
Øns‚ `mh-Km-\-ß-fn¬ \nd-™p-\n-∂p. Ah A°m-eØv XnI®pw ]pXp-a-bp-f-f-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
`mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-ß-tfmSpw `mc-X-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-]m-c-º-c-y-tØmSpw hf-f-tØm-fn-\p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv A‘hpw k¶p-Nn-X-hp-amb A`n-\n-th-i-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ahsb Nq≠n-°mń
h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ Pm{K-Øm-°m\pw I¿tΩm-∑p-J-am-°m-\p-amWv At±lw {ian-®-Xv, A√msX
AXns‚ Be-k-y-Øn¬ ab-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. alm-fl-Km-‘n-Pn-b-S-°-ap-ff tZiob t\Xm-°-
∑m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ Imh-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ IW-°‰ kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn. AXn-\m¬ ]ucm-Wn-
Itam, Ncn-{X-]-c-tam, Iev]n-Xtam Bb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®m-cw-`n-®mepw At±-l-Øns‚ IhnX
tZim-`n-am-\Ø
- nepw kzm-X{- ¥y XrjvWb- n-ep-amWv Ah-km-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv. Hcp tXmWn-bm-{Xbpw B
C\-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.
Hcn tXmWn-bm-{X-bn-eqsS
almIhn hf-f-tØm-fns‚ i‡hpw at\m-l-c-hp-amb Hcp eLp-Im-h-y-am-Wv Hcp tXmWn-
bm-{X. tIc-fØ
- n¬ Hcp-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A\m-Nm-cß
- ƒ°pw A[:-IrX kwkv°m-cØ - n\pw
FXn-cmbn i_vZa - p-≠m-°pIbpw tZio-bt- _m-[sØ DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂X - mWv Cu Ihn-X.
1) kv^pcnbv°pw = Cf-Ip∂ kcnØv = ]pg
k‘-ya- b
- ß
- m-dm-bn. cm{Xn-bm-{X-°m¿°v InS-°m-\p-ff Ffn-bt- Xm-Xn-ep-ff saØ hncn-®n-
´p-ff
- X
- pw, Rm≥ Ib-dn-bX- p-amb B tXmWn Xpf-fn-°f- n-b°
v p∂ Hmf-ßs - f apdn-®p-sIm≠v apt∂m´p
\oßm≥ XpS-ßn.
2) kn‘p = ]pg
Cu ]pg-bn-eqsS Ccp-ń¬ Atßm-´p-an-tßm´pw \oßp∂ h©n-Is - f-t∏mse Fs‚ a\- n-

eqsS ]e-Xc
- Ø
- n-ep-ff Ah-y‡
- N- n-¥I
- ƒ h∂p-t]m-bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.
3) Xc-Wn-h{Pw = tXmWn-I-fpsS Iq´w AkwKw = \n¿∆n-Imcw
Xs‚ Ifn-ÿew (P-e-∏c∏v) tXmWn-°q-´-ßƒ sIm≠p \nd-™mepw hntcm-[-an-√. Htcm-
‰-tØm-Wnbpw C√msX Hgn™p InS-∂mepw kmc-an-√. Bc-≠-h-ÿ-tbbpw {i≤n-bv°msX
H∂nepw Xm¬∏-c-y-an-√m-Ø-a-ń¬ B \Zn im¥-ambn Hgp-Ip-∂p.
4) k∂mln = Hcpßn∏p-d-s∏-´, B—m-ZnXw = ad-bv°-s∏-´Xv

k∂m`w = aßnb shfn-®-ap-ff
Iev]n®p Iqńb Hcp-ßn-∏p-d-s∏´v AhnsS Ib-dn-∏-‰nb Ccp-´m-Is´ temIsØ apgp-h≥
aqSn. t\cnb shfn®w am{X-ap-ff kz¥w hnf-°p-I-fp-ambn an∂m-an-\p-ßp-Iƒ bm{X XpS-ßn.
5) XSw = ]pg-h°v Xma- -aqlw = Ccp-ńs‚ Iq´w

Bk-∂N - t- {µm-Zb
- `- oXn = ASp-Øp-≠m-hm≥ t]mIp∂ N{µs‚ DZ-bØ - n¬ \n∂p-ff `bw
A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp∂ Nt{µm-Zb - sØ t]Sn-®n´v ]pg-bn-tebv°v NmSm≥
Hcp-ßp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]pg-bpsS h°-Øp-ff s]m¥-°m-Sp-I-fn¬ Ccp-´p-Iq´w IqSn Xg®p \n¬°p-
∂-Xp-Im-Wmw.
(N-t{µ-mZbw = N{µs‚ hnPbw ˛ taml≥Zmkv Icw-N-µvKm-‘n-bpsS hnP-bw)
6) ]q¿∆-Zn-im-k-c v = Ings° Zn°m-Ip∂ s]mbvI

Aev]w Ign-™-t∏mƒ shfn®w sXfn-™p-h-cp∂ Ing-°≥ Zn°n¬ ]q¿Æ-amb cm{Xn-
bpsS Nfn-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp shf-f-Øm-ac s]mßn-h-∂p. {Nt{µ-Z-bw-˛-N-fn-bn¬ \nt∂ Xmac hncn-
bq. s]uckvXy cmP-y-ß-fn¬ C¥-y-bpsS Xnf-°w).
7) _nw_-\-ssI-Xhw = {]Xn-_nw-_n-bv°p-I-bmWv F∂ hym-tP\

h¿≤n® tim`-tbmsS DZn-®p-b¿∂ N{µ≥ ]pg-bn¬ {]Xn-_nw-_n-bv°p-Ib
- mWv F∂ hym-
tP\ \nd-]p-g-bn¬ Ac-b-∂-ßƒ \o¥n-°-fn®p (A-c-b-∂-ß-sf-t∏mse N{µ-_nw_w ]pg-bn¬
\ng-en-®p.)
8) al v = tXP v
IØn-P-z-en-®n-cp∂ tXP v (kq-c-y≥) ad-™p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ (A-kvX-an-®v) Ccp-ń¬ apgp-
Inb temIw {Ia-Øn¬ ]gb {]Xm-]Ø - n-te-bvs°-Øm≥ th≠n {]Im-i] - q¿Æ-amb Hc-hÿ - b- n-
se-Øn. (C-¥-y-bpsS \th-m∞m-\w)
(aq-∂p-ap-X≥ F´p hsc-bp-ff t«mI-ß-fn¬ Ihn-bpsS Ahy‡-amb Nn¥-I-fn-eqsS

C¥-y-mN-cn{X kqN-\)
9) aRvfpfw = at\m-lcw
h©n-bpsS henb Nnd-Imb Xq°n-bn-´] - m-bt- a¬ h∂p apńb at\m-lc - a
- mb i_vZa
- p-≠m-
°p-∂Xpw cm{Xn-bpsS izm-ks
- a∂p tXm∂n-bv°p-∂X - p-amb Cfw-Im‰v IhntbmSv t£am-t\-zj
- W
- -
ßƒ \S-Øp-Ib - mtWm F∂p tXm∂n.
10) am¿§-h-yY = bm{Xm-t¢iw A≥]v = kvt\lw

k®n¬kpJw = tam£-Øn-\p- Xpe-y-amb B\µw
thK-Øn¬ bm{X-£o-Ww-sIm≠v IÆp-Nn-Ωn-°n-S-°p∂ Fs‚ s\‰n-bn¬ hm’-e-y-\n-[n-

bmb Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse ]c-am-\µw Xcp∂ Dd-°-am-Ip∂ tZhX DΩ-sh-®p.
11) aZw-K-tN-jvSm-I-W-ßƒ = Fs‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS Ne-\-ß-fm-Ip∂ \pdp-ßp-Iƒ

Dd-°-amIp∂ tImgn Fs‚ ico-c-N-e-\-am-Ip-∂- Xp≠pIsf sImØn hngp-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-
bv°p-tºmƒ (Rm≥ Dd-°Ø - n¬ \n›-e\
- m-bn-Øp-Sß
- n-bt- ∏mƒ) B h©n Xpg-b¬°mcmb c≠p-
t]- c n¬ Hcm- f psS i_v Z w Atßm- s ´mcp Is√- d n- ™ p. (I- s √- d n- ™ Xn\m¬ sImØn-
s∏dp°nØn∂p∂ tImgn HmSn c£-s∏-´p. Xpg-®n¬°m-cs‚ i_vZw tI´-tXmsS Dd-°-Øp¬
\n∂v sRń-bp-W¿∂v AwK-tN-jvSI - ƒ XpS-ßn).
12) A\p⁄ = Iev]\

Rm\n{Xs]-s´∂v Dd-ßn-t∏m-Ip-sa∂v Icp-Ø-\mb B th´p-h≥ (A-c-b≥) Icp-Xn-bn-´p-
≠m-hn√. Cbmƒ°v cmam-bWw hmbn-°m≥ Fs‚ A\p-hmZw Inń-bn-s√-¶n¬ F¥m-Wmthm
Ipg-∏w.
13) DØ-a-{KŸw (cm-am-b-W)-]m-cm-b-WsØ Rm≥ apS-°n-tb°mw F∂v Ch≥ i¶n-

bv°m≥ Imc-Ws
- a¥v? IjvSn®v hmbn-°m≥ ]Tn-®Xv Xs‚ Al-¶m-ca - mbn ImW-cp-tX-sb-∂m-bn-
cn°mw AXns‚ s]mcpƒ. (Io-gvPm-Xn-°m¿ hnZym-`-ymkw t\Sn-°qSm F∂ A\m-Nm-cw)
14) Cui-¶-bm-Ip∂ \ocmhn I´-]n-Sn®v Fs‚c-≠p-I-Ænepw shffw D≠m°n (\o-cmhn

L\o-`-hn® taL-am-Wt√m ag-s]-øn°p-∂Xv) ""Db¿∂ PmXn-°m¿ IogvPm-Xn-°m-tcmSv ImW-
n°p∂ Imcp-Wyw tIaw Xs∂"". (hn-]-co-Xm¿∞w)
15) K¿Øw = ]mgv°p≠v IoSw = ]pgp hn`qXn = kºØv

Ch¿ Imem-Imew A¿∞-iq-\-y-amb ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn¬Øs∂ ]pgp-°-sf-t∏mse InS-°-W-
sat∂m? thZw, CXn-lmkw XpS-ßnb kmwkvIm-cnI kº-sØ√mw Db¿∂ PmXn-°m-cpsS Xd-
hm´p kz-Øm-Ws
- {X.
16) hm°ns‚ tZh-X-bmb kc-k-z-Xnsb Xm≥ Adn-bmsX Xo≠n-t∏mbn F∂ Ip‰-Øn\v

Ch≥ am∏p-tNm-Zn-bv°p-∂p. (D-b¿∂ PmXn-bn¬s∏´ Hcp Ipeo-\-kv{Xosb ip≤w am‰nb
[n°m-cw-t]mse tXm∂n-bv°p∂p Cu tNmZ-yw. Xm≥ cmam-bWw hmbn® i_vZw PmXn-°m-c(-I-
hn)≥ A]cm-[a - mbn°≠pthm F∂ t]Sn. Xo≠pI = sXm´-ip-≤a - m°pI˛A√ ASp-Øp-hc - pI
AYhm "Xo≠m-∏mSv" sX‰n-\-S-∂-Xm-Wv) F¶n¬ \ΩpsS \mńse kvarXn-hm-I-y-tLmjw ([¿Ω
imkv{X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ff {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ) PmXn F∂ ]nim-Nns‚ ISpØ A´-lm-k-am-Ip-∂p.
òIcw Xs∂.
17) kmtlmZc-y-am-Ip∂ kkyw apf-®p-h-f¿∂n-cp∂ \ΩpsS cmP-y-am-Ip∂ Cu hnf-`qan

GtXm shf-fs - ∏m-°Ø
- m¬ ]e-Zn-°nepw aW¬h-∂S- n™v C{Xbpw Db¿∂pw Xmgv∂pw InS-°p∂
ÿe-am-bXmWv. (km-tlm-Zc - yØns‚ ka-\n-c∏v Ct∏mƒ Db¿∂Xpw Xmgv∂X - p-amb ÿe-am-bn-
t∏m-bn.
18) Cu ]pW-y-`q-an-bnse Hcp ap°p-h-Øn-bpsS aI-\mWv ]n∂oSv {_“¿jn apJ-y-\m-b-Xv-

˛- C-hnsS thZ-h-ym-k≥. IjvS-ta, IjvSw Aß-s\-bp-ff \mń¬ Ct∏mƒ a\p-j-y≥ a\p-j-ys‚
ASp-Øp-hc - p-∂Xv (Xo-≠¬) A[¿Ω-ambn (]-cm-ic- a
- l
- ¿jnbv°v a’-yK
- ‘
- n-˛]
- n-∂oSv Imfn F∂
Ac-b-Øn-°-\-y-I-bn¬ P\n® ]p{X-\mWv thZ-ßƒ ]Ip-°p-I-bp#w CXn-lm-k-ßƒ cNn-bv°p-
Ibpw sNbvX thZ-hy- m-k≥)
19) Akva¬Iq-e-]q¿∆≥ = \ΩpsS Xd-hm-ńse ]g-b-Im-c-W-h-∑m¿

B¿Ø{XmWw = Zp:JnXsc c£n-°m≥ ikv{Xw = Bbp[w
]c-X-{¥¿ = Ak-z-X-{¥¿ aq¿≤\n = inc- n¬
kz-X{- ¥-cm-bn-°g- n-™n-cp∂ \Ωpsj \mńse ]q¿∆p-I¿ Zp:-Jn-X∑ - msc c£n-°m≥ ssIøn¬
Bbp-[t- a-¥n-bh - c
- m-Wv. F∂m¬ H∂n\pw sImf-fc - p-Xm-Øh- c
- mbn ASn-aI
- f
- m-bn-°g- n-bp∂ \Ωtfm
\ΩpsS ssIsIm≠v ]mh-ß-fpsS a≠ Fdn™p s]mfn-bv°m≥ Is√-Sp-°p-∂p. (k-z-X-{¥-`m-c-
Øn¬ ]≠v Pohn-®-h¿ B¿Ø-{Xm-W-\-Øn\pw Ak-z-X-{¥-`m-c-X-Øn¬ C∂v Pohn-bv°p-∂-h¿
]c-]o-U\ - Ø
- n\pw Bbp-[s - a-Sp-°p-∂p. kz-X{- ¥-ye- _- v[nbv°p apsº-gp-Xn-bX - mWv Cu Ihn-X)
20) `m¿§-h-cm-P-e£van = `mc-X-Øns‚ sFi-z-c-y-tZ-hX

]≠v GI-tbm-K-tØmsS F√m-h-cnepw Htc tXmXn¬ Bcn¬ hnf-bm-Sntbm B ]q¿∆n-I-
∑m-cpsS c‡-]m-cº- c- yw A√tbm \mb-∑msc \nß-fn¬ H´p-an-t√. (Ihn \mb-cm-Wv. D®-\o-NX
- zw
]pe¿Øp-∂X - n¬ Zpc-`n-am\w sImf-fp∂ kz-ka
- p-Zmb {]am-Wn-amsc Bt£-]n-bv°p-∂p. ChnsS
\mb-tcm-Sm-Wt√m th´p-h≥ am∏n-c∂ - Xv).
21) k _p≤n = kwt_m-[\

X{ºm≥" F∂m-Wb - mƒ Fs∂ hnfn-®X - v. A√tbm ]mhw a\p-jym Cu \Ω-sfms° Htc
Hcp Xºp-cms‚ (P-KZ- o-iz- c
- ≥) `rX-y∑
- m-cm-Wv. Aß-s\-bp-ff \Ωƒ XΩn¬ Bcv BcpsS Xºp-cm-
\mIpw (F-√m- h
- cpw Xpe-y¿).
22) Hcp-]t£ \o DSpØXnt\-°mfpw \√ hkv{X-ßf - m-bn-cn-bv°pw Ft‚Xv. CXv B¿°pw

]oSn-Ib- n¬ \n∂v hmßm≥ In´p-∂X - m-Wv. F∂m¬ Htc \qep-Iƒ sIm≠v Xp∂nb DSp-∏mWv (i-
co-cw) Aw_ ({]-Ir-Xo-tZ-hn) \ap-s°-√m-h¿°pw X∂n-´p-f-f-Xv.
23) ]f-fn-tbmSw = cmPm-°-∑m¿ k©-cn-bv°p∂ tXmWn

bpjvam-Zr-i-∑m¿ = \nß-sf-t∏m-ep-f-f-h¿, t{]mjvaf
- _
- m-jv]\
- o¿ = NpSp-IÆ
- p-\o¿
\nß-sf-t∏m-se-bp-ff- h
- c
- p-sS NpSp-IÆ
- p-\o¿∏p-gb
- n¬ BcmtWm Ae-¶m-ct- Øm-Wn-bn¬ Id-
ßn-°-fn-bv°p-∂Xv B tbmK-y-∑m¿ \nßƒ°n-t∏mƒ Xºp-cm-\mWv. temI-Øns‚ adn-ambw ˛
]oU-I≥ BZ-cW - o-b\- m-Ip-∂p.
24) Rm\m-Ip∂ ]pgp Fs‚ \mń¬ `mh-\m-k-z¿§w D≠m-°m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ ˛ Cu

PmXn-hy- h
- ÿ
- bpw D®-\o-NX
- z- hpw C√m-bvas
- N-bvXm¬ C¥-yb
- v°p-≠m-hm≥ t]mIp∂ A`n-hr-≤n-
sb-°p-dn®v kz]v\w I≠p-sIm-≠n-cnbvt° cmam-bW hmb-\bv°v Fs‚ kΩXw {]Xo-£n-®n-cn-
bv°p∂ Ahs‚ tNmZyw ho≠pw D≠m-bn.
25) ""hmbn-®p-sIm-f-fpI AsX-\n-bvs°-{Xbpw CjvS-amWv"" F∂p Rm≥ adp-]Sn ]d™
DSs\ aßn-°-Øp∂ asÆ-Æ-hn-f-°n-\-SpØv Abmƒ sXmgp-ssI-øp-ambn Ccp-∂p.
26) ]n∂o-Sb
- mƒ ]pkvXI - s
- a-SpØv BZ-ct- hmsS hmb-\bpw XpS-ßn. {ipXn-bn-W°
- a
- n√m
cmK-`w-Kn-bn-√, A£-ck
- v^p-SX
- bpw th≠-{X-bn-√.
27) F∂mepw Abm-fpsS hmb-\m-Km\w Fs‚ sNhn-Iƒ°v henb B\µw D≠m-°n;

Abm-fsS sXm≠bn¬ \n∂p hcp∂ kzcw A{Xbv°v `‡n-]q¿Æbpw am[p-cy- a
- p-ff
- X
- p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
28) kptKbw = \√-hÆw ]mSm-hp-∂-Xv, cmL-hobw = cmL-h(-cm-a)-t\mSv _‘-s∏-´Xv

Imhyw \∂mbn Be-]n-bv°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv. IY {iocmas‚. {KŸ-I¿Ømhv Xp©-sØ-gp-
Øm-Nm-cy- ≥, ]mSp-∂tXm `‡n-ab
- k
- z- c
- Ø
- n¬. B\µw e`n-bv°p-hm≥ C\n F¥p-thWw?
29) Ahs‚ ]m´m-Ip∂ at\m-l-c-amb i_vZw cm{Xn-bpsS \n»-_vZ-Xsb XI¿Øp-sIm-

≠n-cn-bv°p-∂Xv Bk-z-Zn-bv°p-hm≥ F∂ ań¬ BIm-i-Øn¬ \£-{X-ßƒ Cf-ImsX \n∂p.
30) Ahs‚ sXm≠-bn¬ \n∂v \oń-s®-√p∂ B Km\w ]pd-Øp- h∂psIm≠n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ

B \Zn Hmf-ß-fm-Ip∂ ssIIƒ sIm≠v ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° Xmfw ]nSn-®p.
31) cmam-\p-P-s\∂ ]©-h¿Æ-Infn ]mSnb cmam-b-W-Øns‚ a[p-c-{]-hm-l-Øn¬ B

shÆn-emhv ]m¬°p-g-ºn¬ ebn-®-t]m-se-bm-bn.
32) {]kn-≤-amb Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ Imh-y-am-Ip∂ cXv\-Øn¬ \n∂p {]k-cn® tim`-

sIm≠v B s]m´ asÆÆ hnf°v F\n°v Hcp sshZ-yp-X-Zo-]-ambn Øo¿∂-t]mse tXm∂n.
33) A¤p-XI
- c
- a
- mb Hcp kpK‘w Cfw-Im-‰n¬ Ahn-sS-sbßpw ]c-∂p. Rm\n-cn-bv°p∂
h©n-bn¬ GtXm Hcp tX≥ CS-hn-SmsX h∂p-]-Xn-®p.
34) at\m-lc
- a
- mb h¿Æ-ßƒ tafn® Xs‚ ico-cI - m-¥n-sIm≠v IÆ-©n®v B ss]¶nfn
Iptd-t\cw Fs‚ a\- m-Ip∂ hf-fn-bpsS Nn√-If
- n¬ a[p-cX
- c
- a
- mbn ]mSn-s°m≠v XØn-°f
- n-®p.
35) A¿∞-sKuch-Øn¬ {i≤-bq∂n hmbn-bv°p-∂X - n-\n-Sb

- v°v, CS-bv°n-Sbv°v Abmƒ
Nne `mK-ß-fsS A¿∞w Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p. IjvSw Xs∂. Db¿∂ Nn¥-I-\m-b, IqSp-
X¬Iq-Sp-X¬ Adn-bm≥ B{K-ln-bv°p-∂-h-\mb Cubmƒ Adn-hns‚ temI-Øn¬ \n∂v F{X
AI-se-bmWv h¿Øn-bv°p-∂X
- v.
36) BIcw = Ccn-∏nSw, {ioa-Zz- k

- vXq-Nbw = sFi-zc - y- ]- q¿Æ-amb hkvXp-If - psS Iq´w
hym-tam-l-Zq¿ ssh`hw = sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bpsS ISp∏w
Cß-s\-bp-ff hne-]n-Sn® F{X-sb{X cXv\ß - ƒ AXm-Xn-SØ - p-≠m-hpw. sX‰n-≤m-cW - b- psS
i‡n-sIm≠v Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-bn-ep-f-f-h¿ Ahsb sXmSp-∂-tX-bn-√. sXm´m¬ ssIøn¬ aÆpw-
s]m-Snbpw ]‰p-sa-∂h - c hnNm-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS ssII-fm-Is´ ktlm-Zc - ∑
- msc D]-{Z-hn-®X- ns
‚ Id-]p-c≠- X
- m-Wv. (I-gp-In-bmepw t]mImØ ktlm-Zc - t- {Zm-lØ - ns‚ Id-]p-c≠ - h
- c
- mWv Xń-°p-
S-™m¬ t]mIp∂ s]mSnsb Hgn-hm-°p-∂X - v.
tNmZ-y-ßƒ
I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ
1) XS-ß-fn¬t®¿∂ -sN-Sn-∏-S¿∏n¬˛
Øg-®p-Im-Wmbn Xa- a - qlw
Bk∂ Nt{µmZbZo-Xn-aq-e˛
am‰n¬∏-Xn-∏m≥ apXn-cp-∂-t]m-se. Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°pI
2) lm\-∂p-b¿∂p-ff
- h
- ¿ Xmgv∂P
- m-Xn˛
°mcn¬ ISØpw Icp-Wm-I-Sm£w. ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Icp-Wm-I-Sm£w F¥mWv?
3) {_“¿jn-am¿ apJ-ys\ ap°p-hØn

s]t‰m-cp-]p-Wy- £
- n-Xn-aW
- vUe
- Ø
- n¬
Atlm, a\p-jy- ∂p a\p-jy- t- \mSv
kmao-]-y-k-º¿°-a-[¿Ω-ambn. kqNn-X-I-Ybpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°pI
4) Cu \Ω-sf-√msamcp Xºp-cms‚
Iogm-f-cm-cm¿°nl Xºp-cm\mw. kµ¿`w ImWn®v Bibw hnh-cn-°p-I.
5) ""B\-µ-e-_v[n-bv°n-\n-sb-¥p- th-Ww."" Fs¥√mw kml-N-c-y-ß-fmWv Ct∏mƒ Df-fXv?
6) lm IjvSa
- p¬°rjvS hnNm-c\-- m-an-˛
÷n⁄mkp-hn-⁄m\ hnZq-c-kw-ÿ≥. kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
7) th´p-hs‚ cmam-bW
- ]
- m-cm-bWw Ihn-bnepw {]Ir-Xn-bnepw hcp-Ønb am‰-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
1) ""\ne-hn-ep-ff A\m-Nm-cß- ƒ°pw PmXn-hy- h

- ÿ
- I
- ƒ°pw FXnsc XqenI ]S-hm-fm-°nb
Ihn-bmWv hf-f-tØmƒ"". Hcp tXmWn-bm{X F∂ Ihn-Xsb Ah-ew-_n®v Cu
{]kvXm-h\ - sb hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
2) tZiob t_m[ {]t_m- [ - \ - ] - c - a mb Hcp Ihn- X - b mtWm hf- f - t Øm- f ns‚ "Hcp
tXmWn-bm{X" F¥p-sIm≠v?
IdpØ sNń-®n-Iƒ
CS-t»cn
CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿ (1906-˛1974)
Ihn-{XbØns‚ ]n∂mse ae-bm-fI - h
- n-Xm-tem-It- Øbv°p Imse-Sp-Øp-sh® Ihn-bmWv
CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿. almIhn-If - mb Pn. i¶-c°- p-dp-∏,v ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, Nß-ºp-g,
_mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, hb-em¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sc√mw At±-l-Øns‚ ka-Im-eo-\cpw kl-Km-an-I-fp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-sc√mw Imev]-\nI temIØv hnl-cn-°p-tºmƒ, {KmaoW Km¿lnI Pohn-X-
Ønse Akm-[m-cW - a
- mb cwK-ßfpw Zu¿∫-ey- ß
- fpw òcp-XI - fpw ]I-If- p-amWv CS-t»-cn°v CjvS-
s∏´ Imh-y-hn-j-b-ß-fm-b-Xv. B \nebv°v At±lw XnI®pw Htc-Im-¥-]-Yn-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
i‡n-bpsS Ihn F∂mWv CS-t»cn hnti-jn-∏n-bv°-s∏-ń-´p-f-f-Xv. Ihn-X-bp-sS, cq]-Øn-

em-bmepw `mh-Øn-em-bmepw efn-Xt- Im-af - sa∂ kuµ-cy- k
- ¶- e
- v]a
- √ \nh¿∂p-\n¬°m-\p-ff F√p-
d-∏m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Imh-y-Z¿i\w hm°p-Iƒ kwKo-Xhpw Ae-¶m-c-hp-ap-≠m-°m-\p-ff
Ifn-t°m-∏p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√ At±-l-Øn-\v, adn®v X\nbv°v hy-‡-ambpw Xd-∏n®pw ]d-bm-\p-ff
Bi-bß - f- psS AXn¿°p-‰n-If - m-bn-cp-∂p. {Kmao-W\
- mbn Pohn® At±-lØ - ns‚ IhnX \mfn-tI-
c-]m-IØ - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. AXv ]pdw-ItTmcambpw ]cn-ip-jvIa - mbpw tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ Dffv Btcm-
K-yZ- m-bn-bmb arZp-kz- m-Zp-ck
- m-\p-hn≤w Xs∂.
\nX-yP- o-hn-XØ- n¬ I\Ø BLm-X] - c

- º
- c
- I
- t- f-‰n´pw At±lw Xs‚Xmb Z¿i-\Ø - n¬\n∂v
AWp-t]mepw hy-Xn-Ne - n-®n-√. B Ihn-lr-Zbw F∂pw a\p-jy- t- {]-aØ - m¬ Xc-fa - m-bn-cp-∂p. lrZ-
b-Xm-c-fyw Z¿i-\-Zm¿V-y-Øn\v Hcn-bv°epw aß-te-ev]n-®n-√. a\p-jy kuµ-c-y-sØ-°p-dn®v a\p-
j-y-i-‡n-sb-°p-dn-®v, a\p-j-y-a-l-X-z-sØ-°p-dn®v At±lw F∂pw A`n-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. GXp {]Xn-
Iqe kml-Nc - y- Ø
- nepw At±lw Pohn-XsØ Xf-fn-∏d- ™ - n-√. CS-t»-cn-bpsS `mh\ F∂pw DZm-
Øhpw {]Xn-\-h-hn-Nn-{X-hpambncp∂p. AtX-k-a-b-Øv, At±-l-Øns‚ `mj ]cp-jhpw ssien
]cp-]c- p-ØX - p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xm\m-hn-jvIc - n-°p∂ ]cp-°\ - mb PohnX bmYm¿∞-yß - ƒ°v ]cp-°-
\mb ssienbpw Bh-i-y-am-sW-∂p-f-f-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ inev]-t_m-[w. {Iqc-X-sb-t∏mepw
tZhn-bmbn Bcm-[n-bv°p-∂, {Iqc-Xb - n¬t]mepw Pohn-Xk - X
- yw Z¿in-bv°p∂ Ihn-bmWv CS-t»-cn.
CS-t»-cn-°h - nX Htc-ka - bw shÆ-t]mse arZp-ehpw Dcp-°p-t]mse ZrV-hp-am-Wv. a\p-jy- t- {]-aw,
Pohn-X-t{]aw, BZ¿i-\njvT CXmWv CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bpsS k-Øv. Xs‚ NpSp-]mSpw ImWp∂
A\o-Xn-Is - fbpw Nqj-Wß - t- fbpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-bv°p-I, Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ AXn\p ]cn-lmcw Is≠-
Øp-I-˛-C-XmWv CS-t»-cn-bpsS Imh-y-{]-tbm-P-\w. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Ønse G‰hpw
al-Ømb dnb-en-ÃnIv Ihn-X-I-fm-bn, CS-t»-cn-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ.
Df-fS- °w
CSt»cn-bpsS {]kn≤ cN-\I - f
- n¬ H∂mWv IdpØ sNń-®n-Iƒ. Ime-h¿jw Xosc Zp¿∫-
e-amb Hcp sIm√w B]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv Ihn-X. tIc-f-Øn¬ Im¿jn-Im-h-i-y-
Øn\v shffw A]-cy- m-]vXa
- m-Ip-tºmƒ Xan-gv\m-ń¬ s]bvX Ing-°≥a-gb
- psS [mcm-fn-Øh
- p-ambn
]me-°mSv Pn√-bn-eqsS Cßv s]m∂m\n Agn-apJw hsc Ie-ßn-a-dn-™p-h-cp∂ `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS
\o-scm-gp°pw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn¬ \mS≥ Nn¥p-]m-Snbpw Ip∏n-h-f,

Nm¥v, No¿∏p-Xp-Sß
- n-bh hn‰pw \mtSm-Sn-If
- mb Xan-gØ
- n-If
- psS {]hm-lhpw A\p-kvac
- n-∏n-°p-∂-
XmWo°hn-X.
t]cm-‰p-\o-cmb (`m-c-X-∏pg shf-fw) Cfw-Np-h∏p \nd-ap-ff ]ip-°sf kar-≤-ambn

Bń-sØ-fn-®p-sIm≠v ]›n-a-L´w IS∂v Cu Xoc-`q-an-bn¬ (I-hn-bpsS P∑-\m-Smb s]m∂m-\n-˛-
I-S¬Øo-cw. s]m∂m-\n-bn-emWv `mc-X-∏pg kap-{Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-bv°p-∂-Xv) C∂se IdpØ
sNń-®n-Iƒ FØn-°-gn-™p. {]Ir-Xn-`w-Kn-bm¬ a\- ns\ BI¿jn-bv°p∂ Cu `q{]-tZiw
I≠v A¤p-Xk - v_v[c - mb B kv{XoIƒ (tbm-j∑ - m¿) ISpw-Nm-bß- f - p-ff ]pS-hI - ƒsIm≠v icocw
aqSn-∏p-X®v hnim-ea - mb (B-bXw = \o≠, km\p = ]¿∆-XØ - ns‚ Xmgvhc - ) kly-]¿∆X km\p-
°-fn¬ \nev°p-tºmƒ AXp ag-hn-√m-sW-∂p-Xs∂ \Ωƒ Dd-∏n-®p. (X-an-gv\m-ńse B\-ae - b- n¬\n-
∂p-¤-hn®v tImb-º-Øq¿ Pn√-bnse s]mffm-®n, tIc-f-Ønse Nn‰q¿, ]me-°m-Sv, H‰-∏m-ew,
s]m∂m\n F∂o Xmeq-°p-I-fn-eqsS HgpIn `mc-X-∏pg Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ sN∂p-tN-cp-∂p. IpØn-
sbm-en®v ae-sh-ffw Ie-ßn-a-dn™p (Xp-em-a-g-bpw) hcp-∂-Xp-I-≠m¬ sNºn® ]ip-°ƒ
Iq´-ambn ta™p apt∂-dp-I-bm-sW∂p tXm∂pw. hmf-bm¿ Npcw IS∂v tIc-f-Øn-tebv°v
{]th-in-°p∂ ISpØ sNń-®n-If - psS Iq´sØ I≠m¬ (a-g° - m-dn-\p-ta-se)-ag- h
- n-√m-sW∂v tXm∂pw.
ISpØ \nd-ßf - p-ff tNe-If - mWv Xan-gØ - n-Iƒ°n-jvSw. AsXmcp Imc-Ww. Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw
({]-tX-y-In®pw Xpem-h¿j-°m-e-Øv) ag-hn-√p-Im-WpI kzm-`m-hn-Iw. Cu ]pg-sh-f-f-Øns‚bpw
sNń-®n-If - p-sSbpw BKaw Db¿Øp∂ BÀmZw IqSn amcn-hn¬ k¶-ev]Ø - n-ep-≠v. Xmc-Xt- a-y\
Xan-gv\m-ń-s\-°mƒ {]Ir-Xn-kp-µc - a
- m-Wv(I
- S- ¬°m‰v FXn¿Zn-ib - n¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - p-am-Wv)
tIc-fw. AXm-W-h¿ A¤p-X-kvX-_v[-cmbn \nev°m≥ Imc-Ww). (C-hn-sS) ap≠-I-∏m-S-ßƒ
(c≠mw hnf-bn-d° - nb hb-ep-Iƒ) Np≠pw ]nfp-Øn-®p-cp-f≥ apSn-bp-am-bn, (A-hc - psS hc-hv) ImØp-
In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww, s]s‰-Wobv°pw aptº (c-‡-°p-d-hn-\m¬) Atº hnf-dn-sh-fpØ
Ime-h¿jmw-K\ (Im-e-h¿j-sa∂ kv{Xo) AIm-e-N-c-a-aS™p (Im-e-h¿jw NXn® Hcp
Ime-ØmWv Cu cN\ F∂p kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. s\¬s®-Sn-I-fpsS ssii-h-Øn¬ Xs∂
Ime-h¿jw t]mbn. Np≠p ]nfp-Ønb hbev = shffw h‰n I´-s]m-´m≥ XpS-ßp∂ ]mSw.
sXm≠-hc - ≠v ape-∏m-en-\p-th≠n Ic-bm≥ XpS-ßp∂ ]n©p-Ip-ń-bpsS `mhw. Npcp-f≥apSn = ag-
°p-dhp \nanØw B™p-h-tc≠ s\t√m-e-Iƒ°p ]Icw "Rdp-ß-W-]n-dp-ßW-W-bmbn apc-Sn-
®p-\n-ev°p∂ s\¬s®-Sn-Iƒ.) Cu Zb-\o-bL - ´- Ø- n-emWv Npc-∂a - p-eb- p-ambn Cu a¶-am¿ t]m∂p-
h-∂-Xv. (t]m-∂p-h-cpI F∂Xv Hcp ]gb {]tbmKw ˛ Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v ChnsS FØ¬ ˛
Hcp-ßn-∏p-d-s∏-´v). s]‰Ω acn-®m¬ Ab¬]-°sØ AΩ-am¿ B Ipń-Isf ape-bqń hf¿Øp-
∂Xv ]≠sØ {KmaoW kwkv°m-cØs‚ AS-bm-f-am-Wv. ]n©p-Ip-ń-I-fpsS Ic-®n¬ tI´m¬
AΩ-am-cpsS ape-Np-cp-°pw. `mc-X-∏p-g-bn¬\n∂v shffw tXhn Xoc-{]-tZ-isØ Irjnsb
c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.) X°-ka - b- Øv klm-bn-°m≥ k∂≤-amb Ab¬{]-tZ-iß - f- ps≠¶n¬ Hcp
{]tZ-iØ - n\pw `mK-yt- °-Sp-hc - n-√.
C∂v Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cpsS IÆn¬ Cu IdpØ sNń-®n-Iƒ F{X kpµ-cn-am-cm-sWt∂m?

AXt√ A¤p-Xw. ({]-tbm-P\wXs∂ Imc-Ww.) C∂v Cu Xan-g-Øn-I-fpsS `mj Xan-gm-bnt´
tXm∂p-Ib - n-√. Ch-cpsS \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-t]mse kpµ-ca
- m-sbmcp ]mń-√. (t]-ipI = ]d-bp-I). Xan-
gp-]Zw Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xns‚ HuNn-Xyw {i≤n-bv°pI ˛ km[m-cW sNń-®n-I-fpsS `mjsb
"Xan-gvt]®v" F∂v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ ]cn-l-kn-bv°m-dp-≠v) sXßp-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n-ev°p∂ tIc-f-
Ønse tXm´-ßƒ Chsc Benw-K\w sNøm≥ ssI\o-ń-\n-ev°p-I-bm-Wv.
Rm\m-tem-Nn®p t]mIp-Ib - m-Wv. Cu tIcfw (a-e\ - m-Sv) AXn-bmb IjvSI- m-eØ - n¬s∏´p
Ipg-ßp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ (Zq-\-ÿnXn = Zp:-Jm-h-ÿ) Ft∏mgpw ChnsS HmSn-sbØn \Ωsf
klm-bn-bv°p-∂Xv ImgvN-bn¬ hrØn-Ip-d™ Cu sImß-cm-Wv. (X-an-g¿ hnkvX-cn®p
Ipfn-b°
v m-Øh
- c
- m-W.v ico-ci- p-≤n°v hfsc Ipdn-®p-sh-ffw am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h - c- mWv Fs∂m-
s°-bmWv Ahsc hnfn-bv°m-dv) hmf-bm-dns‚ A∏p-d-sØ-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ (\-µn-sI´
\mw) Ah¿ sNbvX tkh-\-Øn\v, "kwkv°m-c-an-√m-Ø¿" F∂ hm°n-eqsS Iqen-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.
Xo¿®bmbpw tIcfw A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ kmwkv°m-cnI KpW-ßƒ t{ijvTw
Xs∂. ]t£, Cu ta\n-∏d- ® - n-emWv (X-dh- m-Sn-Øt- Lm-jWw ˛ apSn™ Xd-hm-Sp-If - nse Zp¿_-e-
cmb Imc-W-h-∑m¿ ]g-b-Im-esØ {]Xm]w ]d™p ta\n-\-Sn-bv°pw). Cu `qan-bnse G‰hpw
henb sN‰-Øw.
C\n Ing-°≥ ag-bpsS (Xp-em-h¿j-Øns‚ al-Xz- w)-h∑ - m-fn-II

- f
- n¬ Xma-kn-bv°p-∂h - ¿°v
apcPw(Hcp Xmf-hm-Zy- w) sImń-t°ƒ∏n-b° v p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-tØm-sSm-∏a - p-ff CSn-\m-Zh
- pw, I\Ø
ag-Øp-ff
- n-Iƒ ]pc-∏p-dØp hogp∂ i_vZh - pw), sN‰-°p-Sn-en¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ `mc-y`- ¿Øm-°∑ - msc
Benw-K\ - _- ≤
- c
- m°n Xtem-Sn-bp-d° - p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-Øns‚ ioI-cX - ), sXßns‚ ]®-°p-ce - p-
I-fn¬ ]pXnb N{µ-°e - I
- ƒ DZn-∏n-°p-hm≥ (Xp-em-h¿j-∏p-f∏ - n¬ ]pXnb N{µ-°e - I
- ƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p.
A‰w hf™p \nev°p∂ ]q°p-e-°-Xn-cp-Iƒ°v N{µ-°-e-tbm-Sp-ff kmZr-iyw {i≤n-bv°p-I.
Ah-bpsS Iq´-ßƒ)
A√tbm \oe-\n-d-Øn-ep-ff kpµ-cn-am-sc, \nß-tfmSv IS-s∏´v Cu tIcfw \µn-]-d-bp-∂p.

A[n-I-Zn-h-k-ßƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v apºmbn Cu Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv \nßƒ ho≠pw FØp-a-t√m.
(AsX∂v F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.) \nß-fpsS ]mep-≠v, hf¿∂ ]ps∂√v sImbvsX-SpØv Rß-fpsS
]Øm-bß - ƒ \nd-ßp-Ig- n-bp∂ Ime-Øv, a™n¬Ipfn®v \nem-hØv at\m-lc - a
- mb (a-RvPp) cm{Xn-
I-fn¬ Rßƒ Du™m-em-Sp∂ ImeØv (Xn-cp-hm-Xn-c-°m-ew) a¨s]gpw (kp-µ-c-\m-b)
BÏp-bn¬ ]m´p-]m-Sn-Øf - c
- p-tºmƒ amºq-hn-cn™v K‘w-]c
- °
- p∂ ImeØv (hn-jp) Ip∏n-hf - -
Ifpw Nm¥pw, knµq-c-hpw, No¿∏pw, IÆm-Sn-bpw, ań-∏i (Hcp kpK-‘-hkvXp ˛ ań F∂
ac-Øns‚ Iń-bmb ]i. AXv ]pI-®m¬ kpK-‘-ap≠mIpw)bp-ambn Xan-g-Øn-Itf \nßƒ
hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw Ib-dn-bn-dßn sFi-z-c-y°®-hSw \SØptºmƒ, Adn-b-s∏-SmØ GtXm ]m]w
C√m-Xm-°m≥ \nßƒ Ducp-Np-‰m≥ hcp-tºmƒ \nßsf ho≠pw ImWmw. I≠m¬ DSs\ Rßƒ
\nßsf Adn-bpw. \nß-fpsS IdnØ apJw Hcn-bv°epw Rßƒ°v ad-°m-\m-hn-√. (I-S-∏m-Sp-
Xs∂ Imc-Ww)
I eLp-tNm-Zy- ß
- ƒ
1) ""amcn-hn-s√t∂ \n\-®p-t]mbv \mw"" F¥p-I-≠n´v? F¥p-sIm≠v?

2) "".`mKyw sISn-s√mcp \mń-\p-ap-≠b
- ¬-˛-
]-°-ß-sf-¶n¬ kl-I-cn-®o-Sp-hm≥"" kµ¿`hpw Bi-bhpw hy-‡-am-°p-I.
3) ""CØ-dh
- m-SnØ tLmj-Ws - Ø-t∏mse
hrØn-sI-ń-ń√ as‰m-∂p-aq-gn-bn¬"" Bibw hni-Zo-I-cn-bv°p-I.
4) Ihn IdpØ sNń-®n-I-tfmSv \µn ]d-bm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?

II D]-\y- m-ktNmZyßƒ
1) IdpØ sNń-®n-Iƒ F∂ Ihn-Xbv°v Hcm-k-zm-Z\w Fgp-Xp-I.
_m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿
(F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿ 1916-˛1989) Xr»qcn\SpØv sRcpht»cnbn¬ s\cph°mhp
hmcyØn¬ am[hn hmckymcptSbpw A®-ypX hmc-yc - p-sSbpw aI\mbn P\n®p. s]cpa\w kwkvIrX
kvIqfnepw Xr∏qWnØpd kwkvIrX kvIqfnepw Xr∏qWnØpd kwkvIrX tImtfPnepambncp∂p
{][m\ hnZym`ymkw. A≤ym]I≥, kzmX{¥ykac`S≥, ]{X{]h¿ØI≥ XpSßn ]e
afießfnepw {]h¿Øn®p. Ihn, B´°YmIrØv, k©mckmlnXyImc≥, \ncq]I≥,
ssh⁄m\nI kmlnXycNbnXmhv, `mjmimkv{X⁄≥, _lp`mjm]finX≥ F∂o \neIfn¬
]e {]ÿm\ßƒ°pw t\XrXzw \¬In. amXr`qan BgvN∏Xn∏ns‚ ]{Xm[n]cmbncn°ptºmƒ
At±lw ssI]nSn®pb¿Øns°m≠ph∂hcmWv aebmfØnse {]K¤cmb FgpØpImcn¬
`qcn]£hpw.
CSt»cnsbt∏mse Ct±ltØbpw NßºpgbpsS Iu≠¿]m¿s´∂v hntijn∏n°mdp≠v.

arZpetImaf ]ZmIenXamb t{]ak¶o¿Ø\amWv IhnX F∂ [mcWbn¬ aebmfIhnX
IqºS™p F∂p ]dtb≠nh∂ Hcp kµnKv≤ L´Øn¬ cN\mcoXn sIm≠pw D≈S°w sIm≠pw
aebmfIhnX°v tjm°v {So‰vsa‚ v \SØnb IhnbmWv tUm.F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnb¿.
B[p\nIIhnX F∂ {]ÿm\Øn\v At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. Cw•ojpw aebmfhpw
sXcphp]Zßfpw kwkv I rXhpsa√map]tbmKn®v ]cnjv I rX \mKcnI a\pjys‚
D≈ps]m≈bmb PohnXsØ ]cpjkzcØn¬ Øs∂ Nn{XoIcn°pIbmWv At±lw sNbvXXv.
]et∏mgpw Bt£]lmkyØns‚ ]cnlmkkzchpw At±lØns‚ IhnX°p i‡n ]I¿∂p.
kzmX{¥ye_v[n°ptijw IdpØ kmbn∏≥am¿ ChnsS Imń°q´p∂ A{Iaßtfbpw
A\oXnXItfbpw At±lw Xpd∂pImWn®p. Nm´hm¿, \o≠ IhnXIƒ, Iptd°qSn \o≠
IhnXIƒ, sIm®psXmΩ≥, Km‘nbpw tKmUvtkbpw, ImfnZmks‚ knwlmk\w, ]pgIƒ
apXembhbmWv apJy IhnXmkamlmcßƒ.
_m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
D≈S°ØnepsS
h¿Øam\ImePohnX Zpc¥Øns‚ Hcp ]cnt—ZamWv Cu IhnX.
(1)
\ΩpsS PohnXØn¬ \n∂v Zbbpw, HuZmcyhpw, ASp∏hpw acymZbpw \jvSs∏´pIgn™p.
C\n _m°n h√Xpw Dt≠m? \ΩpsS _mly_‘ßƒ F√mw Hgnhm°n hmXnepIsf√mw
tN¿ØS®p Ign™p. \mep]mSpap≈ a‰p P\ßfpsS ImcyØn¬ bmsXmcp Xm¬∏cyhpan√.
\Ωƒ°pth≠n \ΩƒXs∂ D≠m°nb NßesIm≠v ssIbpw Imepw s\©nse a¿Ωcßfpw
_‘n®pIgn™p. B NßebpsS `mcw Gdnhcp∂p. Ct∏mƒ ]p©ncnbn√, IÆp\ocn√,
lrZbkv]µ\w ]Xps°bmbncn°p∂p. C\n \jvSs∏Sm≥ Fs¥¶nepw Ahtijn®p´pt≠m?
-(2)
\oXnbpw \nbaßfpw Iogvhg°ßfpw Nn´bpw \mw ad∂pIgn™p. C\n F¥p≠v
_m°n? s]s´∂v t]meokv h≠nbpsS sskd¨ tIƒ°p∂p, GtXm hmXnen¬ Ah¿
AkabØv ap´p∂p. s]mdpXnsI´ Btcm \n lmbcmbn i]n°p∂p. BcptStbm F√n¬
tXm°n≥ ]mØnsIm≠Sn°p∂p. Bscms°tbm HmSn c£s∏Sp∂p. (CØcw cwKßƒ
FhntSbpw Ft∏mgpw Actßdmw.). H®bn√. shán√, sskzcan√, Dd°an√, C\n F¥mWv
Ahsijn°p∂Xv?) kzmÿyan√mØ PohnXw)
(3)
Ct∏mƒ HcnSØpw ]qhn√, hk¥an√, ]qºm‰bn√, ]£nbn√ ]ns∂ F¥mWp≈Xv?
ip` {]Xo£Iƒ hmgIƒt]mse IqºSbp∂p. \ΩpsS hnizmkw t]mse sXtßmeIƒ
Npcp≠pIcnbp∂p. `qan hn≠pIodp∂p. AWs°´pIƒ C√mXmhp∂p. tXmń¬ ]mgvaW¬
am{XamIp∂p.(sh≈an√, Ct∏mƒ tXmń¬ aWepan√. aÆpw Ncepw \ndbp∂p.)hcºpIƒ
CSn™phogp∂p. Ip≠pw Ipgnbpw \nc∏mIp∂p. hmbp s]m≈n°p∂p. BImiw
IØn÷zen°p∂p. ]ºpsk‰n\v i‡nbn√. Irjn\new acp`qanbmbn. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
(B\µn∏n°p∂ ImgvNIƒ am™v B ÿew t]Sns∏SpØp∂ acp`qanbmbn amdn°gn™p.)
(4)
sXmgnen√, Ds≠¶n¬Øs∂ icoca\ßns®øp∂n√. ]ckv]cw tbmPn∏n√. H∂nepw
Bthian√. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m? Iº\nIƒ DXv]mZn∏n°p∂Xv I≈°SØn\p≈
km[\ßfmWv . hnc¬ kwLSnbv ° p∂Xv (sXmgnemfn bqWnb≥) apjv S n®pcpń
{]Xntj[n°m\mWv. \mw ]pXnb ]pXnb Adnhpt\Sp∂Xv hkvXp°fn¬ ambw tN¿°m\mWv.
bYm¿∞Ønep≈ \jvSamWv Ct∏mƒ IW°p]pkvXIØnse em`w. icocw hnb¿Øpt\Sp∂
`£WØns‚ kzmZv ad∂v Ign™p. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m \in∏n°m≥?
(sXmgn¬taJebnse C∂sØ Ahÿ)
Adnhpw, Adnhm\p≈ shºepw, IcpØpw, Dt∑jhpw C√mXmbn. Ct∏mƒ Np≠n¬
Nncnbn√. AhnsS ap{ZmhmIyßfmWv . B¿{ZXbn√mØ IÆpIfn¬ tIm]amWv
IØn\n¬°p∂Xv. lrZbØn¬ acp`qanbpsS XocmZmlw Bfn∏Scp∂p. F{X Xn∂mepw F¥p
Xn∂mepw AIsØ hni∏pamdp∂n√. Ct∏mƒ H∂nepw Xr]vXnbn√, ]q¿ÆXbn√, bp‡n
Nn¥bn√, ho≠phnNmcan√. C\nbpw Fs¥¶nepw Ahtijn°p∂pt≠m?
(kmaqlyPohnXiq\yX)
(6)
kXymhÿbpw, A¿∞]q¿Æamb ]Zßfpw C√mXmbn. ]ns∂ F¥p≠v _m°n?
Ct∏mƒ NmcmbamWv t]\bn¬ \ndbv°p∂Xv. shÆodnemWv Nn{Xw hc°p∂Xv. RßfpsS
hmIyßfn¬ I¿Ømhv (sNøp∂ Bƒ) C√; {Inb ({]hrØn)bpw C√. I¿Ωw (êw
A\p`hn°p∂h≥) am{Xta D≈q. I¿Ωßfn¬Øs∂ sImSpw{IqcI¿Ωßtf D≈q.
hmbn¬sh®m¬ Zp zmZp am{Xtabp≈q. kXyhpw tN¿®bpw X\nabpw ]ckv]c_‘hpw
t]mbn. C\n _m°n h√Xpapt≠m?
(7)
Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS ssIønep≈Xv IØnIfpw, ITmcnIfpw, tXm°pIfpw,
ssIt_mw_pIfpamWv. IØpIfn¬ s]mńsØdn (X]m¬ t_mw_v) Bƒ°q´ßfn¬
s]mńsØdn, IpSnepIƒ IØnbacp∂p, Bsc BcmWv IpØnbXv? BcmWv hoWXv? IpSnsh≈w
hotg≠ Ipgen¬ hnjsh≈amWv hcp∂Xv. ambw Ie¿∂ Huj[ßtf In´m\p≈q. AXv
hn‰pw hmßnbpw NØphogp∂Xv a\pjyXzamWv. Rm≥ X∂Xv I≈t\m´mtWm? AXv am‰nØ∂m¬
IΩoj≥ sImSp°ptam? C\n F¥p≠v ip≤ambn?
(kmaqly PohnXhpw, ]cnÿnXnbpw aen\amIp∂Xv)
(8)
a\pjys‚ a\ n¬ tNmcbn√, AXv iq\yamWv, ssI∏mWv. C\n _m°nsbm∂pan√.
F∂mepw C\nbpw k‘yIƒ BImisØ XpSp∏n®v at\mlcamb ImgvNIƒ D≠mInt√?
sh¥ps]m≈p∂ th\ense a™pXp≈n Bizkn∏nbv ° nt√? lrZbØn∂Snbn¬
ASn™pIqSnb tNdn¬\n∂pw Nfnbn¬\n∂pw Hcp sh¨Xmac s]m¥nhcnt√? \mw AXns‚
kpK‘w \pIcnt√ (a\pjya\ n¬ \∑bpsS hk¥w hncnbnt√?) C\nbpw \ap°p
\jvSs∏SmsX h√Xpw Ahtijn°p∂pt≠m? ˛- kzmX{¥yw, kXyw, [¿Ωw, ssa{Xn, ImcpWyw,
im¥n ˛ Chbn¬ Fs¥¶nepw
tNmZyßƒ
I. eLptNmZyßƒ :
1) \Ωƒ°v \mta NßeXo¿ØsXßs\?
2) ""hogp∂ptXm°n≥ ]mØntbsX√n¬'' B¿ ]dbp∂p? kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI?
3) ""]mgS™pt]mbv∏mSw'' GsX√mw hn[Øn¬ ?
4) I¿Ømhnen√m{Inb D≈XpI¿Ωw am{Xw'' Bibw hy‡am°pI.
II. D]\ymktNmZyw
\ΩpsS h¿Øam\ImePohnXØns‚ Zpc¥Xeßsfsb√mw kv]¿in°p∂XmWv

F≥.hn.IrjvWhmcnbcpsS _m°nh√Xpapt≠m? F∂ IhnX ˛ {]kvXmh\ hnebncpØpI
amºg°mew
]n]n cmaN{µ≥
ae∏pdw Pn√bn¬ h´wIpfØv 1962˛¬ P\n®p. s]m∂m\n F.hn.sslkv°qfn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p.
B[p\nI˛B[p\ntImØc IhnIfn¬ {it≤b\mb cmaN{µs‚ IhnXIƒ B\pImenI
{]kn≤oIcWßfnepsS aebmfnklrZb¿°v kp]cnNnXamWv. At±lØns‚ BZysØ
IhnXmkamlmcamb "ImsW°mW'bv°v Xs∂ tIcfkmlnXy A°mZan Ahm¿Up e`n®p.
\¿ΩØn¬s]mXn™ apƒap\bp≈ A¿∞KcnabmWv cmaN{µs‚ IhnXbpsS ASbmfw.
amºg°mew
D≈S°ØnepsS
IhntbmSv sIm®paIƒ tNmZn®p ""\mń≥]pdØp≈ amßIƒs°√mw Cu "amwtKm
{^qń'bpsS kzmZmtWm?'' IhnbpsS kao]Øp\n∂v Hcp Nn{Xie`sØt∏mse Ahƒ πmÃnIv
IpgeneqsS B a™{ZmhIw \pWbpIbmWv. Ipó, B cpNnt`Zßƒ h¿Æn°m≥ Ignbn√.
Cu A—\pw \obpw XΩn¬ F{X amºg°meØns‚ (hb ns‚) hyXymkw icocØnepw
a\ nepw Ds≠t∂m (XeapdIfpsS AIew)? IqSpX¬ ASpØdnbptºmƒ Ipó
\n\s°t∂bpw ]pfn°pw. (A≠ntbmS°ptºmgmWv amßbpsS ]pfn AdnbpI ˛ F∂ \mS≥
sNm√v Hm¿°pI). F¶nepw \ns‚ Pn⁄mkbpsS ]oen°ÆpIƒ Fs‚ a\ ns\
X¬°metØ°v Hcp h≠m°n am‰n. HmSp∂ Xoh≠nbpsS PmeIØneqsS B h≠v ]gb
amºg°mew tXSn Hm¿ΩIfpsS temIØnte°v ]d∂p. (Xoh≠n bm{X°nSbnemhmw Cu
kw`hw. IhnbpsS a\ v KXIme_meykvacWbn¬ ]mdn\S∂p.)
(2)
\mń≥]pdsØ amhpIƒ, kzX{¥ambn hfcp∂h, ]g©s\¶nepw ImbvIfpsS
kz`mhw(X\na) ImWn°p∂ t]cpIƒ Ah°v. \m´pImcyÿ{]amWnamsct∏mse NpW
(amßbpsS s]m≈n°p∂ Id ˛ ]ucpjimenIfmb \m´p{]amWnam¿)b\mamcmWh¿. A\y\v
B{ibw \¬Ip∂XmWv (XW¬) Xs‚ kºmZysa∂v hnNmcn®h¿. B ImcWh∑mcmWv
']®t°mew" sIń sXøßfmbn amdnbXv. (sXøßsft∏mse òamImcØn¬ \n¬°p∂
]®]nSn® amhpItfbpw ]q¿∆nIcmb hoc]pcpj∑msc ssZhambn k¶¬∏n®v sXøw sIń
BSp∂Xnt\bpw Hm¿°pI.) ]´WØnse tdmUp h°Øv hcnbmbn \n¬°p∂, XWen√mØ,
]®∏n√mØ Iºn°mepIsf am{Xw I≠p ]cnNbap≈ Ipń°pw, Ipń°p ]cnNbap≈
a[pc]elmcN¥Iƒ°pw B \mS≥ amhpIsf°pdn®p]d™m¬ a\ nemhn√.
(3)
A—s‚ Ipń°mew Cßs\bmbncp∂p. A∂v IpńIƒ AÆms\t∏mse Xp≈n®mSntbmSn
\S°pw. A∂hcpsS icocØn¬ h√ apdnhpw ]‰nbm¬ tNmcb√ s]mSnbpI, ]g®mdmWv.
A∂v Ah¿°v ]qØp\n¬°p∂ Hmtcm amhpw Hmtcm hk¥amkambncp∂p. Hmtcmtcm
sImºtØbpw amßIƒ {]tXyIXcØnep≈ am[pcyap≈Xmbncp∂p. Hcp amºgw Xs∂
CSn®p]Xw hcpØn sNdnsbmtcmÍSn®p≠m°n AXneqsS \pW™pIpSn°ptºmƒ (πmÃnIv

IpgeneqsS "{^qń'bpsS Nmdv \pWbp∂tXm¿°pI) Hmtcm \nanjØnepw Hmtcm kzmZmbncp∂p
\mhpIfdn™Xv (ck\ = \mhv) AXn¬\n∂v ]Wns∏´v Hcp Xp≈n\pWbm≥Ign™m¬Øs∂
\m°ns‚ XpºØv hnhn[ kzmZpIfpsS aghn√p hncnbpIbmbn. (h¿ÆcmPnbmWt√m aghn√v
˛ ckcmPn = ckßfpsS Iq´w) Pnlzm©ew = \m°ns‚ Xpºv. A{X°v D{Kßfmb ˛ hn`n∂
kzmZdnbm≥ ˛ \mhpIfpsS Ignhns\bmWv anTmbns∏mXnIƒ°mbn \Ωƒ ]Wbw sh®Xv
(hn`n∂cpNnbp≈ {^qńtbm anTmbnItfm am{XamWt√m Ct∏mgsØ IpńIƒ \pWbp∂Xv)
shdpsX a[pcn°pIam{Xw sNøp∂ (t]mjILSIßfn√msX cpNn am{Xap≈)
cmkhkvXp°ƒ°pth≠n \mw ]Icw sImSpØXv ssZhw X∂ cmkhnZybmWv.
(-4)
apń°pSn°p∂, ISp®phen°p∂ amßbpsS Ahkm\sØ AarX_nµphpw
kzoIcn®pIgn™m¬ amßb≠n hens®dnbpw. At∏mƒ as‰s¥¶nepw
sNbvXpsIm≠p\n¬°p∂ Iq´pImcn¬ HcmfpsS t]cphnfn°pw. Abmƒ Hm¿°msX hnfntI´m¬
amßb≠n Zqtcs°dn™psIm≠v ""Cu A≠ns°m∂p XpW t]m'' F∂p I¬∏n°pw.
hnfntIƒ°p∂ Iq´pImc≥ hnUvVnbmsb∂mWv sh∏v. Abmƒ ]Icw ho´m≥ ho´m≥
ImØncn°pw. \mń≥]pdØv ]≠v amºgw s]dp°nIq´p∂ IpńIfpsS Hcp IfnbmWv CXvv.)
A≠n°p XpWt]mIm≥ HcmfpthWw. \msf B A≠n apfbv°Ww. kaqlØn\v XWepw
a[pchpw \¬Im≥ klmbn°Ww. ]nt∂bpw apfbv°Ww, Imbv°Ww. Aßs\ acn®mepw
PohnXw Xfn¿°Ww (]cºc XpScWw). F∂m¬ Fs‚ Ipó, \obnt∏mƒ h≠nbn¬\n∂v
]pdtØs°dn™ Cu πmÃnIv Ihdns\t∏mse \Ωƒ a\pjycpw s]m≈bmWv. ""hmßpI,
D]tbmKn°pI, hens®dnbpI'' AXmWn∂sØ PohnXw. Cu IqSIfn¬\n∂v \mtf°p≈Xv
apf°n√.
tNmZyßƒ
I. eLptNmZyßƒ : (50/100 hm°pIfn¬)
1) ""]dbm\mtam cpNnt`Zßƒ?'' F¥psIm≠v ?
2) Adnbn√hbvs°gpwI\nIƒ NpcØp∂
NpWbpw Nqcpw \ns‚ anTmbnsØcphn∂pw ˛ kµ¿`hpw Bibhpw FgpXpI ?
3) shdpsX a[pcn°pw cmkam[pcyØn∂mbv

]Icw sImSpØtXm Znhyamw ckhnZy ˛ Bibw hniZoIcn°pI.
4) hmßpI, IpSn°pI, ]pdtØs°dnbpI˛

PohnXw \nds®mco°qSpIƒ \mtf°n√ ˛ Bibhpw kµ¿`hpw hniZam°pI.
II. D]\ymktNmZyw
""KrlmXpcXzw DW¿Øp∂ Hcp ]mcnÿnXnI IhnXbmWv amºg°mew'' Cu {]kvXmh\tbmSv

tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? F¥psIm≠v ?
samU-yqƒ 2
hr≤kZ\w
Sn.hn.sIm®phmh
Sn.hn.sIm®phmh
1955˛¬ Xr»q¿ Pn√bn¬ Im´qcn¬ P\n®p. Im´q¿ sslkv°pfpepw \mńIsslkv°pfnepw
\mńI Fkv.F≥.tImtfPnepambncp∂p hnZym`ymkw. sslkv°qƒ hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptºmƒ
1971˛se amXr`qan hnjp∏Xn∏n¬ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°mbp≈ sNdpIYma’cØn¬ kΩm\w t\Snb
"AZriyXbpsS \ng¬' {]kn≤nIcn°s∏´tXmsSXs∂ aebmfsNdpIY°v IcpØps‰mcp
hmKv Z m\sa∂v klrZb kΩXn t\Sn. {lkzamb PohnXImeØn∂nS°v t\mh¬,
IYmkamlmcßƒ, hnh¿Ø\ßƒ F∂o C\ßfn¬ Ccp]Ønaqt∂mfw IrXnIƒ
{]kn≤oIcn®p. H∂ßs\, H∂nßs\, hoSnt∏mƒ \n»_vZamWv. InfnIƒ°pw, ]q°ƒ°pw,
{]—∂w, Cd®nbpw, Ip¥ncn°hpw, InWdpIƒ, kv\m\w, `qanimkv{Xw, AhXmcnI `q]Sßƒ°,v
Ft∏msgØptam Ft¥m? IY, hn√∑m¿ kwkmcn°ptºmƒ F∂nhbmWv IYmkamlmcßƒ.
kqNn°pgbn¬ Hcp bmt°m_v, PmXIw, ImIfn, {]m¿∞\ItfmsS \n¬°p∂p, Krl]mTw,
IYbpw PohnXhpw, H∂mbnØocp∂Xns\∏‰n F∂o {KŸßfn¬ At±lØns‚
eLpt\mhepIƒ kamlcn®ncn°p∂p. hr≤ kZ\w, s]cp¶fnbm´w, hncp∂ptaibnte°p
\nehnfnItfmsS, D]P∑w F∂nhbmWv sIm®p_mhbpsS t\mhepIƒ. Jeo¬ Pn{_ms‚
{]hmNIs‚ DZym\w, aebmfØnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn´p≠v. Ipd™ImesØ
kmlnXytkh\wsIm≠pXs∂ \nch[n ]pckvImcßfpw AwKoImcßfpw t\Sm≥ Ign™p.
A¶Ww Ahm¿Uv (kqNn°pgbnse bmt°m_n\v), sNdpImSv Ahm¿Uv, tIcf kmlnXy
A°mZan Ahm¿Uv (c≠pw hr≤kZ\Øn\v), BZysØ Fkv._n.Sn. Ahm¿Uv (Xncs™SpØ
IYIƒ°v), tXm∏n¬ chn Ahm¿Uv (D]P∑Øn\v), hn.]n.inhIpam¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv
F∂nhbmWh. _eq¨ F∂ XncIY°v Xnc°Ym Ahm¿Upw e`n®p. _eq¨
Ne®n{XamhpIbpw sNbvXp. 1999 \hº¿ 25˛\v A¥cn°ptºmƒ "Kƒ^v thmbvkn's‚
]{Xm[n]cmbncp∂p.
{]tabØnepw AhXcWØnepw XnI®pw ]pXpa ]pe¿Øp∂ t\mhemWv hr≤kZ\w.

AºØ©phb n¬Øs∂ hr≤\mbn koeSn°s∏´v \n¿Ω¬ `h≥ F∂ hr≤kZ\Øn¬
At¥hmknbmbn \SX≈s∏´ kndnbIv B‚dWn F∂ IYm]m{XØneqsS hr≤kZ\w F∂
Hcp \qX\temIw Xpd∂psh°pIbmWv sIm®p_mh. PohnXØns‚ F√m XpdIfn¬\n∂pw
\njvIcpWw BńtbmSn°s∏Sp∂ A\mY hm¿≤IysØ Nn{XoIcn°p∂tXmsSm∏w C∂sØ
ImeL´Øns‚ sRń°p∂ Hcp ]cnt—ZsØ sIm®p_mh hr≤kZ\ØneqsS \ΩpsS
Iäpºn¬ A\mbmkambn Db¿Øn∏nSn°p∂p. Sn.]fl\m`≥ ]dbp∂p: ""kmlnXyØn¬
sIm®p_mh kz¥amb sIm´mcßfpw P\]Zßfpw krjv S n®p˛ Akpcinev ] nbmb
abs\t∏mse''. At±lØns‚ apºn¬ e£yw am{Xta D≠mbncp∂p≈p. NØpw sIm∂pw
apt∂dpI F∂ BZ¿iamWv At±lsØ \nb{¥n®ncp∂Xv. \¿ΩØns‚ kpXmcyamb
BhcWaWn™XmWv Ct±lØns‚ ssien. AXv Bt£]lmkyØns‚ Nm´pfnbmIp∂Xv
hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ImWmw. {ioaXn.]n.h’e kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse ]∏pw ]qSbpw \o°nb Hcp
tImgnbpsS _o`’cq]w a‰p IrXnIfnse∂Xpt]mse hr≤kZ\Ønepw ImWmw.
hmIv { ]tbmKØns‚ aq¿®bn¬ \mw Pohn°p∂ Cu temIØns‚ ]´pSbmSIfpw
s]mß®sØm∏nIfpw sIm®p_mh Iodn∏dØp∂p. t\mhens‚ `mjm]cXbneq∂n \n∂v

{]tab]camb kqN\Ifpw Nn”ßfpw am{Xw \¬In hmb\°mcs\s°m≠v A¿t∞m¬∏mZ\w
kzbw km[yam°p∂ Hcp coXnbmWv hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ImWpI. CXv B[p\ntImØc
{]hWXIfpsS Hcp `mKamWv. B \ne°v aebmfØnse BZysØ B[p\ntImØct\mhemWv
F∂p AhImis∏Smw.
hr≤kZ\w
(D≈S° kw{Klw)
1. kndnbIv B‚Wn F∂ AtcmKZrVKm{X\mb AºØ©pImc≥ hr≤kZ\Øn¬
{]thin∏n°s∏Sp∂p. At±lw hmb\°mtcmSv t\cn´p kwkmcn°p∂ coXnbnemWv
BJym\coXn. Bt£]lmkyØn¬ s]mXn™ hncpt≤m‡nbneqsS thWw IYmcq]w
a\ nem°m≥.
Hcp Unkw_dnse kp{]`mXØn¬ IYm\mbIs\ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ {]thin∏n°p∂p.

\Ωƒ F∂ ]ZØn\v PohnXØn¬ {]k‡nbn√. F√mhcpw H‰°mWv. apdnhp ]‰ptºmgpw
thZ\n°ptºmgpsa∂t]mse. kndnb°n\v AºØ©p hbt Bbn´p≈q. a\ nt\m,
icocØnt\m hm¿≤Iyw _m[n®nń√. A¬]w \cb√msX Ij≠nt]mepan√. kpµcnbpw
bphXnbpamb kmd kndnb°ns‚ c≠mw `mcybmWv. BZy `mcy B·kv tcmKiøbn¬
InS°ptºmƒ ip{iqjn°m≥ h∂ t\gvkmWv kmd. kmd hneIqSnb ap¥nbXcw ssU
D]tbmKn®v AbmfpsS apSn Idp∏n°p∂p. Hcp Zcn{Z\mbmWv \mbI≥ PohnXw Bcw`n®Xv.
CØcw ]q¿∆IYIƒ BtemN\bn¬ hcp∂XmWv AbmfpsS Zu¿∫eyw. AXpsIm≠v Abmsf
kln®paSpØn´mWv kmd Hcp hr≤kZ\Øn¬ G¬∏n°msemcpßnbXv. kmd Hcp ]I¬
apgph≥ an\s°´mWv t^mWn¬ hr≤kZ\w UbdIvSsd InńbXv. PohnXØn¬ HcmtfmSpw
ImWn°mØ hnt[b`mhtØmsSbmWv UbdIvStdmSv Ahƒ kwkmcn®Xv.
at\mtcmKmkv]{Xnbn¬ a°ƒ \n¿_‘]q¿∆w {]thin∏n® as‰mc∏\pth≠n _p°psNbvX
apdnbmWv Ahƒ°\phZn®Xv. a°ƒ XΩnep≈ kzØpX¿°w aq¿≤\yØnseØnb ÿnXn°v
GsX¶nepw {]mIrXcoXnbn¬ B A∏s\ Xń°fbpsa∂pd∏v. hr≤kZ\Ønte°v hcm≥
Xm≥ aSn®ncps∂¶n¬ kmd Xt∂bpw Hcp NnØtcmKmkv]{Xnbn¬ {]thin∏n®v {]mIrXcoXnbn¬
Ahkm\n∏n°pambncp∂p. klnsI´ `mcybpw a°fpw as‰mcp hr≤s\
]ØmbØnen´p]qńbXpw Zmln® sh≈Øn\v aq{Xw IpSn®psIm≈m≥ ]d™Xpw Abmƒ
hmbn®tXm¿Øp. ]ØmbØn\p ]Icw hr≤kZ\Øn¬Øs∂ B°nbXn\m¬ kmd
Zbbp≈hfmWv. \nßƒ°v ]ncn eqkmbnt∏mtbm F∂pw Hcn°¬ kmd tNmZn°pIbp≠mbn.
AXn\ptijw IsøØmhp∂ km[\ßsf√mw Ahƒ FSpØpam‰n. ]ncneqkns‚ XpS°w
hkvXphIIƒ Fdn™pS°p∂XneqsSbmbncn°Ww kndnbIv tPm¨ Ic™pt]mbn. Xs‚
£am]Wwt]mepw kmd {i≤n®n√. Ahƒ Xnc°n´v Hcp ]cky]pkvXIw Xnc™p]nSn®p.
AXnse \n¿Ω¬`h≥ F∂ hr≤kZ\Øns‚ BI¿jWobamb ]ckyw Ahƒ
sXcs™SpØp. BÀmZIcamb A¥co£w, at\mlcamb sIńSw, cpNnbp≈ Blmcw,
\n¿_‘nX hnZKv≤ sshZy]cntim[\, ]cnNcWØn\v {]tXyI]cnioe\w e`n® t\gvkpam¿,
{]m¿∞\mlmƒ, hmb\ime, Cßs\ `qanbnse kz¿§amb hr≤kZ\Ønte°v hm¿≤Iyw
_m[n®hsc]ckyØneqsS kzmKXw sNøp∂p. CsXms° Xs∂ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®Xns‚
s]mcpƒ a\ nembn√. at\mtcmKmip]{Xntb ∏‰nbmbncp∂¶n¬ AhfpsS Dt±iyw
Duln°mambncp∂p. G‰hpw kuIcy{]Zamb HcnSw X\n°p≠m°nØcnI F∂XmWv AhfpsS

Xm¬∏cysa∂pw hb msb∂v kzbw a\ nem°m\p≈ hnthIsa¶nepw Xm≥
ImWnt°≠XmsW∂pw Ahƒ Xpd∂p ]d™t∏mƒ F√mw ]nSnInń. Xm≥ Xebmń kΩXn®p.
AdnbmsX IÆpIƒ \nd™pt]mbn. AXnsemcpXp≈n AhfpsS ssIØ≠bnepw hoWp.
c≠cs°m√w apºv Ahsf sI´ptºmƒ Ahƒ°v Xm≥ hb \mbncp∂n√. IcpØ\mbncp∂p
F∂v k¶StØmsS Hm¿Øpt]mbn. ]Øncp]Ø©psIm√w Xt∂msSm∏w Pohn® B·kv
F∂ BZy `mcysb Hm¿Øpt]mbn. AXmtemNn®m¬ sXm≠bnSdpw. Hs° _p≤nap´mhpw.
Cu hr›nI∏pe¿thfbn¬Øs∂ \∑ \nd™ HcnStØ°p sIm≠pt]mIp∂ kmd
Zbmabnsb∂mizkn®p. \ΩpsS _‘w \ne\n¿Øns°m≠p\ap°I∂pIgnbmsa∂pw Ahƒ
]d™p. Imdv hr≤ kZ\Ønte°SpØp. {][m\hgnbn¬\n∂p Xncnbp∂nSØv Hcp
t_m¿Up≠mbncp∂p. ""Cd®nt°mgnIƒ hn¬∏\°v''.
2.hr≤kZ\Øn¬ {]thin∏n°s∏´ kndnbIv B‚Wnbv°v BtcmSpw bm{X

]dbm\p≠mbncp∂n√. arZphmbn Hcp hm°p®cn°pItbm C\n C∂ Znhkw
hcmsa∂p]dbpItbm sNømsX kmd ImtdmSn®pt]mbn. CØcw hnImcßfmWv Xs∂ ChnsS
FØn®XpXs∂. kmd as‰mcmfmbXpsIm≠pw kZ\Ønse \nbaa\pkcn®pw Ahƒ t]mtb
]‰p. kndnb°n\v 55 hb pw kmd°v 30 hb pamWv. Ahƒ t]mIp∂Xn\v apºv
X\nbv°\phZn® apdnbnse kuIcyßƒ hnhcn®pX∂p. Cßs\sbmcp apdnInńbXn¬
`mKyhm\msW∂pw Hm¿Ωn∏n®p, F¥n\[nIw, apdnbn¬ ]Xn® XdtbmSpIfnse kpµcamb
Unssk≥ t\m°nbncp∂m¬ aXnbt√m t\cw t]mIm≥. At∏mtg°pw UbdIvS¿ C¿hmZokpw
FØn. ImgvNbn¬ Ip≈≥, {]mbw Dulns®Sp°m≥ IgnbmØ apJhpw icochpw. hfsc
am\yamb s]cpam‰w. kmd sImSpØ Ihdnse sN°p I≠t∏mƒ DSs\ AhnSpsØ
Ãm^ns\sb√mw ]cnNbs∏SpØn. CsX√mw km[mcW ]Xnhp≈ NSß√. kmd sImSpØ
sN°ns‚ i‡nbmWv. lcnZmk≥ F∂ Hmôkv Ãm^ns\ UbdIvS¿ imkn®p. ImcWw
]pXnb At¥hmknbpsS t^m¨ \º¿ hmßnsh®ncp∂n√. AXnYn acn®pt]mbm¬
DØchmZs∏´h¿ hcm\p≈ ImeXmakw Hgnhm°m\mWnXv. Cu {]kmXmh\ kndnb°n\v
H´pw kpJambn√. sSe{Kmw In´m\p≈ Xmakw sIm≠v Xs‚ ihicocw G‰phmßm\mfn√msX
AXv A\p\nanjw No™pho¿°p∂ cwKw Abmƒ `mh\bn¬ I≠p. ÿm]\Øns‚ ]gb
\nebpw kmdsSt∏mep≈ DZmcaXnIfpsS klmbhpw UbdIvS¿ Hm¿Ωn®p. Cu hr≤≥
\nßfpsS BcmsW∂B tNmZyw am{Xw UbdIvS¿ tNmZn®n√. AbmfpsS HuNnXyw
FSpØp]dbWw. tNmZn®m¬ F¥p adp]Snbmbncn°pw kmd ]dbp∂Xv tIƒt°≠nhcnI.
]ckv]cw ssIsImSpØv hfsc Dujvafamb Hcp bm{X]dbemWv kmd \SØnbXv. Xt∂mSp
ImWn°mØ sshImcnIX. kmdtbmSv Hcp Imcyw IqSn UbdIvS¿ ]d™p. Cu apdn
_p°psNbvXncp∂ at\mtcmKmip]{Xnbnse hr≤≥ acn®pt]mbn. \nßfpsS am\yhr≤\v
acWwhsc Cu apdnbn¬ Ignbmw. kmd Bizmk]q¿∆w Ipcnip hc®p. Xm\n√msX kmd
Xncn®psN√p∂ _w•mhns\∏‰nbpw AhnsS apºp Ign™ A\p`hßsf∏‰nbpw Abmƒ Hm¿Øp.
""A∏m∏m, {]m¿∞\°p≈ t\cambn'' Fs∂mcp bphXn h∂dnbn®p. kpµcnbmb \n¿Ωesb∂
t\gvkmWv. Xm\hfpsS A∏m∏\mWv. thWsa¶n¬ ]nSn°msa∂hƒ ]d™p. Xs‚ BZy
`mcy B·kns\ ]cnNcn°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ tbml∂m≥ G¿∏mSm°nb kmdsb hnhmlw
Ign® Imcyw Hm¿Øp. ]Xnhmbn {]m¿∞nbv°p∂ kz`mhan√mØ Abmƒ°v AXn¬ henb
Xm¬]cyw tXm∂nbn√. F¶nepw a‰p≈ At¥hmknIfpambn ]cnNbs∏Sm\p≈ Hcp kµ¿`w
IqSnbmsW∂v \n¿Ωe Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. BsI ]Xn\mep hr≤cmWnhnsSbp≈Xv. {]m¿∞\ Ign™v
`£Wlmfn¬ t]mbn AØmgw Ignbv°pIbmWv AhnSpsØ ]Xnhv. Xosc hømØh¿°v
`£Ww apdnbn¬sImSp°pw. at\mlcambn Ae¶cn®XmWv {]m¿∞\mebw.

{]m¿∞\mebØnte°v IS∂ kndnb°ns\ F√mhcpw Xm¬]cyan√msX t\m°n.
{]m¿∞\Ign™v AhnsSbncp∂n´pw Bsc¶nepw t]cp tNmZn°pItbm ]cnNbs∏Sm≥ hcnItbm
D≠mbn√. {]m¿∞\Ign™t∏mƒ Hct¥hmkn\n ""tZs≠ h∂p Ign™p'' F∂p ]d™v
AeapdbnSm≥ XpSßn. Ccn°p∂hcmcpw CfInbn√. hr≤ acWsh{]mfw t]mse F√mhtcbpw
amdn amdn t\m°n IÆoscmen∏n®p. At∏mƒ kpµcnbmb as‰mcp hr≤ ASpØncn°p∂ BtfmSv
Ft¥m ]d™p. hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v Hcp bqWnt^mw th≠XmsW∂v
kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. At∏mƒ IriKm{X\mb Hct¥hmkn Pp∫bptSm Ioibn¬\n∂v Hcp
shfpØ NcSp ]pdsØSpØp. hr≤ acn°pIbmsW¶n¬ Im¬ hnc¬ IqńsI´m\mWXv.
IÆS°msX ImeIØn acn®pInS°p∂Xv F{X hrØntISmWv. Cu A`wKn Hgnhm°m\mWv
AbmfpsS {iaw. B a\ÿnXn ImWn® Abmsf ]pWymflmhv F∂pXs∂ hnfn°Ww. Cu
a\pjy≥ Pohn®ncn°p∂ ImeØv HcΩmΩbpsS Im¬hnc¬Øpºv Iqńs°´m≥ Ibdpw
Ioibnen´p \S∂ BfmWv. Cu hr≤bmIs´ HcmgvNbv°nSbn¬ BdmasØ acW]cm{IaamWv
ImWn°p∂Xv. I≠p \n¬°p∂h¿°v AXn¬ Hcp ]pXpabpw tXm∂nbn√. At∏mtg°pw
{]m¿∞\mebØns‚ hmXp°¬ \n¿Ωe h∂v `£Wkabamsb∂dnbn®p. F√mhcpw
Xnc°s´Wo‰p. IbsdSpØ IriKm{X\S°w. ChpSpsØ t_mdSnbn¬\n∂v c£n°p∂Xv Cu
AΩmΩbmsW∂v IriKm{X≥ Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. \n¿Ωe kndnb°ns‚ tXmfn¬ ]nSn®p. Xm\mscbpw
]cnNbs∏ńs√∂v kndnb°v ]d™p. AXns‚ Bhiyans√∂pw ]ckv]cw t\m°¬
Xs∂bmWnhnSpsØ ]cnNbs∏Sse∂pw \n¿Ωe ]d™p. CXn∂p≈n¬ B¿°pw
ta¬hnemkan√. F√mhcpw hr≤≥am¿. Xo≥apdnbpsS Npacn¬ FgpXnsh®Xv kndnb°v
I≠p. ""`£n°ptºmƒ AtX∏‰n am{Xw Nn¥n°pI.''.
3. hr≤kZ\Ønse Hct¥hmknbmb XSn\mS≥ t]cp]d™v ]cnNbs∏´p. ChnsS

B¿°pw ta¬hnemkan√mØXn\m¬ AXn¬ {i≤n®n√. ]≠v Ipń°meØv {KmaØn¬
Zmcn{ZyØn∂nSbnepw Ab¬°m¿ kvt\ln®ncp∂p. \Kc]cnjvImc{]Imcw kvt\lØn\p]Icw
sRémWv. kndnbIv Xs‚ ]gb PohnXw Hm¿Øp. {KmaØnse Hcp ]ńWnhoń¬ P\n®p.
Ggmw¢m n¬ sh®v ]ńWn klnbv°msX \mSphn´p. \KcØnse Hcp henbhoń¬
hni∏S°m≥th≠n the°mc\mbn. A∂hnsS B·kv Fs∂mcp amemJIpń A©mw ¢m n¬
]Tn°p∂p≠mbncp∂p. the°mc≥ B·kns\ t{]an®p I√ymWw Ign®p. A—\ΩamcpsS
Imetijw Afh‰ kzØn∂pSabmbn. B kzØns‚ hen∏amWt√m AºXpIgn™n´pw
Xs∂ t{]an®p I√ymWw Ignbv°m≥ kmdsb k÷bm°nbXv. IminemWv Imcyw. Imins‚
D]tbmK iq\yXbpw kndnb°n∂dnbmw. C°≠ Imip]tbmKn®n´pw B·kns‚
acWtam¿Øp. Ct∏mƒ I≠ acWsh{]mfhpw Hm¿Øp. Ip‰t_m[Øm¬ hcm¥bnse
XnÆbn¬ Xeapń®p. AhnsSbmWv t\csØ ]cnNbs∏´ hr≤≥ Ccp∂ncp∂Xv. Xt∂mSbmƒ
PohnXIY ]d™psh∂mWv hnNmcn®Xv. H∂pw {i≤n®nń√mXncp∂Xn\m¬ Hcnbv°¬ IqSn
"B IY' ]dbm≥ Bhiys∏´p. hr≤s\ {]oWn∏n°m≥ th≠nbmbncp∂p. ]t£ hr≤≥
£p`nX\mbn B{Ian°pIbmWp≠mbXv. AXpw FXn¿∏n√msX kln®p. AbmtfmSp≈
klXm]wsIm≠v Cbmƒ AkwXr]vX\mb hr≤\msW∂pw a‰p≈hsc Xnsc
kln°ms\m°mØ IrXy\njvT°mc\msW∂pw a\ nembn. hr≤kZ\Ønse ]cnkcw
{i≤n®t∏mƒ kmdsb hnhmlw Ign®Imew Hm¿Ω h∂p. A∂hƒ ]d™XmWv. ""F\ns°mcp
\nanjw th¿]ncn™ncn°m\mhns√∂v''. ]t£ C∂v Cu hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ho≠pw h∂v Aßs\
]dbm\p≈ A\uNnXyw kmd°p≠mhn√. kaqlØn¬ IqsSs°m≠p\S°ptºmƒ D≠mth≠
{]uVnbv°mbncn°Ww Ahƒ Xs‚ XeapSnbnepw hkv{X[mcWØnepsams° {i≤n®Xv.

XSnamS\mb hr≤s‚ IY tI´p. Abmƒ k¿°m¿ tPmenbnencp∂p IpSpw_w t\m°n, a°sf
Cb¿∂ ]ZhnbnseØn®p. dn´b¿ sNbvXp h∂t∏mƒ hoń¬ H‰s∏´p. H∂pw sNøm\n√. Cu
Ahÿ I≠v a°ƒ°pw acpa°ƒ°pw ieyambntØm∂nbncn°Ww. a°ƒ Bń∏pdØm°n
sIm≠ph∂m°p∂Xn\papºv kzbw ChnsS FØnbXmWv. Abmƒ°nt∏mƒ Btcbpw
Hm¿°m\n√. kmdbvs°m∂nhnsShsc hcm≥ tXm∂nbn√t√m F∂v kndnbIv Hm¿Øp. adn®v
B·kv Bbncps∂¶ntem. X\n°o hr≤kZ\Øn¬Øs∂ Im¬IptØ≠n hcn√mbncp∂p.
A{Xbpambt∏mƒ t\csØ acWsh{]mfw ImWn® hr≤bpsS HºXmw \º¿ apdnbnte°p
\S∂p. IXIS™p InS°p∂p. AhnsSbpw Hcdnbn∏v. ""Ddßp∂hsc DW¿ØcpXv''.
4. AkvXab `wKn ImWm≥ \n¿ΩetbmsSmØv Ip∂n≥apIfn¬ t]mbn. GIm¥Xbn¬

_w•mhn¬ Ignbp∂ kmdsb Hm¿Øp. Xm\nhnsS h∂n´v c≠pamkw Ign™p. {InkvXpa n\p
tI°pw sImt≠m, P\phcn H∂n\v BiwkbpsS ]p©ncnbpw sImt≠m kmd hcnIbp≠mbn√.
h∂m¬ ho≠pw Xncn®pt]mIptºmtg°p≠mhp∂ k¶Sw kln°m≥ IgnbmØXpsIm≠mhmw,
kmdsb Ip‰s∏SpØnbXn¬ ]›mØm]tØmsS \n¿ΩebpsS Xe s\t©mSp tN¿Øp]nSn®p.
Ahƒ A\pkcn®p. s]s´∂v \n¿Ωe kmdbmIp∂ NXnbn¬ IpSpßnbXp Xncn®dn™p.
Ip‰t_m[tØmsS Xncn®p\S∂p. \nehnfn®p. Hc∏m∏\mbn sXm´XmsW∂p IcpXnbm¬
aXnsb∂hƒ Bizkn∏n®p. AºØnc≠masØ hb nse hnhmlPohnXm\p`hßsf°pdn®v
Ahƒ tNmZn®p. Xm≥ ]m]nbmsW∂pw bmsXmcp ]m]hpw sNømØh\msW∂pw tXm∂n.
ssZh\oXnbpsS apºn¬ ]pWy]m]ßƒ temI\oXnbnseXpt]me√. AXmWt√m
]Xn{hXbptSbpw thiybptSbpw IY kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. ]Xn{hX thiybpsS hoń¬
h∂pt]mIp∂hcpsS FÆw ]nSn°m≥ \akvImc∏mbbv°Snbn¬ Nc¬°√p Iqńsh®p.
acn®pt]mbt∏mƒ thiy°p kz¿§hpw ]Xn{hX°v \cIhpw Inń. ImcWw thiy AhfpsS
NpaXebmWv sNbvXXv. \akv°mc∏mbbnencp∂v ]ng sNbvXhƒ ]Xn{hXbmWv. B·kns‚
acWtijw P]amebpambn Igntb≠ Xm≥ kmdsb sIń. AXp sX‰v. a°fn√mØXn\memWv
c≠mwsI´p sIńbXv. ]t£, kmdbn¬ a°fp≠mhm≥ Ahƒ kΩXn®n√. B· ns‚
acWtijw kmdsb sIńbXv ]m]amtWm. kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw BI¿jn°s∏Sp∂Xn¬
adp]Snbn√. AXn\m¬ \n¿Ωesb kmIqXw t\m°p∂Xnepw sX‰n√. \n¿ΩetbmSv Xm\hsf
kvt\ln°ps∂∂p ]dbm≥ Ign™n√. sXmÆqdmw hb n¬ Xs∂t{]an® Hcp hr≤≥ ]≠v
Cu kZ\Øn¬ D≠mbncp∂Xv \n¿Ωe ]d™p. AkvXabw I≠v \n¿ΩetbmsSm∏w
Xncns®Ønb Xs∂°≠v kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ Aa¿jwsIm≠p. Ah¿°pap≠v
Xm¬∏cyßƒ. AXn\p kzmX{¥yan√. IriKm{X≥ CXns\Xnsc UbdIvS¿°v \nthZ\w
Xømdm°n. {]m¿∞\°p kabambn. \nßƒ Alw`mhnbmsW∂pw CuXn\nsS Btcbpw
]cnNbs∏ńńs√∂pw IriKm{X≥ kndnb°ns\ Ip‰s∏SpØn. Ign™ c≠pamkw sIm≠v
Xm\mcpambpw kulrZap≠m°nbns√t∂m¿Øp. AXn\nSbn¬ Ign™ {InkvXpa v kZ\Øn¬
F√mhcpw tN¿∂v BtLmjn®tXm¿Øp. At¥hmknIsf ImWm\pw kΩm\ßƒ \¬Im\pw
]e {]mb°mcmb _‘p°fpsS {]hmlambncp∂p. kndnb°ns\ ImWm≥am{Xw Bcpw h∂n√.
X\n°v kmdb√msX Bcpan√t√m. AØmgØn\p kabamsb∂v \n¿Ωe Adnbn®p. hnfn®Xv
\n¿ΩebmbXn\m¬ ITn\amb hni∏ptXm∂n. lmfn¬ sN∂t∏mƒ AhnsS \n¿Ωebn√.
hnfºpImc≥ ]m{Xßƒ \ncØp∂p. kndnb°ns‚ hni∏psI´p. Npacn¬
BWnbSn®pXq°nbn´p≈ Hcm]vXhmIyw ZrjvSnbn¬ s]´p. ""KpkvXnbn¬ P\n°p∂h\√,
C—Isf AXnPohn°p∂h\mWv tIa≥.
5. \pWIfpsS cmPmhmb sI.\mSmcmWv hr≤kZ\Ønse as‰mct¥hmkn. \mSmsc

kZ\ØnseØn®Xv s]mdpXnapńb \m´pImcmWv. Iøpw Imepw X√n®X®v Hcp apfhSnbn¬
XeIogmbn sIńØq°nbmWv AhnsS sIm≠psN∂Xv. AbmfpsS acWwhsc sNehn\p≈
kwJybpw \m´pIm¿ ]ncns®SpØmWv kzcq]n®Xv. kZ\Øns‚ XpS°°meambncp∂Xn\mepw
apdnIƒ Hgn™pInS∂ncp∂Xn\mepw A∂v {]thi\w Ffp∏ambn. \pW AYhm InwhZ¥n
]cØn \mń¬ sskzct°Sp≠m°embncp∂p AbmfpsS hnt\mZw. sIme]mXItØ°mƒ
òIcamWv \pW. tIƒ°ptºmƒØs∂ \pWbmsW∂dnbmsa¶nepw Np≠pIƒ amdn amdn
{]Ncn®v AXv Hcp kXyØns‚ cq]Øn¬ D¤hÿm\ØpXs∂ Xncns®Øp∂p. ]q¿Æ
K¿`nWnbmb Hcp ]sØmºXpImcnsb `¿Ømhns\s°m≠v Nhnńs°m√n® InwhZ¥nbmWv
\mSmsc kZ\ØnseØn®Xv. At¥hmknIsf ]cnNbs∏Sp∂n√ F∂ Bt£]Øn\p
]cnlmcambmWv Cbmsf ]cnNbs∏´Xv. AXv Xs∂ alm A]ISambn. apdnbnse GIm¥Xbn¬
Xs∂ Ign®pIqńbm¬ aXnbmbncp∂p. apdnbn¬ sNSnIƒ \´phfcvSØn Ińens‚ tNmń¬
Hcp apb¬°pńtbbpw hfcvSØp∂Xns\∏‰n BtemNn®m¬ aXnbmbncp∂p. apben\p Xo‰°p
Iymc‰pthWw. AXn\p Iehd°mcs\ tkh]nSn°mw. Abmƒ apcS\msW¶ntem, Iymc‰p
Xń∏d®psIm≠ph∂m¬ Abmfpw ]n∂msetbmØpw. At∏mƒ apbens\ Is≠Øpw. AXns\
hf¿ØnsbSpØp s]mcn®pXn∂m\mbncn°pw AbmfpsS Xm¬∏cyw. AXn\m¬ k¶¬∏Øn¬
hf¿Øp∂ apbens\ P\eneqsS ]pdtØ°phn´p. ho≠pw hnjmZ{KkvX\mbt∏mƒ Abmƒ
\n¿Ωesb ImWm\m{Kln®p. C∂p Xs‚ apdn ipNnbm°m\pw InS° hncn°m\pw
\n¿Ωe°p]Icw I{Xo\sbs∂mcp t\gvkmWv h∂Xv. Ahƒ°v \n¿ΩebpsS A{X kuµcyw
icocØnse s]cpam‰Øntem C√. F¶nepw AhfpsS \nKqVkuµcyØn¬ IÆp Xßnbt∏mƒ
kzbw ]p—w tXm∂n. AXn\m¬ apdnhn´p ]pdØpIS∂p. \n¿ΩesbAt\zjn°pIXs∂.
At∏mƒ ap‰Øncp∂p ]p√p]dn°p∂ Cøm°paq∏sc∂ as‰mct¥hmknsb°≠p. ]I¬

apgph≥ ]p√p]dnbmWv aq∏cpsS Zu¿∫eyw. AXpXs∂bmWv Abmsf kZ\ØnseØn®Xpw.
a°sf√mw hfsc Db¿∂ ]Zhnbnep≈ {]_e∑mcmWv. kµ¿iIcptSbpw a‰pw km∂n≤yØn¬
A∏s‚ ]p√p]dn Ah¿°]am\ambn. Hcn°¬ acpaItfmSv ap‰Øp]dn°m≥ ]p√ns√∂p
]cmXns∏´p. as‰mcn°¬ t]c°nSmhv ap‰sØ ]p¬\mºn¬ Nhn´p∂Xp I≠ Abmƒ Ipńsb
Xńam‰n. IpńbpsS Xe I√nenSn®v apdnhp]‰n. AtXmsS a°fptSbpw acpa°fptSbpw ap∂n¬
{`m¥\mbn. a°ƒ°v kln°m\mbn√. ]p√p]dn \n¿Øm≥ Ah¿ D]tZin®p. hp≠pw Abmƒ
]p√p]dn°m\ndßn. a°ƒ Cøm°paq∏sc hr≤kZ\ØnseØn®p.
BtcmKyhm\mbncp∂ImeØv ImSpshńsØfnbn®v IpSntb‰°mc\mbn Ign™XmWv.
AbmfpsS `mcy s]mSp∂s\ acn®p. kZ\Ønepw ]p√p]dnXs∂. `£Wwt]mepw Ign°p∂Xn¬
Xm¬∏cyan√. ]cn°p∂ A{X ]p√pXs∂ ]pXpXmbn Infn¿°p∂Xn¬ Abmƒ°p
kt¥mjtabp≈p. kndnb°v ]p√p]dn°p∂ aq∏sc {]oXns∏SpØm≥ tNmZn®XmWv `£Ww
Ignt®m F∂v. \nd®p≠ht\ as‰mcmfpsS \ndhbdns\∏‰n At\zjn°mhp F∂mbncp∂p
aq∏cpsS {]XnIcWw. hr≤kZ\ØnseØp∂ hsc√mw XØz⁄m\nIfmIp∂ A¤pXw
kndnb°v Hm¿Øp. C∂se apgph≥ \n¿Ωesb I≠n√. AXn\m¬ hni∏ptXm∂mØXpsIm≠v
Abmƒ D≠n´pan√. C∂v t\cnbtXmXn¬ tXm∂nb hni∏v sI.\mSmcpsS IY tI´tXmsS
C√mXmbn. \mSm¿ as‰mcp InwhZ¥n Cd°n. Xte∂mƒ kndnb°pw \n¿Ωebpw IqSn
Ip∂n≥apIfnte°p t]mbXn¬ At¥hmknIƒ D≠m°nb tImemlehpw Ah¿ UbdIvS¿°p
sImSpØ \nthZ\hpw icn°pw ên®ncn°p∂p. \n¿Ωe \mSmcpsS apdnbn¬ sN∂ncp∂p.
Ah¿°v kndnb°nt\mSv t{]aaps≠∂v kqN\bpw Inńbn´p≠v. Ahƒ
Hc\mYmebØn¬\n∂ph∂ IpńbmWv. At∏mtg°pw ap‰Øp\ns∂mcmt{Imiw Db¿∂p.
AΩmΩ ]p√n¬ NhnńbXn\v Cøm°paq∏¿ £p`nXambXmWv. Abmƒ Is√SpsØmcp

ho°psh®psImSpØp. AΩmΩbpsS s\‰ns]mń tNmcsbmen®p XpSßn. DSs\ aq∏¿ HmSn
FØn Ahsc XmßnsbSpØp. the°m¿ HmSntbmØn. kndnb°n\v ]pXnsbmcdnhpInń.
""Hcp°nbn´ hgnbneqsS ]Ωn∏Xpßn kq{X°mc\mbn acWw hcp∂p.''
Ign™ XhW tUmIvS¿ h∂t∏mƒ kndnb°n\pw Hcp KpfnI \n¿t±in®p. X\n°p

tcmKans√∂p ]d™t∏mgpw KpfnI Ign®p XpSßnt°mfp tcmKw D≠mbns°m≈psa∂p ]d™p.
hr≤kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂h¿ tcmKnIfmIWw. Xm≥am{Xw AXn¬\ns∂mgnhmbm¬ UbdIvS¿°v
a‰p≈h¿ ]cmXn \¬Ipw. Abmƒ°Xv IW°nseSpt°≠hcpw. kaqla\ namWv {]m[m\yw.
\n¿Ωesb∏‰nbp≈ CXn\papºsØ ]cmXnsb∏‰n UbdIvS¿ kwkmcn®ncp∂p. AsXm∂pw
kmcam°m\ns√∂pw c≠p Znhkw Ign™m¬ \n¿ΩesbØs∂ AbmfpsS t\gvkm°msa∂pw
]d™p. kZ\Ønse°p G‰hpa[nIw ]Ww X∂ Xm¶fw _p≤napń°p∂ {]iv\ans√∂pw
UbdIvS¿ C¿hmZokv hm°psImSpØp. X\n°nhnsS aSpØpsh∂pw Xncn®pt]mIWsa∂pw
UbdIvStdmSv ]d™p. AXp _p≤nap´p≠m°psa∂v C¿hmZokv ]d™p. Fs∂ Xncn®b®mepw
kZ\Ønse°pX∂ ]Ww Xncn®pXtc≠Xns√∂pw ]d™p. AsXm∂pw \nßƒ°nt∏mƒ
a\ nemhns√∂p ]d™p UbdIvS¿ t]mbn. kmdsb i]n®v kndnbIv Ińen¬ InS∂p.
ASpØ\nanjw XebWNphń¬ Hfn®psh®ncp∂ kmdbpsS ]q¿Æ \·amb t^mt´m
AbmsfSpØp t\m°m≥ XpSßn. CSs°m∂p _mØvdqan¬t]mbn Xncn®p h∂t∏mƒ apdnbn¬
I{Xo\ \n¬°p∂p. AhfpsS ssIøn¬ kmdbpsS t^mt´m. t]mcmØXn\v AhfpsS Hcp
I≈t\m´hpw. B t^mt´m Xncn®p\¬Im≥ I{Xo\tbmSmhiys∏´p. Xs∂∏‰n
kZ\Ønep≈ k¬t∏cp Xs∂ \jvSs∏Spsa∂p t]Sn®p. Xm≥ NphscgpØn¬ ÿm\w
]nSnt®°mw. BsI Akzÿ\mbn. ]t£ I{Xo\ t^mt´m sISp°p∂ ań√. IgnSpsa¶n¬
hew ]nSn®p XńsbSptØm F∂ I≈®ncnbpw. Xń∏dn°m≥Xs∂ {ian®p. AXn\nsS kndnbIv
ae¿∂Sn®v Ińen¬ hoWp. AbmfpsS amdtØ°p I{Xo\bpw. Hcp \nanjw Aßs\
InS∂t∏mtg°pw hmXnen¬ \n¿Ωebpw UbdIvSdpw. \n¿Ωe B cwKw I≠v DSs\ ÿew
hn´p. UbdIvS¿ apdnbnte°p Xebn´pt\m°n. I{Xo\°v bmsXmcp ]cn{àhpap≠mbn√.
UbdIvS¿ £am]WtØmsS AXn\p t{]m’ml\w \¬In hmXn¬ tN¿ØS®v ÿew hn´p.
]pdta°dnbmØsX√mw XShdbnse acymZIfmIp∂p Fs∂mcp shfn]mSp≠mbn kndnb°n\v.
7. a\:imkv{Xadnbp∂hcpsS as‰mcp hym]mctI{µamWv hr≤kZ\w. HcnSØp

kzÿambn InS°m\pw A\phZn°n√. DSs\ ip{iqjbmbn, kvs]jenÃmbn, _lfambn,
{]tXyIn®v At¥hmknbpsS _‘p°fmsc¶nepw kao]Øp≈ kabamsW¶n¬ ]dbm\pan√.
F√mhcpw tN¿∂v kz¿§ob]cnNcWw Xs∂. hr≤cmb Bsc¶nepw \nßƒ°p≠¶n¬ Cu
Hgnhnte°p sIm≠phcq F∂ ]ckyamWXv. Xs∂ shdpsX hnSWsa∂p ]d™n´pw UbdIvS¿
kΩXn®n√. hr≤cpsS apdnbpsS hmXn¬ t_mƒńScpsX∂mWp \nbaw. s]s´s∂mcp hr≤\v
acn°mw. acWsh{]mfw Imńtb°mw. hmXn¬ D≈n¬ \n∂S®m¬ As∏msgms°
{]iv \ ßfmhpw. hr≤∑m¿°v ]qńsh°m≥ kzØp°tfm kzImcyßtfm C√t√m.
Ddßn°nS°p∂ GXp hr≤t\bpw B¿°pw Ft∏mgpw Ahkm\n∏n°pIbpamhmw. I{Xo\
apdnbn¬ IS∂ph∂p. Ahƒ°v bmsXmcp NΩepan√. AhtfmSp shdp∏ptXm∂n. Xs∂
Ahtlfn®Xns\∏‰n kwkmcn®p. AsX√mw UbdIvSdpsS D]tZi{]ImcamsW∂p a\ nembn.
Xm≥ AkwXr]vX\mb hr≤\msW∂pw AhnsS\n∂pt]mIm\m{Klnbv°p∂psh∂pw UbdIvS¿
a\ nem°nbncp∂p. t]mIp∂ {]iv\tabn√. AXpthsd°mcyw. F∂mepw I®hS»mebnse
]XnhpImsc AkwXr]vXcm°msX t\mt°≠ NpaXebp≠v. {]tXyI]cnioe\w e`n® t\gvkv

F∂ \ne°v AkwXr]vXnbpsS ImcWat\zjn®v UbdIvSdpsS \n¿t±i{]Imcw I{Xo\ \¬Inb
Hcp {So‰vsa‚ v am{Xambncp∂p AXv. I{Xo\ I®hS°fnbpsS clkyw ]pdØm°n Icbm≥
XpSßn. kZ\Øns‚ Nphcn¬ ssIøn¬ Xpemkp ]nSn®p\n¬°p∂ Hcp hym]mcnbpsS Nn{Xw
sXfn™p. DNnX⁄\mWv Nn{XImcs\∂p {]iwkn®p. ASpØ \nanjØn¬ AXp
ambv ® pIfbphm≥ CS\mgnbnte°v Cdßns®∂p. AhnsS Aßs\ Hcp Nn{Xw
Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂n√. At¥hmknIƒ hmXn¬ t_mƒńScpsX∂ \nbaw sX‰n°m≥ Xs∂
Xocpam\n®p. ]t£ t_mƒńSm≥ ssIøpb¿Ønbt∏mgt√ Adnbp∂Xv, hmXnen¬ t_mƒt´bn√.
\ΩfpsS AdnhpIƒ F{X Xp—w.hmXn¬ Xpd∂pXs∂ InS°s´ F∂v Xocpam\n®p. Xpd∂
IXIneqsS ho≠pw Npacn¬ hym]mcnbpsS Nn{Xw sXfn™ph∂p. Npacn¬ \n∂v Xpems SpØv
AhntS°v aµw aµw \S∂phcp∂ If¿ thj°mcnsbI≠p. ChfmIp∂p kZ\Øns‚ bYm¿∞
{]XoIw. Ahƒ kz]v\Ønse∂t]mse Xs‚ t\sc \oßnhcp∂p. Ahƒ Cßs\
]dbp∂Xpt]msebpw tXm∂n. ""hnev]\°pw a\:»mkv{Xaps≠∂dnbmØh≥ hnUvVnbmIp∂p.''
8. hntZibm{X°ndßnb Hcmsft∏mse hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Ipd®p\mƒ ]m¿Øp

Xncn®pt]mIm\mWv kndnb°ns‚ Dt±iyw. AXpsIm≠v AhnSpsØ \qemameIfnsem∂pw
XebnSm≥ hnNmcn°p∂n√. X¬°mew Xs‚ apdnbpsS hmXnen\p t_mƒ´pthWw. Hmôkn¬
Ibdns®∂p. lcnZmk≥ am{Xta AhnsSbp≈q. Aht\mSn°mcyw ]d™t∏mƒ UbdIvScpsS
A\phmZw thWsa∂mbn. ]mhw UbdIvSdpsS ASnabmb Ahs\ klmbn°Wsa∂p tXm∂n.
t]m°‰n¬ ssIbn´t∏mƒ AXnsem∂pan√. hr≤∑m¿s°√mw kzmX{¥ytØmsS ]m¿°m≥
Xm\p≠m°m≥ t]mIp∂ k¶¬∏Ønep≈ hr≤kZ\sØ∏‰n ]d™p. AXn¬ Ah\v
hensbmcp tPmen sImSp°msa∂pw G‰p. Hmôkn¬ t^m¨ s_√Sn®p. t^mWns‚
ieysØ∏‰nbpw Xs‚ _w•mhnse t^mWns\∏‰nbpw Hm¿Øp.At∏mgmWv kmd°v H∂p t^m¨
sNømsa∂v tXm∂nbXv. lcnZmk≥ t^m¨ A‰‚psNbvXp hnb¿°p∂p. kZ\Ønse a‰p
sXmgnemfnIsft∏mse Ah\pw A\mYmebØn¬ \n∂p h∂XmWv. Abmƒ t^m¨
Ub¬sNøm≥ t\m°n. lcnZmk≥ XS™p. AsXm∂pw hIshbv ° msX ho≠pw
Ub¬sNøms\mcpßn. At∏mgmWv \º¿ IrXyambn Hm¿Ωbn¬ hcp∂ns√∂dnbp∂Xv.
lcnZmk\v \s√mcp tPmen sImSp°qhm\p≈ {iaamWv t^m¨ F∂dn™t∏mƒ lcnZmk\v
D’mlambn. At∏mgmWv Xs∂ kw_‘n°p∂ ^b¬ Hmôkneps≠∂pw AXn¬ hońse
t^m¨ \º¿ Ds≠∂pw Hm¿Ωh∂Xv. ]t£ ^b¬ sImSp°m≥ lcnZmk≥ kΩXn®n√.
]nSnbpw henbpw \SØp∂Xn∂nSbn¬ B ^b¬ Xmsg hoWp. kndnb°v AsXSpØpt\m°n.
At∏mgmWv ^ben¬\n∂p t^m¨ \º¿ Npc≠n°f™ncnbv°p∂psh∂p a\ nembXv.
AXmWv kZ\Ønse ]Xnsh∂p lcnZmk≥ ]d™p. \º¿ Npc≠n°f™ÿew Nph∂
ajnbn¬ Xn \n¿t±ißƒ FgpXnbn´pap≠v.
(1) hninjvSm∞n°p≈ ]cnNcWw

(2) acnbv°pwhsc Xncn®psN√cpXv
(3) `mcybpambn ImWm\nShccpXv.
(4) acnbv°ptºmƒ am{Xw Adnbnbv°pI.
(5) acWw kzm`mhnIambncn°Ww.
9. kndnb°v ^b¬ FSpØXn\v UbdIvS¿ lcnZmkns\ s]mXnsc X√n. Xm\mWv

sX‰pImc≥. Abmsf tPmenbn¬\n∂p ]ncn®phnScpsX∂p kndnb°t]£n®p. UbdIvS¬
kndnb°ns\ kZ\Øn\p ]n≥hiØp≈ XSmI°cbnte°p Iqńs°m≠pt]mbn. kZ\Ønse
]e clkyßfpw ]d™psImSpØp. lcnZmkns\ X√nbXv t]Sn∏n®p \ndpØm\mWv. t]Sn∏n®pw
k¬°cn®pw X\n°mhiyap≈hsc UbdIvS¿ ASp∏n®p\ndpØp∂p. Hcp XcØnepw
kndnb°ns\ AhnsS\n∂p hnSpIbn√. AhnSpsØ G ¢m v At¥hmknbmWbmƒ. AXn\pw
Bhiyamb kwJybpsS CcńbmWv kmd kZ\Ønte°p sImSpØn´p≈Xv. B \nehmcØn¬
thsd At¥hmknIfmcpan√. AXpsIm≠v kndnb°n\v F√mØn\pw kzmX{¥yap≠v.
Abmƒ°p hnfºp∂ `£WaS°w a‰p≈htc°mƒ F{Xtbm ap¥nbXmWv. AhnSpsØ
At¥hmknIƒ ap∂p Im‰Kdnbn¬s]Sp∂p. _‘p°ƒ sImSp°p∂ ]Wa\pkcn®mWv
Iym‰Kdn Xncn°p∂Xv. AºØ©phb mbh¿°p AhnsS {]thi\an√. sXmÆqdp hb phsc
Pohn°phm\mhiyamb {]Xnêw H‰bSn°p hmßnbn´mWv kZ\Øn¬ hr≤sc
At¥hmknbmsbSp°p∂Xv. _‘pan{XmZnIfpsS Bhiy{]Imcw At¥hmknIƒ°v CS°v
t]mbnhcmw. kndnb°ns\ Hcn°epw hońtebv°b°cpsX∂mWv \n_‘\. _‘p°fpsS
\n_‘\°mWv G‰hpw ap¥nb ]cnKW\. F√m kpJßfpw A\p`hn®psIm≠v
acWwhscXmakn∏nbv°m\mWv kmdbpsS Icmdv. a‰p _‘p°ƒ UbdIvS¿ ]dbp∂nSsØm∏n´p
sImSp°p∂p. kmd Znhkßtfmfw BtemNn®mWv Icm¿ Xømdm°nbXv. AXpw ap{Z]{XØn¬.
Hcp XcØXnepw Xncn®b°cpXv. F√m kpJßfpw A\p`hn°Ww. AXn\mWv I{Xo\sb
apdnbnte°p hn´Xv. X∂njvS{]Imcw AhnsS FØp∂ hr≤∑m¿ IpdhmWv. _‘p°ƒ
\n¿_‘ambn sIm≠phcp∂XmWv. Xncn®pt]mImXncnbv°m≥ Ft∏mgpw {i≤bp≠mbncn°pw.
F√mkpJkuIcyßfpw A\p`hn®v \nßƒ°p kzm`mhnIamb Hcp acWw Xcp∂Xn¬ `mcy
kmd ImWn® DZmcX «mL\obw Xs∂. hmXnen∂p t_mƒ´p shbv°m≥ am{Xw \n¿∆mlan√.
acWw kw`hn®m¬ hońØSnbn¬Xo¿Ø at\mlcamb hmXnepIƒ shńs∏mfnt°≠nhcpw.
as‰√m kzmX{¥yhpw Xm¶ƒ°nhnsSbp≠v. FhnsSbpw {ôbmbn k©cn°mw. CsX√mw
]d™p. Cu¿hmZokv \n¿Ønbt∏mƒ Xs‚ lrZbØn¬ \n∂v Hcp Ipń Cdßn Im‰n\p t\sc
HmSp∂Xmbn kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. HmSp∂ Ipń B ]gb t_m¿Uv I≠p. ""Cd®nt°mgnIƒ
hn¬∏\°v''.
10. cm{Xn kabw kndnb°v ]pdtØ°p t\m°n°nS∂p. tS∏v sd°m¿Un¬ `q]nµ¿

]mSp∂p. B ]mńeqsS kndnb°ns‚ a\ n¬ kvt\lw \nd™p. Xs∂ kvt\ln°p∂ F√m
kv { XoItfbpw amtdmSp tN¿°m≥ sImXn®p. kmd Fs¥mcp NXnbnemWv Xs∂
AIs∏SpØnbsXt∂m¿Øp. Fs∂t∂°pambn hoSn\p shfnbnem°p∂ Imcyw
kqNn∏n°pIt]mepap≠mbncp∂n√t√m. s]cpw NXnbmWv Xt∂mSv sNbvXXv. \n¿Ωebpw
I{Xo\bpw Fs¥¶nepw sNbvXn´ps≠¶n¬ AXp kZ\Øn\p th≠n am{Xw. DÆp∂
tNmdnt\mSp≈ \µn. Cu ÿm]\w A{X henb sXs‰m∂pw sNbvXnń√. thWsa¶n¬ hr≤∑msc
sIm√mw. ]pXpXmbn _p°psNbvXhsc B Hgnhneve {]thin∏n°pIbpamhmw. AsXm∂pw
sNømØXpXs∂ HuZmcyw. At¥hmknIfpsS P\\ØnøXn ^ben¬ kq£n°p∂p.
P∑Zn\Øn\v BtLmjw kwLSn∏n°p∂ hnhcw Hm¿Ωsh®v _\m[p°sf Adnbn°p∂p.
Ahscs°m≠v kZ\Ønte°v henb kw`mh\Ifpw kΩm\ßfpw sImSp∏n°p∂p.
At¥hmknIsf√mw BSptabv ° p∂ CSb∑mcmsW∂pw kZ\w Bń≥]‰ßfpsS
XmhfamsW∂pw kndnbIv k¶¬∏n®p. CSb≥amcn¬\n∂v Cøm°paq∏tcbpw AΩmΩtbbpw
Hgnhm°p∂XmWv \√Xv. BSpIƒ ]p√pXn∂mepw AΩmΩ ]p√n¬°qSn \S∂mepw aq∏¿
t£m`nt®°pw. Aßs\ Hmtcm∂mtemNn®p InS°ptºmƒ IriKm{X≥ kndnb°ns‚ apdnbn¬
{]thin®p. kndnbIv hfsc \√ \nebn¬ At±lsØ kzoIcn®p. IriKm{X\v cm{Xnbn¬
kndnb°ns\ ImWWsa∂p tXm∂n. Abmƒ Xs‚ t]cv tUhnUv F∂msW∂p ]cnNbs∏SpØn.
G‰hpw \√ NßmXnamcmb Ah¿°v A¬]w aZy]n°msa∂v tUhnUv £Wn®p. aZyw Abmƒ
sIm≠ph∂n´p≠v . ]pIhen°p≈Xpw IcpXnbn´p≠v . CsXm∂pw kZ\Øn¬
A\phZ\obas√∂v kndnbIv kqNn∏n®t∏mƒ ""CuhnsS In´mØsXm∂pan√. F√m‰n\pw AXns‚
adhp thWsa∂pam{Xw.'' F∂v tUhnUv ]d™p. Ah¿ c≠pt]cpw aZy]n®p. kndnb°v
CXn\papºv aZy]n®nń√. ]pIhen®nń√. AXp h√mØ \jvSamsb∂p tXm∂n. IpSnbv°m≥
B·kpw kmdbpw kΩXn®n√. ]t£, kmdbv°v ]es∏mgpw CXns‚ aWap≠mbncp∂p. C\n
hoń¬ sN∂m¬ kmd FhntSbmWv aZyw Hfn∏n®ncn°p∂sX∂p t\m°Ww. At∏mgmWv
Hm¿ØXv, Xms\mcn°epw C\n hoń¬ FØpIbn√t√m F∂v. aZyw bYm¿∞ shfn®w
ImWn®pXcp∂p. GXmbmepw CSbcpsS Iq´Ønte°v AΩmΩtbbpw Cøm°paq∏tcbpw
£Wnbv°m≥ Xocpam\n®p. DSs\ apdnhn´v ]pdtØt°mSn. ]n∂mse hnfn®psIm≠v tUhnUpw.
AΩmΩbpsS apdnbn¬ sN∂p Ibdn. AhnsS AΩmΩ acn®p hndßen®pInS°p∂p. ssIIfpw
ImepIfpw tN¿Øpthbv°msX. Cøm°paq∏≥ Zp:JwsIm≠v Iq\n∏nSn®v apdnbnencn∏p≠v.
]n∂mse tUhnUpw apdnbnseØn. Abmƒ sXm´tXmsS ssIIfpw ImepIfpw
tN¿Øpshbv°m≥ Ign™p. ]ns∂ AhnsS acWØns‚ tImemleambn. ]mXncm{Xnbn¬
Ft∏mtfm AΩmΩ acn®pIgn™ncp∂p. b{¥bpKØnse Hcp acWw hm¿ØbmIp∂Xpw
Bsf°q´p∂Xpw AXns‚ \mSy{][m\amb Imń°qépIƒ sIm≠mIp∂p.
11. AΩmΩ acn®Xdn™v ap{Ibn´ Ic®ntemsS UbdIvS¿ AhnsS FØn. HccpaaIs‚

Zp:J`mhw `wKnbmbn Abmƒ A`n\bn®p. At¥hmknIfmb hr≤∑m¿ \n›ecmbncp∂p.
XSnb≥ hr≤≥ apt∂m´ph∂v AΩmΩbpsS Ihnfn¬ tamXnchnc¬sIm≠v sXm´p. AsXmcp
NSßmbn. F√m hr≤∑mcpw sXm´p. Cøm°paq∏¿ kΩXn®n√. Abmƒ sXmSm≥ XømdmWv.
]t£ F∂pw sXmSm≥ B ihw AhnsS D≠mbncn°Ww. sNøp∂sX¥pw Bh¿Øn®p
sNøWsa∂mWt√m aq∏cpsS {]IrXn. UbdIvS¿ At¥hmknIsf A`napJoIcn®p {]kwKn®p.
hr≤kZ\Øns‚ amlmflyw AXn¬ apg®p\n∂p. kuP\yambn hr≤kZ\Øn¬ ]m¿∏n®ncp∂
hr≤bmbncp∂p AΩmΩsb∂pw kZ\w \SØn∏v Hcp hym]mcw am{Xa√ X\ns°mcp
PohImcpWy{]h¿Ø\amsW∂pw hy‡am°n. At∏mtg°pw tUmIvS¿ ÿesØØn.
At¥hmknIsfsb√mw apdnbn¬\n∂p ]pdØm°n. AΩmΩsb ]cntim[n®p. AΩmΩ
acn®psh∂pw AsXmcp kzm`mhnI acWamsW∂pw tcJs∏SpØn. AXv ^ben¬ sh°p∂tXmsS
Hcp A≤ymbw Ahkm\n°p∂p. kndnb°v B· ns‚ ihaS°pNSßv Hm¿Øpt]mbn. \n¿Ωe
kndnb°ns‚ tXmfn¬ sXm´p. Ahƒ°p Xt∂mSp kvt\lans√∂pw UbdIvSdpsS Hcp ]mh
am{XamsW∂pw AhtfmSp ]d™n√. \msf apX¬ Xs∂ ]cnNcn°m≥ \n¿Ωe hcpsa∂p
]d™p. sXm´p]pdIn¬ I{Xo\ \n¬°p∂p. Xt∂mSp ]cn`hn°cpsX∂hƒ At]£n®p.
\msfapX¬ ]cnNcnbv°m≥ hcns√∂hƒ ]d™p. kmdbptSXnt\°mƒ hnImckm{µamb
bm{X ]db¬. At∏mtg°pw t^mt´m{Km^¿amcpw ]{X{]h¿ØIcpw h∂p. ihØnt‚bpw
At¥hmknIfptSbpw t^mt´m FSpØp. IqSmsX \∂mbn hkv{Xw [cn® kndnb°nt\bpw
If¿ kmcn°mcntbbpw Hgn®p\n¿Øn as‰mcp t^mt´mbpw FSpØp. hntZitØ°v
Abbv°m\p≈XmWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIfpsS ssZ\yw hy‡am°p∂ t^mt´m
ImWn®v ]ncnhv \SØm≥. AhnsS AXn\v GP‚pamcp≠v. ÿm]\Øn\pw Ah¿°pw
{]m]vXnsb∂mWv hyhÿ. AXn\p ]‰nb t^mt´m FSp°m≥ Ct∏mgmWhkcw In´p∂Xv.
CXps≠¶nte GP‚pam¿°v AhnSpsØ [\nIsc kao]n°m\mhpIbp≈p F∂p UbdIvS¿
kndnb°nt\mSp ]d™p. \msfapX¬ \n¿ΩebmWv \nßfpsS t\gvsk∂v kzImcyambn

Hm¿Ωn∏nbv°m\pw Abmƒ ad∂nń√. IqsS Hcp tNmZyhpw. ""C\n ]dbn√t√m hmXnen\p
t_mƒ´pthWsa∂v?''
apIfn¬ Hcp Ipdn∏p ImWp∂p. ˛ ""hmgvhnXp almkXyw''
12. AΩmΩbpsS acWhpw sXm´p≈ tImemleßfpambn kZ\Øn¬ c≠pZnhkw
IS∂pt]mbn. \n¿Ωe ]cnNcWØn\p h∂pXpSßn. kndnb°v Ahƒ°v A∏m∏\mWt√m.
AΩmΩ acn®Xn¬∏ns∂ tUhnUv am{Xw InS∏nemWv. `£Whpw Ign°p∂n√. Cøm°pap∏¿
InS°bn¬ InS∂p ]p√p ]dn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. X\n°pw Fs¥mt°tbm AkpJßƒ
D≈avXncn kndnb°n\p tXm∂n. Unkw_dn¬ ]q¿ÆmtcmKyhm\mbn kZ\w {]thin® kndnb°v
BKÃmbt∏mtg°pw tcmKnbpw hr≤\pambnØo¿∂Xpt]mse. CXmWv kZ\Ønse {]tXyIX.
ChnsS {]thin®pIgn™m¬ Bcpw hr≤\mbnØocp∂p. ASpØ XhW
kvs]jyenÃphcptºmƒ X\ns°m∂p ImWWw. A°mcyw Hmôkn¬ ]dt™¬∏n°m≥
]pds∏´p. X\ns°t∏mƒ thWsa¶nepw AhnsS sN√m\p≈ kzmX{¥yap≠t√m. Hmôkn\p
]pdØp Hcp ]pXnb hr≤≥ Ccnbv°p∂p. \√ Dt∑jhm≥. \√ s]cpam‰w. Hmôkn¬
as‰mc]cnNnX≥ Ccnbv°p∂p. Abmƒ GP‚mWv. AΩmΩ acn® Hgnhn¬ IeIvSdpsS AΩsb
{]thin∏n°Wsa∂bmƒ. _p°nßnse ko\ntbmdn‰n{]Imcw ]pdØncnbv°p∂ hr≤\mWv
ASpØ {]thi\sa∂p UbdIvS¿. IeIvSdpsS AΩsb Xm≥ Iym≥hmkp sNbvXXmsW∂v
Abmƒ. Xm≥ UbdIvS¿ \n¿t±in® GP‚msW∂pw Bsc {]thin∏n®mepw Xs‚ \ymbamb
IΩoj≥ In´Wsa∂pw GP‚ v. Ahkm\w UbdIvS¿ IΩoj≥ sImSpØv GP‚ns\ hnSp∂p.
]pXnb {]thi\Øn\p ImØncnbv°p∂ Abmƒ Xs‚ Ncn{Xsa√mw ]d™p. c≠mä°fp≠v.
`mcy acn®p. a°ƒ F¥n\pw t]m∂h¿. AhcpsS ZpjvSX kln°hømsX X¥ kZ\Øn¬
tNcm≥ h∂XmWv. C∂se X¥bpsS hnhmlambncp∂p. a°fpw AhcpsS kpµcnamcmb
`mcyamcpw ]S°w s]mń® A∏s‚ hnhmlw BtLmjn®hcmWv. kpµcnbmb Hcp
]Xnt\gpImcntbbmWv AhpXØ¥ hnhmlw Ign®Xv. ]nt‰∂p hr≤kZ\Ønte°p
t]mcpIbpw sNbvXp. Hcp ]WnIqSn ]‰n®psh®n´p≠v. Xs‚ Imetijw A\¥amb kzsØ√mw
\hh[phns‚ t]cnemWv FgpXnsh®n´p≈Xv. shdnb∑mcmb c≠p a°ƒ
]Xnt\gpImcn°pth≠n ]Ssh´m\p≈ hgnacps∂mcp°nbmWv AhpXØ¥ t]m∂Xv. Iq´Øn¬
sIńadnbm≥ AhcpsS `mcyamcpw. B ZpjvS∑msc Hcp ]mTw ]Tn∏n°m≥ CX√msX hgn
I≠n√s{X.
At∏mtg°pw X¥bpsS c≠p a°fpw kZ\w Hm^nkns‚ ap∂n¬ Imdndßn. kZ\w

tUmIvSdpw FØnbncp∂p. X¥sb ]cntim[n®p. Ccp]Ønc≠p sIm√w IqSn Bbp ps≠∂pw
AXn\p≈ {]Xnêw hmßmtam∂pw Xocpam\n®v tUmIvS¿ t]mbn. X¥bpsS Bbp n¬
tZjyw ]nSn® a°ƒ ]niIn c≠psIm√sØ {]Xnêw Cfhp sNøn®p. kwJy AS®p X¥sb
H∂p Xncn™pt\m°pI IqSn sNømsX h∂ Imdn¬ Xncn®pt]mbn. X¥ UbdIvSsd kao]n®v
Xs‚ Iym‰Kdn GsX∂t\zjn®p. tXUv ¢m n\p≈ {]Xnêta a°ƒ AS®n´p≈p F∂v
a\ nem°n. DSs\ t]m°‰n¬ ssIøn´v t\csØ FgpXns°m≠ph∂ncp∂ Hcp sN°v
UbdIvS¿°p sImSpØp. sN°nse kwJy I≠v UbdIvSdpsS IÆp X≈nt∏mbn. F\n°v
H∂ma≥ Xs∂bmIWsa∂v X¥ ]d™p. Aßs\ H∂ma\n¬ apº\mb Xs‚ ÿm\w
\jvSs∏Sp∂Xv kndnb°v a\ nem°n. A∂papX¬ \n¿Ωe I{Xo\am¿ X¥bv°SptØ°v.
C∂se ]Xnt\gpImcnsb DW¿Ønbncnbv°mhp∂ A∏q∏s\ C∂p apX¬ \n¿Ωe XmßWw.
kndnb°n\p a\ nembn. a‰p≈hcpsS kt¥mjØn¬ ebn®p tNcp∂h\mWv \oXnam≥.
13. AΩmΩbpsS acWØn¬ tUhnUv Ct∏mgpw ZpJnX\mWv. kndnb°v AS°w

a‰p≈hsc√mw AsX√mw GXm≠p ad∂ a´mWv. AΩmΩbpsS apdnbnte°v AhpXØ¥
IS°m≥ sN∂p. tUhnUv hgn XS™p InS∂p. tUhnUns\ Ih®pIS°m≥ {ian® AhpXsb
Abmƒ sXmgn®p hogvØn. s]s´∂v c≠p a√∑m¿ h∂v tUhnUns\ AbmfpsS apdnbnem°n
]qń. AhpXtbmSv kndnb°n\v a’cw tXm∂n. X\n°p Inńbncp∂ \n¿ΩebpsS ]cnNcWw
\jvSs∏Sptam F∂ thhemXnbmImw. \n¿Ωe kndnb°n\v {]jdn\p≈ KpfnI sImSp°m≥
h∂p. KpfnI Ign®v AhpXbpsS apdnbnte°p \S∂p. acymZbv°v kwkmcn®v XßfpsS
{]iv\Øns\mcp ]cnlmcap≠m°Ww. ap¥nb ]cnKW\bp≈ c≠pt]cmWv Xßƒ. \n¿Ωesb
X\n°p XcWw. tUhnUns‚ apdnbpw s]s´s∂mgn™pIqsS∂n√. ]Icw Hcp ^Ãp
Iym‰Kdn°mc≥ IqSn h∂m¬ Xßƒ°p c≠pt]¿°pw tZmjamWv. kulm¿±Øn¬ Xocm≥
AhpX kΩXn°p∂ns√¶n¬ Hcp Zzµbp≤w Xs∂. AhpXbpsS apdnbnte°p t]mIptºmƒ
Ip≈≥ Im¿temkns‚ apdnbn¬\n∂v Hcp IjWw ISemkv Im‰Øp ]d∂bmfpsS apJØSn®p.
DSs\ Im¿temkv h∂v ISemkv Xń∏dn®psIm≠pt]mbn. F√mw IWs°gpXn
IrXyambn kq£n°p∂ IWni°mc\mWv Im¿temkv. aI≥ Xcm\p≈ ISØns‚ IW°mWnXv.
kndnb°v AhpXsb I≠p. Abmƒ kndnb°nt\mSv BZcthmsSbpw kvt\ltØmsSbpw
kwkmcn®p. Ah¿ c≠pt]cpwIqSn Hmôkns‚ ap≥hitØ°p \S∂p. Im¿temkns‚
aI\pw `mcybpw, Ipńbpw Im¿temkns\ ImWm≥ h∂ncnbv°p∂p. sImSp°m\p≈ ]Ww
_m¶neS® tcJbpambmWv Ah¿ h∂n´p≈Xv. sIm®paIs‚ DΩt]mepw Im¿temkv
CS]mSpXocpw aptº kzoIcnbv°m≥ Xømdmbn√. aIs\ _p≤napń°mXncn°m\mWv Im¿temkv
kZ\Ønte°p t]m∂Xv. ]Ww _m¶neS® ISemkp I≠t∏mƒ Abmƒ Xr]vX\mbn.
At∏mtg°pw kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIsf√mw AhnsS FØnbpw ]mfnbpw t\m°p∂p.
Im¿temkns‚ acpaIfpsS kpXmcyamb kmcnbv°p≈n¬IqSn ImWp∂ \navt\m∂Xßfn¬
apgpInbncn°pIbmWv F√mhcpw. AhpX kndnb°nt\mSp ]d™p. F\nbvs°s‚ `mcysb
ImWm≥ tXm∂p∂p. kndnb°n\pw kmdsb ImWWsa∂p tXm∂mXncp∂n√. Xs‚ aqØaI≥
]Xnt\gpImcntbmSp≈ IºØn¬ apdnth‰v Bkv]{XnbnseØnb kt¥mjhm¿Ø X¥ Ipd®p
aptº ]d™nt´bp≈p. kndnbIv Hm¿Øp. ˛ ""kv{XoIƒ `qanbpsS DW°pacßfmIp∂p.''
14. acWNn¥ BZyw a\ n\v CSnhp≠m°pw. Znhkßƒ t]mIpwtXmdpw A\hcXamb

acWNn¥ ]pXpPohnXw kΩm\n°pw. \n¿Ωe KpfnI Xcm≥ h∂p. KpfnI hmßn hens®dn™p.
\n¿ΩetbmSv t]mbns°m≈m≥ ]d™p. Ahƒ t]mbn√. kndnb°v apdn°pshfnbn¬ IS∂p.
Hm^nkns‚ ]pdØv BtcmKyhm\mb Hc]cnNnX\pw sI.\mSmcpw Ccnbv°p∂p. a°ƒ
X≈n∏dbpw aptº Ctßm´pt]mcWw. D≈sX√mw hn‰ps]dp°Ww. _p°psNbvtX t]mImhq
F∂v \mSm¿ D]tZin°p∂p. kZ\Øn¬ ]pXnb c≠p\nes°ńSw Dbcm≥ t]mIp∂p. AhnsS
thsdmcp kZ\w D≠mhpw. ZpcnXßfn¬\n∂v c£s∏Sm≥ hr≤∑m¿ Atßm´p hcpw. At∏mgmWv
]WnÿeØp \n¬°p∂ as‰mcpsNdp∏°mcs\ I≠Xv. B·kv {]khn®ncps∂¶n¬ Xs‚
aI\mhm≥ {]mbap≈ ]ø≥. sUman\nIv F∂mWv t]cv. lcnZmk≥ ]cnNbs∏SpØn.
Xs∂°mWm≥ \KcØn¬\n∂p h∂h\mWv. kmd ]d™b®XmWv. Xs∂ tamNn∏nbv°mt\m
F∂v kwibn®p. A√, kmdbpsS ]pXnb `¿ØmhmWv. Ahtf°mƒ c≠p hb p Ipdbpw.
hnhmlØns‚ Hu]NmcnI tcJIƒ In´m≥ sshIpsa∂XpsIm≠v Ah¿ a[phn[p
BtLmjn°m≥ XpSßnbncn°p∂p. Abmƒ Hcp ^bepambmWv kndnb°ns\ImWm≥
h∂n´p≈Xv. kndnb°v {`m¥\mbncp∂psh∂pw c≠ph¿jw {`m¥mip]{Xnbn¬ InSØn
NnIn’n®XmsW∂pw D≈ Hcp tcJ ^benep≠v. \ioIcW kz`mhap≈ Abmsf
hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿ØXmWv as‰mcp ISemkv. Cßs\ A]ISImcnbmb Hcmfn¬\n∂v tamN\w
At]£n®psIm≠p≈XmWv thmsdmcp ISemkv. as‰mcp ISemkp IqSnbp≠v. Xs‚ `mcybmb
kmdsb sUman\n°n\v CjvSZm\ambn FgpXns°mSpØ ap{Z]{XamWXv. AXn¬ kndnb°ns‚
Hscm∏n\pth≠nbmWv sUman\n°v h∂n´p≈Xv. aSnbv°msX H∏n´p sImSpØp. sUman\n°v
kndnb°ns\ sIń∏nSn®p. k¶Sw tXm∂nsb¶nepw ""kmdtbmSv Fs‚ A`n\µ\ßƒ ]dbWw''
F∂p am{Xw ]d™b®p.
15. PohnXw shdpØ kndnb°v A¥ybm{X°p≈ Hcp°ØnemWv . apdnbn¬

Ccpń¬°nS∂p. hmXn¬Xpd∂v Btcm apdnbnte°p h∂Xmbn tXm∂n. I{Xo\bmsW∂p
a\ nembn. GXncpńepw kv{XoIfpsS km∂n≤yw kndnb°n\p a\ nemhpw. Ahƒ Ińen¬
IqsS°nS∂p. Abmƒ°v bmsXmcp’mlhpw tXm∂nbn√. t]Sn°bvt°≠Xn√, kZ\Ønse
t\gvkvamsc√mw h‘ywIcnbv°s∏´XmsW∂hƒ Hm¿Ωn∏n®p. tImamfnbpsS D’h\Kcnbn¬
FØnbamXncn tXm∂n ]n∂oSv. AhnsS kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIsf√mw FØnbn´p≠v.
Ah¿ lrZbsas¥∂v CXphscbdn™nń√. lrZbanSn∏ns‚ Xmfta kndnb°v Ct∏mƒ
Adnbp∂p≈q. AXpw H∂v Ahkm\n®p In´Ww.
(tNmZyßƒ)
(ap∂pdp hm°n¬ DØcsagpXpI)
1. ""hm¿≤Iyw Hcp im]tam tcmKtam B°p∂ hyhÿnXnbmWv hr≤kZ\Ønse

At¥hmknIsf krjv S n°p∂Xv . '' sIm®p_mhbpsS t\mhens‚ shfn®Øn¬
]cntim[n°pI.
B[p\nI bm{¥nI kwkvImchpw Itºmf kwkvImchpamWv C∂v km¿∆{XnIambn ImWp∂

A\mYhm¿≤IysØ krjvSn°p∂Xv. ]m›mXy kwkvImc{àhpw C∂sØ \yq¢nb¿ IpSpw_
hyhÿbpw Cu ]cnXm]m¿lamb {]hWXsb Bthmfw t{]m’mln∏n°p∂pap≠v.Cu
BibsØ i‡ambn kwhZn°p∂ Hcp t\mhemWv sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w.
]Xn\mtemfw At¥hmknIsfam{Xw Dƒs°m≈p∂ Cu sIm®pkZ\Øn¬
{]thin°s∏´hcpsS IYIƒ Xs∂ hm¿≤IytØmSp ImWnbv°p∂ ZmcpWamb {IqcXIƒ
hnfnt®mXp∂p. ZohnXImew apgph≥ `mcy°pw a°ƒ°pw th≠n hnb¿s∏mgp°n
PohnXm{iaØnse aq∂mw L´Ønte°p IS°ptºmtg°pw `mcyt°m, a°ƒt°m th≠mØ
HchÿbnseØp∂p a\pjy\nhnsS. Nne¿°v CØcw hr≤∑m¿ ieyamWv. Ahsc
Hgnhm°m\p≈ am\yamb coXnbmWv hr≤kZ\w.
\mbI\mb kndnb°v B‚WnbpsS IY \n¬°s´. A√msXØs∂ ChnsSbp≈ Nne

At¥hmknIƒ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Fßs\ h∂ps]´psh∂p t\m°mw. hnNn{Xkz`mh°mc\mb
XSnamSs\ BZyw ]cnNbs∏Smw. XSnamSs‚ bYm¿∞ t]scs¥∂pt]mepw tNmZn®n´pImcyan√.
hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v , Dutcm, t]tcm, hy‡nXztam C√. kmam\yw t`Zs∏´
k¿°m¿ DtZymKØnembncp∂p Cbmƒ. AºØ©p hb mbt∏mƒ tPmenbn¬ \n∂p ]ncn™p.
dn´bdmIpw apsº a°sfsb√mw Xs‚ ]cn[nsh®v D∂X]ZhnbnseØn®p. Xncn®phoń¬
h∂t∏mƒ Xms\m‰bmbn. sNøm≥ {]tXyIn®v tPmenbpan√. BsI aSp∏v. a°ƒ°pw
acpa°ƒ°pw Cu aSps∏mcp ieyambnØpSßn. _p≤nam\mb Abmƒ IqSpXsem∂pw
]dbn∏nbv°m\hkcw sImSp°msX, Bń∏pdØm°pw apºv XesbSpt∏msS Cdßnt∏m∂p,

kZ\Øntebv°v, hb pImeØv X¥bpsS aehpw aq{Xhpw tImcmsX Ign™p F∂v
Bizkn®ncnbv°Ww a°fpsS `mcyam¿.
\mbI\mb kndnb°v B‚Wnbv°v apdn In´p∂XpXs∂ Hcp hyhÿbnemWv.

]W°mcmb Hcp A∏s\ At±lØns‚ a°ƒ {`m¥mip]{Xnbn¬ {]thin∏n®n´p≠v.
AhnsS\n∂v Unkv ® m¿÷p sNøptºmtg°pw B A∏\pth≠n ]W°mcmb a°ƒ
_p°psNbvXXmWv Cu apdn. ]t£ temIw Iptd I≠ A\p`hap≈ UbdIvS¿°v Adnbmw
B A∏≥ {`m¥mip]{Xnbn¬ \n∂v ]pdØpIS°pIbns√∂v. kzØpX¿°w
aq¿≤\yØnseØnbncn°p∂Xp sIm≠v at\mtcmKmip]{Xnbnse FsX¶nepw
{]mIrXcoXnIfneqsS aI\v A∏s\ Xń°fbmsX \n¿hmlan√. Imcyw Aßs\Xs∂bmWv
kw`hnbv°p∂Xv F∂v GsdØmaknbmsX \mw Adnbp∂p.
Cøm°p aq∏cmWv as‰mct¥hmkn. kZm ]p√p]dn°emWv aq∏cpsS ]Wn. ]dnbv°m≥

]p√ns√¶n¬ AXns\∏‰n ]cmXns∏s´∂p hcpw. Bsc¶nepw ]p¬\mºn¬ Nhn´pIsb
\in∏n°pItbm sNbvXm¬ £p`nX\mIpw. B{Ians®∂p hcpw. Xs‚ bu∆\ImeØv
ImSpshńsØfn®v IpSntb‰w \SØnbh\mWv aq∏¿. Aßs\ kº∂\mbn. a°sfsb√mw
Db¿∂ ]ZhnbnseØn®p. kapZmbØnse ta¬Øń¬ Ah¿°v _‘p°fpw ]nSn]mSpap≠v
C∂v. am\y∑mcmb AXnYnIƒ Imdn¬ ap‰Øp h∂ndßptºmƒ XßfpsS A—≥ AhnsSbncp∂v
]p√p ]dnbv ° p∂Xv Ah¿°v henb \mWt°Smbn. ]eXhW A∏t\mSp]tZin®p
]p√p]dnbv°t√sb∂v. tIƒ°s≠. t]mcmØXn\v hr≤s\s°m≠v ho≠pw ieyßƒ D≠mbn.
Hcnbv°¬ aIs‚ `mcytbmSv Abmƒ k¶Ss∏´p. ]dnbv°m≥ ap‰Øv ]ps√m∂pans√∂v.
acpaIƒ°v IenIbdn. \´th\¬°v X¥∏nSnbv°v ]dnbv°m≥ ˛ ]p√ncnbv°bt√. ]dºn¬
t]mbn t\m°v h√Xpw ImWpsa∂hƒ ]p—n®p. At∏mtg°pw aq∏cpsS aqØaIfpsS CfbIpń
ap‰tØ°ndßm≥ XpSßn. Ipń ]p¬\mºpIƒ Nhnń\in∏nbv°psa∂p `b∂ hr≤≥ Ipńsb
Xń\o°n. AXp ae¿∂Sn®p hoWp. Nhn´p]Snbn¬ Xń AXns‚ Xebn¬ sNdnsbmcp apdnhp
]‰n. B kw`hw hońemIw `qIºap≠m°n. "\ΩS∏\v {`m¥mtb' F∂v aIƒ hnfn®p
\nehnfn°m≥ XpSßn. aq∏¿°v B hm°ns‚ A¿∞w t]mepw a\ nembn√. hr≤s‚
IÆpIƒ \nd™p. IÆn¬ IcSp s]´XmsW∂p \Sn®v XpS®pam‰n. a°ƒ sht∆sd A∏s\
D]tZin®p. F√mw tI´pIgn™t∏mƒ hr≤≥ ho≠pw ap‰tØ°ndßn ]p√p ]dnbv°m≥.
a°ƒ ]ns∂ £an®n√. ]nSn® ]nSnbmseA∏s\ hr≤kZ\ØnseØn®p. IpSntb‰°meØv
AbmfpsS kmlkßƒ°v Iq´mbn \n∂hfpw Xs‚ a°sf K¿`Øn¬ hln®hfpamb
HcpØnbp≠mbncp∂p. Ahƒ s]mSp∂s\ Hcp Znhkw acn®p. Nn√n´psh® AhfpsS
t^mt´mhnt\mSv Ahkm\amsbm∂p bm{X ]dbm≥ t]mepw a°ƒ A\phZn®n√. hm¿≤IysØ
Hcp tcmKam°nØo¿°p∂ {]hWXbmWnhnsS I≠Xv . t]meokv IΩojW¿ hsc
kz¥°mcmb a°ƒ s]mdpXnsISpØnb A∏s\ {`m¥miq]{Xnbnem°pItbm
hIhcpØpItbm sNbvXns√∂XpXs∂ hensbmcp PohImcpWy{]h¿Ø\ambn.
CXn¬ \ns∂√mw hyXykvX\mb Hcp IYm]m{XamWv sI.\mSm¿. Abmsf _‘p°f√

kZ\ØnseØn®Xv, \m´pImcmWv. Iøpw Imepw X√nsbmSn®v apf¥≠n¬ XeIogmbn
sIńØq°nbmWv AbmfpsS {]thi\w. Abmsf tN¿°m\p≈ {]Xnêw \m´pIm¿
]ncnhns´SpØXmWv. A{Xbv°pw P\ßƒ \mSmscs°m≠v s]mdpXnapńbncp∂p. \pW ]d™v
{KmahmknIsf apgph≥ X√n°pIbmWv AbmfpsS hnt\mZw. \pW F∂ InwhZ¥n F∂mWv
AbmfpsS {]tbmKØns‚ Hma\t∏cv. tXmfn¬ ssIøn´pt]mbncp∂ tN´t\bpw A\pPt\bpw

]ckv]cw IpS¬amb NqSn®Xpw, Ab¬hmknbpsS `mcysS InW‰nseØn®Xpw, ap∏XpImcnbpsS
C√mK¿`w Npa∂v ]Xnap∂vImc≥ {Kmaw hn´Xpw, ]q¿Æ K¿`nWnbmbHcp ]sØmºXpImcnsb
AhfpsS {]nbs∏´ `¿Ømhns\s°m≠v Nhnńs°m√n®Xpw sI.\mSmcpsS Nne
[ockmlkIrXyßfmWv.
CXpt]mse FSpØp]dtb≠ as‰mcmfmWv AhpXØ¥. ZpjvS∑mcmb a°fws°m≠v

Abmƒ s]mdpXnapń. Hcp XcØnepw Ah¿ acymZ ]Tnbv°n√. kmam\yw NXnIfn¬ \ns∂√mw
Ah¿ c£s∏SpIbpw sNøpw. KXnsI´ AhpXØ¥ c≠masXmcp I√ymWw Ign®p. A—s‚
c≠mw hnhmlw a°ƒ ]S°w s]mń®mtLmjn®p. X¥bpsS aehpw aq{Xhpw
tImcms\mcmfmbt√m F∂v ]p{X`mcyam¿ IcpXn Bizkn®p. Hcp a[pc∏Xnt\gpImcnbmWv
\hh[phmbn AhpXbpsS IqsS hoń¬ Ibdn h∂Xv. AhfpsS km\vPcyØn¬ Bä°ƒ
aXnad∂p. s]ä°ƒ AkqbtIm≠p apJw Ip\n®p. AXnepw henb t_mw_v AX√. Xs‚
Imetijw kzsØ√mw \hh[phns‚ t]cn¬ FgpXnshbv°pIbpw sNbvXp. hb pImeØv
ZpjvScmb Xs‚ a°ƒ°p t\sc {]tbmKn°m≥ CXnepw \s√mcmbp[w B a\pjy≥ I≠n√.
a°fmIs´, hr≤kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂p. A∏s‚ Iq´mb√m X\nsb HmSn®phcp∂p Imdn¬. A∏s‚
{]XnêØpI Ipdbv°m≥ th≠n amdnamdn UbdIvStdmSv hne t]ip∂p. A∏s‚
BbpcmtcmKyØn¬ AkwXr]vXcmIp∂p. F¥n\[nIw, t]mIp∂ kabØv kz¥w ]nXmhns\
H∂p Xncn™p t\m°m≥t]mepw Ah¿ Xømdmbn√.
]nSn®Xnepw henbXmWv aSbn¬ Fs∂mcp sNm√p≠t√m. AXpt]mse CXnsems°bpw

Zb\obamb {IqcXbv°mWv apJy IYm]m{Xamb kndnb°v B‚Wn hnt[b\mIp∂Xv.
BZy`mcybmb B·kv aptJ\bmWv Zcn{Z\mb kndnb°v [\nI\mIp∂Xv . ]t£
Zu¿`mKy him¬ Bkv\kv AImeØn¬ tcmKnWnbmbn, iømhew_n\nbmbn acn®pt]mbn.
B·kns\ ip{iqjn°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ G¿s∏SpØns°mSpØ t\gvkmWv kmd. Ahƒ
B· nt\°mƒ ]cnNcn®Xv kndnb°ns\bmWv. B·kv acn®t∏mƒ kndnb°v kmdsb
hnhmlw Ign®p. B·kv {]khn®ncp∂n√. kmdbpw {]khn°phm≥ kΩXn®n√. kndnb°ns‚
kzØnembncp∂p AhfpsS IÆv. IeymWw Ign°ptºmƒ kmdbv°v hb v ap∏Xv. kndnb°n\v
AºXv. c≠cs°m√sØ kpJPohnXØn∂nSbn¬ kndnb°ns‚ kzsØ√mw kmdbpsS t]cn¬
FgpXn sh∏n®p. AXpapX¬ NXn XpSßp∂p. AºØ©pImc\pw AtcmKZrVKm{X\pamb
kndnb°ns\ kz¿§ob kuIcyßfp≈ \n¿Ω¬`h≥ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿°m\mbncp∂p
AhfpsS A{im¥ ]cn{iaw. AXn\pth≠n UbdIvSdpambn t^mWn¬ _‘s∏´p.
Abmƒ°pt]mepw Ahnizk\obamb Hcp XpI kZ\Ønte°p \¬In. Aßs\ kndnb°ns\
^Ãv ¢m v Iym‰Kdnbnep≈ At¥hmknbm°n am‰n. kndnb°ns‚ kΩXtØmsSb√ Abmsf
hr≤kZ\Ønem°p∂Xv. hfsc kq£vaambn BtemNn®p≠m°nb hyhÿIf\pkcn®mWv
Ahƒ Abmsf AhnsS tN¿°p∂Xv. Hcp XcØnepw kndnb°v hr≤kZ\w hn´p hońte°p
sN∂pIqSm. Hcnbv°epw `mcybpambn ho≠pw I≠pIqSm. F√m kpJkkuIcyßfpw
Abmƒ°v kZ\Øn¬ e`n®ncn°Ww. Ahkm\w Abmƒs°mcp kzm`mhnIacWhpw
\¬IWsa∂Xmbncp∂p hyhÿIƒ. kz¥w hońse t^m¨ \º¿ hsc Hfn∏n®psh°p∂p.
kZ\Øn¬ \n∂p ]ncnbptºmƒ H∂p bm{X]dbm≥t]mepw k∑\ p ImWn°p∂n√ kmd.
AºØ©pImcs‚ ]q¿ÆmtcmKyw FXm\pw amkßƒsIm≠v XI¿∂p. acWw Hc\p{Klambn
ImWp∂ ]X\Øn¬ kndnb°v FØnt®cp∂p. Afh‰ Xs‚ kzsØ√mw ssIhis∏SpØnb
kmd Hcnbv°¬t]mepw Abmsf kµ¿inbv°m≥ kZ\Øn¬ hcp∂n√.
IYm¥yØnemWv kndnb°ns‚ Zb\obmhÿ hy‡am°p∂Xv. sUman\n°v F∂
Xt∂°mƒ c≠p hb n\nf∏ap≈ sNdp∏°mc\pambn kmd a[phn[phmtLmjnbv°m≥
XpSßnb hnhcw kndnb°v \n¿∆nImc\mbn Adnbp∂p. kndnb°ns‚ Hcp H∏n\pth≠nbmWv
kmd ]d™b®v sUman\n°v kZ\ØnseØnbn´p≈Xv. kndn°n\v apgp {`m¥mbncp∂psh∂pw
c≠psIm√w {`m¥mip]{Xnbn¬ NnIn’n®n´pw \ioIcWkz`mhw hn´pamdmØXn\memWv
kndnb°ns\ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ tN¿ØsX∂pw kmd tcJbp≠m°nbn´p≠v. kmdbptSbpw
sUman\n°n\v S tdbpw hnhmlØn\p kΩXamsW∂ tcJbnemWv kndnb°v H∏n´p
sImSpt°≠Xv. AXmWv kmdbpsS \n mcamb Bhiyw.
hr≤kZ\Øn¬ Bcpw kza\ mse FØnt®cp∂n√. kzm¿∞ Xm¬∏cyØn\pw kz¥w

PohnXkpJßƒ°pw th≠n BtcmKyhm∑mcmb _‘p°sf A\mYhr≤cm°p∂ kmaqly
hyhÿbpsS t\scbmWv hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mh¬ hnc¬ Nq≠p∂Xv.
(2) B[p\nI ImeL´Ønse Itºmf kwkv°mcØn¬ hm¿≤Iyhpw Hcp ap¥nb I®hS®c°p

Xs∂ ˛ hr≤kZ\sØ ASnÿm\s∏SpØn N¿® sNøpI.
C∂v F√mw hym]mcmSnÿm\Ønepw em`\jvSØns‚ `mjbnepw ]cnKWn®p hcp∂p.

am\pjnIaqeyßfpw c‡_‘ßfpw F√mw hmWnPyhkvXp°fmWv. A°q´Øn¬ hn]W\
km≤yX Gsdbp≈XmWv hr≤kZ\w. hr≤kZ\w F∂p tIƒ°ptºmƒ BcptStbm \√
a\ n¬ Inf¿∂p hf¿∂ alØmb PohImcpWy{]h¿Ø\w F∂p \mw sX‰n≤cnt®°pw.
{][m\tdmUn¬ \n∂v hr≤kZ\Ønte°p Xncnbp∂ hgnbn¬ ImWp∂ hy‡ambn FgpXnsh®
t_m¿Up≠t√m ˛ Cd®nt°mgnIƒ hn¬∏\°v F∂v. AXp {]XoImflIambn hr≤kZ\sØ
Xs∂bmWv Ipdn°p∂Xv.
Hcp hn]peamb hym]mctaJebpsS F√m k{ºZmbßfpw I®hS\oXnbpw \n¿Ω¬`h≥

hr≤kZ\Øn\pap≠v. GXp hym]mcØn\pw ]ckyamWv ]ca{][m\w. Hcp {]kn≤oIcWØnse
Hcp apgph¿Æ ]ckyt]Pn¬ \n∂mWv hr≤kZ\Øns‚ hniZmwißƒ kmd
NnIs™Sp°p∂Xv. `qanbnse kz¿§Jfiw t]mse AhnsSbp≈ kpJkuIcyßƒ Ah¿
`¿Ømhn\v hmbn®psImSp°p∂p. \nßfpsS ÿm\Øv Rm\mbncps∂¶n¬ C{Xbpw
kuIcyaps≈mcnSw Inńbm¬......... F∂p {]tem`n∏nbv°p∂p. hr≤kZ\ØXnepw t^mWp≠v.
Bhiy°m¿°v UbdIvSdpambn _‘s∏Smw. Xnc°p\nanØw IW£≥ In´m\mWv {]bmkw
Ft∂ D≈p.
Bhiyw I≠]nSpØØns‚ AΩbmWt√m. hr≤∑msc \S X≈m\p≈ Bhiy°mcpsS

\o≠ Iyq Ds≠∂v UbdIvS¿ C¿∆mZokn∂dnbmw Pn√m IeIvS¿ hsc B \o≠ \ncbnep≠v.
AX\pkcn®p≈ kvYm]\ \SØn∏pw Nn´h´ßfpw Abmƒ G¿s∏SpØnbn´p≠v. ]ckyw Xs∂
]e coXnbnemWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse Hct¥hmkn°p Fs¥¶nepw AkpJw _m[n®m¬
UbdIvS¿ apX¬ the°m¿ hsc Imń°q´p∂ sh{]mfw klnbv°n√. {]tXyIn®v GsX¶nepw
At¥hmknbpsS _‘p°ƒ Bcm\pw kµ¿iIcmbps≠¶n¬, tUmIvSdpw t\gvkpw,
the°mcpw Imń°q´p∂ _≤∏mSpw hnImchmbv]pw as‰mcp ]ckyamWv. ""\nßfpsS hoń¬
hr≤∑mcps≠¶n¬ Cu kz¿§ob ]cnNcWw t\Sm\p≈ Ahkcw Ah¿°pw sImSp°q''
F∂mWXn\¿∞w. AXpsIms≠ms°Øs∂bmWv DZmcaXnIfpsS klmbw \n¿t√m]w
e`nbv°p∂Xpw hfsc Ffnb tXmXn¬ Bcw`n® Cu ÿm]\w ASnbv°Sn hf¿∂p hcp∂Xpw.
At¥hmknItf°mƒ AhcpsS _‘p°fpsS Xm¬∏cyßƒ°mWv G‰hpw ap¥nb

]cnKW\. ImcWw {]Xnêw \¬Ip∂Xv AhcmWt√m. hr≤s\ hońtebv°v hnSpItb
AcpsXt∂m, _‘p°ƒ ImWm\nShccpsXt∂m, A\mbmkamb kzm`mhnIacWw
\¬IWsat∂m _‘p°ƒ Bhiys∏´m¬ AsX√mw IrXyambn \S°pw. kZ\Ønse
XmakØn¬ AkwXr]vXcmb hr≤∑mcpsS Bhiyßƒ I≠dn™v {So‰psNøm≥ {]tXyIw
]cnioe\w t\SnbhcmWv AhnSpsØ t\gvkpam¿. GsXmcmtfbpw A∏m∏m F∂v AenthmsS
hnfn®v klmbn°m≥ Ah¿ FØpw. sXmSm\pw Xmßm\pw XtemSm\pw `£Ww hmbn¬
sImSp°m\pw Ahcp≠v. AXne∏pdw AImehr≤\mb Hcmƒ°v ssewKnIXrjvWbps≠¶n¬
AXns\ t{]m’mln∏n®v Xr]vXns∏SpØm\pw th≠ kwhn[m\w AhntSbp≠v. K¿`sØ∏‰n
t]Snt°≠Xn√. ImcWw AhnSpsØ t\gv k pamsc√mw h‘ywIcnbv ° s∏´hcmWv ;
A\mYmebØn¬ \n∂p sIm≠p h∂hcmWv.
hr≤kZ\Ønse hym]mcw F{X `wKnbmbn \S°p∂psh∂Xn\pZmlcWamWv

AΩmΩbpsS acWw. kZm acWòXnbpambn°gnbp∂ Ah¿ cm{XnbpsS GtXm bmaØn¬
Bcpw AdnbmsX acn®p. ]t£ acn® hnhcw Adn™tXmsS UbdIvS¿ C¿∆mZokv Hcp
acpaIs‚ k¶StØmsS AhnsS ]ms™Øp∂p. At¥hmknIsfsb√mw A`napJoIcn®v
Abmƒ hnImcXcfnX\mbn A\ptimN\{]kwkw \SØp∂p. {]kwKØn∂nSbn¬ A\mYbmb
AΩmΩsb Xm≥ kuP\yambmWv kZ\Øn¬ ]m¿∏n®sX∂pw em`Øn\p th≠nb√,
PohImcpWy {]tNmZnXambmWv Xm≥ Cu kZ\w \SØp∂sX∂pw ASnhcbn´p {]Jym]n°p∂p.
DSs\ tUmIvS¿ hcp∂p. Pohn®ncp∂ ImetØ°mƒ ipjv°m¥ntbmsS ]cntim[n®v acWw
ÿncoIcn°p∂p. ]n∂mse ]{X°mcpw t^mt´m{Km^dpw hcpØs∏Sp∂p. kZ\Ønse
Bflm¿∞ ]cnNcWhpw UbdIydpsS \nkzm¿∞ tkh\hpw A`napJØneqsS
Ipdnbv°s∏Sp∂p. {]mIrXthj°mcmb GXm\pw At¥hmknIfpsS ]›mØeØn¬
ihØns‚ t^mt´m FSp°p∂p. AXpsIms≠mcp henb {]tbmP\ap≠v. kZ\Øn\pth≠n
hntZißfn¬ ]ncnhp \SØp∂ GP‚pam¿s°Øn°m\p≈XmWv t^mt´m.
Ah¿°Xp]tbmKn®v [\nIcmb hntZinIsf hr≤kZ\Øns‚ ssZ\yw t_m≤ys∏SpØmat√m.
]ncnhpIqSpw F∂ Imcyw Xo¿®. CXpt]msemcp kph¿ÆmhkcØn\v UbdIv S ¿
ImØncn°pIbmbncp∂p.
IΩoj≥ hyhÿbn¬ kZ\Ønte°v Bsf ]nSnbv°m\p≈ G¿∏mSp thsdbpw D≠v.

AΩmΩ acn® Hgnhnte°v IfIvSdpsS AΩsb GP‚p sIm≠phcp∂p. _p°nßnse
ko\ntbmdn‰n adnIS°m≥ \nhrØnbn√mØXn\m¬ B dqw AhpXØ¥bv°mWv e`n®Xv. ]t£
Bsc FSpØmepw GP‚n\hImis∏´ IΩoj≥ UbdIvS¿°p sImSpt°≠n h∂p.
hr≤kZ\ØXnse {]thi\Ønepw Nne k{ºZmbßfpw \nbamhenIfpw D≠v. AXpw

I®hS°Æp sh®p≠m°nbn´p≈XmWv. AºØ©p hb p hsc kZ\Øn¬
kzoIcnbv°pIbn√. kZ\w tUmIvS¿ hnkvXncn®v ]cntim[nØv At¥hmkn F{XImew
Pohnbv°m\nSbps≠∂p tcJs∏SpØp∂p. an°hmdpw sXmÆqdp hb mWv kZ\Ønse
hr≤cpsS Bbp v F∂mWv sh∏v. ap∏Ø©psIm√Øn\v hr≤\v th≠n hcp∂ sNehp
IW°m°nbmWv {]Xnêw \n›bn°p∂Xv. {]Xnêw H‰ØhWbmbn ap≥Iq¿ AS®ncn°Ww.
kº∂sc¶nepw hr≤s‚ {]Xnêw Ipd®p In´m≥ ]niIp∂ Zcn{ZhmknIfmb a°fpap≠v.

XhWIfmbn ]WaS°p∂ hyhÿ kzoIcn®m¬ BZysØ XhW am{Xw AS®v hr≤t\bpw
ssIsømgn®v hntZißfn¬ t]mbn Hfnbv°p∂ _‘p°fpw D≠v. CØc°mscsb√mw
UbdIvS¿°dnbmw. ]q¿Æ BtcmKyhm\mbn kZ\Øn¬ {]thin°p∂hcpw amkßƒsIm≠v
Ahicpw Z¿∫ecpw BbnØocpw.hnZKv≤ tUmIvS¿amcpsS NnIn’bpw
BtcmKykwc£W{]h¿Ø\hpw Pm{KXbmbn \S°p∂XpsIm≠mWnXv. Cu KpfnI ]Xnhmbn
Ign°Ww. AkpJw D≠mbns°m≈pw F∂ a´mWv.
hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIfpsS P∑Zn\amWv as‰mcp I®hS®c°v.

{]thi\kabØv as‰¥p ad∂mepw P\\ØnøXn Ipdn®nSm≥ ad°n√. IrXyambn XnøXn
Hm¿Ωn®v _‘p°ƒ°v IØpIn´p∂p. C∂bmfpsS P∑Zn\w hn]peambn BtLmjn°s∏Sp∂p
F∂v. _‘p°ƒ kΩm\s∏mXnIfpw hne]nSn® D]lmcßfpambn A∂v As√¶n¬
AXn\papºv kZ\ØnseØmXncnbv°n√.. _‘p°fpsS kmºØnItijnb\pkcn®v
hr≤¿°pth≠n Sn.hntbm {^nUv t Pm kZ\Øntebv ° v kw`mh\ sNøm≥ ]‰nb
kph¿Æmhkcw IqSnbmWnXv.
hr≤kZ\Ønse At¥hmknIƒ°v In´p∂ ]cnNcWw ]pdtabv ° v Htc

amXncnbmsW¶nepw Ahsc ap∂p Iym‰Kdnbmbn Xncn®ncn°p∂p. km[mcW kuIcyßƒ
am{Xw A¿ln°p∂h¿ aq∂mw ¢m pIm¿. {]tXyIw ]cnKW\ e`n°p∂h¿ c≠mw ¢m pIm¿.
F√mhn[ kpJkuIcyßfpw kzmX{¥yhpap≈h¿ H∂mw¢m pIm¿. _‘p°ƒ
hr≤∑m¿°pth≠n kZ\ØneS°p∂ {]XnêØpIbmWv Cu ¢m n^nt°js‚ am\Zfiw.
Ch¿°p \¬Ip∂ `£WØneS°w hyXymkap≠v. ]t£ ]pdta°sXm∂pw Adnbn√.
At¥hmknIƒ°p P\m[n]XyacymZ{]Imcw {]Xntj[n°m\pw BhemXns∏Sm\pw
Ahkcap≠v. ]t£ BƒØ©a\pkcn®v _mlyamb ]cnlmcßsf {]Xo£nbvt°≠q.
_‘pan{XmZnIƒ Bhiys∏SpIbmsW¶n¬ AhcpsS CØchmZnXzØn¬ am{Xw

hr≤∑msc A¬∏Znhkw hoń¬t]mIm\\phZn°pw. HcpXcw ]tcmƒ Xs∂. kZ\Øn¬
kz¥w CjvS∏Sn h∂ptNcp∂ hr≤∑m¿ Npcp°amWv. Cu hr≤scs°m≠p s]mdpXnapńbnt´m
IpSpw_t∏cn\v If¶ambnt´m BWv Chsc henb XpI\¬In _‘p°ƒ ChnsS G¬∏n°p∂Xv.
AXpsIm≠v Ah¿ hr≤s\ hoSp ImWn°cpsX∂p \n¿t±in®m¬ kZ\w AXp ]men°pw.
Ipgnbnte°p ImseSpØpsh® hr≤∑mtc°mƒ Ah¿°pth≠n ssIøb®p kw`mh\ sNøp∂
_‘p°fpsS B{KlamWv ]ment°≠Xv. AXpsIm≠mWt√m C{Xbpw s]s´∂v kZ\Øn¬
c≠p\nes°ńSw ]Wnbm≥ km[n®Xv. thWsa¶n¬ hntZiaZyhpw a‰p elcn]Zm¿∞ßfpw
kZ\Øn¬ In´pw. tUhnUp ]d™Xpt]mse, ""ChnsS In´mØsXm∂pan√. F¥n\pw Hcp ad
thWsa∂pam{Xw''.
Cßs\ hr≤kZ\w F∂ BhiyØneq∂n AXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂ F√m I®hS

X{¥ßfpw km≤yXIfpw ]camh[n {]tbmP\s∏SpØns°m≠p≈ Hcp hym]mctaJebmWnhnsS
ImWp∂Xv.
(3) hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mhense B[p\ntImØc {]hWXIƒ kw{Kln°pI.
sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mh¬ aebmfØse BZysØ t]mÃv tamtU¨

(B[p\ntImØc) t\mhemsW∂phsc AhImis∏Sp∂p≠v . ""kmwkv I mcnIhpw
cmjv{Sobhpamb Z¿i\Øns‚bpw D]cnπh_p≤nbpsS {IoUm]cXbptSbpw hnNn{Xamb
tNcphbmWv'' F∂ t]mÃv tamtU¨ \ncq]WsØ ]cnlkn°p∂ kmlnXy ]finX∑mcp≠v.
B[p\nIX°ptijw kmlnXyØnepw a‰p Iemcq]ßfnepw ImetZimXoXamb Nne kmam\y
{]hWXIƒ I≠phcp∂p F∂Xv \ntj[nbv°m\mhn√. kaImenI A\p`hßtfmSv G‰hpw
ASpØp\n¬°p∂ kmlnXycq]w F∂ \nebv°v aebmfØn¬ sNdpIYbnemWv BZyambn
B[p\ntImØc {]hWXIƒ IS∂ph∂Xv. hr≤kZ\Ønepw B[p\ntImØc {]hWXIƒ
ImWmw. BJym\cq]w Xs∂ t\mhens‚ B¥cnIkØsb \n¿Æbn°pIbpw
\nb{¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv B[p\ntImØc {]hWXIfnsem∂mWv. ChnsS kndnb°v
B\vdWn F∂ IYm]m{Xw hmb\°mcpambn \SØp∂ clky`mjWtam kw`mjWtam BWv
IYmhkvXp. ]d®nens‚ khntijcoXn Xs∂ ChnsS ]dbs∏Sp∂ bmYm¿∞yambnØocp∂p.
t\mhens‚ Bfl {]Xnê\kz`mhamWv as‰mcSbmfw. hr≤kZ\Ønse IY apgph≥
{KŸI¿Ømhp ]dbpIbpw hmb\°mc≥ tIńcnbv°pIbpa√, IYmKXnsb kqNn∏n°p∂
`mjm]camb Hcp Nn”hyhÿ Xpd∂nSpIbmWv t\mhenÃv sNøp∂Xv. AhnsS Iqńt®¿Øv
IYmcq]w ]p\:krjvSnt°≠ NpaXe hmb\°mc\mWv. hr≤kZ\Ønse A\p`hßfpw
kndnbIv B‚WnbpsS A\p`hßfpw t\sc sNmt∆ ]dbp∂Xn\p]Icw AXnte°v
hmb\°mcs\ FØn°p∂ Nne kqN\Iƒ \¬IpI am{XamWv sNøp∂Xv, B[p\ntImØc
t\mhepIƒ. Cßs\ t\m°ptºmƒ hr≤kZ\Øn\p kam\ambn CXpt]mse as‰mcpIrXn
ImWm≥ {]bmkamWv . bmYm¿XYyØn\v kaImenI PohnXØn¬ tIheamb
\ne\n¬∏ns√∂pw AXns‚ kqN\Ifpw kzm[o\ßfpw kw`hßsf sshcp≤ymflIhpw
k∂nKv≤hpam°p∂p F∂pap≈ t_m[amWv t]mÃv tamtUWnkØns‚ Hcp {]tZyIX.
""Unkw_dnse Hcp {]`mXØn¬ Rßƒ hr≤kZ\Ønte°p bm{X Xncn®p.'' F∂ t\mhense
BZy hmIyßfn¬Øs∂ Cu kµnKv≤mhÿ ImWp∂p. EPphpw efnXhpsa∂v {]YaZrjvSym
tXm∂p∂ CXnse `mj Xs∂ {it≤bamWv. emfnXyw _mlyambn am{Xta A\p`hs∏SpIbp≈p
. PohnX kXyØns‚ \∑Xn∑Itfbpw kpJm\p`hßtfbpw {]ISam°p∂Xpw Bflhna¿i\w
\SØp∂XpamWv Cu BJym\ coXn. sFdWnIfpw \¿tΩm‡nIfpw hnlzeNn{Xßfpw \nd™v
Bgßsf Hfn∏n®pshbv°p∂ Akm[mcW `mjbmWsX∂v Bh¿Øn®p. hmbn°ptºmƒ
a\ nemIpw. km[mcW t\mh¬ `mjbn¬ \n∂v AI∂p \n¬°p∂ coXnbpw B[p\ntImØc
{]hWX Xs∂.
(- 4) B· nt‚bpw kmdbptSbpw kz`mhßƒ XmcXays∏SpØpI.
Sn.hn.sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\w F∂ t\mhense apJy IYm]m{Xamb kndnb°v

B‚WnbpsS BZy `mcybmWv B·kv . B·kns‚ acWtijw kndnb°ns‚
`mcybmbnØocp∂ kmd icn°pw B·kns\ ]cnNcnbv°m≥ IpSpw_tUmIvS¿ G¿∏mSm°nb
t\gvkmWv. {KmaØnse Zcn{Z `h\Øn¬ \n∂v ]ńWnbpsS tamN\Øn\pth≠n kndnb°v
hnZym¿∞nbmbncn°ptºmƒ ]´WØnep≈ B· ns‚ hoń¬ the°mc\mbn FØp∂p.
A∂v A©mw ¢m n¬ ]Tnbv°p∂ sIm®pamemJbmWv B·kv. kndnbIv B·kns\
{]Wbn®p hnhmlw Ignbv°p∂p. A—\ΩamcpsS acWtijw Afh‰
kzØn\hIminbmbnØocp∂p. tcmK_m[nXbmbn InS∏nemhpIbpw acnbv°pIbpw sNøp∂
B·kv hgn°p h∂ kºØmWv ap∏XpImcnbmb kmdsb AºXp Ign™ kndnb°ns‚

t{]a`mP\am°p∂Xv. X©Øn¬ \n∂v Cu kzsØ√mw kmdbpsS t]¿s°gpXnsh∏n®n´v
kndnb°ns\ _eambn hr≤kZ\Ønte°b°pIbmWv kmd sNøp∂Xv. B·kv hgn
kº∂\mb kndnb°v kmd hgn ]caZb\obmhÿbnseØn. tcmKnWnbmb B·kv
{]khn®n√. kmdbmIs´, {]khnbv°m≥ Iq´m°nbn√. hnip≤nbptSbpw
ss\¿ΩeyØnt‚bpw ]cymbamb B·kns\ CS°nS°v Hm¿°mXncn°m≥ kndnb°n\p
Ignbp∂n√, A{X ISpØ {IqcXIfmWv kmd AbmtfmSv ImWnbv°p∂Xv. B·kns\ At]£n®v
hnemkhXnbmWv kmd. B·kns‚ icocØnse \navt\m∂Xßƒ Ccpń¬ sXm´dnbm≥
am{Xta A\phZnbv°s∏Sp∂p≈p. F∂m¬ hr≤kZ\Øn¬ FØnbn´pw kmdbpsS ]cn]q¿Æ
\·amb t^mt´m AbmfpsS ssIhiap≠v. c≠pt]cptSbpw kz`mhØns‚ A¥cw
koNn∏n°p∂XmWnXv. kndnb°ns‚ A\phmZan√msX Abmsf hr≤kZ\Øn¬ NXn®p
Ib‰nbXpam{Xa√, Hcnbv ° epw Abmƒ C\n Xm\pambn ImWmXncn°m\p≈ F√m
\n_‘\Ifpw Ahƒ Xømdm°p∂p. kmd Ahtf°mƒ sNdp∏°mc\mb sUman\n°ns\
hnhmlw Ign°m\p≈ Icp°ƒ \o°ns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. kndnb°n\v {`m¥msW∂pw
Abmsf c≠psIm√w {`m¥mip]{Xnbn¬ InSØn NnIn’n∏n®n´pw A{Iakz`mhhpw
\ioIcW{]hWXbpw am‰n FSp°m\mhmØXp sIm≠mWv hr≤kZ\Øn¬
{]thin∏n®sX∂pw Ahƒ hnizk\obamb tcJbp≠m°nbn´p≠v . AXn\m¬
kndnb°pambp≈ _‘Øn¬ \n∂v tamN\w \¬IWsa∂pw k` aptJ\ At]£
D∂Xßfnte°b°p∂p. sUman\n°n\v kmdsb Xs‚ ]q¿Æ kΩXtØmsS
hn´psImSp°pIbmsW∂ tcJbn¬ kndnb°ns‚ H∏p hmßphm≥ kZ\Ønte°v
sUman\n°ns\ Ab°m\pw Ahƒ aSn°p∂n√. Cßs\ F√mXcØnepw
hn]coXkz`mh°mcmWv BK\kpw kmdbpw.
H‰hm°n¬ DØcsagpXpI
tKmh¿≤t\m≤mcWw
1) sNdpt»cn \ºpXncnbpsS {]kn≤IrXnbpsS t]scgpXpI ?

2) sNdpt»cnbpsS PohnXImew Xp©sØgpØ—s‚ aptºm ]ntºm ?
3) IrjvWKmY GXp ]pcmWsØ B{ibns®gpXnbXmWv ?
4) sNdpt»cn \ºqXncnbpsS ]pckvI¿Ømhmb \m´pcmPmhv Bcv ?
5) BcpsS aZw \S°phm\mWv tKmh¿≤\ ]qP \SØnbXv ?
6) C{µ ]qP apS°nbXmcv ?
7) tKmh¿≤t\m≤mcWw F∂ IhnXbn¬ D]tbmKn®n´p≈ hrØØns‚ t]cv ?
Km‘mcohnem]w
1) alm`mcXw Infn∏mńs‚ cNbnXmhv Bcv?
2) Infn∏m´p{]ÿm\Øns‚ C]⁄mXmhmcv ?
3) aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv F∂v hntijn∏n°p∂Xmsc?
4) temIØnse G‰hpw alØpw _rlØpamb CXnlmkw GXv ?
5) alm`mcXw F∂ CXn-lmk IrXnbpsS I¿Ømhmcv ?
6) alm`mcXØnse A≤ymbßƒ°v ]dbp∂ t]sc¥v ?

7) Ipcpt£{Xbp≤Øn¬ hoW òjva¿ FhnsSbmWv InS°p∂Xv ?
8) `KZØs\ h[n®Xmcv ? ?
9) A¿÷p\s‚ aI\pw {ioIrjvWs‚ apcaI\pamb Ipń Bcv?
10) LtSm¬°Ns‚ AΩbmcv?
11) LtSm¬°Ns\ h[n®Xmcv ?
12) LtSm¬°Ns\ h[n® Bbp[w I¿Æ\v sImSpØXmcv ?
13) t{ZmWsc h[n®Xmcv?
14) I¿Æ≥ GXp \mńse cmPmhmbncp∂p ?
15) Ipcpt£{Xbp≤Ønse ihicocßƒ kwkvIcn°m≥ BscbmWvNpaXes∏SpØnbXv?
I√ymWkuK‘nIw.
1) Xp≈¬ {]ÿm\Øns‚ D]⁄mXmhmcv ?

2) I√ymWkuK‘nIw Xp≈ens‚ I¿Ømhmcv ?
3) òa≥ At\zjn®p\S∂ ]qthXv ?
4) l\pam≥ X] psNøp∂ ImSns‚ t]sc¥v ?
5) l\pamt\m, òat\m tPyjvT≥ ?
6) l\pam\pw òa\pw XΩnep≈ _‘sa¥v?
7) l\pams‚ AΩbmcv ?
8) ]m©menbpsS DSp]pShbgn®]am\n®Xmcv ?
Nfime`n£pIn
1) Nfime`n£pIn F∂ JfiImhyØns‚ I¿Ømhmcv ?

2) Nfime`n£pIn GXp kapZmb°mcnbmWv ?
3) Nfime`n£pInbpsSPohnXØn¬ Hcp hgnØncnhp≠m°nbXv BcpsS Z¿i\amWv?
4) Xncn®pt]mIm\mImXw Nfime`n£pIn \n∂sXhnsS ?
5) ]mcn¬ H‰°meq∂n \n¬°p∂ Nfime`n£pInsb AtcmSmWv
kmZriys∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv ?
6) `n£p Pew IpSn®p Xncn®pt]mbn -˛ Bsct∏mse ?
7) Nfime`n£pIn F∂ ImhyØnse ]mTy `mKØns‚ hrØw GXv ?
aetId¬
1) aetId¬ F∂ IhnXbpsS I¿Ømhmcv ?

2) aetId¬ F∂ IhnXbnse hrØw GXv ?
3) X] psNøp∂h¿°p BcmWv XS w D≠m°p∂Xv ?
Hcp tXmWnbm{X
1) k∂màmw kz¥hnf°pambn k©cn®Xmcv ?

2) B‰n¬∏Xn∏m≥ apXncp∂t]mse ˛ Bcv ?
3) h©nbn¬s°ńb ]mbsb F¥mbn k¶¬∏n®ncn°p∂p.
4) aZwKtNjvSmIWßsf sImØnhngpßnbXmcv ?
5) ap°phØns]‰ {_“¿jnam¿ apJy≥ Bcv?
6) ImhywkptKbw; IY cmLhobw ˛ GXmWm Imhyw ?
7) th´ph≥ Ihnsb kwt_m[\sNbvX ]ZtaXv ?
IdpØs®ń®nIƒ
1) ""t]m∂ph∂mtc Npc∂ apebpambv

]q¿∆mw_pcminsbs]s‰mcnΩ¶am¿'' ˛ BcmWv Cu a¶am¿ ?
2) ""ImWmadnbpta I≠m¬ ad°mØ˛
XmW°dpØ apJßƒ'' ˛ BcpsS?
hr≤kZ\w
1) aebmfØnse B[p\ntImØc t\mh¬ ?

2) hr≤kZ\Ønse apJy IYm]m{Xw Bcv ?
3) sIm®p_mhbpsS hr≤kZ\Øns‚ t]sc¥v ?
4) kndnbIv B‚WnbpsS BZy`mcy?
5) hr≤kZ\w UbdIvScpsS t]sc¥v ?
ssSK¿
ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿ (1908 ˛ 1994)
ssh°w Xmeq-°n¬ Xe-tbm-e-∏-d-ºn¬ P\n-®p. ]T-\-Øn-\nsS hoń¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-´p-
t]mbn C¥-y≥ \mj-\¬ tIm¨{K n¬ tN¿∂p. k-zm-X-{¥y ka-\-Øns‚ `mK-amb D∏p
kX-ym-{K-lØ
- n¬ ]¶p-sIm-≠p. AXns‚ t]cn¬ a¿±-\Ø - n-\n-cb
- m-Ip-Ibpw Pbn¬ in£ A\p-
`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IrXn-Iƒ
t{]a-te-J\w
_me-yI - m-ek- Jn
IYm-_oPw
P∑-Zn\w
Hm¿Ω-°p-dn∏v
A\¿L-\n-anjw
ap®o-´p-I-fn-°m-cs‚ aIƒ
aXn-ep-Iƒ
hni-z-hn-J-ym-X-amb aq°v
i_vZß - ƒ
]mØp-Ωb - psS BSv
am{¥n-I∏ - q®
B\-∏qS
`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ
`m¿K-ho-\n-ebw
A\p-cm-KØ - ns‚ Zn\-ßƒ
ssSK¿
ssSK¿ `mK-yh - m-\mb \mb-bm-Wv F∂mWv IY-bpsS XpS-°w. \msSm-´p°v hni∏pw £mahpw
sImSp-ºn-cn-sIm-f-fp-∂p. P\-ßƒ ]ń-Wn-sIm≠v F√pw tXmep-am-Ip-tºmgpw Ah≥ XSn-®p-sIm-
gp-sØmcp Icn-ºS- s - °-´p-t]mse \S-∏m-Wv. t]meokv C≥kvs]-IvSd- psS Hma-\b
- m-Wh
- ≥.
sXcp-hn¬ GtXm sX≠n∏ń-bpsS aI-\mbn ]nd-s∂-¶nepw t]meokv tÃj-\n¬ FØn-b-

tXmsS Ahs‚ `mKyw sXfn™p. t]meo-kp-Im¿ Ahs‚ anv{X-ßf - m-Wv. XS-hp-Im¿ i{Xp-°f
- pw.
XS-hd- bpsS Zb-\o-ba

- mb Nn{Xw IYm-IrØv \¬Ip-∂X- n-ßs
- \-bm-Wv. shfn-®hpw Im‰pw
IS°mØ apdn-I-fmWv XS-h-d-I-sf-√mw. ae-aq-{Xm-Zn-I-fpsS Zp¿K-‘-Øn¬, aq´-I-Sn-tb‰v
Iod-h-kv{X-ßƒ Np‰n, XmSn-ao-i-h-f¿∂ hnf¿Ø a\p-j-y-t°m-e-ßƒ°v Htcsbmcp alm-{]-iv\-
am-Wp-ff
- X
- v˛ hni-∏v! t]meokv tem°-∏ns‚ alm-Zp-cn-Xß
- ƒ ˛ AØcw XS-hp-ap-dn-If
- n¬ \n∂p-b-
cp∂ lrZbw Icn-°p∂ sI´ hmS ˛ H∂pw XS-hp-Imsc _m[n-°m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hni∏pw
`£-W-tØm-Sp-ff B¿Ønbpw am{X-amWv Ahsc Iog-S-°p-∂-Xv. cm{Xn Dd-ßm≥ InS-°p-∂Xv
cmhn-esØ I™n IpSn-°m-\m-Wv. I™n IpSn Ign-™m¬ D® `£-W-amWv a\ p-\n-dsb.
Hcn-°epw hbdp \nd-®p-I-gn-°m-\m-ImsX Ah¿ Znh-k-ßƒ Ign-®p-Iq-´p-∂p.
t]meokv tem°- ∏ n¬ \n∂v Pbn- e n- s e- Ø m≥ Hmtcm XS- h p- I m- c \pw B{K- l n-

bv°p∂pt]meokv a¿±-\-an-√msX Ign-®p-Iq-´mw. `£Ww In´p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Hmtcm XS- h p- I m- c s‚bpw a\- n- e p- f f t{Im[w ]I- c m- \ p- f f ]m{X- a mWv ssSK¿.

tem°-∏ns‚ hmXn¬°¬ hn{i-an-°p∂ Ah\v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Hcmƒ Ign-bv°p∂ tNmdv
Znh-tk\ sImSp-°pw. sNbvXn-ń-√mØ tIkp-Iƒ°v in£ hmßn tem°-∏n¬ InS-°p∂ XS-hp-
Im¿°v AXp-I≠p hmbn¬ shffw \nd-bpw. Ah¿°p Int´≠ tNmdmWv Ah≥ kar-≤-ambn
Ign-°p-∂-Xv. hni-∏-S-ßp-∂n-√. Rßƒ°v Kh¨sa≥dn¬ \n∂v In´m-\p-f-fXv XcWw
F∂m-hi - y- s
- ∏´ XS-hp-Im¿°v t]meo-kp-Im-cpsS a¿±-\t- a‰p. tlm´¬°m-c\pw t]meokv C≥kvs]-
IvSdpw XΩn-ep-ff Iq´p-sI-ń¬ XS-hp-Im-cpsS hoXw tNmdpw B\p-Iq-e-y-ßfpw A{]-X-y-£-am-bn.
t_m[w sISp-∂-Xphsc X√v Inń-b-t∏mƒ XS-hp-Im¿ Bh-i-y-ß-fp-∂-bn-°m-sX-bm-bn. ssSK-
dmWv Kh¨sa‚ v F∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. Xß-fpsS Iäp-∂n¬ kp`n-£-ambn Xn∂v
Ddßn Ign-™p Iq-Sp∂ ssSK-dns\ Ah¿ shdp-Øp. Xcw In´p-tºm-sgms° Ah-c-Xns\ D]-{Z-
hn-®p. C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS ssI-bn¬ \n∂v in£-In-ń-bmepw Ah¿ AXns\ D]-{Z-hn-°pI
ioe-am-°n. t]meok1tÃj-\I - Øv iucyw ImWn-bv°p∂ ssSK¿ ]pd-sØmcp Nmhm-fn-∏´- nsb
I≠m¬IqSn t]Sn®p hmsem-fn-∏n-t®m-Sp∂ òcp-hm-bn-cp-∂p. C≥kvs]-ISv ¿ F∂v ssSKsc cl-ky- -
ambn Ah¿ hnti-jn∏n-®p.
Hcp Znhkw ]pdØp \n∂v Nne kµ¿i-Is - c-Øn. Ipd®p ]e-lm-cß

- fpw a[pc \mc-ßb
- p-
am-bmWv Ah¿ FØn-b-Xv. XS-hp-Im¿ `mKyw sNbvX-h-cm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p h∂-h-cpsS ]£w.
Ah¿°v `£Ww In´p-∂p-≠t- √m. ]pdØv `b-¶c £mahpw ]ń-Wn-bp-am-Wv. XS-hp-Imsc kw_-
‘n-®n-St- Ømfw ssSK-dmWv G‰hpw `mK-yh
- m≥.
kµ¿i-I¿ sIm≠p-h∂ `£-W-km-[-\-ßƒsIm≠p Xr]vX-cm-bmWv A∂v \mep-X-S-hp-

Im¿ Dd-ßm-s\m-cp-ßn-bX - v. Ah- c psS an®w h∂ tNmdv tem°- ∏ nse a‰p- X - S - h p- ] p- f - f n- I ƒ°v
sv h®psIm-Sp-Øp. AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ccp-]Ø- n-c≠
- p-t]cpw AX-ym¿Øn-tbmsS AXn-temtcm]nSnbn¬ ssIsh-®p.
\neØp hoWXp \°nb ssSK-dn\v GtXm Hcp XS-hp-Im-c≥ Hcp Nhn-´p-sIm-Sp-Øp. \mb-bpsS
\ne-hn-fn-tI´p C≥kvs]-IvSs - d-Øn. hni-t∏msS Hmtcm ]nSn-tNm-dn\pw apºn-en-cp∂ XS-hp-Im-cpsS
hnlnXw apgp-h\pw Xncn-∏n-s®-Sp-∏n®p ]ń-°p-sh-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. XS-hp-Im¿°v ]Xn-hp-a¿±-\hpw
Inń.
A∂p cm{Xn ]Øp-aW - n-tbmsS XS-hp-Im-cpsS {]Xn-Imcw ho≠pw {]h¿Øn-®p. ssSKdns‚

tam¥ Iºn-bg- n-°I- t-- Øbv°p sh®v c≠p XS-hp-Im¿ Aa¿Øp-∂X - mWv t]meo-kp-Im¿ I≠-Xv.
]mdm-hp-Im-c\v Hcm-sftb a\- n-em-bp-ff
- p. C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Abmsf ]pd-tØ°p hnfn®v a¿±n®
hi-\m-°n. ]√-Sn®p sXdp-∏n®p. \ne-Øp-hoW tNmc ssSK¿ \°n-Øp-S® - p. t_m[w sISp-∂X
- p-
hsc Nhn-´p-Ibpw X√p-Ibpw sNbvXn´pw at‰-bmƒ Bsc-∂p Ah≥ ]d-™n-√. ssSK¿ Ahs‚
Im¬sh-f-f-bnse ]pXp-ap-dn-hp-I-fn¬ \°n tNmc XpS-®n´pw Adn-bm-Ø-hn[w Ah≥ t_m[w

\in®p InS-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. IYm-IrØv Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. ssSK¿ `mK-y-hm-\mb Hcp \mb-bm-Wv.
hni∏v _jodns‚ At\Iw IY-Iƒ°v {]ta-ba - m-Wv. al-Ømb cmjv{So-b- e - £- y- ß

- fpw
kz-]v\-ßfpw kq£n-®n-cp∂ a\p-j-y¿ XS-hp-ap-dn-bnse hni-∏n¬ as‰√mw ad-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS
{]Xo£ `£-W-sØ-s®m√n am{X-am-Wv. A[n-Im-cØn‚bpw A\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-amb
C≥kvs]-IvS¿°pw ssSKdn\psa-Xns-c Ign-bp-tºm-sg√mw Ah¿ {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂p. hni-∏n-s√-∂-
t]mse ssSK-dnt\mSp-ff {]Xn-Im-c_
- p-≤n-bnepw ]cn-]q¿Æ-amb sFIyw ]pe¿Øp-∂h - \
- mWv XS-
hp-Im¿. a¿±-\t- a‰v t_m[w \in-°m-dm-bn´pw XS-hp-Im-c≥ Xs‚ Iq´p-{]-Xn-bpsS t]cv shfn-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂n√ F∂Xv {it≤b-am-Wv. ssSKdpw C≥kvs]-IvS-dp-a-S-ßp∂ a¿-±-I-h-y-hÿ hnP-bn-®p-
\n¬°p∂ Nn{X-amWv IY-bn¬ ImWm-hp-∂X - v. A[n-Im-cØ- ns‚ ]n¥p-Wb - p-ff
- X
- p-sIm≠v Ch¿
XS-hp-Imcs‚ tNmc \°n-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I -Xs∂ sNøp-∂p.
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ
ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ipń (1935-˛2005)
]me-°mSv ap≠q-cn¬ P\\w. A≤-ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. kn\n-am-ko-cn-bn¬ A`nt\Xmbn-
cp∂p "kJn' amkn-Ibv°p ]{Xm-[n-]c - mbn {]h¿Øn-®n-´p≠v. aq∂m-as
- Xm-cmƒ F∂ IY G‰-hp-
a-[nIw Bk-zm-Z-I-{i≤ ]nSn-®p-]‰n. 2005 Pq¨ 5\v A¥-cn-®p.
IrXn-Iƒ
AΩ-bv°p-th≠n (I-Ym-ka - m-lm-cw)

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ kph-¿Æ IY-Iƒ (I-Ym-k-am-lm-cw)
Bi-zm-k-Øns‚ a{¥-®-cSv (1997 se tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv t\Sn)
GImIn
F{X-tØm-fs - a-∂d- n-bmsX
Btcm ]n-∂n-ep≠v
Cu \nem-∏n-ip-°p-ff cm{Xn-bn¬
aq∂m-as
- Xm-cmƒ
ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń-bpsS IY-Iƒ
aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ
kvt\ln-°p-∂h - ¿°v ac-Wa - n-√. acn-®mepw Ah-cpsS kmao-]yw Im¬s∏-cp-am-‰a - mbpw Icp-
X-em-bn Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°-embpw IqsS-bm-≠m-hp-sa∂ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip-ń-bpsS
aq∂m-as - Xm-cmƒ A\p-`hn-∏n-°p-∂X- .v `mc-yb
- psS Nc-ah - m¿jn-IZ- n-\Ø- n¬ Ah-fpsS Xd-hm-ń-tebv°v
aI-\p-am-sb-Øp-Ib - mWv IYm-\m-bI - ≥. Ccp-´p-ho-Wt- ∏m-tg-b° v mWv Ah¿°v {Kma-Øn¬ _ n-
d-ßm≥ Ign-™X - v. Hcqlw sh®v apt∂-dp-∂X - n-\nsS Xr»q-cn¬ \ns∂mcp tXm°p hmßn-Øc - W
- -
sa∂v DÆn Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. hgn-bnse s]mSn-a-W-en¬ Nhpń Btcm Hcmƒ IqsS hcp-∂p-
s≠∂p Abmƒ°p tXm∂p-∂p. c≠p h¿jw ap≥]v CXpt]mse B Xd- h m- ´ n¬ h∂p
Xncn-®pt]m-Ip-tºmƒ shf-fØ - n-tem-Sp∂ t_m´m-bn-cp∂p Ahs‚ Bh-iyw. _ v ]nSn-°m-\p-ff
Xnc-°n¬ Abmƒ A∂-hs\ tZjys∏´p. A∂sØ aq∂m-as - Xm-cmƒ ˛ Abm-fpsS `mcy ˛ Ah-
\Xp hmßn-sIm-Sp-Øn´p t]mbm¬ t]msc .-F∂p kvt\l-]q¿∆w imkn-®Xv Abmƒ Hm¿°p-I-
bmWv. B Hm¿Ω DW¿∂-t∏mƒ Abmƒ aIs\ H∂p-IqSn tN¿Øp-]n-Sn®p tXm°p-hm-ßn-Ø-
c-ms
- a-∂p Dd-∏p-sIm-Sp-Øp. C∂v \n¿_-‘n-t°-≠b - mƒ IqsS-bn-√t- √m. Ah-fpsS AΩ A¬∏w
]cn-{`-a-tØmsS Ahsc kzo-I-cn-®p. Ipi-e-{]-iv\-ßƒ°p tijw \oen® \ni-_vZX Ah¿°n-
S-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. s]mXp-hmb Hcp \jvSØ - n¬ hnß¬ Ah-cn-ep-≠v. Xd-hm-ń-em-hp-tºmƒ
Ahn-SsØ `£W coXn aXn-sb∂pw CjvSm-\n-jvS-ßƒ Imc-y-am-°-cp-sX∂pw Ahƒ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-
°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v Ah-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ AsX√mw IqSp-X¬ sXfn-™p-h-cp-∂p. Abmƒ
Xs‚ IqsSbn-√mØ Ah-fpsS a\- d- n-bp-Ibpw \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Abm-sfbpw IpSpw-
_-sØbpw _‘n-∏n-®n-cp∂ IÆn AI-∂p-t]m-bn´pw H∂pw Fhn-sSbpw _‘-a-‰p-t]m-bn-s√∂
ań¬ CSs]-Sm≥ Abmƒ°p Ign-bp-∂p.
]nt‰-∂mƒ Aº-e-Øn¬ Ipfn®p sXmgm-\mbn Xs∂bpw DÆn-tbbpw t\csØ hnfn-°-

W-sa∂v Abmƒ AΩ-tbmSp ]d-bp-∂p. AΩ Ah-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bn¬ IÆo-c-Wn-™p.
B apdn-bn¬ X\n-®p-In-S∂ - t- ∏mgpw as‰m-cm-fpsS km∂n-[yw Abmƒ A\p-`h - n-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

amdn¬ NpSp-IÆ- o¿ hogvØn-s°m≠v X\n-°k - p-Ja - m-hnt√ F∂-hƒ tNmZn-®X
- v, Hs° t`Zm-sb∂v
Abmƒ Bi-zk - n-∏n-®X
- v, amd-sØmcp ]nS∏v amdo-ń-√t√m F∂-hƒ Zp:-Jn-®Xv ˛ Hs° ]q¿∆m-[nIw
sXfn-at- bmsS a\- n¬ \nd-bp-∂p.
Bcpw hnfn-°msX Xs∂ AXn-cm-hnse Xm\pw Hcpƒhn-fn-bn-se∂ t]mse DÆnbpw

DW¿∂p F∂-bmƒ {i≤n-®p. F√mw B aq∂m-a-sXm-cm-fpsS kmao-]yw sIm≠m-hmw. Aº-e-
Øn¬ Cud-t\msS sXmgpXp \n¬t° tZho-hn-{Klw Ca-sh-´msX Xs∂ t\m°p-∂-Xmbn
Abmƒ°p tXm∂p∂p apgp-an-°mØ hnfn-bn¬, At]-£b - n¬ F√m-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv `K-h-
Xn-b-dn-™p. aS-°-bm-{X-bnepw s]mSn-a-Æn¬ Imep-c-™p-sIm≠v Bcp-tStbm ]mZ-]-X-\-i_vZw
Ah¿ A\p-`hn-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS CjvSw AXm-hp-sa-∂p Xncn-®d- n-™t- ]mse Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p˛
Xr»q-cn¬ \n∂v DÆn-°n-jvSa - p-ffsXms° hmßn-Øc - m-sa-∂v..
`wKn-bp-ff Hcp IpSpw-_-Nn-{X-Øn¬\n∂v Hcmsf hn[n Xń-∏-d-®-I-‰p-tºm-gp-ff hnßepw

IÆocp NnX-dmØ kl-\hpw \jvS-t_m-[hpw Cu IY A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ahƒt°m
Abmƒt°m t]cn-√. Ah-cpsS DÆn AΩ \jvS-s∏-´- GXp D-Æn-tbbpw t]mse Xs∂. Ah-
fpsS km∂n-[yw Ct∏mgpw Ahsc \bn-°p-∂p. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw \S-°p-∂n-Ss - Ø√mw kv]jvSa
- mb
]mZ-]X - \i_vZa - mbn Ah-fp-≠v. Ah-fpsS CjvSß - fpw \n¿t±-iß - fpw \n¿_-‘ß
- fpw Abmƒ
at‰- X p Im- e - t Ø- b pw- I mƒ Icp- X - t emsS A\p- k - c n- ° p- ∂ p. Aßs\ B \jv S sØ
adn-IS- °- m≥ {ian-°p-Ib - m-Wb- mƒ.
ac-WØ
- ns≥d \n›-eN - n-{X-ßf
- √ Cu IYm-]m{Xw a\- n¬ kq£n-°p-∂X - v. kvt\lhpw
k-zm-[o-\hpw Icp-X-ep-ap-ff km∂n-[-y-Øns‚ Ne-\m-fl-I- -Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv. aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ Cu
c≠p-t]-cp-tSbpw Pohn-XØ- n¬ \n∂v ]ncn-™p-t]m-Im-\m-hmsX kvt\l-Øm¬ _‘n°s∏´v ]n¥p-
S-cp-Ibm-sW∂v Abmƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS CjvSm-\n-jvSß - ƒ. Ahƒ Pohn-®n-cp-∂t- ∏msg∂
t]mse Xs∂ hnt[-bX - y- t- ØmsS ]n¥p-Sc - p-IbmWv Abmƒ. ac-Whpw \jvSt- _m-[hpw Nn{Xo-I-
cn-°-s∏´ \nc-h[n IY-I-fn¬ {it±-b-amb H∂mWv aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ.
LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw

kp`mjv N{µ≥
1972 ¬ Bep-h-bv°-SpØv ISp-ß-√q-cn¬ P\\w. "LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw'
F∂ IYbv°v amXr-`qan hnjp-∏-Xn∏v \S-Ønb a¬k-c-Øn¬ H∂mw kΩm\w e`n-®p. 2001 se
tIcf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv, C.]n kpja F≥tUmhvsa‚ v, A¶Ww Ahm¿Uv. Fkv.-
_n.Sn Ahm¿Uv, hn.]n inh-Ip-am¿ tIfn Ahm¿Uv, A_p-Zm_n i‡n Ahm¿Uv F∂nh
e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw (tI-cf kmln-Xy A°m-Zan Ahm¿Uv 2002)

]dp-Zo-km-\jvSw
h[-{Iaw
at≤-yb - n-ßs\ (A-\p-`h
- °
- p-dn-∏p-Iƒ)
Xev]w
alm-{]-ÿm\w (I-hn-X)
a\p-jy- \v Hcm-apJw (t\m-h¬
- )
A°pSp-ap-b¬ A∏w-Np´p (_m-ek - m-ln-Xy- w)
LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw

Hm¿sØ-Øp-∂n-S-sØßpw kz¥w _meyw Is≠-Øm-\m-ImsX \ncm-i-s∏´ _p°mdmw
hnØ¬ F∂ If-f\v AXv Ahn-Nm-cn-Xhpw £Wn-I-hp-ambn Is≠-Øm-\m-Ip-∂p. Nph-Sp-e-®p-
sIm≠pw LSn-Im-c-ßsf \ne-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw `qan AXp shfn-hm-°n-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
sImSp-¶m-‰n¬ \Sp-°S- e
- n-eI
- s
- ∏´ I∏-en-s\-t∏mse `qan-°p-ep-°Ø
- n¬ hn√m-cn-{Kmaw BSn.
hoSp-Iƒ Xmtg-bv°n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm hoSn-\IØpw hnf-™-]m-S-ßƒ kz]v\w I≠p-d-ßnb P\-
ßƒ DXn¿∂p-hoW I√p-I-fp-tSbpw ac-ß-fp-tSbpw ASn-bn¬ \nX-y-\n-{Z-bn-em-≠p.
_p°m-dm-ans‚ HSp-hn-esØ e£-y-am-bn-cp∂p ssite-\v{Z-_n-kva-bpsS hm®p-IS. {Kmaw

apgp-h≥ Abmsf If-f-s\∂p hnfn-®-t∏mgpw _nkvta Aß-s\- I-cp-Xn-bn-√. Xs‚ IS-Øn-Æ-
bn¬ Nm°p hn-cn-®n-dß- p∂ _p°mdmw B IS-bnse t¢m°p-Iƒ tamjvSn°pw hsc Xm\bmsf
If-fs- \∂p hnfn-°n-s√-∂p Abm-fp-d∏- n-®n-cp-∂p. AX-bmƒ _p°m-dm-an-t\m-Sp-Xs∂ ]d-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. F∂m¬ LSn-Im-cß - ƒ F∂pw _m°-dm-ans\ {]tem-`n-∏n-®p. eØq-cn-tebpw Dkvam-\-
_m-Zn-tebpw F√m I-SI - f
- nepw Xm≥ Ib-dn-°g- n-™X - n-\p-tijw _nkvta-bpsS ka-bß
- fpw Xm≥
tamjvSn-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p _p°m-dm-ans‚ adp-]S- n.
_nkvtabv°pw ._p-°m-dm-an\pw Nne kam-\X

- I
- f
- p-≠v. Ccp-hcpw GI-cm-Wv. hn√m-cnbv°p
kabw hn‰pw B {Kma-Øns‚ tISp-h∂ ka-b-ßsf icn-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw _nkvta Ign-™p-Iq-Sn.
hn√m-cn-bpsS Ak-a-b-ß-sf-bmWv _p°mdmw A]-l-cn-®Xpw hnev]-\-®-c-°m-°n-b-Xpw. kabw
Ccp-hc
- p-tSbpw kulr-ZsØ Fß-s\tbm CW-°n-t®¿Øn-cp-∂p.
Hcn-°¬ ssite{µ _nkvta F∂ IS-bp-Sa _p°m-dm-an-t\mSv tNmZn-®X - mWv Hcp t¢mt°m

hmt®m kΩm-\n-°t´ F∂v. Nph-cp-I-fn-√mØ Xm≥ AsX-hnsS Xq°pw F∂m-bn-cp∂p _p°m-
dm-ans‚ adp-tNm-Zy- w. hm®m-Ims´ Hcp If-f\v Bh-iy- t- a-b√ Xm\pw. Ccp´pw shfn-®hpw Ah\v
kz-bt- ah LSn-Im-ca
- m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. GXm-bmepw At\Iw LSn-Im-cß
- ƒ As√-¶n¬ hne-]n-Sn®
Hcp LSn-Imcw tamjvSn®v AXns‚ hne-sIm≠v as‰mcp {Kma-Øn¬ Xm≥ If-f\ - √- msX Pohn-°p-
sa∂ kz]v\w Abmƒ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠vSm-hWw BZ-ysØ Aº-c-∏n-\p-ti-jw,
XI¿∂p-hoW hm®p-IS- b - nse LSn-Im-cß
- ƒ°n-Sb
- n¬ _p°mdmw Xnc-bm-\m-cw-`n-®X- v. F√m LSn-
Im-cß
- fpw \ne-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ Gsd Xnc-®n-en-\p-tijw At∏mgpw {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ H∂v _p°mdmw

Is≠-Øn. B-bncw arX-tZ-l-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v Poh-\p-ff D‰-_-‘p-hns‚ tZlw I≠h-s\-
t∏mse Abmƒ B\-µn-®p. CXv Xs≥d Ah-km-\sØ tamj-Wa - m-ItW F∂ {]m¿∞-\t- bmsS
Abm-fXv ssIbn-se-SpØp tZl-tØm-Sp-tN¿Øv ]pd-Øp-IS- ∂
- p-.
H‰ \nanjw sIm≠p \new ] - c

- n-im-°s
- ∏´ {Kma-Øn¬ _p°m-dman-\p-am{Xw Bscbpw Xncbm-
\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. LSn-Im-cß
- f
- m-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS an{X-ßƒ. Poh≥ an-Sn- ® Hcp LSn-Imcw tZl-
tØm-Sp-tN¿∂n-cp∂v At∏mgpw Abmsf k\m-Y\ - m-°n.
hgn- \osf hnem-]ß

- f
- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ing-h≥tZ-iv ]m-WvsU, sXmÆq-dp-Ig- n-™ X
- s‚ AΩsb
I≠-Øm-\m-ImsX Ic-™p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
ssite{µ _nkv-tabpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpw acn-®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. _nkvta-bpsS _‘p-°-
fn¬ Poh≥ Ah- t i- j n® Htc- s bm- s c- Æ w Xs‚ DSp- ∏ n- \ - I Øv anSn- ° p∂
LSn-Im-c-am-sW∂v _p°m-dm-an\v tXm-∂n. Xm≥ Nmcn-bn-cp∂ sIń-S-Øns‚ Df-fn¬ \ns∂mcp
sRc-°hpw Ne-\hpw _p-°mdmw Adn-™p. Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ \o°n Abm-f-Xns‚ Dd-hnSw
Is≠-Øn. ac-sØm-ń-en¬ Np≠p-am{Xw apdn™v tNmc-sbm-en-∏n-®p In-S∂ HcmÏp™v kz¥w
_meyw ]Xps° ad-\o-°n- h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse If-f-\p tXm-∂n. hnZq-cÿ \£-{X-ß-sf-t∏mse
Ip™n-°Æ - p-Iƒ _p°m-dm-ans\ t\m°n. Nfn-]p-c≠ ]cp-°≥ ssIØ-≠b - n¬ BsI Nph∂
]n©p-ssI-Iƒ Aa¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p.
Xs∂ KtW-tim¬khw ImWn-b° v m≥ Xem-\n-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]mb A—s‚ Nn{Xw

_p°m-dmans‚ a\- n¬ sXfn-™p. A®s‚ ssII-fn¬ Xqßn \S∂ Xm≥, kqc-y-Im-¥n-s®-Sn-
Iƒ, Ipiew ]d™ {Kmao-W¿. Fhn-sStbm sh®v A—s‚ Hm¿Ω Hgp-In-b-I-∂p.
D‰-hc
- n-√mØ Ip™pw Npa-cp-If- n-√mØ LSn-Im-chpw _p°m-dm-an¬ k‘n-®p. Ip™n\v
D‰_‘phpw LSn-Im-cØ- ns‚ Npa-cpam-hm-\p-ff \ntbmKw Abm-fn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-Ib
- m-hmw.
F∂m¬ Poh≥ anSn-°p∂ HXp Ip™nt\bpw LSn-Im-ct- Øbpw ssIbn-se-Øn® hn[n Ah-
tbm-sSm∏w _p°m-dm-an-s\bpw ASp-Ø\ - n-anjw A]-lc- n-°p-∂p. as‰mcp `qI-ºØ
- ns‚ kqN\ AXn-Po-
hn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX t¢m°v \ne-®p t- ]m-bn-cp-∂p. Xem-\n-bnse KtWtim¬k-h° - mgvN Ip™n-t\mSv
A\p-ka v c
- n-®p s
- Im-≠n-cnt° `qan AXns‚ Bg-ßf - n-tebv°v Abmsf hen-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bn.
Pnhn-XØ- ns‚ Ne-\m-flI - N

- n-{X-ßƒ A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mbn \ne-®p-t]m-Ip-tºm-gp-ff kvX_v[X
Hmtcm `qI- º - I m- g vN- b n- e p- a p- ≠ v. Xm≥ Xnc- ™ p- s Im- ≠ n- c p∂ _me- y -
kv a - c - W Ifpw \√ ka- b - h p- a mWv _p°- d m- a n- \ v `qI- º - Ø n- e qsS Xncn- ® p- I n- ´ n- b - X v .
`qI-ºsØ AXn-Po-hn® LSn-Im-chpw iniphpw Abmsf [\n-I\pw `mK-yh - m-\p-am-°m-sa∂ {]Xo£
ss\an-jn-Ia - m-Ip-∂p. ASpØ \nanjw Abmsf `mKyßtfm-sSm∏w Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-Ib - mWv ASpØ
XpS¿N-e\w Pohn-XØ - ns≥d Ai-cW - m-hÿ - I
- s
- fbpw A{]-Xo-£n-XX - z- ß
- t- fbpw lrZ-bk - v]¿in-
bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-IbmWv "LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \nebv°p∂ kabw'
samU-yqƒ 3
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ
Fw.-sI. km\p
1928 ¬ Be-∏p-gb
- n¬ P\n-®p. hnhn[ Kh¨sa‚p tImtf-Pp-If - n¬ s{]m^-kd- m-bn-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw aWvU-esØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. \ncq-]-I≥, FUn-‰¿,
hnh¿Ø-I≥, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥, {]kw-Kn-I≥, kmaq-ly- {- ]-h¿Ø-I≥, a\p-jy- m-hI - mi {]h¿Ø-
I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn-se√mw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
IrXn-Iƒ
I¿Ω-KXn (B-fl-I-Y)
Im‰pw shfn-®hpw
N{I-hmfw
aÆn\v aÆns‚ KpWw
{]`m-XZ- ¿i\w
Npa-cnse Nn{X-ßƒ
cmP-hoYn
A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS \nd-ßƒ kmln-Xy \ncq-]Wv{KŸ-ßƒ
AXn¿ h-cº - p-If - n-√msX
D∂-Xm-flm-°f - psS Poh-c‡w
Fs‚ hgn-b-º-e-ßƒ
Fgp-Øns‚ \m\m¿∞-ßƒ
hna¿i-\-Ønse cmP-inev]n
Xpd∂ PmeIw
Imh-yX- Ø- z- {- ]-th-inI
{io \mcm-b-W-k-tµiw /
/ D]-\-ym-k-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ
F{X timI-abw PohnXw /
hni-z-Øn-tebv°v ho≠pw /
/ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ
A©p-imkv{X \mb-I≥am¿ /
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ
BZn-Im-hyw cNn-®t- ∏m-gmWv BZn Ihn-sb∂v hmfloIn hn{ip-X\
- m-bX
- .v Imh-ya
- m-Wv Ihnsb
krjvSn-°p-∂X - v. F∂m¬ Imh-yk - rjvSn B¿°pw sNøm-hp∂ H∂-√. AXn\p Nne kn≤n hnti-
j-ßƒ D≠mtb Xocq. {]Xn-`, A`-ym-kw, k¿§m-fl-I-`m-h\ F∂o DØ-a-Kp-Wn-ti-j-ß-fmWv
Imh-yt- l-Xp-°f - mbn teJ-I≥ hnh-cn-®p-Zm- l-cn-°p-∂X
- v.
Imh-y\ - n¿ΩmW {]{Inb k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. A\p-`h - ß

- f- psS Bhn-jv°m-ca
- mWv Ie F∂p
Iem-Nn-¥I - ¿ Bh¿Øn®p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. kmlnX-yhpw Ie Xs∂. A\p-`hw F∂Xv efn-X] - Z- a
- -
√. Ihnsb kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw DW¿∆nepw kz-]v\Ø - nepw k¶¬∏-Ønepw e`n-°p-∂s - X√mw
A\p-`-h-ßƒ Xs∂. A\p-`-h-ß-sf√mw Imh-y-ßƒ°v t{]c-I-am-hp-I-bn-√. A\p-`hw PohnX
kv]¿in-bm-bmepw AXv Xo{h-ambn Bhn-jv°c - n°W-sa∂ A`n-\n-thiw F√m-h¿°p-ap≠m-hp-
I-bn-√. Xo{hm-\p-`h - ß
- ƒ Df-fh- ¿Xs∂ a‰p-ff
- h- t- cmSv ]¶n´v AXns‚ B\-µtam Zp:-Jtam ian-∏n-
°p-∂p. Npcp°w Nne¿am{Xw A\p-`-hsØ `mj-bn-eqsS Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ cq]w
sImf-fp∂ IrXn-I-sf√mw Imh-y-am-Im-dn-√. Npcp°w IrXn-Iƒ am{Xw klr-Zb lrZ-b-ßsf
kv]¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v ckw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ e£yw t\Sp∂ krjvSn-
Isf am{Xta \mw Imh-y-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-ffp. At∏mƒ klr-Zb lrZ-b-ßsf Blvfm-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂ X - c
- Ø
- n¬ A\p-`h - ß
- ƒ Bhn-jv°c - n-°m-\p-ff Ign-hn¬ \n∂p-am-{Xta Imhyw cq]-s∏-
Sp-I-bp-f-fp. hfsc Npcp°w t]¿°p-am-{Xw e`n-°m-dp-f-f Cu Ign-hn-s\-bmWv {]Xn` F∂p ]d-
bm-dp-ff
- X
- v. Imh-yt- l-Xp-°f
- n¬ apJ-yÿ
- m\w {]Xn-`bv°p Xs∂.
{]Xn` P∑kn≤-amWv. kwKo-X-Ønepw Nn{X-sa-gp-Ønepw F∂p-th≠ GXp Ie-bnepw

anI-hp-ff
- h
- ¿ Gsd-bp-≠m-Imw. F∂m¬ P∑-hm-k\
- b
- p-ff
- h
- ¿ ]mSp-Itbm hc-bv°p-Itbm Hs°
sNøp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS am[p-c-y-Øn¬ \mw BIr-jvS-cm-hp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ {]Xn-`m-im-en-
bmb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Bk-zm-Z-Is\ Fgp-Øn-eqsS hio-I-cn-°p-∂p. Blvfm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Imh-ym-kz- m-Z\
- Ø
- n\v `mjm-⁄m\w am{Xw t]mc. Aev]w hmk-\bpw Bh-iy- a
- m-Wv. \nc-
¥cw Imh-y-]m-cm-bWw \SØn a\- ns\ sXfn-bn-s®-SpØ \n]p-W-cmb BkzmZ-I-scbmWv
klr-Z-b¿ F∂p hnfn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv.
kz¥w lrZ-bØ - n¬ kuµ-cy- m-\p-`qXn P\n-∏n-°p-tºm-gmWv Bkzm-ZI

- ≥ Hcp Imh-ysØ
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. am[-y-a-ßƒ hmgvØn-∏m-Sn-bmepw kwLm-S-I¿ ]pI-gvØn--bmepw Hcp Imhyw
AXm-bn-s°m-ff - W
- s
- a-∂n-√. F∂m¬ GXm\pw Nne¿°v Bk-zZ- n-bv°m≥ Ign-bm-ØX - p-sIm≠p
am{Xw -Hcp IrXn Imh-y-a-√m-Xm-Ip-∂n√ F∂pw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp≠v.
At∏mƒ Imh-y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ cN\ A\p-hm-N-I-cn¬ Imh-ym-\p-`qXn Df-hm-°n-bn-cn-°-

Ww. Imh-yØ - nse hnImcw Bk-zm-ZI - \v ]I¿∂p-In-ń-bn-cn-°W
- w. Pohn-XØ - nse hnIm-cß- ƒ°v
Xpe-y-a√ Imhyw kw{I-an-∏n-°p∂ hnIm-cw. temI-Øn¬ `btam timItam Df-hm-°p∂ cwKw
Imh-yØ- n¬ B\-µa - mbn ]cn-Wa
- n-°p∂p F∂-XmWv {it≤-bw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv AØcw Imh-
y-ßƒ \mw Bh¿Øn-®p-hm-bn-°m-dp-f-f-Xv. - Cu kw-{I-an-∏n-°¬ A{Xbv°v k¶o¿Æ-am-b-Xp-
sIm≠v Imh-yi - m-k{v Xhpw At\Iw k¶o¿Æ-kn-≤m-¥ß - fpw N¿®-Ifpw Dƒs°mf-fp-∂p. C\nbpw
kmln-X-y-imkv{Xw Bk-zm-Z-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°pw. Cui-z-cm-\p-`q-Xnbv°v Xpe-y-
amWv Imh-ym-kz- m-Z\
- Ø - nse ck-sa-∂mWv BNm-cy- ∑ - m¿ ]d-™p-sh-®n-´p-ff
- X
- .v Cßs\ kq£vahpw
hnin-jvSh- p-amb ckm-\p-`q-Xnsb A£-cß - f
- n-eqsS Bhn-jv°c - n-°m≥ Ihnsb {]m]vX\ - m-°p∂
kn≤n-hn-ti-j-amWv {]Xn-`. P∑m-¥-c-hm-k-\-I-fpsS ]pW-y-êa-mbmWv Hcmƒ {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-
Ip-∂Xv F∂mWv `mc-Xob k¶-ev]w. acq-`q-an-Ifpw a‰p {Klßfpw hsc Bhm-kt- bm-Ky- a - m-°m≥
imkv{Xw DXIn F∂p hcmw. F∂m¬ a\p-jy- s - \-sIm≠v Hcp Imhyw cNn-∏n-°m≥ AXn\p Ign-
bp-I-bn-√. P∑-kn-≤-amb {]Xn-`-bp-s≠-¶nte Hcmƒ°Xp km≤-y-am-Iq.
P∑-kn-≤a
- mb hmk-\s- Im≠p am{Xw Imh-yc - N
- \ A\m-bm-ka
- m-hptam F∂-XmWv ASpØ
{]iv\w. C√ F∂-XmWv kX-yw. Imh-ym-\p-io-e-\hpw temI ]cn-⁄m-\hpw hmk-\-tbmSp
tN¿∂mte {]Xn-`b - mbn hnkn-°p-Ib
- p-ff
- p. kaqltØmSpw temI--tØm-Sp-ap-ff Ihn-bpsS _‘w
{]Xn-`sb Du¿÷-k-z-e-am-°p-∂p. a‰p-I-e-I-tfm-Sp-ff _‘hpw Ihn°v Gsd D]-I-cnbv°pw.
CXn\v hyp-ev]Øn F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
{]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-hWw At∏mƒ Ihn. temIm-\p-`h

- ß
- sf kq£-am-bd- n-bp-Ibpw Ah-tbmSv
{]Xn-Ic
- n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ a\- p-≠m-IW- w.. DNn-Xa
- mb Bhn-jv°c- W
- I- u-ie - a
- p-≠m-IW
- w.
Cu Bhn-jv°-c-W-Iu-i-e-Øn\v ]cn-io-e\w A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. G‰hpw at\m-l-c-ambn

Xs‚ `mh-aW
- vUe- sØ Bk-zm-ZI- \v ]I¿∂p \¬tI-≠s - X-ßs
- \-sb∂ \nc-¥c
- m-t\-zj
- Ww Ihn-
bpsS `mK-Øp-\n-∂p-≠m-h-Ww. Cu ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mW A`-ymkw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv.
Ihnbv°v Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®p IrX-y-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏m-Sp-≠-mbn-cn°pw. Cu {]]-©m-h-

t_m-[sØ Xs∂-bmWv Z¿i\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v. Ejn-Is
- f-t∏mse Ihn-Ifpw Z¿i-\a
- p-ff
- h- c
- m-
Wvv. Ejn, Ihn F∂ ]Z-ßƒ ]c-ym-bambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw "Ejn-b-√m-Ø-h≥ Ihn-b-√'
F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw Cu A¿∞-Øn-em-Wv. {]]-©m-ht- _m[w AYhm Z¿i\w Bhn-jv°c - n-°p-
∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Ihn-{]-Xn` Ncn-Xm¿∞-am-Ip-∂X
- v. Cu Bhn-jv°m-cØ - n¬ k¶ev]Øns‚bpw
bmYm¿∞-y-Øns‚bpw AXn-cp-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw C√m-Xm-hp-∂p, Imh-y-k-X-yw, Pohn-X-k-X-y-Øn¬
\n∂v `n∂-am-bn-tXm-∂mw. Ihnbpw Imap-I\pw {`m¥\pw kam-\-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv CXp-sIm-
≠m-Wv. bm-Ym¿∞sØ A{]-[m-\-am-°n-s°m≠v Ihn k¶ev]w hnP-bn®p \n¬°mw. k¿∆-N-
cm-N-c-ßfpw IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm-Im-hp∂ Hcp henb temI-amWv Ihn-bp-tS-Xv.
Imhyw A\p-hm-NI - c
- psS aqeyt_m[sØ am‰n-ad- n-°p-Itbm ]cn-jv°c - n-°p-Itbm
sNøp-∂p. bYm¿∞ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Is√-dn-™p-sImt-√-≠-hsf∂v kaqlw ImWp∂ tXhn-Sn-
»n, Imh-yØ
- n¬ ssZh-]p-{Xs‚ A\p-{K-lØ - n\v ]m{X-am-hp-∂Xp I≠v klr-Zb- ≥ Blvfm-Zn-
°p-∂Xv D`m-lc- W
- a
- mWv (a-KvZe
- \
- a
- d- n-bw).
\nX-yP- o-hn-XØ
- nse kw`-mh-yX - m-t_m-[Ø- n\v Imh-yt- em-IØ - n¬ ÿm\-an-√. hm\-c≥ IS¬I-
S-°p-Itbm ae-ap-gp-h\mbn s]m°n-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cn-Itbm hnthI-tØmsS kwkm-cn-°p-
Itbm sNøp-∂Xv Imh-yØ - n¬ kw`-hy- a - m-Wv, Pohn-XØ
- n¬ kw`-mh-ya - s
- √-¶nepw Cu Ihn Iev]-
\-Iƒ \tΩ Blvfm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. Ihn-Iƒ°v km≤-y-amb k¶¬∏-kn-≤nsb k¿§m-fl-I-`m-h\
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. tZh-X-am¿ Bth-in-®-Xp-t]mse k¿§m-fl-I-`m-h\ Ihn-Isf A\pKrlo-X-cm-
°p-∂p. \hw-\h - ß
- f- mb Iev]\ - I- ƒ°v Ahsc {]m]vXc - m-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ Ah-cp-t±in-°mØ
]cn-Wm-aß
- f - nepw Z¿i-\ß - f - nepw FØn-°m≥ t]mepw ]c-ym-]X v a
- mWv k¿§m-flI `mh-\. temIw
anYy-bm-sW∂v {]I-S-ambpw hni-z-kn-°p∂ Ihn-bpsS Imh-y-ß-fn¬ Pohn-Xm-k‡n A\p-`-h-s∏-
´p-sh-∂p-h-cmw. ]q¿∆-\n-›-b-ß-sf√mw Im‰n¬ ]d-Øn-s°m≠v Imhyw Ihn k¶¬]n-°mØ
cq]-Øn¬ ]cn-W-an®p F∂p hcmw. acn-®p-t]mb `mc-y°v kvamcIw \n¿Ωn-®-cm-Pm-hns‚ IY
teJ-I≥ ChnsS A\p-kvac - n-°p-∂p. at\mlc-amb kvamc-Ia - µ
- ncw ]Wn-Ig- n-∏n®v AXns‚ tI{µ
ÿm\Øv ]Xv\n-bpsS NnXm-Ie - iw ÿm]n-°W - s
- a-∂m-{K-ln® cmPmhv Iem-kr-jvSn-sb∂ \ne-
bn¬ B aµn-c-Øn\v Ieiw CW-ßp-∂n-s√-∂p-I≠v Xocp-am\w am‰p-I-bm-Wv. CXv GX vI-em-Im-
c\pw D≠m-Im-hp∂ A\p-`-h-am-Wv.. inev]-am-bmepw Imc-y-am-bm-epw, cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ k¶-ev]-
sØ-t∏mepw XI¿Øp-sIm≠v Ie Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp cq]w {]m]n-°mw.
Imh-ysØ Ihn-tb-°mƒ Adn-bp-∂Xv hym-J-ym-X-hmWv. Ihn Dt±-in-°mØ coXn-bn¬

A¿∞-ßfpw `mh-Xe - ß
- fpw ]e Ihn-XI - f
- nepw hym-Jy- m-Xm-°ƒ Is≠-Øn-sb-∂p-hc
- mw. hym-Jy- m-
Xmhv Adn-bp-∂p-, Ihn Adn-bp-∂n√. F∂ sNm√p-h-cm≥ CXmWv ImcWw. Ihn-bpsS Bfl-`m-
h-ßƒ Ihn-X-bnepw IYm-]m-{X-ß-fnepw Iev]-\-I-fnepw Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-Im-Wmw. AXp-sIm-≠p-
Xs∂ Imh-yØ- n-eqsS Adn-bp-Ib- m-Wp-sN-øp-∂X - v.
tπt‰m, tkm{I-ó-kv, Acn-tÃm-ń¬, temwKn-\-kv, tImdnUvPv F∂n-hc

- psS Imh-ym-Nn-¥I
- ƒ
Imhyw DZbw sIm≠ \mƒ sXmt´ Imh-y-tlXp°tfbpw {]tNm-Z-\-sØ-bpw-Ip-dn-®p-ff

Nn¥-Ifpw D≠m-bn. BZ-y-Ime ]m›m-Xy Imh-y-Nn-¥-I-cn¬ {]ap-J-\mb tπt‰m Pohn-X-Øn¬
{]m[m-\yw Iev]n-®X
- v \nb-ah
- m-gvNbv°pw kZm-Nm-cØ
- n-\p-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ihn-Xb
- vs°-
Xncmbn ]vtft‰m ]e-t∏mgpw hmZn-®p. Ihn-bpsS k¿§m-fl-I-Xsb am\n-®p-sIm≠v At±lw
{]tNm-Z\aplq¿Ø-ßsf tZh-Xm-hn-jvSa - mb Ah-ÿs - b∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®p.
{]tNm-Zn-Xcpw tZh-Xm-hn-jvS-cp-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-emWv Imh-y-ß-sfm-s°bpw cNn-°-s∏-

´p-∂-sX∂pw hnip-≤m-flm-°-fmWv Ihn-I-sf∂pw tkm{I-ók]d-bp-∂p. Ihn-Iƒ ssZhØn‚
D]m-[n-If
- m-sW∂pw ssZhhN\-amWv Ihn-Xb - m-bn-Øo-cp-∂s
- X∂pw At±lw hni-zk
- n-®p.
a\p-jy- {- ]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ A\p-Ic

- n-°m-\p-ff hmk-\bpw eb-t_m-[h - p-ap-s≠-∂p Acn-tÃm-ń¬
]d-bp-∂p. A\p-Ic - Ww shdpw ]I¿Ø-e√ - . k¿§m-flI - X- b
- psS Bi-bw-IqSn AXn-ep-≠v. tπt‰m-
sb-t∏m-setbm tkm{Ió-kn-s\t∏m-setbm Ihn-bpsS ssZhn-Ik - n-≤n-sb-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøm≥
Acn-tÃm-ń¬ Hcp-ßp-∂n-√. tπt‰m-hn\v {]hm-NI - X
- z- hpw Acn-tÃm-ń-en\v \ym-bm-[n-]k
- z- `- m-hh
- p-am-
sW∂v hmƒ´¿ Im-^vam≥ F∂ Nn¥-I≥ Xs‚ "{SmP-Snbpw XX-z-Nn-¥bpw' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬
hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tπt‰m Dƒ°mgvN {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ib - mWv. Acn-tÃm-ń-em-Is´ hy-‡n-I-
fn-eqsS \nK-a-\-ß-fn-te-Ønt®-cm-\mWv {ian-°p-∂Xv F∂mWv Im^vam≥ Dt≤-in-®-Xv.
temwKn-\kv F∂ Imh-y-Nn-¥-I≥ Imh-y-Øns‚ t{ijvT-Xbv°v "DZm-ØX'F∂ t]¿

\¬Ip-∂p. Ihn-bv°p-ff {]Ir-Xn-ZØ - a - mb {]Xn-`b
- nepw At±lw hni-zk
- n-°p-∂p. ss\k¿§n-I-
amb {]Xn-`s
- b-°p-dn-®p-ff ImgvN∏
- mSv Cßs\ temwKn-kns‚ XØ-zN - n-¥b- n¬ {]I-Sa
- mbn Xs∂-
Im-Wmw.
tImf-dn-UvPns‚ hna¿i-\-kn-≤m-Ø-ß-fn¬ ]c-a-amb {]m[m-\yw {]Xn-`-bv°m-Wv. {]Xn-`-

bn¬ At_m-[] - q¿∆-amb {]h¿Ø-\a - m-Wp-ff - s
- X∂pw AXv Bhn-jvIr-Xa - m-Ip-∂X - v k¿§mflI-
`m-h\
- b
- n-eq-sS-bm-sW∂pw tImf-dnUvPv ]d-bp-∂p. BI¿j-Ia - mb {]Xn-]m-Z\- Ø
- n-\p-ff Ign-hmWv
cN-\m-ssh-`h - w. F∂m¬ CXn\v Bk-zm-ZI - \- n¬ A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS an∂¬∏n-Wc - p-Iƒ krjvSn-°m-
\m-hp-I-bn-√. AXn\v {]Xn` Xs∂ thWw. Talent, Genius F∂n-ßs\ Dƒ°m-gvN-sbbpw
{]Xn-`-sbbpw tImf-dnUvPv {]tX-yIw th¿Xn-cn-bv°p-∂p-≠v. {]Xn-`sb kl-Pm-h-t_m[w
(Intuition) F∂mWv s_\-Unt‰m t{Imt® hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v. Cßs\ ]m›m-Xy- I - m-hy- N
- n-¥I
- ¿
]e hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh-¶nepw Cu Imhy Nn¥-If - n-se√mw {]Xn-`s - b-°p-dn-®p-ff kq£va
hnNn-¥\ - ß
- f - p-s≠∂p ImWmw. Imh-yc - N
- \- bv°v apJ-yt- lXp {]Xn-`b - m-sW∂pw AXv {]Im-in-X-
am-Ip-∂Xv k¿§m-flI `mh-\b - n-eq-sS-bm-sW∂pw an°Nn¥-Icpw ]d-™p-sh-®n-´p-ff - X- mbn ImWmw.
Imh-yØ - nse hnIm-chpw Pohn-XØ - nse hnIm-chpw c≠m-sW∂v Acn-tÃm-ń¬ Nn¥n-°p-

∂p. {]X-y-£-Øn¬ t¢i-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xpw shdp-∏p-f-hm-°p-∂-Xp-amb Zri-y-ßƒ Imh-y-Øntem
Nn{X-˛in-e]v I
- e- I
- f
- ntem {]X-y£
- s - ∏-Sp-tºmƒ B\-µm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wp-≠m-°p-∂X -- .v A«oe Iebv°pw
kmln-Xy- Ø- n-\p-sa-Xnsc hmtfm-ßp-∂h - ¿ Cu XØ-zs
- Ø-∏‰n Hmt°-≠X - mWv. aen-\h - n-Imcw Pohn-
X-Øn-ep-≠m-hmw. Ah-bv°X - o-Xa
- mb B\-µam-Wv. Bhn-jv°c - W
- Ø
- n¬ AØcw A\p-`h - ß
- ƒ
t]mepw {]Zm\w sNøp-I.
Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-fn¬ G‰hpw apJyw P∑-kn-≤-amb {]Xn-` -X-s∂. \n]p-W-Xbpw

\nc-¥c- m-`y- m-kh
- p-amWv {]Xn-`bv°v Dt∑jw \¬Ip-∂X - v. Hmtcm DØ-aI
- r-Xn°p ]n∂nepw {]Xn-`m-
im-en-bmbcN-bn-Xm-hns‚ temI-]c - n-⁄m-\hpw t¢i-]q¿Æ-amb A≤-zm-\h - p-ap-s≠∂p ImWmw.
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy
Ipń-IrjvW-am-cm-¿ (1900-˛1973)
ae-bm-f-km-ln-X-y-tem-I-Ønse AXp-e-y-{]-Xn-`-bmb \ncq-]-I≥. Ae-¶m-c-im-kv{Xw, `mjm-im-
kv{Xw, kmln-X-y-N¿®, B≤-ym-fln-INn¥, _me-km-ln-X-yw, Bfl-I-Ym-\n-cq-]-Ww, hym-I-cWw F∂n-
ßs\ ssIsb-Øm-hp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw Cu \ncq-]I {]Xn` hym-]-cn-®n-´p-≠v. amcm-cpsS \nco-£-
W-ßƒ a‰m¿°pw Xncp-Øm-\m-ImØ hn[w bp‡n Z{Z-am-Wv.
IrXn-Iƒ
kmln-X-y-`q-jWw
ae-bm-f-ssien
N¿-®m-tbmKw
]Xn-\-©p-]-\-ymkw
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy
Z¥-tKm-]pcw
Cßp-\n-∂-tßmfw
`mc-X-]-c-y-S\w
Ejn-{]-kmZw
cmPm-¶Ww
taL-k-tµiw (hn-h¿Ø-\-T)
Ipam-c-kw-`hw ( hnh¿Ø-\w)
cJp-h-Tiw (hn-h¿Ø-\w)
A`n-⁄m\ imIp-¥fw (hn-h¿Ø-\w)
kmln-X-y-hn-Zy
`mc-Xo-b-cmb {]mNo-\-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ kmln-X-ysØ Ie-bm-bn-´-√, ⁄m\-hn-⁄m-\-{]-[m-\-
amb hnZy Bbn-´mWv ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-f-f-Xv. thZw {]`p-hn-s\-t∏mse (A-[o-i-X-zw), ]pcmWw kplr-Øn-
s\-t∏mse (ku-lr-Zw) Imhw Im¥-sb-t∏mse (k-l-[¿Ωn-Wn) XpS-ßnb sNm√p-Iƒ {it±-b-am-Wv.
cmP-ti-J-c≥, `ma-l≥ Xp-S-ßnb kmln-Xy Nn¥-Icpw Imh-ysØ Ie-I-sf-°mƒ t{ijvT-amb ÿm\-
a-e-¶-cnbv°p∂ H∂m-bmWv I≠-Xv.
Ihn-Xsb Ie-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-ff hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw {]mNo\ Nn¥-I-fn-ep-

≠v. Adp-]-Øn-\m-ep-I-e-I-fn¬ H∂mbn Imh-y-{In-bsb i_vZ-I¬∏{Zpaw ImWp-∂p. ssP\-_u-≤m-Zn-
Ifpw Ie-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ihn-X-sb-s]-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp-∂p-≠v.
F∂m¬ Adp-]-Øn-\m-ep-I-e-I-fpsS k¶¬]w k¶o¿Æhpw Ah-y-h-ÿn-X-hp-am-Wv. Ah-sb-

°mƒ {]am-Wa - mbn Icp-Xm-hp-∂Xv kmln-Xy- sØ hnZ-yb
- mbn ]cn-KW
- n-°p∂ ImgvN∏
- m-Sp-Xs
- ∂-bm-sW∂v
amcm¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. "{Im¥-Z¿in-bmWv Ihn' F∂p hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw "Ejn-b-√m-Øh≥ Ihn-b√' F∂p
\n¿_-‘-_p≤n ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX `mc-Xo-bm-Nm-c-y≥am¿ kmln-X-y-Im-cs\ Iem-Im-c≥ am{X-am-
b-√-I-≠-Xv. Ie F∂-Xn-tesd hnZy F∂mWv Imh-y-hr-Ønsb HuNn-X-y-tØmsS hnti-jn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.
]m›m-Ø-y-]-WvUn-X¿, kpµ-c-I-e-I-fn¬ G‰hpw t{ijvT-amWv kmln-Xyw F∂p Icp-Xn-

Im-Wp-∂p. enwK-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ {]am-Wn-bmb lmhv-e°v F√n-kv, kmln-Xyw Hcp Ie
F∂-Xn-ep]
- cn A≤-ym-fln-IXXz i- m-kv{Xhpw \nKq-VX - Ø- z- {- ]-Im-i\
- hpw Ihn-Xbpw BJ-ym-bn-Im-
\n¿Ωm-Whpw tN¿∂ khn-tij \n¿Ωm-Wc - o-Xn-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CX-\p-kc - n®v Ihn-Xz- Ø
- n¬
{Im¥-Z¿i-\hpw Iem-]m-S-h-hp-ap-≠-∂p-Im-Wmw. BZ¿i {]h-W-X, Nn¥m-ioew F∂nh {Im¥-
Z¿i-\Ø
- nepw `mh\ apX¬ hmKvssh-`hw hsc-bp-ff - h Iem-]m-Sh - Ø
- nepw s]Sp-∂p.
kw-kvIr-X-Ønse Be¶m-cn-I-∑m¿ Iem-]m-S-h-Øn-e-√msX "hnZ-ym-X-z-'Øn¬ {i≤-sN-ep-
Øn-bn-ń√ F∂p amcm¿ \nco-£n-°p∂p. Ihn-Xb - n¬ hnZ-ym-Xz- a
- p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv kX-yk - ‘- X- b
- pw-
Nm-cn-{Xhpw t]mep-ff Nne Pohn-X-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpsS ka¿∞n-°-en¬ HXp-ßp-∂p-sh-∂m-W-h-
cpsS ]£w. ]m›m-Xy- \ - n-cq-]I
- c
- mWv kmln-Xy- Ø
- ns‚ hnZ-ym-]c - a
- mb ta∑-If - n¬ H∂p-IqSn {i≤-
sN-ep-Øn-°m-Wp-∂-Xv. At∏mgpw Ah¿ AXns\sbms°, Ie F∂ t]cn¬ hym-J-ym-\n-°m-
\mWv {ian-®X - v F∂-sXmcp \yq-\X - b
- m-Wv. kmln-Xy- Ø
- n-se hnZ-ym-Xy- hpw Iem-`w-Knbpw A{X-ta¬
DuSpw ]mhpw t]mse Cgp-In-∏n-Sn-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahsb th¿Xn-cn-®p-Im-WpI _p≤n-ap-
´m-sW∂pw teJ-I≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kmln-Xy Nn¥-If - n-se√mw Cu k¶o¿Æ-X-
bp-≠m-hmw. kmlnXy-hn-Z-ysb Ie-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v Hcp-]mSv Zp¿≤m-c-W-
IfpwZp¿∆m-Z-ß-fp-am-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. "Ie Ie-bv°p-th≠n' F∂ Ffnb sNm√v- A-{I-an-°-s∏´p
Cu FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ HSp-hn-em-bmepw FØnt®¿∂X "kmlnXyw Ie-bv°p-th-≠n-b√ ' F∂ DNn-X-
amb \nK-a\- Ø
- n-em-Wv.
kmln-Xy- \
- n-cq-]W
- hpw Iem-\n-cq-]W
- hpw H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ \ncq-]I - \v sX‰p-]‰- pw. kmln-
X-ysØ Ie-bmbn I≠v \ncq-]Ww sNøm-s\m-cp-ßp-∂b - mƒ AXnse Iem-e£ - W- ß - f - n¬°hn™v
ImWp-∂X- n-s\-sb√mw Ie¿∏m-bn-Im-Wpw. B Ie¿∏p-If - mWv kmln-Xy- Ø
- ns‚ t{ijvTX - s
- b-∂-
bmƒ Adn-bm-sX-t]m-hpw. \nhr-Øn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ B Ie¿∏p-Isf XqØp am‰p-∂X - mWv kmln-X-
y-Øn\p \√sX∂pIqSnAbmƒ Xocp-am-\n-t®-b° v pw. "Iebpw Imehpw' F∂ ]pkvXIw Cß-s\-
sbmcp Xo¿∏ns‚ ê-am-sW-∂v amcm¿ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
⁄m\-e-_v[n, a\- w-kv°m-cw, hmb-\-°m-cs‚ A¥:-I-c-W-Øn¬ k¿∆-tXm-ap-J-amb
ip≤n I¿Ωw ˛ CXmWv kmln-X-y-hn-Z-y-bpsS bYm¿∞e£-yw. Cu ip≤n I¿Ωw Fßs\ \S-
°Ww F∂ Imc-yØ - n¬ A`n-{]mbt`Z-ap-≠m-Imw. apX-em-fn, sXmgn--emfn F∂o c≠p i{Xp-h¿§-
ßƒ XΩn-ep-ff t]mcmWv a\p-jy Ncn-{X-sa∂pw sXmgn-em-fnsb at‰ ]£-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb hnPbw
t\Sp-hm≥ {]m]vXc
- m-°p-Ib
- mWv kmln-Xy- Ø
- ns‚bpw as‰-√m-‰ns‚bpw e£-ys - a∂pw Nn¥n-°p∂
cmjv{SobI£nbpw Nn¥-I-cp-ap-≠v. kmln-X-y-Øns‚ tPmen a\p-j-y\v a\- -wkv°mcap≠m-°-
emWv F∂-Xn¬ Chcpw tbmPn-°p-∂p. AsX-ßs\ thWw F∂-Xnte A`n-v{]m-b-t`-Z-ap-f-fp.
a\- w-kv°m-cØ- n-\p-XIpwhÆw hmb-\° - m-cs\ ]mń-em°n \n¿Øm\pff D]mbw am{X-
amWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. "Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Ie¿∏v' F∂p amcm¿ AXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-
∂p. At∏mƒ kmln-X-ysØ/ Imh-ysØ AXm°n am‰p-∂Xv a\:-ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ e£-yhpw
[¿Ω-hp-am-Wv. AXp \n¿∆ln-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X
- m-Is´ kmln-Xy- I
- m-cs‚ Iem-]m-Sh
- Ø
- n-eq-sS-bmWv.
F¥mWv Ie F∂ tNmZ-y-Øn-\p-Øcw Aev]w k¶o¿ÆamWv. Ie A\p-`-hn-®-dn-tb-
≠XmWv. e£-WØ - n-semXptß≠-X√ - . "kwhn-[m-\`- w-Kn-bmWv Ie' F∂p GI-tZi \n¿h-]h - -
N-\a
- m-Imw. AwK Ne-\ß - f
- psS Xmfm-\p-km-cn-bmb kwhn-[m-\`- w-Kn-bmWv \rØw;. ASn-If
- psS
kwhn-[m-\-`w-Kn-bmWv hmZ-y-I-e. kz-c-ß-fpsS hnNn{X kwhn-[m\w kw-KoX-Ønepw \nd-ß-fp-
tSbpw hc-I-fp-tSbpw `wKn-bm¿∂ kwhn-[m\w Nn{X-I-ebnepw lrZ-bm-I¿j-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.
hm°p-I-fpsS Xmfm-\p-km-cn-bmb kwhn-[m-\-`w-Kn-bmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Ie. A{Xtb th≠p

kmln-Xy- Øn\v F∂p Icp-Xp-∂n-SØ
- mWv \ncq-]I
- \p sX‰p ]‰p-∂X
- v. kmln-Xy- Ø
- nse Ie AhnsS
XpS-ßp-∂-tX-bp-ffp hm°p-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-\-`wKn, A¿∞-ß-fpsS kwhn-[m\ `wKn-bn-tebv°v
amdp-∂p.
Zp;-j-¥≥ IW-zm-{i-a-Øn¬ sN∂p tIdn-b-t∏mƒ ]cn-N-c-W-Øn-s\m-cp-ßnb iIp-¥-f-
bn¬ A\p-c‡ - \
- mbn F∂ IYm-hk- vXp-sh, hr£-ßsf \\®pw kwkm-cn-®p-ap-ff B H∂m-a¶
- -
ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®-Xns\ A¿∞-k-w-hn-[m-\-Ønse Ie-bmbn DZm-l-cn-°mw.
Imh-yØ
- nse h¿Æ-\I- ƒs°m≠p i_vZm¿∞-Xe - ß- ƒ°-∏pdw \ΩpsS a\- n¬ \hw-\-
h-ß-fmb `mh Nn¥-I-fp-W¿∂v ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\-`w-Kn-t\-Sp-∂-XmWv kmln-X-y-Ønse Atß
A‰sØ Ie. CXp Xs∂-bmWv ck-`m-h-[-z-\n. a\- w-kvI-c-Ww- am-{X-amWv ]n∂o-Sp-f-fXv.
a‰p-I-e-I-fnepw `mh-ßfpZbw sNøm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ hnNn{X `mh-ß-fpsS
kwhn-[m-\`- w-Kn-bn-√. Nn¥-If - psS kwhn-[m-\`- w-Kn-bp-an-√. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ hmZ-yI - e
- I- ƒ°v
{]m]n-°m-\mhmØXpw kwKo-XØ - n\pw Nn{X-Ie - bv°pw Aev]s - am∂p kv]¿in-°m≥ km[n-°p-
∂-Xp-amb `mh-Nn-¥m-kw-hn-[m-\Ø - ns‚ D∂-Xt- a-Je - I
- f- n-em-Wv km-ln-Xy- Ø - nse Ie hmgp-∂Xv.
i_vZ-`w-Knbpw A¿∞-`w-Kn-bp-ap-ff Nne Imh-y-ßfpw `mh-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´p
t]mhm-dp-≠v. "t_m¿' Bbn s]mXp-P\w Ahsb Fgp-Xn-Ø-f-fp-∂p. `mh-Nn¥m kwhn-[m-\-ß-
fnse `wKn-bmWv Bk-zm-ZI - \v lrZ-bm-h÷- I - a
- m-bn tØm-∂p-∂Xpw Abmsf a\- w- kvIc - W- Ø
- n-
tebv°v \bn-°p-∂X - pw. \ΩpsS a\- ns‚ t_m[m-t_m-[X - e
- ß
- f - n-ep-ff ]e-Xn-t\bpw DW¿Øn,
Db¿Øn DNn-X-ambn kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp-Im-Wn®v \ΩpsS A¥:-I-c-WsØ kwkv°-cn-°p-I-
bmWv kmln-Xyw sNøp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-h-ym-]m-c-ß-fpsS ]n∂n¬ Ahbv°p t{]c-I-ambn h¿Øn-
°p∂ i‡n hnti-jsØ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw (A-¥:-cw-KsØ) B hym-]m-c-ßƒ°v Bh-i-y-
amb \nb{¥Ww \¬Ip-hm-\p-ap-ff Ign-hmWv kmln-X-y-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb e£-yw. CXp
Xs∂-bmWv lrZ-bi - p-≤o-Ic - W
- w.
kmln-Xy- hpw Pohn-Xbpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ am{X-ta- \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hq. AXp-
sIm≠p P\-ßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-°p-I-b√ kmln-X-y-Im-c≥ sNtø-≠Xv. adn®v
P\ßsf Xs‚ Nn¥-bpsS IqsS \n¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. kmln-X-y-Øn\v Cßs\ Hcp ]c-a
-hn-in-jvS-amb ˛ lrZ-b -ip-≤o-I-cWw F∂ [¿Ω-ap-s≠-∂n-cns° Ie Ie-bv°p-th-≠ntbm a‰p
h√-Xn\pw th≠ntbm F∂o \n-c-¿∞-I-hm-Z-ßfn¬ \ncq-]-I≥ sN∂p-s]-´p-Iq-Sm. kmln-Xyw
hnZ-yb
- m-Wv. a\- w-kvIc - W
- a
- m-WX
- ns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\p-ff D]m-[n-bmWv kmln-Xy- Ø
- nse Ie.
B A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm IrXnbpw F-{X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv \ncq-]-I≥
]c-ym-tem-Nn-t°-≠X- v.
kmln-Xy- hpw Pohn-Xbpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ am{X-ta- \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\m-hq. AXp-

sIm≠p P\-ßƒ Nn¥n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ Nn¥n-°p-Ib - √ kmln-Xy- I
- m-c≥ sNtø-≠Xv adn®v P\ßsf
Xs‚ Nn¥-bpsS IqsS \n¿Øp-Ib - m-Wv. kmln-Xy- Ø
- n\v Cßs\ Hcp ]c-ah - n-in-jvSa - mb ˛ lrZ-
b-ip-≤o-Ic
- Ww F∂ [¿Ω-ap-s≠-∂n-cns° Ie Ie-bv°p-th-≠ntbm a‰p h√-Xn\pw th≠ntbm
F∂o- \n-c¿-∞I- h
- m-Zß
- fn¬ \ncq-]I
- ≥ sN∂p-s]-´p-Iq-Sm. kmln-Xyw hnZ-yb - m-Wv. a\- w-kvIc - -
W-am-WX- ns‚ e£-yw. AXn-\p-ff D]m-[n-bmWv kmln-Xy- Ø - nse Ie. B A¿∞-Øn¬ Hmtcm
IrXnbpw F-{X-tØmfw hnP-bn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv \ncq-]I - ≥ ]c-ym-tem-Nn-t°-≠X - v.
samU-yqƒ 4
ImgvN
sªkn
1963 ¬ Xncp-h-√-bn¬ P\n-®p. BZ-y-kn-\n-a-bmb ImgvN ]Xn-\-t©mfw ]pc-kv°m-c-

ßƒ°v A¿l-ambn X≥am{X (2005) \mj-\¬ Ahm¿Upw tIc-f-tÃ‰v ^nenw -A-hm¿Upw
G‰hpw \√ \nc-°-Y, \S≥, Ub-d-IvS¿ F∂o \ne-I-fn-ep-ff Ahm¿Up-Ifpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n.
]fp¶v (2006)
I¬°´ \yqkv (2008)
{àcw (2009)
{]Wbw (2011) F∂o kn\n-a-I-fpsS kwhn-[m-b-I-≥, Ne-Nn-{X-cw-KsØ kw`m-h-\-I-sf√mw
Bk-zm-ZI- {- i≤ ]nSn-®p-]‰- n-bh
- b
- m-Wv.
ImgvN
Ne-®n-{X-ß-fpsS `mj- Zr-i-y-ß-fp-sS-Xm-Wv, IY ]d-®n-ent‚X√ F∂v "ImgvN' sXfn-bn-
°p-∂p. kn\n-a-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff Cu k¶ev]w ImgvN-bn¬ hy-‡X t\Sp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. `mj
Bh-iy- a - n-√m-ØtXm A{]-k‡ - a - m-Ip-∂tXm Bb Pohn-Xk - tv \-lØ- ns‚bpw a\p-jy- X - z- Ø
- ns‚bpw
ImgvNI - f- mWv Cu Ne-Nn-{XØnep-ff - X
- .v sNdn-bt- jm-´p-If
- n¬ HXp-ßp∂ Zri-yß - fpw kvt\lØn‚
`mj-bpsS hni-z-hn-im-e-amb kwKo-Xhpw AXns\ AXn-{I-an-®p-b-cp∂ \n¿∆n-Im-c-amb ÿm]-\-
h¬°-cW - hpw \ΩpsS kn\n-am-tem-IØ - n\v ]pXnb ImgvN ]I-cp-∂p. kn\n-ab - psS ÿncw kq{X-
hm-Iy- ß
- f - mbn Icp-Xm-hp-∂s- Xm∂pw ImgvN \ap-°mbn IcpXn shbv°p-∂n-√. kn\na hnt\m-tZm-
]m[n am{X-as - √∂pw Hm¿a-°a - n-∏n-°p∂ Imgv® a\p-jy- a - \
- - p-Is- f-°p-dn®pw Ah-bn¬ A]q¿∆-
am-sb¶nepw _m°n-bm-hp∂ \njv°f - ¶- X
- s
- b-°p-dn®pw temIw AXns\ Xnc-kv°c - n-°p-∂X - n-s\-
°p-dn®pw \ap°v ]pXn-b] - m-Tß- ƒ ]d-™p-Xcp∂p.
sXcp-hns‚ ImgvNI - f
- n¬ \n∂mWv kn\na Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - v. hne-t]in CS-]mSp \S-Øp∂
kv{Xo, a≤-yh- b- k - vI≥, Bcp-tStbm \n¿t±-iØ - n-\\ - p-kc
- n®v IS-bn-se-Øp-∂, Ima-°Æ - p-Iƒ°p
]m{X-am-hp∂ s]Ïp-ń˛ Zri-yß - ƒ hmNm-eß- f- m-W.v Hma-\n-°s- ∏-tS≠ _me-yI - u-am-cß- ƒ sXcp-
hn-se-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p. `mj Adn-bmØ ]hs\ X√n-sIm≠v hr≤≥ `n£ bmNn®v ]Ww sIm≠p-h-
∂mte Xn∂m≥ In´q Ft∂m¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. HmSn -c-£-s∏-Sp∂ ]h≥ sXcp-hp-Ip-ń-I-fpsS CS-
bn¬ sdmń Xn∂p-∂X - n-\nsS bqWn-t^m-an´ t]meo-kp-Im-cs‚ t\m´-∏p-ff - n-bm-hp-∂p. B "skmb-
º≥ Infp∂n' s\ Abmƒ°p-th-Ww. th´-bm-S-s∏´ Ip™m-Sn-s\-t∏mse Ai-c-W-s\-¶nepw
t]meo-kp-Im-c\ - n¬ \n∂v c£-s∏´v ]h≥ HmSn-am-dp-∂p.
IS-∏pdw ]f-fn-bnse s]cp-∂m-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®p \S-Øp∂ ^nenw tjmbpsS ]cn-k-c-

ØmWv ]h≥ FØp-∂-Xv. kv{Io\n¬ (kv^-Sn-Iw) kn\n-a-bm-Wv. BSp-tXm-am-bpsS CSn-sIm-f-
fp∂ t]meo-kp-Im-cs\ I≠v ]h≥ sN-dp-Xmbn Bi-zk - n-°p-∂p. ap°p-hI
- p-Spw-_ß
- f
- mWv ImWn-
Iƒ. \mse-Æw ASn-®p-an-∂n®v kn\na ImWm≥ Bth-i-tØm-sS-bn-cn-°p∂ ]√n-√m-°n-g-hnbpw
B Iq´-Øn-ep-≠v.
kn\n-abpw Pohn-Xhpw CSbv°v anv{i-am-Ip-∂p. I]-ym¿ kn\n-ab

- v°I
- sØ A—s\ I≠p
Xs‚ ]f-fo-e-®-s\∂p IcpXn aZ-y-]m-\Øn-te¿s∏´ NΩ-temsS Hgn™p-am-dp-∂p. kn\n-a-bnse
]md-aS s]mń-sØ-dn-°p-tºmƒ ]hs‚ Hm¿Ω-bnepw Fs¥m-s°tbm kvt^mS-\ß - f
- m-Wv. Ah¿
Npgen _m[n®v hogp-∂p. CsXm∂pw bmYm¿∞-y-a-s√∂p Hcp-hI {SnIm-sW-∂p-ap-ff Hm∏-td-‰-
dpsS hm°p-Iƒ IjvSn®p a\- n-em-b-Xp-t]mse Ah≥ Bi-z-kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
Hm∏-td-‰-dpsS hmS-I-apdn ASn-®p-hm-cm-s\-Øp∂ N´p-Imen Gen-bpsS Btcm-]Ww tI´v

Abmƒ hm]n- f¿∂p \n∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Imiv tNmZn-°p-tºm-sgms° HSp-°sØ XpΩn-°f - n-bm-W-
bmƒ°v! ]pgbpw IShpw aen-\-am-Wv. tkm∏n-s√-¶nepw hgp-h-gp-∏p-ff shf-f-Ønse tX®p-Ipfn
\S-Øp∂ {Kmao-W¿°nS-bn¬ Hm∏-td-‰d- p-ap-≠v.
16 mm ^nenw Un-kv{Sn-_-yq-j≥ Hmôkv Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. j°o-em-

]-S-ß-fpsS ]c-k-y-am-sW-ßpw. B¿°mtSm Ct∏m 16 mm ]S-ßƒ th≠Xv F∂ am∏n-f-bpsS
tNmZywHm∏-td-‰-dpsS a\- n¬ A¶-em-∏p-≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. s]cp-∂m-fn-\p-]m-I-Øn¬ anin-lm-N-cn-
{Xw, _m‰n¬jn∏v t]mXw-In≥ Aßs\ Nne-XmWv Hm∏-td-‰¿°v th≠-Xv. t_m´p-bm-{X-bv°n-S-
bn¬ ho≠pw ]h≥ Hm∏-td‰-dpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. t]gvkv \jvSs - ∏´ bm{X-°m-cs‚ Btcm]-
W-Øn¬ \n∂pw Ahs\ c£n-°p-∂Xv Hm∏-td‰-dm-Wv. Ahs‚ t]m°-‰n¬ BsI-bp-f-fXv Hcp
i‡n-ams‚ Ifn-∏m-á - mWv. "hni-°p∂p, h√Xpw Xn∂m-\pt≠m' F∂-t\-zj - n-®p-sImt≠m Inń-b-
sX-s¥-¶nepw Xn∂p-sImt≠m BWv ]hs\ BZy cwK-ß-fn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. A\m-Y-X-z-
Øn\pw `mj-bn-√m-bva° - p-a∏
- pdw hni∏v Hcp alm-kX- y- a
- mbn Ahs‚ apºn¬ \n¬°p-∂p. Xt∂m-
S-en-hp-Im-Wn® Hm∏-td-‰t- dmSv Ah≥ sas√ sas√-bS- p-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ hni∏n\v ]Øp cq] \oń
Hgn-™p-am-dm≥ Abmƒ°v Ign-™n-√. Abm-fpsS kv{Io\n¬ hnc-ep-I-fpsS \ng-em-bn, -h-f-f-
Øn¬ Npcp-≠p-In-S∂ - p-dß- p∂ cq]-ambn Ah≥ Abmsf ]n¥p-Sc - p-∂p. h∂p IqSnb an∂m-an-∂n-
°q´w I≠v ]g-sbmcp \gvkd- n-∏m´v Ah≥ Xmf-Øn¬ ]mSn-bt- XmsS Hm∏-td‰dS-ßp∂ If-fp-IqSn
kwLw AXn-ib - n-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Abm-fpsS hmS-Ia - p-dn-bn-emWv ]n∂oSv ]hs≥d ÿ - m\w. \√
hni-∏p-ff sN-°\v tZmibpw hmßn Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºm-gmWv Abmƒ B ImgvN ImWp-∂-Xv.
tKmh-Wn-bn-tebv°v ^nenw kv{Sn]v ]mºn-t\-t∏mse Npcpfgn™v Cd-ßn-hc - p-∂p. Ahs\ tZj-
y-s∏´p ]pd-Øm-°n-sb-¶nepw Ahs‚ Ipń-Øhpw Ifn-∏m-´-sa-Sp-°m-\p-ff hchpw Abmsf
Nncn-∏n-°p-∂p. HmSn-bn-d-ßnb ]h≥ Hmt´m-dn£ Xń hoWp-t]m-hp-∂p. AtXmsS Hm-∏-td-‰¿ Hc-
—-s\-t∏mse Ahs\ ip{iq-jn®p IqsS Iq´p-∂p. Abm-fpsS kn\n-a-bnse AΩ-tbmSv ]h≥
kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. Abm-fpsS IqsS hoń-tebv°p t]mhm\pw Ah≥ Xøm-dm-bn.
{KmaoW \∑-bpsS {]Xo-I-amb Hcp Krl-Øn-te-°mWv ]h≥ IS∂p sN∂-Xv. tNmZ-y-

ßfpw Btcm-]-W-ß-fp-an-√msX B hoSv Ahs\ kvt\l-tØmsS kzo-I-cn®v hncp-∂q-ń. F√m-
h¿°pw Ah≥ B hoń-en-√m-ØXpw th≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb B¨ Ip™m-bn. am[-hs‚ aIƒ
Aºn-fnbpw Ip´-∏mbn F∂ ]ńbpw Ah\v ASpØ Iq´p-Im-cm-bn. Ahs‚ XI¿∂ ]mhbv°p
]Icw apØ-»≥ ]pXnb ]mh-bp-≠m-°n. apØ»n AXn-s\mcp Ip™p-Sp∏p Xp∂n.
\mńse t]meokv tÃj-\nepw kv°q-fnepw ^mZ-dns‚b-SpØpw Ahs‚ Ducpw t]cpw

adn-bm-\p-ff {ia-ßƒ am[-h≥ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw H∂pw hnPbn-®n-ń-√. \S-∂p-h∂ t]meo-kp-Im-
c≥ Ahs\ `b-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]pg-bn¬ hoWp-t]mb Aºn-fnbv°v ]h≥ c£-I\ - m-bt- XmsS \mńepw
hońepw Ah≥ {i≤ ]nSn®p ]‰n. Ah≥ ImcWw Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ am[-h\pw A`n-t\-Xm-hm-bn.
Hcp ]´m-f-°m-cs‚ CS-s]-S-temsS KpP-dmØv `qI-º-Ønse A`-bm¿∞n-bm-W-h-s\-∂v ]-Xps°
a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. AtXmsS Ahs\ ]ncn-tb-≠n-h-cp-sa∂v B IpSpw_w thZ-\-tbmsS
Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂p. Nm\¬ hm¿ØIƒ°p ti-jw Ahs\ At\-zj - n®v Hcp IpSpw_w FØnsb¶nepw Ah-
\- h sc Xncn- ® - d n- ™ n- √ . GtXm Hcp IpSpw_w Ahs\ tXSn hcp- s a- ∂ p- X s∂ Ah¿
hni-zk- n-®p.
Ce-£≥ Ime-am-bn. ]hs‚ {]iv\w a¬k-cn-t®-s‰-Sp-°m≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ {ian-°p-

∂p. ]hs\ _me-th-e-bn-te¿s∏-SpØn F∂ Ip‰w NpaØn adp-]-£sØ ÿm\m¿∞n am[-
hs\ t]meo-kn-te¬]n-°p-∂p. A\m-im-ky- s - a∂ tasºmSn IqSn A Ip‰-]{- X-Øn-ep-≠v. AtXmsS
Hmt∏-td-‰-dpsS ssII-fn¬ \n∂v ]h≥ Hcp Pph-ss\¬ tlman-te°v sXdn-∏n-°s∏´p. `mj-b-dn-
bmsX hni-∏p-am-dmsX Npgen _m[n®v AhnS Ah≥ H‰-s∏-´p. tem°-∏n¬ \nS∂ Hmt∏-td‰sd
A—≥ C-S-s]´v Cd-°n-sIm-≠p-t]m-∂p. aPn-kvt{S-‰ns‚ kvt\l-h-N-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Hm∏-td-‰¿
Imc-y-ßƒ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-f-fp-∂p. {]IrXn t£m`-Øn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°sf \jvS-
s∏´ ]h≥ \mń-tebv°v Xncn-®p-t]m-hp-IX- s
- ∂-bmWv th≠-Xv. Pq-hs
- s\¬ tlman-sebpw Bip-
]-{Xn-bn-tebpw \njvI-cp-W-amb kml-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hfsc ]mSp s]´mWv Abmƒ ]hs\
tamNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Zbm-ep-hmb Ie-IvS-dpsS HØm-i-bn¬ KpP-dmØn Adn-bp∂ Hcmsf Iqń
]hs‚ \mń-tebv°p t]mIm≥ am[-h≥ Xøm-dm-hp-∂p. Ahs‚ sIm®p-hoSv sS-d- v, A®≥,
AΩ, Ip™-\n-b-Øn, an∂m-an-\p-ßns\ t\m°n-bp-ff A—s‚ ]m´v........
am[-hs‚ IpSpw_w th¿]m-Sns‚ thZ-\t- bmsS ]h-s\- bm-{X-bm-°p-∂p. Ahs‚ acp-∂v,

Ahs‚ `£-Ww......-e£van Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse F√mw Hm¿Ωn-∏n®v Ihn-fn¬ apØ-an-Sp-∂p.
KpPdm-Ønse Ie-IvSt- d-‰n¬ FØp∂ am[-h≥ {]Xo-£t- bmsS Im°p-∂p. ]hs‚ hoSpw
ÿehpw I≠-Øp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Ah\v A®-\-Ω-am¿ Xncn-®p-In-´p-am-bn-cn-°pw. `qI-º-{]-tZ-i-sa-
Øn-bt- ∏mƒ Ah¿ kvX_v[c - m-Ip-∂p. CSn™p s]mfn™p InS-°p∂ sIń-Sß - ƒ°n-Sb - n-eqsS
]cn-Nb
- Øn‚ thK-Xb - n¬ HmSnb ]h\pw {ItaW òXn-°S- n-s∏-Sp-∂p. AhnsS hoSp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xns‚ Ah-injvSw am{Xw. sNdnb ssk°n-fnencn-°p∂ Ip™p-hm-hbpw ]m¬ B‰p∂ AΩbpw
hmhsb Ifn-∏n-°p∂ A—\pw Ahs‚ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ am{Xw. Ic-bp∂ ]hs\ sIń-∏n-Sn-°mt\
am[-h\v Bbp-f-fp. ]Xnaq-bm-bncw Bƒ°m¿ D≠m-bn-cp∂ `qI-º-ta-J-e-bn¬ aqhm-bn-c-Øn-A-
™qdpt]¿ am{XamWp-f-fsX∂pw acn-®-hcpw ImWmsX t]mb-h-cp-amWv Gsdsb∂pw dneo^v
Iym-ºn¬ \n∂v Ah-cd- n-bp-∂p.
A`-bm¿∞n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]hs\ Dt]-£n-°msX Hcp aI-s\-t∏mse Xm≥ sIm≠p-

t]mbn t\m°m-sa∂pw Bsc-¶nepw At\-z-jn-®p-h-∂m¬ Xncn-t®¬∏n-°m-sa∂pw am[-h≥
]d-bp-∂p. ac-Whpw ImWm-Xm-hepw XpS¿°-Y-bmbn°-gn™ A`-bm¿∞n Iym-ºnse Hmô-
k¿°v CXv Akw-_‘ - a
- mbn tXm∂p-∂p. ]h≥ Ahs‚ `mjbpw Bƒ°m-scbpw I≠
{]Xo-£b- nemWv.
]hs\ At\z-jn®v Bcpw hcm-Ø] - £w Xs‚ A{U- n¬ Hc-dn-bn-∏p a - Xn h∂p sIm≠p-
s]m-bvs°m-ffmw F∂v am[-h≥ ]d-bp-∂p. Hmô-k¿ hsfc \√-sX∂p Nncn-®p-sIm≠v A{U v
hmßp-∂p. Ah¿ t]mb-tXmsS Hcp ]W-n-bpa-n-√mØ Hmtcmcp-Ø¿ Cd-ßn-s°m-ffpw F∂ ]p—-
tØmsS ta¬hn-em-ks- a-gp-Xnb IS-emkp thÃp-Iƒ°n-Sb
- n-te-bv°v hen-s®-dn-bp-Ib
- mWv Abmƒ.
a\ p \jvSs - ∏´, IcpW \jvSs

- ∏´, henb hy-hÿ
- n-Xn-bpsS apºn¬ Hcp-]mSp ip` {]Xo-
£I-fp-ambn a\ p \jvS-s∏´ am[-h≥ bm{X-bm-Ip-∂p. ]h-s\-sNm√n X\n°p sNøm-hp-∂-sX-
ae-bm--A
√mw f-k-b
m-ln-XywsNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
mƒ 85
F{X ]cp-t°-‰mepw ]cm-Xn-bn-√msX \ncp-]m-[n-I-ambn kvt\ln-°p∂ ip≤ a\p-j-y-X-z-amWv

am[-h-\n¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. tZiw, `mj, Imew F∂n-h-bv°-Xo-X-ambn am[-h\pw ]h-\p-an-Sbnepw
am[-hs≥ IpSpw-_-Øn\pw ]h-\p-an-S-bnepw hf-cp∂. KmV-amb _‘-amWv ImgvN-bnse i‡am-b
{]ta-bw.]f-fns∏cp∂mfn\v ^nenwtjm kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m≥ A—s‚ ap∂nepw ]n∂oSv k¿°m¿ Hmô-kv,
tImS-Xn, Bip-]{Xn `qI-º-_m-[nX {]tZiw F∂n-hn-ß-fn-epsa√mw am[-h≥ hn\o-X\pw hnt[-b-\pambn
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ho≠pw ho≠pw s]m´p∂ sNcp-∏pIƒ XpWn t]mse ssIhn-´p-t]m-Ip∂ kml-
N-cy-ßsf Ign-bp-∂{X Hcp-an®p Iq´m≥ Abmƒ {ian-bv°p-∂p. am[-hs‚ IpSpw_w kvt\l-
Øns‚ XWep-b¿Øp∂ ama-ca - mbn \ne-sIm-ff
- p-∂p.
F∂m¬ Abmsf A¶-em-∏n-em-gvØp-Ibpw \n -lm-b-\m-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-c-y-

ß-fm-W[ - n-Iw. ^nenw-tjm-Iƒ Bh-iy- L
- S- I
- a
- √
- m-Xm-h∂ ]f-fn-s∏-cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ, 16 Fw Fw ^nen-
ap-Itf th≠m-\m-hp∂ Imew, j°oe ]Sßƒ am{Xw Bh-i-y-ap-ff ImWn-Iƒ˛ Aßs\
Abm-fpsS sXmgn¬ cwKw ipjv°-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]h≥ F∂ _me≥ Abm-fpsS
Pohn-X-Øns‚ tI{µ ÿm\Øv {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´-tXmsS a‰p Nne sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Abmƒ°v
t\cn-tSt≠n-h∂ - p. F∂n´pw Abmtfm IpSpw-_tam ]hs\ ssIsbm-gn-bp-∂n-√. Ahs‚ kpc-£-
sbbpw \∑-tbbpw IcpXn GX‰w hsc t]mIm\pw Xøm-dm-hp-∂p-≠-bmƒ.
`c-WI- q-SØns‚bpw ÿm]-\ß - f

- p-tSbpw t\Xm-°f- p-tSbpw \n¿∆n-Im-chpw Icp-Wm-iq-\-
yamb KXnbpw ImgvNbv°p hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. "skmbº≥ Infp-∂mb' ]hs\ A\m-im-ky-
Øn-\p ]- t- bm-Kn-°m≥ {ia-n°p∂ t]meo-kp-Im-c≥, am[-h≥ Ahs\ _me-the sNøn®p F∂v
Btcm-]n-°p∂ ÿm\m¿∞n, A\m-im-ky- {- ]-h¿{Ø\-am-tcm-]n®v am[-hs\ IÃ-Un-bn-se-Sp-°p∂
t]meo-kp-Im¿- C-hs - c-√mw Cu temI-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-If
- m-Wv. ]pd-tabv°v Xnc-°`- n-\b
- n®v IrX-
y-\n¿∆-lWw \S-Øp-tºmfpw a\p-j-y-Xzw \nd™ kao-]-\-ßƒ ImWmsX t]mIp∂ dneo^v
Iyºv as‰m-cp-Zm-l-cW-am-Wv. henb ImgvNtbm Dƒ°m-gvNtbm Dff a\- p-Iƒ°v Cu kXyw
ImWm-Xm-hp-∂p. \njvI-cp-W-amb kml-N-c-y-ß-fnepw lrZbw \ndsb kvt\l-hpw- Im-cp-W-y-hp-
ambn Nne am[-h≥amcpw IpSpw-_ß - fpw _m°n-bm-hp-∂p≠v. a\p-jy lrZ-bß - f- nse \∑ Xo¿Øpw
AI-∂p-t]m-bn-ń-√. F∂m¬ \n¿∆n-Im-ctam b{¥ kam-\tam Bb ÿm]-\ß - fpw hy-‡n-Ifpw
BW-[n-Iw.-
k_¿a-Xn Zqsc-bmWv
Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff (1930-- 1989)
Nnd-bn≥ Iogn¬ 1930 Pq¨ 22 \v P\n-®p. tIc-fØ

- nepw ]pd-Øp-ambn ]e-tIm-tfPpI-fn¬
A≤-ym-]-I≥. kv°qƒ Hm^v {Uma-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p. Fw.-Pn. k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse
kv°qƒ Hm^v et‰-gvkns‚ Ub-d-IvS-dmbpw {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v.
1957 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ kvt\l-Zq-X-\mWv BZ-y-\m-S-Iw. ae-bmf \SI kmln-Xy

Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xn.
IrXn-Iƒ
Pn. i¶-c-∏n-f-f-bpsS GIm-¶-ßƒ

_µn
`c-Xh
- m-Iyw
k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv
arK-XrjvW
CSm≥ ad∂ Cg
[¿Ω t£t{X Ipcp-t£t{X
kvt\l-Zq-X≥
hnhmlw kz¿§-Øn¬ \S-°p∂p
A©v GIm-¶-ßƒ
Ah-Xc - Ww {`m¥m-ebw
k_¿a-Xn Zqsc-bmWv
\h-J-en-bmWv hf-sc-b-Sp-Øv. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv sslkv°qƒ hnZym¿∞n\n hmbn-
°p∂ ]mT- Ø n- e q- s S- b mWv \mS- I Øn‚ XpS- ° w. t]cns\ A\- z ¿∞- a m- ° p∂
kz-`m-ha- mWv im¥n-bp-tS-X.v kvt\l-Ønepw ka-Xz- Ø - nepw Du∂nb a\- m-Wh - ¿°p-ff- X
- .v tXh≥Xs∂
sIm®-{ºm-ń-sb∂p hnfn-®-Xn¬ Ahƒ I]-S-tZ-j-y-a-`n-\-bn-°p-∂p. "im¥n' F∂p hnfn-®m¬
BImiw CSn™p hogp-tam, `qan ]nf¿∂p -]m-Xm-f-am-Iptam F∂m-W-h-fpsS tNmZ-yw. ]g-Inb
hi-tØ°v am{Xw \m°p-hf - b
- p-∂- tX-h≥ I
- g- p-Øn-\p-Np‰pw \m°p-tf-fm-tcmSv hmZn-°m≥ Xm\m-f-
s√∂p ]d™v hm¬k-ey- ] - q¿∆w Hgn-bp-∂p. tXhs‚ acn-®p-t]mb aIƒ ame-bm-sW-t∂m¿Øv
Xs∂ I≠m¬ aXn-sb-∂mWv im¥n ]d-bp-∂Xv. IÆp-Im-WmsX hońen-cn-∏mb thWp Hcp
]t£ CsXm∂pw adn®p Icp-Xn-√. am[-h\v Cu ASp-∏hpw hnfn-bp-sam∂pw kln-°n-s√-∂p
tXh≥ ]d-bp-∂p. im¥n-bpsS A—\pw tXh\pw D‰ kplr-Øp-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. aIƒ acn-®-Xn¬
]ns∂, tXh≥ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv X{ºms‚ Ipń-Iƒ°p -th-≠n-bm-Wv.
im¥n ho≠pw hmbn-°p-∂p. \h-Je - n-bm-WS- p-Øv. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂v AXn-
{I-a-ß-fpsS kqN-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. im¥n-bpsS sImt®-´-\mb am[-
h≥ hb- e n¬ cm{Xn shffw apdn- ® p- h n- S m- t \- e v]n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v. a‰p- f - f - h - c psS
hb- e n¬ \n∂v am[- h s‚ hb- e n- t ebv ° v shffw IS- Ø - W w. \n m- c - ° m- c - y - ß ƒ°v
hg-°p-≠m-°m≥ Abmƒ°p aSn-bn-√. hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]mT-`mKw hy-‡-am-°m≥ im¥n
Ah-fpsS hte-y´- \
- mb thWp-hns‚ klm-bw-tX-Sp-∂p. Ahƒ hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂h - m-Iyw 1947
BKÃv 14mw XobXn Km‘nPn ]d-™X - m-sW-∂p thWp ]d-™p. \Jhen-bn¬ Hcp hr≤-ap…nw
kv{XobpsS IpSn-en¬, D]-h-kn-s°-bmWv At±-l-anXp ]d-™-Xv. a\p-j-y\p \√cp tXm∂m-Ø-
Xn¬ Jn∂-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw ]{X-°m¿ \n¿_-‘n-®-t∏mƒ sImSpØ ktµ-i-am-W-Xv. Cu kw-
ib \nhm-cWw Xs‚ ZuX-y-am-sW∂ ań-emWv thWp kwkm-cn-°p-∂X - .v h¿§ob kw-L´- \ - ß- f - n-
sem-∂mWv thWp-hns‚ ImgvN C√m-Xm-°n-bX - .v Im´p-t]m-Øns‚ t\m´hpw sN∂mbpsS hodp-ap-f-
f, tIm´pw kq´p-an´ a\pj-y¿ PmXn-bp-sSbpw aXØn‚bpw t]cn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ t]cn¬
]c-kv]cw t]mcm-Sn-bXpwIgp-Øn¬ IØn-sh-®Xpw Abm-tfm¿°p-∂p. Ak-ly- a - mb B ImgvN-
Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ Hcp ssIt_mw_v Abm-fpsS ImgvNbpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. lnµphpw ap…napw
F¥n-s\-∂d- n-bmsX ]c-k] v c kwlm-cØ - n\v Hcp-sº-ń-dß - nb aÆmWv \hJ-en. AΩ-amcpw Ip™p-
ßfpw Ipe-hm-g- A-cn-bpw-t]mse Acn-bs - ∏´ aÆv. Cu \hJcn F√m-h¿°pw ]cn-Nn-Xa - m-W.v C∂v
Ac-tßdp-∂Xpw \h-Je - n-If
- m-W.v k_¿aXn B¿°pw ]cn-Nn-Xa - √
- . Xm\pw- tX-h\
- p-aƒs∏´ ]gb
Xe-apd AXp ]pXn-bh - b
- ¿°p]d-™p sImSp-Øn√ F∂XmWv sX‰v.
k_¿aXn Km‘n-Pn-bpsS {]nb-s∏´ B{i-aa- m-W.v PmXntbm aX-Nn-¥tbm Xo≠mØ k-z-X-{¥-

`qan a\p-j-ys‚ al-Ømb KpW-ßƒs°m-s°- ]-c-a-ambn hnI-kn-°m≥ Ign™ Hcp kz-]v\-am-
W-Xv. thWp Bth-i`- c
- n-X\
- mbn k_¿a-Xn-sb-∏‰n ]d-™p-\n¬t°v, ]cp-°≥ kz-`m-ha- p-ff am[-
h≥ {]th-in-°p-∂p. thWp kwkmcw \n¿Øp-∂p. im¥nbpw tXh\pw `b-i¶m-Ip-ec - m-hp-∂p.
sXm-´-SpØ \ne-Øns‚ DS-a-bmb apl-ΩZv Imknw am[-hs‚ hb-en¬ \n∂pw shffw

tNm¿Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p-≠v. AXp XS-b-Ww, thW-sa-¶n¬ X√p-≠m-°n-bn´pw. CXmWv
am[-h\v ]d-bm-\p-f-f-Xv. Hcn-‰p-sh-f-f-an-√msX \new InS-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah-\-ßs\ sNøp-
∂-Xv. shffw FSp-Øp-sIm-ff - s
- ´F
- ∂ - mWv tXhs‚ ]£w. Xe-∏p-eb - s‚ \µn-sbbpw hni-zk- vX-
X-sbbpw am[-h≥ tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. D≠ tNmdn\p \µn-bn-√m-Øh - s- \∂v A[n-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. am[-hs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ ssII-fmWv Xs∂ Duń-b-sX∂pw B ssIIsf Xms\m-cn-
°epw NXn-°n-s√∂pw tXh≥ Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]d-™Xp tIƒ°m≥ ]‰n-s√-¶n¬ ]mSØp
]Wnbv°v thsd Bsf-sIm≠p hcp-sa∂v am[-h≥ òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kz-Pm-Xnsb hn´v A\-
y-Pm-Xnsb klm-bn-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂h - ≥ F∂v Abmƒ H∂p-IqSn tXhs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
"\h-Jen hf-sc-b-Sp-ØmWv' F∂ thWp-hns‚ ]cm-a-¿iw \mw Hm¿°p-∂p.
PmXow atXmw- t\m-°msX tNX-an-√m-ØX- m¿°pw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°W

- s
- a-∂mWv tXhs‚
]£w. aÆpw amt\mw as‰m-cmƒ°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]‰m-ØXp-sIm≠v tXh≥ F¥n\pw Xøm-
dm-Ip-∂p. hcºn¬ InS-∂p-dß- m\pw shffw tNm¿Øm≥ hcp-∂h - s\ XS-bm-\pw, Abmƒ \ntbm-
Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. "taØ-Ωm-'cp°v Iog-S-ßmsX h¿§Øns‚ am\w ImWW-sa∂pw Abmsf am[-
h≥ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
"Hcp-sh-Sn°v c≠p-]£n' F∂v Bfl-KXw sNøp∂ am[-h≥ Imkn-ans‚ ]cp°pw Iq´-

Øn¬ tXhs‚ ]cp°pw X\n°p KpW-ambn Icp-Xp-∂p. tN´≥ Ib-‰n-sh® Xe-∏p-eb
- \v c≠p-In-
´m-\p-ff hgnbpw IqSn-bm-W-Xv.
Znh-khpw tNmdp-Xc - m≥ ]mSp-s]-Sp-∂- Xm≥, NpΩm ASp-Øn-cp∂p Nfphm N∏p∂ thWp-

th´≥ ˛ Chcn¬ im¥n°v Iqdv Xt∂m- S - s √∂p am[- h - \ - d n- b mw, im¥n- b psS
\ym- b o- I - c - W - ß ƒ Abmƒ°v t_m[n- ° p- ∂ n- √ . IÆp- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ ImeØpw \n - l -
I- c - W w, lnµp- ˛ - a p…nw ssa{Xn Fs∂m- s °- ] - d ™v sImSn- ] n- S n®p \S∂ thWp- h n\v
ASp-°f - b
- n¬ \o ]pI™sXß-s\-sb-∂d- n-bn-√. A®≥ acn-®t- ∏mƒ t]mep-ap-≠m-bn-√. F∂m¬
im¥nbv°- d nbmw thWp- h ns‚ Dt±- i - i p- ≤ n. Abmƒ Pbn- e n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ - X p-
sIm-≠mWv A—s‚ Ah-km\ \nan-jØ - n¬ FØm≥ Ign-bm-sX-t]m-bX - .v thWp-hns\ A{Xbv°v
kvt\ln-®ncp∂ A—≥ kz-sØ√mw am[-h\v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-sØ-¶nepw thWp-hn\v C\n Abm-
fmWp XpW F∂p {]tX-yIw ]d-™mWp IÆ-S® - X
- v CXn\p tcJ-bn-√ F∂p ]d-bp∂ am[-h≥
hoń¬ A∂-Øn\p hgn-bp-≠m°p∂ X\n°v Nne-Xm-h-iy-s∏-Sm\pw A[n-Im-cp-a-p≠∂p ]d-bp-
∂p.
am[-hs\ {]tIm-]n-∏n-®Xv thWphpw im¥nbpw tXh\p \¬Ip∂ ÿm\-am-Wv. A—s‚

{]mb-at√ F∂ im¥n-bpsS kam-[m-\-Øn-\v, AΩm-as‚ ÿm\Øp sh®p ]qPnt®m F∂mWv
am[-hs‚ ]p—w \nd™ adp-]S- n. thWp-th-´\v AΩm-a≥ Xs∂-bm-Wt√m F∂ Abm-fpsS IpØp-
hm-°n¬ \n∂pw tXhs‚ aIƒ amesb thWp kvt\ln-®n-cp∂p F∂p kqN-\b - p-≠v. C-Xp-tI´p-
sIm-≠mWv thWp IS-∂p-hc - p-∂X- v.. "Fs‚ ItÆ s]mń-bn-´p-ffp F\n-s°-√mw- tIƒ°mw' F∂-
h-Im-is- ∏-´p-sIm-≠mWv hnIm-c h - n-t£m`tØmsS-bp-ff B hc-hv. a\p-jy- X - z- a
- p-ff- X
- p-sIm-≠mWv
X\n°o KXnh∂-sX-∂p thWp ]d-bp. t\Xm-hp-N-a-b-em-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v am[-h-\pw. Xm≥
A≤-vzm-\n-°p-∂X - p-sIm-≠mWv a‰p-ff - h
- ¿ I™n-Ip-Sn®p InS-°p-∂s- X∂v am[-h≥ Bh¿Øn-®p ]-
d-bp-∂p-≠v. B \µn F√mhcpw Xt∂mSv ImWn-°p-Ibpw X\n°v Iogvs]´p \n¬°p-Ibpw
thWw. Zptcym[\s‚ Dcpf F∂p thWp t£m-`tØmsS ]d-bp-∂p. alm-`m-cX - Ø- nse bp≤-k-
µ¿`-Øn¬ ie-y¿ IÆs\ Bt£-]n-°p∂ L´-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Zptc-ym-[\ - ≥ Acn-
I-Øp-hn-fn®v (h-f¿Øp-]´- n-bsv °-∂t- ]m-se) Dcpf X∂p hf¿Øn-bXp sIm≠-t√- C∂v \o Cßs\
Al-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xv F∂v. Dcpf Xcp-∂-h≥ AXp kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-\n¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ-hn-t[-b-Xzw
Bh-iy- s - ∏-Sp-∂p. thWp-hn\v AXp km≤-ya - √
- . am[-h≥ bp≤-Øn-s\m-cp-ßn-bX - p- t]mse thWp-
hn-t\mSv kwkm-cn-bv°p∂p. Abm-fpsS \n -lm-bX aqX-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v,- X-t∂m-Sb - mƒ°v \µn
thW-sa∂v ]d-™p-d-∏n-°p-I-bmWv am[-hs‚ e£-yw. "DÆm≥ t\-Sn-bm¬ \n\°p t\´-ambn'
F∂p thWphpw " Im‰p \nd® _eq¨ t]mse BZ¿iw {]k-wK - n®p \S-∂v- H-Sp-hn¬ BZ¿ihpw
Bfpw Im‰p t]mbn' F∂p am[-h\pw ]c-kv]cw `n∂m-i-b-ß-tfmsS Ie-ln-°p-∂p.
tNmdv Xcp-tºmƒ Iqdp-]p-e¿Ø-Ws - a∂v shńØpd∂p ]d-bm≥ am[-h\ - p-aS- n-bn-√. tXh-
s\∂ ]pe-b\v IpSpw-_mw-Ks - a-∂t- ]mse ]Zhn sImSp-ØX
- n-emWv Abm-fpsS FXn¿∏v. kz¥w
PmXn-tbbpw aX-tØbpw kvt\ln-°Ww F∂n-S-tØm-fta Abm-fpsS a\ v FØn-bn-´p-f-fp.
AXn-e-∏pdw t]mIm≥ Abmƒ Xøm-d-√. ame-s∏Æv acn® ÿnXnbv°v C\n tXhs\ Ib‰n
shbv°tWm F∂v thWp-hns‚ a\- nse ]pÆn¬ sImf-fn-sh-bv°m\pw Abmƒ {ian-bv°p-
∂p. ih-ßf - psS \Sp-hn¬, Xs‚ a\kns‚ A`-bt- I-{µ-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-sf∂v thWp hnIm-ch - n-
t£m-`t- ØmsS ]d-bp-∂p.
tXh\p Int´-≠Xp In´m≥ th≠n-bmWv Xm\-bmsf ]mS-tØbv°p ]d™p hn´-sX∂v

am[-h≥ ]d-bp-∂p. apl-ΩZv Imkn-ans‚ ssIbpsS IcpØpw C∂v tXh-\d- nbpw. ISp-Øt- h-Z\ - -
tbmsS im¥nsb Iq´p-]n-Sn®v hb-en-tebv°v t]mhm-s\m-cp-ßp-Ib - mWv thWp. c≠p-t]cpw IqSn
t]mIm-\n-dß - th, "X{am' F∂p hnfn-®p-sIm≠v Xe-bv°S- n-tb‰v c‡samen-∏n-®p-sIm≠v tXh-s\-
Øp- ∂ p. am[- h ≥ \n¿∆n- I m- c - \ mbn \n¬s° im¥n shf- f - s a- S p- ° m\pw tXhs≥d
apdn-hp-sI-´m\pw HmSp-∂p. thWp tXhs\ kz-ic - o-ct- ØmSp tN¿Øm-iz- k
- n-∏n-°p-∂p. ap…o-ans\
Xncn®p {]l-ct- a¬]n-°msX h¿§-Øns‚ A¥ p sISp-Ønb tXhs\ am[-h≥ i-Im-cn-°p-∂p.
tIm]w sIm≠p hnd® thWp A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mbn am[-hs\ {]l-cn-°p-∂p. \mS-Iob kwL¿jw
aq¿≤-\y- Ø- n-se-Øp∂ Cu L´-Ønepw \obpw Ahfpw Fs‚ tNmdm-sWSm, Fs‚ tNmdv, F∂-
´-lk- n-°p-Ib - mWv am[-h≥. thWp,- Xm-\bmƒ°p `mc-am-sW∂pw Hcn-°epw Ahs‚ ]£Øp
\ne-sIm-ff - m-\m-hn-s√∂w Xncn-®d- n-™t- XmsS B hoń¬ \n∂n-dß - m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. tXh\pw
IqsS Fgp-t∂-ev°p∂p. "tN¿®-bp-f-fXp tN¿°p' F∂p ]cn-l-kn-°p∂ am[-h≥ Imsi-Æp-
Ibpw \mW-y-ßƒ C´p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmWv im¥n thWp-hns‚ IqsS Cd-ßm-\m-{K-ln-
°p-∂p. F∂m¬ temIw Ahƒt°m Ahƒ temI-Ønt\m ]mI-am-ImØ ÿnXn°v Ahsf
IqsS Iq´m≥ thWp-hn-∂m-hp-I-bn-√. im¥n-sIm≠v hcp∂ hSn ]nSn®p hmßn®v XI¿°p∂
tXh≥ " C\n tXh\m X{ams‚ hSn. Cu hSn HSn™nt´ X{am≥ hogq' F∂p {]J-ym-]n-°p-∂p.
im¥n-bpsS s]mń-°c - ®
- n-en\pw am[-hs‚ s]mń-®n-cnbv°pw CS-bn¬ tXh\pw thWphpw bm{X
XpS-ßp-I-bmWv. CXmWv \h-Jen At√ ' F∂p im¥n thWp-hns\ Hcp \nan-j-tØbv°v kw-
i-b\ - n-hm-cW-Øn-\mbn hnfn®p tNmZn-°p-∂p. "k_¿aXn Zqsc-bm-sW∂pw Xm\p tXh\pw t]mIp-
∂Xv Ahn-tS-bv°m-sW∂pw BWv thWp-hns‚ adp-]-Sn. Abmƒ°v F¥p sImSp°pw F∂m-
tem-Nn-°p-Ib - mWv im¥n. Xt‚Xmb F√mw Dt]-£n-®mWv tN´s‚ t]m°v, Cu hoń¬ Xt‚X-
√m-Ø-sX-¥p≠v F∂v s]mń-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv am[-h≥'. im¥n dm¥-se-SpØv tN´-\p-sIm-Sp-°p-
∂p. AX-hƒ°v kv°qfn¬ \n∂pw kΩm-\-ambn Inń-b-Xm-Wv. hgn-bn-eXp shfn-®-ta-Ipw.
Ccp-ń¬ am[-hs‚ henb \ngepw im¥n-bpsS {]Xo-£bpw Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \mSIw

Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. k_¿aXn ˛ PmXna-tXX-chpw a\p-j-y-kvt\-l-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-hpamb Imew
ÿew ˛ hfsc Zqsc-bm-Imw. F¶nepw F∂m-bmepw AhnsS \mw B™p-\S- ∂ - m¬ FØm-Xn-cn-
°n√ F∂p-im¥n {]X-ymi {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. H∏w am[-hs‚ ]cn-lmkw \nd™ s]mń-®ncn
apgßp-∂p. AXv kao-]Ø - p-ff \hJ-en-bpsS apg-°a - m-W.v òa-amb A[¿Ω-ßf - p-sSbpw aXkv]¿≤-
I-fp-sSbpw \h-Je- n-It- fmSv a√n-´v im-¥n-bp-tSbpw aX-kl - n-jvWp-Xb - p-tSbpw kl¿a-Xn-bn-seØn-
t®-cpI F∂Xv F∂-tØbpw a\p-j-ys‚ sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv Zqsc-bm-sW-¶n-epw, bm{X ITn-\-am-
sW-¶nepw lrZ-bm-ep-°f - mb Nne-sX-¶nepw B e£ys-Øn-se-Øn-t®cp-Ibpw a‰p-ff - h
- sc Atßm´p
\nbn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂ {]X-ymi ]pe¿Øp-Ib - mWv \mS-II - r-Øv.
tNmZ-y-am-Xr-I-Iƒ (e-Lp-hmbn DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I)
1. ssSK-dns\ kw-_‘ - n-®n-St- Ømfw a\p-jy- h - ¿§-Øn¬ c≠n-\t- a-bp-ffp ˛ t]meo-kp-Imcpw Ip‰-
hm-fn-Ifpw ˛ hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI
2. XS-hp-Im-cs‚ kz¿§-amWp Pbn¬. Ahs‚ \cIw t]meokv tem°-∏m-Wv˛ Dt±-in-°p-∂-
sX¥v?
3. Kh¨sa‚ v ssSK-dmWv F - ∂p XS-hp-Im¿ ]d-bm≥ ImW-sa-¥v?
4. XS-hp-Im¿°v {ItaW ]cm-Xn-Itf C√m-Xm-bs - X-ßs\ ?
5. \qep-s]m-ń-bn´pw \qsem∂pw s]mń-bn-√t√m F∂v AΩ Hm¿°p-Ibmhmw ˛ kµ¿`-ta-Xv?
6. Xr»qcp \n∂v \n\-°n-jvSa - p-ff
- s
- Xm-s° h- m-ßn-Øc - mt´m F∂v aq∂m-as
- Xm-cmfnse A—≥ ]d-
bp-∂s - X-¥p-sIm≠v ?
7. _nkvta F∂ IS-°m-c∂p _p°mdmw F∂ If-f\pw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kulrZw
8. Hcp If-fs - \-¥n\mWv _m_p kabw ? Ccp´pw shfn-®h - p-amWv Ah\v LSn-Imcw ˛ kµ¿`w
hni-Za - m-°pI
9. _p°mdmw k¶¬∏n-°p∂ Abm-fpsS Ah-km-\sØ ]m]-sa-¥mbn-cp∂p ?
10. If-fs‚ a\ p \nd-™p-t]mbn ˛ Imc-W-sa-¥v?
11. Imh-y-tl-Xp-°ƒ GsX∂v N¿® sNøpI
12. F¥mWv {]Xn` ? BcmWv klr-Z-b≥?
13. P∑-kn-≤-amb {]Xn-`-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Imhy cN\ A\m-bm-k-am-hp-I-bn√ ˛ hni-Z-am-°pI
14. A`-ym-kw, Z¿i\w Ch Fs¥∂p hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI
15. Pohn-X-k-X-yhpw Imh-y-k-X-yhpw Fßs\ XΩn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p?
16. cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ k¶¬∏sØt∏mepw XI¿Øp sIm≠v Ie Nne-t∏mƒ as‰mcp cq]w
{]m]n°mw ˛ hni-Z-am-°pI
17. Acn-tÃm-ń-ens‚ Imhy Nn¥
18. a\-k-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\p-XIpw hÆw hmb-\-°m-cs\ ]mń-em°n \n¿Øm-\p-ff D]mbw
am{X-amWv kmln-Xy- Ø - nse Ie. hni-Za - m-°pI
19. Iesb amcm¿ Fßs\ \n¿∆Nn-°p∂p ?
20. Iesb a‰p Ie-Isf At]-£n®v kmln-X-y-Ønse Iemw-i-Øn-\p-ff hy-X-ym-k-sa-¥v?
21. kmln-X-yhpw Pohn-Xhpw XΩn-ep-ff _‘sØ Cßs\ am{Xta \n¿∆-Nn-°m-\mhq ˛
hni-Za - m-°pI
22. ]h≥ F∂ A\mY _me≥ Hm∏-td-‰-dpsS Acp-a-bm-bnØo-cp∂-sX-ß-s\?
23. `mj Bh-iy- a - n-√mØ kvt\l-Øns‚ kt¶-Xa - m-bn-cp∂p am[-hs‚ Krlw ˛ hne-bn-cpØpI
24. KpP-dm-Ønse Ie-IvStd-‰nepw `qIº _m[nX {]tZ-iØpw am[- h≥ t\-cn-Sp-∂-ÿnXn
hnti-j-ßƒ ?
25. sXcp-hn¬ \S-°p-∂-sX√mw h\-y-ar-K-ß-fm-sW∂v tXm∂n® kabw. tIm´pw kq´p-an´
h\-y-ar-K-ßƒ ˛ kµ¿`hpw kml-Ncyhpw hni-Z-am-°pI
26. k_¿a-Xn-sb-°mƒ C∂sØ a\p-j-y≥ Adn-bp-∂Xpw \hJ-en-bm-Wv. kr-jvSn-sb-°mƒ
\io-I-c-W-w˛ thWp Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠v?
27. ChnsS Ccp-´p-aXn G´m. Ccp-´m-\-√Xv ' F∂p im¥n ]d-bm-\n-S-bmb kml-N-c-yw.
28. Zptc-ym-[-\s‚ Dcpf kml-N-c-y-taXv ?
D-]\
- y- mk amXr-II
- ƒ
1. ssSK¿ `mK-y-hm-\mb Hcp \mb-bm-Wv. F∂ IY-bnse Bh¿Øn-°p∂ ]cm-a¿i-Øns‚
km≤-yX
- I
- ƒ hni-Zo-Ic
- n-°p-I.
2. kvt\l-Øn\pw Icp-X-en\pw ac-W-an-√ F∂ tXm∂¬ aq∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ F∂ IYsb F{X-

tØmfw i‡-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂p F∂v N¿® sNøp-I.
3. ka-b-hpw-L-Sn-Im-chpw LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw F∂ IYbv°v tI{µ-_nw-_-

ß-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂s- X-ßs\ F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
4. `mc-Xob Nn¥-I-fnse Imh-y-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI
5. tπt‰m, tkm{I-ó-kv, Acn-kvt‰m-ń¬, temwKn\kv, tImf-dnUvPv F∂n-hc

- psS Imh-yN
- n-¥I
- f
- n¬
{]Xn-`b
- v°p-ff ÿm\-sa-s¥∂v hni-Za - m-°pI
6. kmln-Xy \ncq-]W- hpw Iem-\n-cq-]W

- h
- pw-H∂
- m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ \ncq-]I
- \v sX‰p-]‰pw ˛
hniZo-Ic
- n-°pI
7. kmln-Xy- Ø
- ns‚ ]c-aa- mb Dt±iyw a\- w-kI
v c- W
- a- m-sW∂v amcm¿ Fßs\ hni-Zo-Ic- n-°p∂p?
8. \ncp-]m-[n-Ia- mb a\p-jy- k
- tv \-la- mWv ImgvNsb i‡-am-°p-∂Xv˛ {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.
9. ]h\pw am[-h\pw t\cn-Sp∂ \njvIc

- p-Wa
- mb Pohn-Xk
- m-lN
- c
- y- ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
10. ImgvN F∂ io¿jIw F{X-tØmfw {]k-‡-am-sW∂p ]cn-tim[n-°p-I.
11. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv F∂m¬ AXp≠v F∂ hni-zmkw \mS-IØ

- n¬ F{X-tØmfw {]I-Sa- mWv ?
*************

Malayala Sahithyam 207

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Malayala Sahithyam 207

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

School of Distance Education

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Module I - Sri. N. Balakrishnan,

Module II (sNdp-I-Y) - Dr. Radha. P.I,

Scruitnised by - Dr. K.M. Priyadarsanlal,

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

Df-f-S°w t]Pv \º¿

Ihn-tbbpw Pohn-X-Im-e-tØbpw Ipdn®v CXn¬°q-Sp-X¬ hy-‡-amb sXfp-shm∂pw

AXnepw Hcp-bp-‡n-bp-s≠∂p a\- n-em-°nb tKm]-∑m¿ C{µ-]q-P-bvs°m-cp-°pb

Xs‚ Np‰-]mSpw h∂p-\n¬°p-∂h - s

tKmh¿≤-\t- ØmSv ......................................................... ]n≠-Øn\pw

{ioIr-jvW≥ ]d™p, Cu cq]-Ø¬ \n∂v c£n-bv°phm≥ \nß-sf-√m-hcpw tKmh¿≤-

I´-°n-Sm-hp-X≥ ................................................................ Ip∂p-at- ∏mƒ

B sNdnb Ip´n-bpsS CSn-tb-‰-t∏mƒ B Ip∂v sR´n-Øn-cn™v Id-ßm≥ XpS-ßn.

Cß-s\-bm-bt- ∏mƒ {ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ CS-Xp-ssI-sIm≠v ]¿∆-XsØ FSp-Øp-s]m-°n-

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (A-º-Xp-hm-°n-tem, \qdp-hm-°ntem Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv)

3) {ioIr-jvWs‚ CSn-tb‰ ]¿∆-XØ

4) Fss¶-bn-ep-sf-fmcp h≥Ip-∂n≥ Iognte

ss]Xemw ae-bm-f-`m-j-X≥ icn-bmb

F∂p h¿Æn-°p-∂Xv A£-cw-{]Xn icn-bm-Wv. aWn-{]-hm-fs - a∂pw ]ms´∂pw c≠p imJ-

ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Xncq-cn-\-SpØv Xr°-≠n-bq-cn-ep-ff Xp©≥]-d-ºn-emWv Fgp-Ø-—≥

temI-Øn¬sh®v G‰hpw alØpw _rl-Øp-amb hym-k`- m-cX - sØ Ah-ew-_n-®mWv `mcXw

On{Z-amb AwKw = ]nf¿∂ icocw c‡-k-tcmPw = Nph-∂-Xm-ac

[cWn = `qan Icn = B\

h√-ho-h-√-`≥ = h√-hn-I-fpsS (tKm-]-kv{Xo-I-fp-sS) `¿Ømhv ˛ {ioIr-jvW≥

tl apIpµm (ap-Ip-µ≥ = tam£w sImSp-°p-∂-h≥ F∂m-W¿∞-sa-t∂m¿°-Ww) \o

h[n-bv°p-hm≥ Ch-\√ - msX at‰m-cmƒ°p tXm∂p-tam. (t{Z-Wsc h[n-bv°m-\mbn am{Xw bmKm-·n-

Km‘mcn t_m[w-sI´p hoWp. DW¿s∂-gp-t∂‰v ]ns∂ AS-°m-\m-hmØ Zp:Jw sIm≠v

{ioIr-jvW\pw Km‘m-cnbpw Cßs\ kwkm-cn®p \n¬°p-tºmƒ [rX-cm-jv{S¿

IqSp-X¬ Ct∏mƒ ]d-bm≥ {]bm-k-ap-s≠∂p ]d™v F√m-h¿°pw \∑ t\¿∂v XØ

2) “sIm√msX sImffm™sX-¥h - ≥ Xs∂ \o’’Bsc sIm√msX? CXm-cpsS Bt£-]-

4) “as‰mcp-Ø\p tXm∂o-Sptam am\tk ’’ F¥v?

5) “IÆpsIm-≠n-ßs\ ImtW-Ws - a-∂Xp

6) “Zptcym-[\ - ocw ’’ I≠ Km‘m-cn-bpsS {]e-]-\-ßƒ Npcp°n Fgp-Xp-I.

7) “I≠pIq-Sm-sb-\n-bvs°∂p Km‘m-cnbpw ’’Km‘mcnbv°v I≠p-Iq-SmØ kw`-hs

Fgp-Ø-—\p-tijw ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-X-y-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Hscm-∂c \q‰m≠p

\m¬∏-Xn-tesd Xpf-f¬ IrXn-Iƒ \º-ym-cptSXm-bn-´p≠v. Adp-]-tXmfw Ds≠-∂pw-

Hm´≥, ioX-¶≥, ]d-b≥ F∂nßs\ Xpf-fe - ns\ aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Zri-yI

hgn-bp-≠m°n apt∂-dnb `oa≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚ as‰mcp ]p{X-\mb {iol-\p-am≥ {iocm-as\

`oas‚ bm{Xm-tIm-em-lew sIm≠p [ym-\-Øn¬\n-∂p-W¿∂ l\p-am≥ [ym-\-Zr-jvSn-bn-

\mkvXnbmw = C√m-Xmhpw, ISp∏w = siucyw, ]mZ]w = acw

k÷-\ k-{º-Zmbw Adn-bmØ ZpjvS∑ - m-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ Rm≥ kln-bv°n-√. [¿Ω-am¿§-ßƒ

Cßs\ ]d™v `oa≥ KZ-sIm≠v l\p-ams‚ \o≠p XSn® hme‰w tXm≠nsbdn-bp-hm≥

C{Xbpw tI´t∏m l\p-am≥ kvt\l-]q¿∆w Xs‚ bYm¿∞-cq]w [cn-®p. lnam-eb - w-t]m-

1) ""aXn-am≥ amcp\n Xs‚ aXn-sIm≠v \ncq-]n®p"". \ncq-]n-®-sX¥v?

1) l\p-a¬-˛-`oa kwhm-ZsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ip©≥\-º-y-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-]m-Shw

B\-µ`- n£p amXw-Kn-tbmSv Zml-Pew tNmZn-bv°p-∂X

hrØn-bp-ff IpØp-]mf InW-‰n-en´v Ib-dp-h-en®v Ahƒ shffw tImcn-s°m-≠n-cn-bv°p-

I‰-°m¿ Iq¥¬ ....................................................................... \n¬∂pw-t]m-se.

tNe-sIm≠v Idp-Øn-cp≠ taLw t]mse-bp-ff apSn--s°´pw apJhpw Gsd-°psd adn®v

at\m-l-c-amb Hcp hmMva-b-Nn-{X-am-Wn-Xv. amXw-Kn-bpsS kzm-`m-hn-I-amb \ne-bv°-∏pdw

]ns∂-ss°-Øm¿ ............................................................. Ip\n-™h

]ns∂ Ah-fpsS ssIhn-d® - X

Ihn-bpsS A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-amWv Cu hcn-Iƒ A√tbm `mK-y-h-Xo, \o Ct∏mƒ Hgn-®p-

Øn¬ {]tX-yI ]cn-ioe\w t\Snb alm-∑m-hm-W-t√m. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kmZw amXw-Knsb

Iq∏p-ssI-t]mse ]nSn® ssI°p-ºn-fn¬ Xs‚ apJ-am-Ip-∂-Xm-a-csb tN¿Øp-sh®v B

kmZw-Xo¿∂v ................................................................................................. Rm≥ t]mIp-∂p.

£oWw-amdn knc-I-sf√mw Dt∑-jm-h-ÿ-bn¬ FØnb Ejn \nh¿∂p-\n∂v IS-bv°¬

F∂p ho≠pw .................................................................... amc-Pn-sØ-∂t- ]m¬

Nmcp-t\{X .................................................................................-sX-√nS kpµcn

B ssa°Æn CS-wtXm-fp-sIm≠v CS-Øp-`mKw B hmI-a-c-Øn¬ Nmcnbpw sNcn™pff

I eLp-tNm-Z-y-ßƒ (50/100 hm°n¬)

2) NWvUm-en- `n-£p-hn-t\mSv ]d™ adp-]S- n-sb-gp-XpI