It is indeed a pleasure for me to know that Environment Watch: BUET is going to publish Green

Thoughts, on current environmental issues.

I heard the publication was part of the annual event “3 rd EW: B National Enviro+ Challenge”,
organized by Environment Watch: BUET. Unfortunately, I could not be present in the event due
to my busy schedule. Our students are always encouraged in extracurricular activities to prepare
themselves as leaders for the ever-changing competitive world. Moreover, publication like this
nurtures a bridge for interaction among our students and alumni and teachers, which is necessary
in the enhancement of professionalism.
Societies around the world are on the verge of a profound and urgently necessary transformation
in the way they produce and use energy. I hope this publication will identify some of the remaining
questions relating to the implications of aiming for green energy.
I thank President and members of Environment Watch: BUET and our alumni for their
unconditional support, encouragement and visualization of such lively, thought provoking events.
My heartiest wishes to the editorial panel and sponsors for publishing such a beautiful magazine.

Professor Dr. Satya Prasad Majumder

Director of Students' Welfare
BUET.
At the very beginning, it is my earnest pleasure to announce that Environment Watch: BUET is
going to publish its very first magazine: Green Thoughts.
As a club, the aim of Environment Watch: BUET is simple: keeping the best possible environment
for BUET campus as well as spreading the awareness nationally. This year our activities are based
on the tagline “Beat Plastic Pollution”, in accordance with World Environment day 2018. I am
truly awed by the talent and motivation of the club members, specially their thinking and doing
for environment. It has been a great joy and honor to guide the club members for the past years
through all ups and downs.

I will not hesitate to admit that it has been a wonderful experience to direct the club when it is in
need of guidance and reference, from the very first day of being moderator. Environment Watch:
BUET has been organizing several national events, seminars and programs featuring all aspects of
environment. It is working as a successful platform for networking among all the environment
enthusiasts.

Supervising this wonderful team of Environment Watch: BUET has been both challenging and
satisfying. Their dedication and toiling never failed to amaze me, specially while arranging this
year’s annual event “3rd EW: B National Enviro+ Challenge.” It has been an absolute pleasure to
be a part of Environment Watch: BUET, assisting the members with decision-making and
monitoring all the official paperwork.

My best wishes are always with Environment Watch: BUET in their upcoming events. I am grateful
for the opportunity to work with this club and to share as well as enrich my knowledge.
Environment Watch: BUET is the place where it teaches one to think and perform for environment.
I wish to see the love and practice for environment to go a long way in the near future.

Last, but certainly not the least, I would like to extend my heartiest gratitude to the sponsors who
were the prime driving force behind this publication. I convey my best wishes to the editorial panel
who worked relentlessly to make this publication more beautiful, more green.

Dr. Tanvir Ahmed

Associate Professor
Moderator
Environment Watch: BUET
It is our pleasure to present Green Thoughts, the very first magazine of our club, Environment
Watch: BUET.

EW: B had selected three themes for the magazine:

 Green Energy and Sustainable Development
 River Pollution: Challenge for Riverine Bangladesh
 Ecotourism and Environmental Management.

We were really glad to receive a good number of quality articles on these themes. We wish we
could publish all the writings but because of some constraints we had to select a few from those.
However, we have tried to ensure the best ones have been selected.

We must express our sincerest gratitude to Mr Kawnish Kirtania, Assistant Professor, Department
of Chemical Engineering, BUET, for enriching our magazine with his write up on sustainable
energy issue.

We would like to thank the sponsors for their support. This endeavor could not have been
materialized without support from honorable Director of Students’ Welfare, Dr. Satya Prasad
Majumdar and moderator of our club, Dr. Tanvir Ahmed.

We hope, the write ups of this magazine will encourage readers to think, speak and act for
environment.

-Editorial Board, EW: B

 In Search of Sustainability
Dr. Kawnish Kirtania

A Quic A Quick Glance on Tourism in Bangladesh and Environmental Conservation

Rifat Ibn Azad Tanim

পানি দূষণ: িদীমাতৃ ক বাাংলাদদশ এর চ্যাদলঞ্জ

আনকব রায়হাি

Use of Eggshell in ETP to Reduce Water Pollution

Mohammad Billal Hossain

Live Greener, Live Better

Maiesha Tabassum

Water Pollution: The Challenge for Riverine Bangladesh

Md. Tahmid Islam

Pedal for Humanity

Ehsanul Haque Ayon

হহ মািুষ!
সৈয়দা নাহার বিনতে আল্ রাজী
 In Search of ‘Sustainability’
W
hen talking about sustainability, often it
becomes problematic for me to define it.
At what level, we are going to achieve
sustainability (I don’t think we are trying that hard
but let’s say we do it!). Every process that we happen
to face in life leads to some chaos, some entropy
generation. Supposedly, the fate of this mediocre
planet in an average sized solar system of the Milky
Way galaxy depends on how far we can slow this
process down. If we can slow down the replenishing
of resources, environmental pollution etc., it might
lead to some sort of pseudo-sustainability as anyone
can expect. But why are we so serious about that
now?
Perhaps, the most pressing reason behind that is our
late interpretation of the aftermath of luxurious
lifestyle we lived through industrialization during the
past couple of centuries. And thanks to Haber (NH3
synthesis process developer) and biotech which
allowed us to grow to 7.6 billion in number (and yet
some say quality is better than quantity!). This is
actually more than double the population that the
world could have sustained without any synthetic
fertilizer and genetic engineering. In this process, we
managed to (almost) finish up the phosphorus in the
mines to produce phosphate fertilizers. People who
are dead in the meantime could be considered
fortunate leaving us to face the consequences of their
poor decisions. Also, the fact remains – most of the
residents of the developing world did not even have
the chance to enjoy the lifestyle that lead to climate
change and other sustainability issues while they are
going to get hurt the most. If you compare the CO2
foot print of Bangladesh and USA, it will become
apparent. Moreover, the developing countries neither
have the economic strength nor the technology to
face the climate related disasters. It is understandable
why USA and China are very passive about the
sustainability issues (not in research, research wise
Dr. Kawnish Kirtania
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET
very active – ironic, indeed!). It is difficult for them
to get out of a Ferrari and start driving a Tata Nano.
It is that speed and scale (and the technology behind
it) that made us so vulnerable. It took us this long to
understand earth is not expendable but we are.
If we are facing these issues right now, what are the
researchers doing? I observed Europe (both in
research and political level) to be very vocal about
their role regarding world sustainability issues and
climate change. So I had to ask one of my colleagues
working at RISE (Research Institute of Sweden) –
‘Why are you working in the field of bioenergy to
deal with climate change? Is that because Sweden
will be affected significantly?’ The answer was
unexpectedly straightforward – ‘That’s what we
believe in, a sustainable future for everyone.
Otherwise, if we invest that money in building a dam
around our coast line, that should do it for dealing
with the sea level rise.‘ Evidently, they have the
economic capability and technical strength. So I
thought this might be a Swedish view on our global
crisis on sustainability. So I asked a German (very
old) Professor from University of Stuttgart about his
view on this. The professor had spent his life
working on Coal combustion, so I thought it would
be interesting to hear his views. He was more in the
line of capturing CO2 from power plants and other
industries to store it underground (in the rocks from
where we drill crude oil). I was a bit skeptical on that
point expressing my concern if the rock pores will be
good enough to hold the captured CO2. He did not
show much enthusiasm on my opinion and avoided
my question diplomatically. In contrast, my other
German colleague from Forschungszentrum Jülich
had an alternative view on ‘sustainable energy’. He
said he never believed that bioenergy or wind could
take care of the energy need we created through
fossil fuel use. The sun is the only source of energy
that just might take care of all our problems.
Whatever the bioenergy or, wind can produce that may be burned to produce energy. This will ensure
should also continue to provide a helping hand to the the long-term security for the forest resources. Every
solar power. What more, he even banished the idea bioresource must go through a value chain.
of storing CO2 underground. Otherwise, if trees are only cut to produce firewood,
Those were some very competing concepts from it won’t be long to see a forest-free Finland (which
will be absolutely horrible).
some of the pioneers in their field to support the
movement for sustainability in their own way. I
started thinking that those bits and pieces of thoughts
just need to be put together. And I realized what we
needed most is not sustainable energy or, sustainable
water resources or food, we needed a ‘sustainable
policy’ first that can utilize the advancement of
technologies in each and every field of research to
bring them under the same umbrella. The other most
important factor is the social awareness at every
level. The actual sufferers (current and next
generation) should learn to defend themselves by
being more sensible about utilization of resources
and treating the environment.
My realization came to reality when I found (in a
couple of years after those chats) in a news that
Germany had met almost 95 % of their total energy
need from renewable sources (solar and wind) in
2016. Later in another meeting, I discovered they
Fig. 1: Bio-based circular economy
came up with – ‘Power to gas’ or, ‘Power to liquid’
concept for energy storage. This means they will
convert any surplus of the renewable energy (that Obviously, there is no silver bullet to deal with the
they cannot utilize at once) as chemical energy in the ‘sustainability’ related issues. Every country will
form of gas or, liquid. For example, they will use that have different types of resources in variable quantity.
energy to produce methanol and store it. Eventually,
they will burn it to produce energy when there will So the ‘sustainable policy’ needs to be catered
be less than 100 % renewable energy available. This keeping those in mind. And as the clock is ticking,
ensures their continuous use of renewable energy in this has to be taken care of as soon as possible. Our
one form or, the other. Similar commitment towards situation as a whole reminds me of a story (told by
sustainable resource use and bioenergy is shown by
the Finns. They are the first to adopt a Bio-based Finns) about three Swedish Soldiers. They were
Circular Economy (Fig. 1) in the national level. This patrolling the Northern territory of Sweden and
means there will be maximum use of bioenergy suddenly, saw a large Army approaching towards
through a carefully designed hierarchy to ensure the
(literally, attacking) them. Immediately, they sat
use of renewable energy in a sustainable way
producing zero-waste. All the wastes will be used down for a meeting to decide what to do. I will leave
one way or, the other to make it useful throughout the ending to the reader. If you have not yet got my
the cycle. For example, a tree will be used for point, better let it go for now (and forget about
making furniture at first and the remaining of the
sustainability).
process could be used to produce chemicals etc. And
then the residue from the second step of the process
 A Quick Glance on Tourism in Bangladesh
and Environmental Conservation
Rifat Ibn Azad Tanim
Student, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

I beg your pardon for starting this article with such a depressing picture. The picture was taken at Banga-
bandhu Safari Park situated at Gazipur. It’s a perfect representation of ourselves, as a Bangladeshi what we’re
doing to our environment. And I don’t need to tell you how ugly it is and what are the consequences of throw-
ing plastics into the environments. On account of tourism we have somewhat evolved in the past few years.
More people are making tours both inside and outside of the country. This is definitely a good thing for us. But
is it good for the environment too? Well, I’m not quite sure about that.

Bangladesh earned 139.98 million US dollars from the tourism sector during January- May period of 2017 cal-
endar year compared to 64.06 million US dollars in 2016 clocking 218.58 per cent growth over the same peri-
od, according to the Bangladesh Bank and Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation. Earlier, Bangladesh earned
163.21 million US dollars from the tourism sector in 2016 calendar year compared to 145.74 million US dol-
lars in 2015 clocking 11.99 per cent growth last year, according to statistics of according to statistics of Bang-
ladesh Bank and the Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC).

As we can clearly see from the statistics our tourism sector has hit a maximum and the growth rate is quite
amazing. More and more foreign tourists are now recognizing Bangladesh as a beautiful country to travel in.
But there’s a but. And it’s quite a big and worrying one. The question is are we doing enough to preserve our
beautiful Bangladesh to present it to the whole world?

We have very few laws regarding environmental issues and only a few of them are put into practice. The re-
sult? The result can be seen in the picture shown above. We throw away our debris everywhere we go. There’s
this saying that when we travel a place we’re not meant to leave anything but our footsteps. And what do we
do? We shower the places we travel with bottles, plastics and what not? At the start of this very paragraph I
stated that we do not have enough laws regarding environmental issues. But do we actually need laws to stop
this? I guess we do. But what we need more actually is to change our mindset. We cannot save our environ-
ment by only setting laws. We need to acknowledge our nature and environment as our friend and not throw
trashes at it’s face as a real friend never would. Rather we need to be more environment friendly as we build
up ourselves as a nation that loves to travel. Only then we can expect other people to come to our country and
love it as much as we love it.

Leaving our signatures anywhere and everywhere.

But it’s a good thing that lately we’re becoming more and more aware of this situation. More people are rais-
ing voice against polluting our environment whenever we go travel. All tourism activities will have both posi-
tive and negative impacts on the natural, cultural and socio-economic environment. Furthermore, the impacts
also occur at different scales: primarily local, regional and global. Globally, tourism currently contributes
about 5% of greenhouse gas emissions. Much of our impact (50-98%) arises from the travel component, pri-
marily via plane or car. The remainder is derived from on-site impacts associated with accommodation and
leisure activities.

Tourisms relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse envi-
ronmental effects. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental re-
sources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the
environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of
environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of our natural areas and increase their eco-
nomic importance.
Our tourism industry can contribute to environmental conservation through:

Direct Financial contributions

Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park entrance
fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for the protection and management of environ-
mentally sensitive areas. Special fees for park operations or conservation activities can be collected from tour-
ists or tour operators.

Improved Environmental Management and Planning

Sound environmental management of tourism facilities and especially hotels can increase the benefits to natu-
ral areas. But this requires careful planning for controlled development, based on analysis of the environmen-
tal resources of the area. Planning helps to make choices between conflicting uses or to find ways to make
them compatible. By planning early for tourism development, damaging and expensive mistakes can be pre-
vented, avoiding the gradual deterioration of environmental assets significant to tourism.

Environmental Awareness Raising

Tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of envi-
ronmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This confronta-
tion may heighten awareness of the value of nature and lead to environmentally conscious behavior and activi-
ties to preserve the environment. For instance, Honduran schoolchildren from the capital city of Tegucigalpa
are routinely taken to visit La Tigra cloud forest visitor center, funded in part by eco-tourist dollars, to learn
about the intricacies of the rainforest.

Protection and Preservation

Tourism can significantly contribute to environmental protection, conservation and restoration of biological
diversity and sustainable use of natural resources. Because of their attractiveness, pristine sites and natural are-
as are identified as valuable and the need to keep the attraction alive can lead to creation of national parks and
wildlife parks.

Let’s finish the article with a positive insight. We are getting more aware of the detrimental effects on the en-
vironment when we travel. And it’s not very long from now on I hope that as a nation we’ll travel responsibly
for our mother nature and preserve it.

This photo is taken from the facebook group TOB (Travellers Of Bangladesh). These people extracted all the
trash and garbage from the Khoiyachora waterfall.

Let’s be more watchful when we travel. Let’s not hamper the harmony of our surrounding environment.
Long live mother nature.
 পানি দূষণ: িদীমাতৃক বাাংলাদদশ এর চ্যাদলঞ্জ
আনকব রায়হাি

৪র্থ বষথ
ভূদগাল ও পনরদবশ নবভাগ , ঢাকা নবশ্বনবদযালয় ।

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“তদব আইি নক ললাক লদখাদিা ? ”

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 Use of Eggshell in ETP to Reduce
Water Pollution.
Mohammad Billal Hossain
Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology

T
he rapidly expanding garment industry of Bangladesh continuous to play an important role in the coun-
try’s main economy. It is also contributing greatly to reduce the internal unemployment problem of the
country. Many reputed and established international buyers are showing their interest in the readymade
garments of Bangladesh. This is creating scope for expansion of this industry as well as strengthening the eco-
nomic growth of the country. But the untreated waste water from the garment industries is having serious af-
fects on the environment. Rivers and canals are getting contaminated, bio-diversity is hampered. Agriculture is
at risk as well as people’s livelihoods. To keep the momentum of the garment industry forward, there is no al-
ternative but to treat the waste water of the factories. Here we have 7000 industries producing 1.3 million tons
of factory waste every-day and throwing them in the river, canal and water bodies. If this continues, not only
industrial growth will be hampered but also our existence will be at risk. It is very hopeful that some industries
are installing effluent treatment plant (ETP) to treat waste water and conserve the environment. But it is not
enough. The following types of effluent treatment plants are being used in our country, physiochemical treat-
ment plant, Biological treatment plant, physiochemical and biological treatment plant. Recently, a new Electro
coagulation plant has been introduced, but only in a limited number.

In case of biological-chemical type ETP. Equalization the first step of any ETP plant. Waste water is produced
at various concentrations. Concentration are made equal here. If it is not equalized, it creates problem in other
stages. Here a machine is rotating like a fan and agitating the water. Through this, the oxygen deficiency in the
waste water is gradually reduced. This is called Aeration. So agitation increases aeration. As such, various con-
centrations like pH, Temperature reaches an equal state. Then the waste water goes to the biological treatment
plant unit. This is an important step of the whole process. From the equalization tank the water flow to the bio-
logical treatment plant unit. Here two step is done for complete this process bacteria remove the impurities
from the water. The main objective of this treatment plant is to reduce the biological oxygen demand (BOD).
When water passed out from this treatment plant through biological treatment process, the biological oxygen
demand is greatly reduced.
The next step is chemical treatment plant. The specialty of the chemical treatment plant is that here chemicals
are added to the waste water. This addition of chemicals serves two purposes, one is to control the pH and the
other is coagulation. Primarily, Ferrous Sulphate ((FeSO4)) and Lime (CaO) are used. Some use Alluminium
Sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) or Ferric Sulphate(Fe2(SO4)3), but they all serve the same purpose. Small suspended
particles join with one another and become heavy. This water is flown to next stage. The next stage is the Floc-
culation tank. The chemical treatment is done where the small suspended particles join and become bigger.
This makes the suspension denser and at the flocculation tank, finally, polyelectrolytes are added. These poly-
electrolytes make the granules even bigger. The water is agitated and granules start to get bigger. At one the
particles and the liquid separate. The suspended particles moving around. As the suspended particles are get-
ting heavier they are slowly moving down and the water is becoming clearer at the top & the water and the sol-
ids are separated, and the clear water passes to the next stage. The black water trends to become pure and clear.

In the biological-chemical treatment ETP is completed with four stages. Chemical treatment is one of the im-
portant stage to treat the waste water. In this stage primarily, Ferrous Sulphate ((FeSO4)) and Lime (CaO) are
used. Some use Alluminium Sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) or Ferric Sulphate(Fe2(SO4)3), but they all serve the same
purpose. Small suspended particles join with one another and become heavy when they are become heavier,
it’s enough for precipitating. This chemicals are used for two purposes to control pH and coagulation.
The above chemicals are expensive and sludge (The semi-solid material after crate process of industrial and
municipal liquid wastage) of these chemicals are hazardous to the environment as well as human health.
The necessity of treatment of the industrial wastewater is increased with respect to international rules and regu-
lations which means the reduction of various chemical particles in the water. To remove toxic pollutants from
water and wastewater various methods are available including reverse osmosis, ion exchange, precipitation,
electro dialysis, adsorption etc. Among these, adsorption is by far the most versatile and widely used method
for the removal of pollutants due to its high removal capacity and ease of operation at large scale. Different
researchers have used different materials as adsorbents for the removal of toxic pollutants with its individual
advantages and limitations
In respect of above problem eggshell can be best option as alternative of Ferrous Sulphate ((FeSO4)) and Lime
(CaO) as adsorbent for de-colorization in the process of ETP.

Countrywide consumption of hen and duck eggs is quite high, which provides an availability of huge amount
of eggshell wastage. Different food, bakery and poultry units are the main source of eggshell and they faced
unbearable problem to dispose this eggshell.This problem can be solved by utilizing the eggshell in different
purposes. Investigations have been conducted to explore the possibility of useful applications of eggshells, es-
pecially for wastewater. Present global are strict about environment standards, technical application and cost
effectiveness in the selection of ingredient for treatment of wastewater.

In order to decrease the cost of treatment, attempts have been studied for the development of cheaper and also
effective adsorbents which could be able to replace the more costly chemical which are used for treatment.
The results of various research has shown that eggshells appears to be able to effectively adsorb certain heavy
metals, organic compounds and de-colorization. In fact, the porous nature of eggshell makes it an attractive
material to be employed as an adsorbent.
Eggshell is nontoxic, versatile and efficient adsorbent to remove hazardous chemical, various dyes, metal and
surfactants from wastewater and chemical solution.
Eggshell membranes had a much larger capacity to adsorb the chemical than did the other components. The
porous nature of eggshells makes it an attractive material to be used as an adsorbent. Each eggshell is estimat-
ed to contain between 7000 and 17000 pores. The results presented demonstrate clearly that eggshell with its
membrane attached is a potentially useful material to be used for de-colorization and removal of chemical from
industrial wastewater in ETP process.

The use of this kind of adsorbents has a lot of advantages, because of the low cost, the availability of eggshells
and the no need for pretreatment for surface activation. Based on the composition, calcium carbonate is the
main component of eggshell. In aqueous solution, a hydrolysis reaction takes place and the system becomes
more alkaline.

Figure: Ultra-structural and schematic view of the eggshell

The previous figure refers that the eggshell structure contains more porous portion which can easily take the
waste and dye particle and make it larger than before.[04] Finally the larger particles precipitate (de-
colorization), drop in the environment is totally safe for the earth as not for containing any hazardous chemical
on eggshell.
Egg shells were washed with tap water to remove all adhering albumen, then boil these 15-20 minutes for re-
moving any bacteria. After thar eggshell is dried at 105 C for 4–24 h and grind them with grinder makes egg-
shell powder. Approximately particle size 5 micrometer, was stored in glass vials in a dry place at room tem-
perature prior to be use (24 h–2 years)
It may effective to use 10-50 grams eggshell powder per 1 liter solution of waste water and agitate them in 35-
40℃ temperature.Eggshell graves the dye particles and other chemical by physically as it has enormous po-
rous about 7000-17000. Also there is a chance to create a covalent bond with dye particles.

CaCO3 Ca 2+ + CO32-

CO32- + H2O HCO3- +OH-

D-R-Cl + HCO3 D-R=CO3 + HCl

Fig: Eggshell makes covalent with dye particles (Reactive)

The main reason not to setup the ETP is it’s costlier process. If we can use the eggshell replace of some valua-
ble chemicals, the total cost of ETP will reduce. As a result the industry will be interested to the effluent treat-
ment plant. That helps to control the environment pollution i.e water pollution, soil pollution and air pollution.
References:
1.A green adsorbent for heavy metal removal in an MBR system M. Pettinato a, S.Chakraborty a,n, Hassa-
nA.Arafat b, V.Calabro' a
2. Muhammad Ali Zulfikar1*, Edeh Dieke Mariske2 and Samitha Dewi Djajanti1 Adsorption of lin-
go sulfonate compounds using powdered eggshell
3. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 40 (Suppl.): 192 - 197 (2006) Adsorption of Reactive Dye by Eggshell and Its Mem-
brane
4. J. Carvalho • J. Araujo • F. Castro Alternative Low-cost Adsorbent for Water and Wastewater
Decontamination Derived from Eggshell Waste: An Overview
 LIVE GREENER, LIVE BETTER
Maiesha Tabassum
Student, BUET

F or many of us, having electricity is something that is taken for granted. What many don’t realise, is
that having access to a reliable and stable energy source is actually the backbone of a strong and
growing economy. A good energy system is what is needed to support all aspects of society, from
large businesses all the way to agriculture and education. The problem is that at the moment, energy is by
far the largest contributor to climate change, accounting for approximately 60% of global greenhouse gas
emissions – and the global demand for electricity is only going up. The use of fossil fuels to produce electrici-
ty is not only unsustainable, but also causes significant damage on our environment and general health (look
at the air pollution
problem in Beijing).

Most renewable energy comes either directly

or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar
energy, can be used directly for heating and
lighting homes and other buildings, for gener-
ating electricity, and for hot water heating,
solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and
industrial uses.

The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose

energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then,
the winds and the sun's heat cause water to
evaporate. When this water vapor turns into
rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or
streams, its energy can be captured using hy-
Figure: Sources of renewable energy
droelectric power.

Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is
known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of bio-
mass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.

Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on
the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxy-
gen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted
into electricity.

Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for
a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the ener-
gy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In addition to tidal energy, there's the energy of the
ocean's waves, which are driven by both the tides and the winds. The sun also warms the surface of the
ocean more than the ocean depths, creating a temperature difference that can be used as an energy source.
All these forms of ocean energy can be used to produce electricity.

The energy of the world needs to grow with the maturity of our technology. Changes in technology have giv-
en rise to many other alternative sources of energy which can be harnessed through various modern tech-
niques. There is still plenty of work to be done. This is in relation to the population that is vastly using mod-
ern devices that add to the ever increasing energy need. For us to cope with this energy need, energy com-
panies should exercise a lot of keenness when it comes to
their efforts in making energy accessible and available to
many people at all times

Fossil fuels have served mankind for over several years.

They have made our life simple as we can always have
whatever we want and whenever we want. The big ques-
tion that stands now if how far these fossil fuels can be
used considering the fact that they are going to vanish
soon from our lives. Moreover, some serious environmen-
tal problems related to global warming and climate change
have made people aware of the brutal consequences that
they may have to face if a switch to green and clean ener-
gy is not made sooner. This led to use of alternative or re-
newable energy sources.

The cost of renewable energy is now falling so fast that it should be a consistently cheaper source of electrici-
ty generation than traditional fossil fuels within just a few years, according to a new report from the Interna-
tional Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).

The organisation – which has more than 150 member

countries – says the cost of generating power from
onshore wind has fallen by around 23% since 2010
while the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity has
fallen by 73% in that time. With further price falls ex-
pected for these and other green energy options, IRE-
NA says all renewable energy technologies should be
competitive on price with fossil fuels by 2020.Globally,
onshore wind schemes are now costing an average of
$0.06 per kilowatt hour (kWh), although some
schemes are coming in at $0.04 per KwH, while the
cost of solar PV is down to $0.10 per KwH. In compari-
son, the cost of electricity generation based on fossil
fuels typically falls in a range of $0.05 to $0.17 per Figure: Renewable Energy subsidy and Electricity
KwH. The expected price falls for green energy will provide generation
a fresh challenge to the market position of legacy fuels and to the countries that rely on them for export earnings, such
as many Middle East states which have long looked to oil and gas sales as the bedrock of their economies. It also pro-
vides a challenge for some Western countries including the United States, where President Donald Trump has made a
point of championing the coal industry and has taken steps to increase oil output. If renewable energy is indeed
able to undercut the cost of legacy fuels, then governments and large corporations building new power
plants will almost certainly turn to green energy for any new capacity, which will reduce demand for oil, natural
gas and coal. There are several reasons for the fast-improving cost performance of the key renewable energy
technologies. One is the growing preference

among governments for competitive bidding processes when handing out contracts to develop new power
plants, which is helping to force down the tariffs that project developers can demand. Alongside that, there
is a growing base of experienced developers competing for project opportunities around the world. Thirdly,
continued advances are being made in the technologies themselves.

By 2030, the UN wants “universal access to reliable and modern energy”, as well as to “increase substantially
the share of renewable energy”. Today, approximately 1.2 billion people do not have access to electricity at
all, whilst a further 2.8 billion a forced to rely on wood, charcoal, coal, etc for their energy. On top of that,
less than 20% of the world’s energy is generated through renewable sources. There is good news, though. In
2016, renewable energy capacity increased by 10%, whilst the cost of investment actually decreased by 23%
– this is certainly a good sign and reflects a global desire to push for renewable energies. There are some
countries out there leading by example – 42% of Denmark’s energy comes from wind turbines (with a target
of 100% by 2050), and China accounting for over half of the world’s solar power capacity last year.
Renewable energy has the greatest potential to boost the economies of the poorest nations, specifically
those in Africa and Asia. Renewable technology is linked heavily with human development, as they can pro-
vide electricity, heat, mechanical energy at a far more efficient rate, and would significantly reduce the 400
million deaths caused by current energy solutions in these countries.

In a world with so much political and economic volatility, it would be nice to have something to rely on, and
there are so many things that we can do individually and as a society to push for a sustainably developing
world. On a large scale, governments need to accelerate the transition to renewable energy – through both
investment (in resources and research) and promoting best practice (ways for the population to be smarter
with energy consumption). One such example could be a transition towards grid-scale energy storage, which
would make renewable energy sources more reliable and save lots of money on energy overall. Most im-
portantly, there needs to be more help and investment from the strongest nations to developing countries
to improve technology, affordable energy and infrastructure as a whole.

References:
1.
A new approach to energy and sustainable development - the Sustainable Development Scenario
(https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/november/a-new-approach-to-energy-and-sustainable-
development-the-sustainable-development.html)

2.
What is Sustainable Energy? (https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/
isrenewableenergysustainable.php)

3.
Renewable energy set to be cheaper than fossil fuels by 2020, according to new report (https://
www.independent.co.uk/environment/renewable-energy-cheaper-fossil-fuels-2020-uk-green-climate-
change-global-warming-report-irea-a8160051.html)
 Water Pollution: The Challenge for Riverine
Bangladesh
Tahmid Islam
Student, Chemical Engineering, BUET

Water pollution, the release of substances into subsurface groundwater or into lakes, streams, river s,
estuaries, and oceans to the point where the substances interfere with beneficial use of the water or with the
natural functioning of ecosystems. In addition to the release of substances, such as chemicals or microorgan-
isms, water pollution may also include the release of energy, in the form of radioactivity or heat, into bodies of
water. Water bodies can be polluted by a wide variety of substances, including pathogenic microorganisms,
putrescible organic waste, plant nutrients, toxic chemicals, sediments, heat, oil, and radioactive substances.
Bangladesh is a riverine country. Within the borders of Bangladesh lie the bottom reaches of the Himalayan
Ranges' water sources, which serve as the primary sources for rivers that flow through such countries
as China, Bhutan, and India and eventually passing into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh. The Bangladesh
Rivers also drive various economic activities such as agriculture, waterway communication, and energy
source among others. Since these rivers play a significant role in the economic growth, it is therefore deemed
important to study some of the major rivers like Padma, Meghna, Jamuna, Karnaphuli, Atrai River, Surma,
Ganges, Brahmaputra in Bangladesh, focusing on the countries they flow through.

Water pollution is exceeding the limit in most of the water sources, and has become a great threat to the sur-
vival of aquatic species. An analysis on news of the year 2011 that published in ‘The Daily Star,’ relevant to
water pollution, including pollution of both the marine and freshwater especially water of the river, is high-
lighted in following article.

POLLUTION OF THE RIVER WATER:

The rivers of Bangladesh are the worse victim of pollution, especially the rivers which stands in the neighbor-
hood of the Dhaka city is being polluted tremendously.

Causes:

1. Rapid and unplanned urbanization and industrialization, brickfield development, Dying factories, tanneries,
Grabbing up the river.
2. The slum dwellers use unhygienic open latrines, wash clothes; take bath even cows and goats bathe in the
river.
3. Untreated wastes are thrown into the river as most of the industries have no Effluent Treatment Plant.
According to an industrial survey conducted by Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS) in 2009,
only about 40% industries have ETPs. In 10% industries, ETPs are under construction and about 50% indus-
tries have no ETP establishment. That is, more than 50% of waste generated by the industries eventually goes
to the rivers untreated.
4. Some rivers are used to rot jute plants by the farmers.
5. Oil spills of boats and different water vessel.
6. Using agrochemicals in agricultural land.

Effects:

 The dissolved oxygen level of many of the rivers’ water has reached at lethal level.

Fig 1: DO condition after affected by pollutants

 Due to over spilling of pollutants during the rainy season, the agricultural lands are contaminated that
they have lost their crop growing capacity and hence remain unused all the year round.

 Sometimes the pollutants enter food chain eventually killing birds, fish, and mammals.

 The scientists in a recent research on the Karnaphuli found traces of radioactivity ‘very close to risk
level’ on the soil. If radioactivity of the river soil goes up it will hamper the natural breeding of fish as
well as growth of fishes. If the people eat the affected fish it may spread to their body.According to the
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation on 2000 (UNSCER), normal lev-
el of radiation hazard due to radioactivity is 0.5. The scientists in their research got 0.6507 for external ra-
diation hazard and 0.82 for internal radiation hazard where the risk level is 1.

 Pollution is so acute that hardly any hydro-organisms can tolerate it and eventually, fish of many spe-
cies are found floating dead in the river water. These dead fishes gradually get rotten and highly add to the
further pollution of the river water

 Due to rotting jute in the river (Chitra) water the water quality of the river is in an inferior position as
aquatic creatures are dying for lack of oxygen.

 The river pollution has also hit the local fishermen hard. Life has become difficult for them as they lost
their income source.

 This also results in the alteration of geomorphic features which can then change in the geometry and
sedimentary characteristics of river channels, flood plains and deltas.
  Industrial pollutants such as lead, cadmium, iron, copper and organic wastes from leaking sewage sys-
tems can accumulate in rivers. Referred as bioaccumulation, this process can ruthlessly affect water quali-
ty and species survival. More importantly, bioaccumulation of metals in fish, crabs and other edible aquat-
ic species, may cause health problems to enter the food chain. Also, this can destroy the water aeration
system, the self-purifying process of rivers.

 Eutrophication, a process of absorbing excessive nutrients (especially N and P) beyond their buffering
capacity of water bodies leads to the loss of species diversity through increased species mortality, changes
in species collection and loss of aquatic flora and fauna diversity.

Some steps to minimize pollution in last few years:

There is always a try to minimize pollution. Tongi Industrial Area have unanimously decided for establishing
and operating a central ETP with their concerted effort with a view to tackling the Turag River pollution
(Prothom-Alo, August 31, 2010). Some projects are initiated to lessen this huge pollution by the government
though these all are not effective always.

The water board designed sluice gates on the Jamuna near the Bangabandhu Jamuna Bridge from where the
waters would be diverted to the Buriganga.

The most striking reason of pollution river water is the surrounding industries like chemical industries, dying
industries, tanneries etc. According to the Environment Conservation Act, 1995 (Amendment 2010), dyeing
factories are “red category” industries and are bound to install and run an ETP.

Some other reasons are also liable for water pollution like rotting jute in river water, human wastes, domestic
wastes, sand lifting etc. The fish resources and other aquatic resources are being lost from their natural habitat.
Fishermen and other people who earn from the river centered activities are being confused and frustrated
about their source of income as river water has gone under threat.

While the leather sector brought home hundreds of millions dollars in export earning over the decades, its pol-
lution took its toll on the fish resources, the economic value of which had never been calculated.

The rivers which are closed to the Dhaka city such as Buriganga, Turag, Balu etc. have become more polluted
than the others as most of the industries are situated near by these rivers. The slum houses and housing compa-
ny also worsen the situation.

The pollution spot near the Buriganga Third Bridge experiences huge toxic chemical liquid waste from the
Hazaribagh Tannery area through Bashila Khal. There are about 149 tanneries in Hazaribagh which daily gen-
erate about 18,000 liters liquid and about 115 metric tones solid waste almost all of which get released into the
river Turag through Bashila and Katasur khals. The other extreme pollution spot is near the Tongi Bridge that
derives massive pollutant loading from the Tongi Industrial Area. This industrial area possesses about 29
heavy industries. This cluster of industries of the capital city generates 7,159 kg effluents daily (IWM, 2008).

The Institute of Water Modeling (IWM) and the World Bank conducted a survey of pollution in Dhaka Rivers
in 2007 that showed there are over 300 various effluent discharge outlets in the capital and Narayanganj.

Most of the rivers, the lifeline of our country, have been polluted severely. If we can’t stop polluting the river
now, those rivers will soon become lifeless river. Recent surveys claim that in some parts of polluted river, the
level of pollution is so high where in no fish can survive!

The government should inspect whether the etps are operated properly or not because all the industries having
ETPs don’t keep them operational all the time; Integrated land and water management approaches towards
effective river restoration policy should be implemented without delay; Strict enforcement of the existing en-
vironmental policy should be ensured and revised; The slum house should be eradicated from the river bank
ensuring the habitation for slum people; Alternative way for waste disposal should be introduced other than
the river water and If possible new rules and regulations should be introduced and implemented strictly.

MARINE WATER POLLUTION

Impacts of climate change on marine water are a burning issue in all over the world while pollution through
many other activities should be focused.

Causes:

 Due to the continued high level of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, seawater chemistry is changing
which is causing it to be more acidic. This phenomenon termed as ‘ocean acidification’.

 Ship breaking activities near by the coast also worsen the condition.

 Accidental or deliberate, operational discharges and spills of oil from ships, especially tankers, off-
shore platforms and pipelines, are the most obvious and visible causes of oil pollution of the marine envi-
ronment.

 Non-recyclable wastes that are dumped in the seawater from the nearby sources

Existing effects

 When wastes are discharged in to the sea it can negatively affect biodiversity, food, and human health
in coastal areas, oceans and waterways.

 Consumption of contaminated sea bilge water may contain metals which generally cannot be removed
through treatment. Metals, if ingested, can cause various human health problems such as lead poisoning
and cancer.

 As the density of oil is less than water, it floats on the top, forming a thick impermissible membrane
which prevents marine organisms to come contact of sunlight and oxygen, and eventually kills them. As
the layer is black and opaque, the sunlight cannot pass through the surface.

This prevents the marine plants from photosynthesizing sunlight into energy. If the constituents of the oil are
heavier, then they might sink to the sea floor, blanketing it and thus hindering the marine life over there.

Effects on marine wildlife:

Sea birds and sea mammals are quite vulnerable to oil spills because they are the most likely of all sea life to
run into oil floating on the water.
Effects on coastal habitat: A large array of sea species, from marine mammals to sea birds, turtles, fish, crusta-
ceans, and mollusks lose their habitat. Spilled oil and certain cleanup operations can threaten different types of
marine habitats in different ways.

Coral reefs are important nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals as well as recreational attractions for
divers, are at risk from exposure to the toxic substances within oil.

Deposited oil may seep into the muddy bottoms of these tidal flats, creating potentially harmful effects on the
ecology of the area. Long-term depletion of sediment life could have an adverse effect on birds or fish that use
tidal flats as feeding grounds.

Salt marshes are found in sheltered waters in cold and temperate areas; host a variety of plant, bird, and mam-
mal life. Marsh vegetation, especially root system, is easily damaged by fresh light oils. .
Probable future impacts:

 Ocean acidification: Amongst the organisms most are threatened by ocean acidification are the shell-
building ones such as corals, calcareous plankton (coccolithophores) and algae, molluscs (oysters, mussels,
clams etc), echinoderms (sea urchins, starfish, brittle-stars, etc) and some crustaceans.Ocean acidification,
with decrease in pH level, will decrease the availability of carbonate ions (CO3-2) in the water and this ion is
very important for these kinds of organisms since it is used for their calcification

Fig 2: Ocean suffers from rising level of CO2. The underlying chemical process behind ocean acidification
(courtesy: google photos)

Calcification – the process by which these kinds of organisms produce their hard shells and skeletons. The less
carbonate ions availability in the water would hamper the calcification, slowing down the growth rates and
decreasing the structural strengths of these organisms

Ocean acidification, if not controlled, would exacerbate the situation and could destroy all the coral reefs by as
early as 2050. If reefs disappear, many of the reef associated species would face extinction. Consequently,
worldwide reef fisheries which provide 9-12% of the world fish landings will collapse. Tourism related to
reefs in different countries of the world (at least in about 94 countries) will be stopped as well.

 Sedimentation: In Bangladesh, coral communities are found only around St. Martin’s Island. Here, a total
of 66 coral species have been recorded. They are currently struggling with human pressure and high level of
sedimentation, and in near future they are expected to face sea-level rise and increased temperature. If the cor-
al reef disappears, around 86 species of coral reef associated fish recorded from St. Martin’s Island might
vanish as well.

 Sea-level-rise: In tropical regions, low-lying floodplains and associated swamps could be displaced by
saltwater habitats due to the combined actions of sea-level rise, more intense monsoonal rains, and larger tidal
or storm surges. Saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers is also potentially a major problem.

Scientists are concerned with a fact that, everybody anticipates sea-level-rise impact and associated climate
change impact on Bangladesh coastal areas. It is already reported that about 18% of Bangladesh’s land will be
submerged if the sea-level rises by one meter.
 Fig 4: Top-Bottom: Affected sea hero after an oil spill (courtesy: google photos)

Oil pollution by accident of tanker ship

In Bangladesh, sea-level-rise is colossally affecting coastal areas of the severely affected coastal districts,
most affected ones are Satkhira and Bagerhat. Rice cultivation has been reduced by 8 times and shrimp culture
practice is increased during the last 10 years in these two districts.

Dumping of bilge from the ship and non-recyclable wastages from various sources, ship breaking activities,
Ocean acidification due to climate change can be detected as the major causes of marine water pollution.

A report published by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) included ship breaking industries in
India, Bangladesh and Pakistan among the major land-based sources of marine pollution in the South Asian
Seas region.

It was in March 2009 that the High Court issued a directive asking the government to stop unregulated import
of scrap ships and formulate rules to ensure scrap yard workers’ safety.

The Supreme Court directive on the government to frame a set of rules by December 14, 2011 to counter esca-
lating hazards posed by ship-breaking industry in Shitakundu is emphatic. The apex court also makes it man-
datory for the government to stop conditional import of scrap ships.

The economic necessity of ship-breaking, considering the rising demand of steel, cannot be overemphasized.
But the current indiscriminate import of scrap ships is completely unacceptable. This present SC directive
should be taken seriously by the government to urgently formulate a new set of rules based on international
conventions and other related national laws on environment protection.

On the 20th of December, 2010 an oil spill was detected in the Bay of Sitakunda in Chittagong. It was over 3
kilometers long and 300-400 feet wide with a reddish- black layer. It is suspected that, the cause of the oil spill
was the unauthorized transfer or intentional dump of oil into the sea to salvage the grounded Indian flag carri-
er Ocean Pearl.

Climate change affects all aspects of biodiversity; however, the changes have to take into account concerning
the impacts from the past, present, and future human activities, including increasing atmospheric concentra-
tion of carbon dioxide. Earth’s mean surface temperature has been projected to warm 1.4 to 5.8º C by the end
of the 21st century. Then globally, by the year 2080, about 20% of the coastal wetlands could be lost due to
sea level-rise. According to their analysis, unlike global warming and climate change, the major emitters of
CO2 are likely to be among those countries most affected by ocean acidification.

The five most vulnerable countries to ocean acidification are – Japan ranking first in the analysis, followed by
France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Australia. Among the 187 countries ranked, China and the
United States, the world’s top CO2 emitters, rank 13th and 8th respectively, while the rank of Bangladesh is
65.

Until now, most of the studies evaluating impacts of ocean acidification have been carried out in the high lati-
tudes and in the temperate regions since those areas will be affected first. Very few researches have been done
to identify the most vulnerable elements of tropical ecosystems. Perhaps no effort has been made so far in
Bangladesh as well to identify the threats associated with ocean acidification.

There is no practical solution to this problem except relying on nature to take its course which might take
thousands to millions of years for total recovery. Until then the only realistic action we can take is to reduce
our global CO2 emissions significantly which will help slow the rate of acidification in the oceans as well.
Policy makers need to realize that the measures that only address global warming and climate change are not
enough to fully confront global change impacts. Vulnerable countries including Bangladesh need to be con-
cerned about this emerging environmental problem and include ocean acidification alongside climate change
in their national action plans and strategies

Coral reefs are home to over 25 percent of all marine life and are among the world’s most fragile and endan-
gered ecosystems. Ocean acidification due to climate change is one of the major causes of coral reef destruc-
tion.

Researchers say that, taking into consideration the present condition, if the rate of destruction continues; al-
most 70% of the world’s coral reef will be destroyed by the year 2050.

Healthy coral reefs mean a healthy world. The Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine
Meteorology (JCOMM) says that “An immediate global response to reduce anthropogenic drivers of climate
change is imperative to ensure the survival of these invaluable and diverse ecosystems,”

Bangladesh is a natural laboratory and the place of highest species assemblage as well as species richness in
the world, especially the southwestern coastal areas of the country. This area functions both as terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems ensemble. Alternative way should be thought to minimize the future impacts of climate
change before reach at extreme level.

“A discipline dealing with what is good and bad, with moral duty and obligation” To establish a sense of right
and wrong at every level of society: - individual - communal - organizational -national – global (https://
plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/)
States that the Earth itself has moral value and is to be treated with respect from those living within it States
that the Earth and it resources should be treated as a community rather than a commodity.
Our rivers, lakes, aquifers, and coastal waters aren’t unlimited resources that can handle whatever we take out
or dump in. These waters need protection.
 Pedal for Humanity
Ehsanul Haque Ayon
Student, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

“Will you pedal this cycle for 15 mins?? It may help us to turn on a light.”

-“No thanks.”

“Will you pedal this cycle for 15 mins for a Burger??”

-“Show me the bicycle.”

This was an advertisement for a Danish restaurant. Crowne Plaza hotel announced that “Just 15 minutes of cy-
cling can produce 10 watt-hours of electricity, and earn you a free meal.”

Over the last quarter-century, the concept of renewable energy has emerged as a defining imperative of human-
ity that is situated at the nexus of science and technology. This concept is framed as a mean to mitigate the
negative impacts of natural resource depletion, energy consumption and water consumption. Due to the energy
crisis, environmental, economic, political, market and social issues, researchers have been attracted to develop
sources of sustainable and renewable energies to secure energy consumption, protect the environment, and to
promote regional development. The implementation of successful renewable energy that is sustainable in time,
especially at the community level, has been related to more open and participatory processes where views, ex-
pectations and framings from different stakeholders become integrated.

On the other hand, strong emphasis is put on renewable energy as sustainable technologies, focusing on the
relation of renewable energy projects with the overall sustainability of a particular community or system. It is
usually stated that renewable energy contributes to the sustainability of specific territories by providing them
with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental benefits. One of the renewable energy projects with
possibilities is Pedal Powered Energy.

Pedal generators convert mechanical energy generated from the rotating motion to electrical energy using a
generator or alternator. If we look around we can see that the common configurations for pedal generators usu-
ally mimic bicycles, with the cyclist sitting in a forward or recumbent position. Nowadays some manufacturers
are trying to create retrofitting packages, where exercise or outdoor-use bicycles are hooked up to an external
generator.

Electrical power that we are generating from the pedaling motion may be stored in a battery or used instantane-
ously. One commercially available example of this system is a pedal generator configuration for a retrofit unit:
“the Human Power Trainer” manufactured by Windstream Power LLC. In this configuration, the generator
pulley is in contact with the bike tire. The rotary motion of the tire is transferred to a permanent magnet DC
generator that produces DC power. The voltage of the generator increases as the pedaling rate in revolutions
per minute (rpm) increases, and charging or powering begins when the voltage of the load is met and exceeded
by the generator. At this point the pedaling resistance increases significantly.

Frequently asked question about pedal powered system is the efficiency. Losses occurring during the conver-
sion of mechanical pedaling power to electrical power are assumed to be small (generators are 80-90% effi-
cient), due to the efficiency of small permanent magnet DC generators. Additional power losses will be in-
curred if an inverter is used to convert from DC to AC. The efficiency of inverters converting from 12 VDC to
110 VAC is in the 85-95% range, depending on the characteristics of attached loads. Efficiency of converting
mechanical pedaling energy to electrical energy therefore varies significantly depending on what type of cur-
rent is desired. Efficiencies for DC and AC current are in the 80-90%, and 70-85% range respectively. Effi-
ciency ranges for the conversion of food energy to electrical energy for DC and AC currents are therefore 5-
6%, and 4-5% respectively.

It is hardly news, fossil fuels are fated to run out sooner or later. The main question, on which researchers seem
to have difficulties to agree, is when. Straightforward predictions are hard as there are a lot of unknown fac-
tors. One is future consumption, which will depend on elements such as population growth, the evolution of
energy efficiency and the use of other energy sources. Secondly, there is uncertainty over the amount of re-
serves still available. How much will new technology facilitate extraction is still vague. We may need a
THANOS to wipe out half the universe to save the rest or you can STEP UP AND PEDAL FOR HUMANITY.
 ।

।
 শেখ হাসিনার উদ্যাগ ঘদ্র ঘদ্র সিদ্যুৎ
িাড়দ্ে সিদ্যুৎ হদ্ে উন্নয়ন গড়দ্ে িাাংলাদ্েে
হসরপুর ৪১২ শমিঃওিঃ কম্বাইন্ড িাইদ্কল পাওয়ার প্লান্ট, হসরপুর, নারায়ণগঞ্জ। সিসদ্ধরগদ্ঞ্জ স্কুল েিদ্নর োদ্ে শিৌর সিদ্যুৎ শকন্দ্র।

সিসদ্ধরগঞ্জ ২১২০ শমিঃওিঃ সপসকাং পাওয়ার প্লান্ট, সিসদ্ধরগঞ্জ, নারায়ণগঞ্জ। সিসদ্ধরগঞ্জ ৩৩৫ শমিঃওিঃ কম্বাইন্ড িাইদ্কল পাওয়ার প্লান্ট, সিসদ্ধরগঞ্জ, নারায়ণগঞ্জ।

জাতীয় উন্নয়দ্ন মানিম্মত সিদ্যুৎ উৎপােদ্ন ইসজসিসি সলিঃ অঙ্গীকারিদ্ধ

ইদ্লসিসিটি শজনাদ্রেন শকাম্পানী অি িাাংলাদ্েে (ইসজসিসি) সলিঃ
(িাাংলাদ্েে সিদ্যুৎ উন্নয়ন শিাদ্ড ের একটি প্রসতষ্ঠান)
ইউসনক হাইটি (শলদ্েল-১৫ ও ১৬), ১১৭ কাজী নজরুল ইিলাম এসেসনউ, ইস্কাটন গাদ্ডেন, ঢাকা-১২১৭।
www.egcb.com.bd; mail: info@egcb.com.bd