S STUDY FOR CIVIL SERVICES Empirical approach : according to-thisapproach experience or observation is 2 source of knowledge . Major concern (s what i3) rather than what ought to be Exponents (ristotle) Hobbes ,Jocke Limitations : neglects improvements by not focusing of values Legal constitutional approach :for understanding politics focus is paid on Jaws, constitution, limitations : same type of laws work differently in different contexts Institutional_approach : here focus is on political institutions . Like legislature , executives and judiciary . Limitations : very formal approach . Does not focus on informal working of institutions Modern Approaches. Behavioural approach »behavioural movement started in inter war period but primarily developed after world war 2. it focuses on observingbehaviour in real time’ and then predicting future this is vaiue neutral approach st took birth in america, when after 2° world war american scientists came up with limitaions of traditional approaches in tackling present issues Main exponent : david easton