My essay seeks the answers to a few major questions surrounding animal testing.

These

questions include: “Why was animal research first implemented?”, “How has it impacted what

we have today”,“Is animal research still ‘necessary’?”, and finally “Is animal research ethical?”.

I want to explore this topic thoroughly and hope to uncover the answers to these questions and

others.

"Animals and Medical Science: A Vision of a New Era." Medicine, Health, and Bioethics:

Essential Primary Sources, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Gale, 2006,

pp. 49-54. Opposing Viewpoints in Context,

http://link.galegroup.com.sinclair.ohionet.org/apps/doc/CX3456500031/OVIC?u=dayt30401&sid

=OVIC&xid=2adb01dc. Accessed 30 June 2019.

The author, David Webers, explains why there may be a need for such research and

emphasizes that it is vital to the evolution of our species that we use animal testing, but that we

complete the experiments ethically. He explains that there may not be a better alternative for

quite some time. He states that animals’ biology is similar to humans, and since animals live

only a short time, it’s easier to see the effects of a new medical innovation in a “life-span.”

David Weber is a Director of Neurology and a Professor of Neurology at the Mayo Clinic College

of Medicine. In this article, he looks at both sides, analyzes them, and then explains the ways

the opposing views are right in their own way, but he expresses to the audience that it is critical

that we continue to use animal testing. He wrote this article to inform readers and to persuade

them into seeing how neccessary animal testing is.

This article will be useful in my essay to analyze the opposing side. I can express their

reasoning behind animal testing and can refute it with my other research.
"Animal Testing Is Bad Science." Animal Rights, edited by Noah Berlatsky, Greenhaven Press,

2015. Current Controversies. Opposing Viewpoints in Context,

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ3010954207/OVIC?u=dayt30401&sid=OVIC&xid=1dc79e

5f. Accessed 23 June 2019. Originally published as "Animal Testing Is Bad Science:

Point/Counterpoint,".

This essay states that although many believe animals are good for testing medical innovations,

the opposite is true. It’s difficult for medical items to be tested because animals are extremely

different than humans. The article states that this research is wasting time, both animal and

human lives, and resources because these experiments are of no use. Over 92% of the

medications that pass the experimentation stage fail during human testing. This is due to them

either not working or causing dangerous complications. The article outlines other possible

routes that could be more successful in the creation of new and improved medical advances.

The author wrote this to inform those who stand by the “need” for animal testing. The article

brings light to more sufficient evidence and hopes to bring people to the realization that animal

research isn’t necessary for medical improvements.

Although the author remains unnamed, the author provides credible citations to back their

evidence. They cited multiple medical studies to show that they’ve done their research and are

well informed. This article was written relatively recently, just a few years ago.

I plan on using this article to help me express that the use of animal experimentation is

unnecessary. This essay also will be useful when I explain some of the other possible solutions

that could be used when researching a new product.

“Experiments on Animals: Overview.” PETA, 5 Apr. 2019, www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-

for-experimentation/animals-used-experimentation-factsheets/animal-experiments-overview/.

Accessed 23 June 2019.

This article also expresses that animal use has been unnecessarily implemented into our

society. It goes more in-depth in research examples than the previous article. The article also

describes the enormous amount of funding such experiments require and opens a discussion

about where the money is coming from. People may not even be aware that they are

unknowingly providing the monetary resources for this research. Some charities, such as the

March of Dimes, even use a percentage of their donations to fund these experiments.

This article informs its readers of the unfortunate truths behind animal testing. Providing

accurate and cited statistics to shock the reader into understanding why animal testing is a huge

issue.

This essay was written by a writer for PETA, which is a well-known organization that advocates

for the proper treatment of animals. The writer used many citations and credited exactly where

they got their work in a list of references at the precedence of the article.

I will take some of the startling statistics from this article and put them into my own essay to

convey the seriousness behind this topic.

Ferdowsian, Hope R., and Nancy Beck. “Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal

Testing and Research.” PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 9, Sept. 2011, pp. 1–4. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024059.

This article goes through the ethical guidelines that should be considered when conducting

research. The essay compares the animal testing to the Nazi Germany experiments and the

Tuskegee syphilius study, both of which were extremely immoral and unethical. The essay goes

through all of the laws that have been implemented to try and ensure the research isn’t doing

anymore harm than is needed for the experiment. The article also questions the need for animal

research to be continued.
This is an ESBSCOhost article so it’s backed and is considered scholarly. The two authors

behind this essay are physicians, so they can speak from experience in the medical field.

They’re writing this to discuss how inconsistent the laws have been enforced and to call that

there is no longer a need for animal testing.

This will be helpful in my essay because I can take their comparisons and use it as an analogy

to really explain what harm these experiments are doing. Their mention of laws surrounding this

will be helpful as well.

Golgowski, Nina. “Investigation Finds Dozens Of Beagles Force-Fed Pesticides In Lab Test.”

HuffPost, HuffPost, 14 Mar. 2019, www.huffpost.com/entry/beagles-fed-fungicides-corteva-

agriscience-humane-society-investigation_n_5c8a4f8de4b038892f4af274. Accessed 23 June

2019.

This essay outlines a horrible example of an experiment that has been recently uncovered. The

experiment was to see how pesticides affect these poor puppies. The article states that even

after the experiment has concluded, the dogs that survive the pesticide (which is believed to be

a very slim number) will then be euthanized. There wasn’t even really a reason behind their

testing, and once they were caught, the company concluded their testing immediately.

The article was released recently, around three months ago, and is written to inform citizens of

such terrible acts of experimentation that are still occuring. The author is a reporter for huffpost

and is credible because attached to the article are videos of the research facility being

discovered.

This article can help me appeal to pathos, or emotion, in my essay. It’ll help me really convey

the suffering these poor creatures have to endure.

Nuno Henrique Franco. “Animal Experiments in Biomedical Research: A Historical Perspective.”

Animals, no. 1, 2013, p. 238. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3390/ani3010238.

The article travels back in time to discuss how animal research has been used throughout

history, dating all the way back to the 6th and 5th century BCE. Then brings the discussion to

the forefront of the modern use of animal testing. The article talks about medical advances

we’ve discovered such as vitamins, hormones, antibiotics, safe blood transfusion, new and safer

vaccines, insulin, hemodialysis, and chemo for example. The author then describes the more

humane route the futre of animal testing could take.

The author, Nuno Henrique Franco, completed a five year degree in biology and geology

education. He is also an Assistant Researcher at the LAS group. Franco also has a four year

degree in animal biology and a PHD in Biomedical Sciences. The author is well informed and

wrote this article to teach the readers the history of animal testing, how it has improved, and

how it could continue to be improved as time passes.

This essay will be helpful for my own because I can cite the exact origination of animal testing

and analyze how it came about.

Schneider, Marlon R., et al. “Alternatives to Animal Testing in Basic and Preclinical Research of

Atopic Dermatitis.” Experimental Dermatology, no. 5, 2018, p. 476. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1111/exd.13498.

This article explains a current medical condition, atopic dermatitis, whose treatment is currently

being tested on animals. The article claims that animals are the “gold standard of research” for

treatment. As the article continues, however, it describes that cultures of cells can be

researched and that this type of testing would suffice in discovering a treatment.

The authors of this scholarly article consist of veterinarians, dermatology specialists, doctors,

and gene researchers. The authors are clearly credible in this area providing more than

sufficient explanations throughout their essay. They wrote this article to inform their readers of
the disease, explain the process of why animals were used to research a treatment for this in

the first place and provided an equally valuable form of testing.

This article provides a real life example of which animal testing can be replaced with an equal

form of testing and still get the same result. Implementing this into my essay will give me a

stronger argument.