Training Report Heritage

SUMMER TRAINING 2010
IN PLANT TRAINING REPORT OF

HDPE PLANT
HALDIA PETROCHEMICALS LTD.

SUBMITTED BY
KESHAB CHANDRA SARKAR
DEBDULAL PANI
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

HERITAGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DATED: 20TH JULY, 2010
1 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Riding the wings of change is a technical skill that professionals in industries have
to learn and perfect. To ensure progress for industries in today’s cut throat
industrial arena, engineers need to constantly update themselves from an
industrial perspective. To learn from this approach we the students have to avail
of the industrial training that is included in our curriculum.
We would like to express our gratitude towards Ms. Debashree Mukherjee of the
H.R department and all other personnel of the plant who had rendered their
guidance and support in our entire learning process and rendering relevant
information as and when it was required.
We take this opportunity to specially mention and thank Mr. Sukeshwar Mandal,
CGM(Polymer), Mr.Saumya Chakraborty, DGM HDPE Plant, and Mr. Amaresh
Sinha, Chief Manager, HDPE, for providing us the opportunity to work as a
Summer Trainee and gather industry oriented knowledge in the HDPE Plant.
We were fortunate enough to pursue training in one of the most sophisticated
and modern plant, Haldia Petrochemicals Limited. The experience gained during
this period gave us an insight as to how the processes actually occur in practice.
During this short stay, we were able to decipher a detailed overview of the entire
process, thanks to all the operators, field engineers, present in the site. Last but
not the least; we are highly grateful to our college HERITAGE INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY for providing us this precious opportunity.
KESHAB CHANDRA SARKAR
DEBDULAL PANI

CONTENTS
TOPICS PAGE NO.
1. COMPLEX AT A GLANCE 4
2. UNITS COMPRISING IN HPL 4
3. PRODUCTS OF HPL 6
4. HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) 9
A) SECTION AND THE NAME OF THE UNITS 9
B) PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 10
C) PROCESS DESCRIPTION 10
• COCATALYST PREPARATION 10
• CATALYST PREPARATION 10
• POLYMERIZATION SECTION 14
▪ CONTROLLING PARAMETERS IN POLYMERIZATION 16
▪ COOLING PROCEDURES IN THE POLYMERIZE 18
• SEPARATION AND DRYING SECTION 21
• PELLETIZING SECTION 22
▪ POWDER HOPPERS 22
▪ POWDER BULK LOADING 23
▪ STABILIZER MEASURING SYSTEM 23
▪ EXTRUDER 24
▪ PELLETIZING SYSTEM 24
▪ PELLETS TRANSFER SYSTEM 25
• HEXANE RECOVERY SECTION 27
• PACKING SECTION 32
• PROCESS AUXILLIARY SECTION 33
D) PROCESSING ADDITIVES AND PRODUCT QUALITY 38
E) DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVES 43
F) DIFFERENT TYPES OF PUMPS 56
5. SAFETY 60

Complex At a glance HDPE 2*100 KTA

Ethylene HDPE Re rated 2* 120KTA
(MITSUI) To be revamped 2*160KTA
Naphtha Cracker Unit LLDPE LLDPE

(BASELL)
Propylene
(ABB LUMUS)
PP Poly Propylene
(BASELL)
Naphtha Butadiene
Mix C4 BDEU CHU LPG
C4 Raffinate
(BASF) (IFP)
RPG PGHU Py Gas

(IFP)
Cyclopentane
&
BEU C4 Raffinate
(LURGI) Benzene
Carbon Black Feed Stock
UNITS COMPRISING IN HPL:

Naphtha cracker unit (NCU):
THIS plant is the mother plant for all the polymer plants. It accepts naphtha as feedstock and
produces polymer grade ethylene and propylene as main products along with the host of side
products like mixed C4 stream, raw pyrolysis gasoline and C.B.F.S.
Associated unit (AU):
This plant is specifically designed to extract butadiene out of the C 4 fraction coming out of the
NCU. The process involves two successive extractive distillations followed by a conventional
distillation process. The C4 raffinate coming out of the extractive distillation is a feed for the C4
hydrogenation unit. The second extractive distillation is basically a crude distillation method.
High density polythene plant (HDPE):
This is a Mitsui Low pressure, bimodal, twin reactor slurry process. This plant is designed to
produce HDPE and has two trains of equal capacity. The main feeds of this plant are ethylene,

co monomer (1-butene and propylene) and hydrogen. Each train of the unit is capable of
running in both parallel and series mode.
Linear low density polyethylene plant (LLDPE):
This is the first Bimodal Spherilene LLDPE in India. The plant installed new generation Multi
reactor Spheriline process. The technology used is termed as ‘Swing Technology’ owing to its
flexibility of producing both HDPE and LLDPE.
Polypropylene plant (PP):
This is Montellspheripol II; Gas phase, Bimodal, Twin Reactor process. The plant is designed to
produce various grades of homopolymer, high impact and random co-polymer and terpolymer
grades of Polypropylene.
Integrated offsite plant (IOP):
In order to meet the utility requirements of the process units, necessary utility facilities that
have been provided are:
• Raw water system.
• Fire water system.
• Plant and potable water system.
• Cooling water system.
• De-mineralized water and condensate recovery system.
• Compressed air system.
• Fuel gas and diesel system.
• Flare system
• Nitrogen system.
• Steam generation and CPP

Nitrogen plant:
The plant runs on Build Own Operate (BOO) basis. This unit can produce both gaseous and
liquid nitrogen but only gaseous nitrogen is supplied to the process units and offsite.
Captive power plant (CPP):
Combined cycle cogeneration power plant (Capacity 116 MW) meets the power and steam
requirement of the plant during continuous run, start up and emergency situations.
PRODUCTS OF HPL:
POLYMER PRODUCTS:
a) HDPE – (2 units) SLURRY PHASE POLYMERIZATION
b) LLDPE – GAS PHASE REACTION
c) PP – DEPENDING UPON THE GRADE
CHEMICALS:
a) Benzene
b) Butadiene
c) Cyclo-pentane
d) LPG
e) CBFS (carbon black feed stock) e.g.-heavy residue like pitch
f) C4- mix (gas phase)

g) Pyrolysis gasoline (Py-gas)
h) Motor-spirit
i) C6- raffinate (liquid phase)

HDPE
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

HIGH DENSITY POLY ETHYLENE:
IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS:
1. Name of the technology: Slurry Clean and Excellent (HPCX) Process

2. Supplier of the technology: Mitsui (Japan).
3. Catalyst:Zeigler-Natta catalyst (Ti based)
4. Co catalyst: AluminiumTrialkyl (Organometallic type)
5. Solvent: Hexane
6. Feed: Polymer grade ethylene
7. Chain Terminator: Hydrogen
8. Co monomer: Propylene, Butene-1 e.t.c.
A) SECTIONS & THE NAME OF THE UNITS: TRAIN
100 – Catalyst & co-catalyst preparation 1+2
200 – Polymerization 1+2
300 – Separation & drying 1+2
400 – Extrusion 1+2
700 – Solvent recovery common
800 – Utilities common
900 – Bagging 1+2

B) PROCESS/TECHNOLOGY:
PROCESS:Haldia petrochemical clean and excellent process (HPCX)
TECHNOLOGY: Mitsui Chemical Ind. Japan.
LICENSOR:TECHNIMONT, ITALY.
C) PROCESS DESCRIPTION:
1) CO-CATALYST PREPARATION:
There isTri-ethyl aluminum (TEAL-imported from japan) tankers in which the co-catalyst
is stored. By nitrogen purging in one side of the tank, the TEAL is supplied to the co-
catalyst preparation tank (V1111). Solvent (1st addition) is added from the hexane
chamber and no stirrer is there in the tank. The mixing is done by bubbling N 2 through
the mixture. The flow of nitrogen can be controlled by rotameter. No chilling is required
in this tank. The concentration of the TEAL in the solution is 200 g/lt. Due to
gravitational force, the co-catalyst is stored in another tank V-1112. The co-catalyst is
sent to the reactors.
2) CATALYST PREPARATION:
a) CATALYST USED:Zeigler Natta catalyst. Pure PZ (Ti conc. 3.7 milimole/gm) or mixture of
PZ & RZ (Ti conc. 6.5milimole/gm(more active))
b) OPERATING PRESSURE OF N2: 0.1-0.3 kg/cm2 G

c) OPERATING TEMPEARURE: 0-200C
d) Zeigler-Natta catalyst: TiCl4 (yellow, it easily gets oxidized in presence of O2) in a very
small amount is impregnated in MgCl2 (base) & small amount of Ti dust.
ZEIGLER-NATTA CATALYST:
Earlier LDPE was made by free radical polymerization. The polymer produced was of low
molecular weight and low density. It was really difficult to control the branching in the
polymers. After polyethylene, when polypropylene came into seen, it became impossible to
produce the polymer by means of free radical polymerization. The formation of allylic free
radical made it impossible to continue the polymerization by means of free radical
polymerization.
R• + H-CH2-CH=CH2 R-H + •CH2-CH=CH2
R• = Radical
CH2=CH-CH2• = Stabilized by Resonance
The problem was solved when Ziegler Natta catalyst came into market. Ziegler Natta catalyst
system is actually a catalyst co catalyst system, which allows producing polymers with high
stereo specificity and high productivity.
A Ziegler Natta catalyst can be defined as a transition metal compound bearing a metal-
carbon bond able to carry out a repeated insertion of olefin unit. Usually, though not
necessary, the catalyst consists of two components:
(1) Transition metal salts – mostly halides;

(2) Group 1 metal alkyls

The catalyst and co catalyst actually react among themselves to generate the active center
through the reaction takes place maintaining a proper sequence of monomer insertion and
thereby controlling the stereo specificity.
The main difference between a catalyst and an organometallic catalyst is that there exist a
metal to carbon bond in organometallic catalyst, where as there is no such bond in ordinary
catalyst.Tacticity will arise only in case of those polymers in which there exists a chiral center in
every alternative carbon atoms. Hence, if it possible to produce a homo-polymer (polyethylene)
having no branching or co-monomer, then there will no question of tacticity and stereo
specificity. In most of cases the catalyst- co catalyst system consist of
1) TiCl3 and Al (Et)2Cl
2) TiCl4 and Al (Et)3
A BRIEF IDEA ABOUT THE GENERATION OF THE ACTIVE SITE AND POLYMERZATION USING THE
FIRST COMBINATION:
TiCl3 can exist in different structures. But the most important one is the  TiCl3. TiCl3 in the bulk
of the structure has six ligands attach to it giving an octahedral structure. But those atoms
residing in the surface have only five ligands attached to it and thus those Ti atoms are one
ligand less of their coordination number of six.
Transition metals: Those metals which have a vacant “d” orbital in their stable electronic state
are considered as transition metals. But the Ti in the vacant orbital cannot remain in the vacant
state for all throughout its lifetime. It has to coordinate itself with enough of the neighboring
ligands to fulfill its coordination number. It is where the co catalyst Al (Et) 2Cl comes in to the
play. Al (Et)2Cl donates it ethyl group to the Ti atom, but it kicks out a Chlorine atom. So Ti still
lags a ligand to saturate its coordination number. Al atom still keeps itself attach to the CH2
carbon of ethyl group it just donated to the Ti. It has coordinated itself with the Cl atom. But Ti
still has one empty orbital left to be filled. So then the vinyl monomer with its unsaturation
approaches the active site to fulfill the vacancy of Ti.

Most of the olefin monomers are sp2 hybridized having at least two electrons in their  orbitals
of carbon-carbon double bond. Those electrons can be used to fill the empty orbitals of the Ti.
The active site and the monomer react among themselves to generate a complex and there by
the polymerization reaction proceed. The complex formation is rather complicated process.
This complex neatly solves the problem Ti had with its” d” orbitals not having enough electrons.
But the complex does not remain in this structure for a long time. Some electron shuffling takes
place. It is very critical to say which electron shirts first. But for the sake of simplicity let to think
that, first the carbon-carbon  bond is complexed with Ti to form carbon to Ti bond. Then the
electrons from the bond between the Ti and carbon of the ethyl group that Ti got from Al
(Et)2Cl. This pair of electrons is going to shift to form a bond between the ethyl group and the
methyl-substituted carbon of the olefin monomer. What happens next is called a migration. The
reason behind this migration is not known.
The Al is now complexed with one of the carbon atoms from olefin monomer. Ti is back where
it started, with empty orbital, needing electrons to fill it. So when another monomer comes
along, the whole process starts all over and of course, more and more monomers react and
polymer chain grows. With this mechanism we get isotactic polymer. Similarly syndiotactic
polymer can also be produced using Ziegler Natta catalyst, but in that case the catalyst-co
catalyst system comprises VCl4/Al(Et)2Cl.
The catalyst and co catalyst system HPL is using are termed as PZ catalyst and AT co catalyst.
Ethylene polymerization by means of Ziegler Natta catalyst is termed as “coordination anionic
polymerization”. The termination in Ziegler Natta process occurs through either (1) -
elimination, or (2) through hydrogenation.
Ziegler Natta catalyst started its way from the first generation catalyst. Since then several
developments are done, and now it is in its sixth generation.
There are two theories about how the active site is generated in Z-N catalyst system.
They are:

1. Bimetallic Theory
2. Monometallic theory
The catalyst is charged into a feed drum 7V-1110A/B by nitrogen purging into from the bottom
of the catalyst drum. It is done because the catalyst easily catches fire when it comes in contact
with the atmosphere. The catalyst feed drum is already filled with hexane. The catalyst is mixed
with hexane by means of a feed drum agitator. Entrainment of the hexane with the vent gas
goes through vent gas condenser 7E-1104. The condensate is collected in drain pots 7V-1127.
The catalyst prepared is transferred to the two polymerize according to the series or parallel
connection. The pumps used for transferring the catalyst to the reactors are listed below in the
table.
PUMPS VESSEL
7P-1105A/D 7R-1201
7P-1105C/B 7R-1221
7P-2105A/D 7R-2201
7P-2105B/C 7R-2221
3) POLYMERIZATION SECTION:
For the poly reactor a low pressure (below 10kg/cm2) hexane slurry process is employed, using
polymerisers7R-1201 AND 7R-1221Lined up in parallel or series.
Ethylene monomer which is the main raw material, dehydrated hexane for adjusting the slurry
concentration, and catalyst are continuously fed at specified rates to polymerize. Hydrogen as
molecular weight controller and either propylene or butane-1 for adjusting the density is
continuously premixed with ethylene gas, such mixture is fed into the recycle gas line leading to
polymerize. Its heat of reaction is removed by the latent heat of hexane.Slurry cooling system
and by polymerize jacket cooling. Control of polymer properties,MFR, density and NNI of
polymer in polimerisers.is carried out by adjusting polymerization conditions.

MODE OF REACTION (POLYMERIZATION):
a) For series:
The material of flash drum 1 (7V-1203) is transferred to the reactor 2 (7V-1221) for
further conversion. No solvent or co-monomer is supplied there. Then the product
through dilution drum 2 (7V-1222) and flash drum 2 (7V-1223) goes to the centrifuge.
b) For parallel B:
The reaction conditions in the two reactors are completely different. The catalyst,
monomer, H2 ratios are completely different. The products from the two flash drums
are mixed with a certain ratio to give a certain mixed grade of polymer.
c) For parallel A:
The reaction conditions are same in the two reactors. The vapours coming from the
flash drum 2 (7V-1223) and flash drum 1 (1203) sent for cooling.
Raw materials &hexane fed to polymerisers.
1. Ethylene:
Ethylene gas is controlled at 12kg/cm2 by PIC and is fed into the recycle gas line to the
polymerisers under FRC control.
2. Hydrogen
Hydrogen gas is controlled at 12kg/cm2 by PIC and is fed into the ethylene gas line to the
polymerisers under AC/FC control to be premixed with ethylene.
3. Other components:
a) Propylene:

High purity and liquefied propylene is fed to propylene vaporizer 7V-232 under LC
control.The propylene so fed is heated by LP steam in 7V-232to become propylene
gas having a pressure of 14 kg/cm2. Such gas is premixed with ethylene gas at a
given rate under FC.
b) Butene-1:
High purity and liquefied butene-1 is fed to butene-1vaporizer 7V-233 from butene-1
holder 7V-234,in which it is heated by LP steam in 7V-232to become butene-1 gas
having a pressure of 12 kg/cm2.Such gas is premixed with ethylene gas at a given
rate under FC.
c) Hexane:
Hexane pressurized up to 12 kg/cm2 by H.PHexane pump 7P-708A/B is dehydrated
in hexane dryer 7V-703A/Bto become dehydrated H.PHexane having a5ppm or less
water content, then fed to each polymerize under FC control with the purpose of
controlling the slurry concentration in it. In the meantime, each catalyst feed line
topolymerizeis connected to the hexane inlet nozzle so that the feed catalyst is
washed with hexane stream all the time; in this way, it prevents clogging due to the
partial polymerization. Part of mother liquor from the centrifuge is recycled back
topolymerize.
CONTROLLING OF POLYMER PROPERTIES IN POLYMERIZATION:
There are three quantity parameters of major importance that govern polymer properties.
These are melt flow index (MFI), Polymer density (D) and molecular weight distribution (NNI).
1. MFI Control:
The amount of fluid in g (flowing through a capillary having two unequal diameters in both
sides) collected in 10 minutes in a cylindrical container kept under 2.16 kg/cm 2 G pressure and
at 1900C, is known as Melt Flow Index.Lower the density of the polymer, higher is the MFI and

vice versa. It is determined by the hydrogen-ethylene molar ratio of the gas phase in
polymerize. MFI rises as the hydrogen: ethylene molar of the gas phase in polymerize increases.
a) The causes that increases the hydrogen-ethylene molar ratio of the gas phase in
polymerize are brought by the increasing of hydrogen feed rate.
b) High-speed gas chromatograph combined with distributed control system in used to
control the hydrogen-ethylene molar ratio of the gas phase in polymerize at the
specified value.
2. Density control:
The density of the product pellets in adjusted by controlling the feed rate of monomer i.e.,
propylene or butane- 1 vs. that of density also varies with the MFR valve.
3. Molecular weight distribution control (NNI):
In case where polymer having broad molecular weight distribution such as blow molding grade
and HMW film grade are produced, the control of molecular weight distribution is achieved by
varying operation conditions of the two polymerize mainly MFR of 1 st polymerize 7R-1201 (7R-
2201), according to the two specified NNI for each type of polymer.
Polymerize recycle gas:
Ethylene, hydrogen& either propylene or butene-1 are mixed with polymerizes recycle
gas, and fed to 7R-1201 and 7R-1221 through the gas injection pipes. The feed raw material
gases are thoroughly dispersed by the three stage turbine agitator to be dissolved in hexane
and the ethylene gas polymerized in presence of catalyst and forms polymer slurry having a
specified concentration at this time, the pressure is maintained by hydrogen partial pressure.

Recycle gas comprising of ethylene & hydrogen is blown into the top of polymerize&
ethylene is polymerized during its passage through the adequately agitated hexane phase.
More than half of the heat generated by polymerization is removed by latent heat of hexane.
The recycle gas containing plenty of hexane vapor is transferred to first overhead
condenser 7E-1221 where it is condensed and cooled, and further transferred to the first
hexane accumulator, 7V-1205 and second hexane accumulator 7V-1225 to be separated in to
condensate hexane and recycle gas. The recycle gas so separated is pressurized in the first
recycle gas blower 7B-1201 and second recycle gas blower 7B-1221 and blown in to the top of
the polymerase while its flow rate is controlled under TC in order to maintain the
polymerization temperature at a specified value.Condensate hexane separated in 7V-1205 and
7V-1225 is recycled to the polymeriser through the first condensate recycle pump 7P-1202 A/B
and the second condensate recycle pump 7P-1222 A/B. part of the condensate hexane is used
for flashing at a specified rate under FC in the gas outlet piping for 7R-1201 and 7R-1221.
COOLING PROCEDURES IN THE REACTOR:
➢ OVERHEAD CONDENSER:
Heat generated during polymerization reaction is taken by the solvent hexane which comes out
from top of the reactor & this hexane is cooled in overhead condenser by cooling water system.
The operating fluid is sent to the accumulator & then recycled back to the reactor by a
centrifugal blower. During this operation theoretically 60% of total heat generated is removed.
➢ SLURRY COOLER:
Here two slurry coolers are used to remove heat upto 40% of total heat. Here slurry & water is
passed counter currently to cool the slurry & recycle back to the reactor.
➢ JACKET COOLING:

Reactor is jacketed by a cooling system in which cooling water is circulated to remove heat upto
10% of total heat.
OVERFLOW SLURRY HANDLING:

Since the over flow slurry contains bubbles of mixed gas in the polymerize the slurry is
separated in the first dilution slurry drum 7V-1202 and second dilution slurry drum 7V-1222into
liquid and gas phases, and the separated gas is sent back to the polymerize through the gas
balance lines between 7R-1201 and7V-1202 and between 7R-1221 and 7V-1222. The polymer
slurry is flashed into the first flash drum 7V-1203 and second flash drum 7V-1223 and the
temperature becomes about 65 degree C . The flashed gas from the flash drum is cooled to 0
degree C by the first flash gas condenser 7E-1202 and flash gas condenser 7E-1222 and the
flash gas cooler 7E-1223.The gas is not condensate through the mentioned cooling step is
passed through the compressor section drum 7V-226 and pressurized to 4.5kg/cm2G by the
flash gas compressor 7K-222 and sent to the naphtha cracker. The polymer slurry in 7v-1223 is
transferred to the centrifuge 7SE-1301 through the slurry transfer pump 7P-1221A/B.

Figure 1:FLOW DIAGRAM FOR POLYMERIZATION SECTION

4) SEPARATION AND DRYING SECTION:
Separation
The product slurry is continuously feed through the 2nd slurry Transfer pump 7P-1221A or B (7P-
2221A of B) to the horizontal type Centrifuge 7SE-1301 (7SE-2301) revolving a high rotating
speed, in which polymer is separated by centrifugal force.
The product slurry fed to the rotation bowl of 7SE-1301 (7SE-23001) is pressed to the inside
wall of rotation bowl under centrifuged force and separation into product and hexane solvent.
The polymer is discharged from the centrifuge by the screw conveyor provide in the bowl in the
form of wet cake containing hexane by approximately 30 wt.%, and fed to the Dryer 7SE-1302
(7SE-2302) VIA THE Wet cake screw Feeder 7ME-1301 (7ME-2301)
Meanwhile, hexane overflows the weir provided in the bowl and flows into the Mother liquor
7V-1301 (7V-2301 A or B) so that part of it will be sent back to polymerization section and the
remainder will be fed to hexane recovery section. The piping to transfer hexane separated in
7SE-1301 (7SE-2301) is provided with jacket or steam tracing to prevent the low polymer
dissolved in the hexane from getting crystallized.
Drying:
1) Steam tube rotary dryer:
Mixed gas consisting of nitrogen and hexane vapor flows through the Dryer 7SE-1302 (7SE-
2302) counter currently with the product. When the product powder leaves 7SE-1301 (7SE-
2302) after about 30 minutes holding time, it contains less that 0.2% volatile matter (as hexane)
and its temperature is approximately 1000c. Low pressure steam is supplied to the steam tube
in 7SE-1302 (7SE-2303) as the heat source after its pressure and temperature have been

reduced to0.2 to0.35 kg/cm2 G and approximately 1070c through the steam cooler 7E-1304 (7E-
2304). The operating pressure of this system is about 400mmAq.
2) Dryer gas circulation system:
The mixed recycle gas from 7E-1302 (7E-2302) containing a small amount of fine polymer
particles goes into the dryer gas scrubber 7V-1302(7V-2302).The fine polymer entrained with
the mixed gas is collected by the circulation liquid in the dryer gas scrubber pump 7P-1302A or
B (7P-2302A or B). The collected polymer is recovered through 7P-1302A or B (7P-2302A or B)
into 7v-1223 (7v-2223), while the liquid level of 7V-1302 (7V-2301) is controlled by LC. The
mixed recycle gas cooler in 7E-1301(7E-2301) is pressurized by the dryer gas blower 7B-1301A
or B (7E-2307) is heated to decrease hexane content in it. The recycle gas from 7E-1307 (7E-
2307) is heated to approximately 1000c by the dryer gas Header 7E-1302 (7E-2302) with low
pressure steam under TC control. The non-condensable gas which leaves the outlet of the
purge gas condenser 7E-1303 (7E-2303) is pressurized to 3kg/cm2 G by the off gas compressor
7K-302 and part of it is supplied to the gland of 7SE-1302 (7SE-2303) for flushing while surplus is
discharge to the flare system.
5) PELLETIZING SECTION:
a) POWDER HOPPERS:
The product powder which has left 7SE-1302 is transferred to the nitrogen gas
pneumatic powder conveying system through the powder rotary valve 7ME-1303 the product
which is forwarded by the powder transfer blower 7B-1401A/B is contentiously separated in
the powder cyclone 7SE-1401 from nitrogen and dropped into powder hopper 7BN-1402.
Nitrogen gas is filtered through back filter 7SE-1402 to be re-circulated. The very fine powder
entrained with nitrogen gas in 7SE-1402 is continuously recovered 7BN-1402.

b) POWDER BULK LOADING:
From the powder hopper 7BN-1402 the polymer powder can be transferred by means of
pneumatic transport 7X-1403 to the powder bulk loading silo 7BN-1405 .Below this silo a truck
bulk loading station is provided. This facility is available only for line 1.
c) STABILIZER MEASURING SYSTEM:
Eleven kinds of solid stabilizer (AB, AE, AJ, AL, HA, HD, HF, SF, UC and UD) and nine kinds of
liquid stabilizer (AA, AD, AF, AH, EB, ED, EJ, HB and W) are automatically weighed and discharge
in accordance with the blending ratios for individual types.
1) Solid stabilizer:
Solid stabilizer are charged in specified quantities into stabilizer Mixer 7ME-1409(7ME-2409)
where they are mixed for a specified period of time. Them the mixture is transferred to the
stabilizer hopper 7BN-1403(7BN-2403) in while it is stored in nitrogen atmosphere with gently
stirring. A specified amount of such mixture is automatically discharge into the stabilizer
Measuring Feeder 7W-1412(7W-2412).
2) Liquid Stabilizer:
a. Liquid stabilizer other than W-stabilizer is charged in a specified quantity in nitrogen
atmosphere into the stabilizer melting drum 7V-1401(7V-2401). The stabilizer is melted with
agitation by means of low pressure reducing through PCV. Stabilizer solution, whose
temperature is approximately 1000C,is transferred to the Melt stabilizer holding drum 7V-1402
and B(7V-2402 A and B) through the liquid stabilizer transfer pump 7P-1401. Then a specified
amount of liquid stabilizer fed to the palletized 7EX-1425(7EX-2425) through liquid stabilizer
feed pump 7P-1402 A or B(7P-2402 A or B). f

b. W-Stabilizer:
Dematerialized water (DMW) is charged batch wise to W stab storage drum 7V-1403(7V-2403).
Then the W-stabilizer is automatically injection to the Homogenizer 7ME-1406(7ME-2406) at a
normally ratio of 70 cc of DMW t1000 kg PE powder through the W-stabilizer feed pump 7P-
1403 or B (7P-2403).
d) POWDER & STABILIZER FEED SYSTEM (EXTRUDER SYSTEM):

It’s a completely new technology in the plant. The powder stream which has left the outlet of
7BN-1402 is metered by the powder measuring feeder 7W-1405 & is fed to 7EX-1425 through
7ME-1406.
Solid stabilizer mixture in accordance with the stabilizer recipe predetermined for
product type is prepared in 7ME-1409 & discharged batch wise into 7BN-1403 by gravity.
Stabilizer mixture from 7BN-1403 is metered by 7W-1412 & fed to 7ME-1406. Liquid stabilizer
& W-stabilizer are fed into 7ME-1406 by the liquid stabilizer feed pump 7P-1402A/B & W-
stabilizer feed pump 7P-1403A/B respectively.
e) PELLETIZING SYSTEM:
Polyethylene powder &silo stabilizers (solid & liquid stabilizers) and W-stabilizers are fed to
7EX-1425. The extruder is a twin screw type co-rotating continuous mixerdrivenby CMP 280X –
12AW. The CMP stands for continuous mixing pump.
Nominal diameter of the screw in mm is 280mm. it is manufactured by JAPAN STEEL WORKS

(JSW). The length:dia (L/D) ratio of the screw is 12. The power required to drive the pump can
be supplied by electrical heating of water.
Here PE powder & stabilizers are mixed & kneaded. Molten polymer are pushed towards the
dye by gear pump system, then the molten polymer is extruded through the dye hole into the
cutter box through which pellet cooling water is circulated. The extrudate is cut into pellets by

revolving cutters. The resin in the pellet form is transferred to the pellet separator 7SE-1404
with circulated Pellet Cooling Water (PCW).
For protection of 7SE-1404 a grid PW strainer 7SE-1427 is provided, to remove any fused blocks
of pellets. The pellets which pass the grade are sent to 7SE-1404 after they are drained on the
perforated plate screen. The pellet cooling water separated by 7SE-1427 and 7SE-1404 flow
into PW drum 7V-1404, from which it is re-circulated to the cutter box 7EX-1425 after
pressurized by the cooling water circulation pump 7P-1404A/B, and then cooled to 700C by PW
cooler 7E-1401.
Product pellets are classified by the pellet-vibrating screen 7SE-1428, into oversized, normal &
undersized products. Normal sized pellets which flow in the pellet separator hopper 7BN-1404
are pneumatically conveyed to the specified silo through the pellet rotary valve 7ME-1431 by
the pellet transfer blower 7B-1451A/B.
Need of extrusion:
The powder polymer we get from the drier is not sustainable to chemical change in presence of
atmospheric oxygen. Total power requirement in the extrusion unit is 3.3 MW. The density of
the HDPE powder is 0.65 – 0.75 while that of the pellets is 0.38 – 0.50. The range of molecular
weight in which the polymers are formed is 1-105.
f) PELLET BLENDING & TRANSFER SYSTEM:
Pellet silos 7BN-1451A/B/C/D/E has a capacity of 500 m3 each. In order to rectify such
fluctuations of quality due to possible variance in operating conditions of process control, the
pellet blending is carried out through transferring the pellet to the bagging hopper. Product
pellet are pneumatically conveyed blending to bagging hopper by the blending pellet transfer
blower 7B-1453A/B. the conveying capacity is 37.5 ton/hr.

Figure 2: FLOW DIAGRAM OF DRYING AND EXTRUDING

SECTION

6) HEXANE RECOVERY SECTION:
The need of solvent recovery section is to determine the quality of the polymer. The mixture of
low polymer, high polymer and hexane is the feed of this section. It’s slurry which varies from
grade to grade.
The amount of low polymer is high in which the chain terminating agent is mixed in high
quantity. The melting point of the low polymers is 70-800C. The low polymers are used for
cosmetics base. The mother liquor contains 20-60 g/lt. of mixed polymers. Generally the mixed
polymers contain 4.5% LP and the rest is HP. The colour of the flakes before solvent extraction
is pale white/brown white.
CAUSTIC SODA WASHING:

Mother liquor is transferred to HE and NAOH separator V-721 (it’s a gravity decanter which is
generally used to separate two immiscible liquid having density 1 and 0.65(water & hexane))
through HE and NAOH contactor 7M-721 together with 20% (weight) caustic soda,
demineralized water and low pressure steam which is fed in to the system to maintain its
temperature at 60 degree C. The pH of the fluid circulated through 7M-721 is more than 12.
There is an interphase level transmitter by which the level of the hexane is maintained. Then
caustic washed crude hexane is transferred to HE and water separator 7V-722 through HE and
water contactor 7M-722, where processes water is fed to wash out caustic soda. The PH of the
fluid circulating through 7M-722 is approximately 7~8.
CAUSE OF USING WATER:
The mother liquor contains 96% hexane and 4%mixed polymer. There are also some unreacted
catalysts (5-10 ppm). It consists of PZ/RZ/TEAL. The catalysts reacts with the water and gives
acid molecule (HCl), which in turn reacts with the caustic soda to give salts and thus the pH is
maintained.
Catalyst + H2O oxides + HCl

HCl↔ H+ + Cl-NaOH + HCL → NaCl + H2O
So to remove the colour and neutralize TEAL and remove the salt portion out water washing is
needed.
HEXANE STRIPPING
Hexane containing low polymer and coming from crude hexane feed drum 7V-701 is fed to 7C-
703 by the crude hexane feed pump P-702A/B.Hexane vapor generated in 7C-703 is
depressurized to 0.2 kg/cm2 g, condensed and cooled in hexane overhead condenser 7E704.
Molten low polymer in hexane concentrated in the bottom of 7C-703 is pressurized to
22kg/cm2g by the flash drum feed pump 7P-711A/B and heated from 120 degree C to 220
degree C in the flash preheated 7E-711. The heated solution gets its pressure reduced to
3kg/cm2g as it enters in the flash drum 7V-711.The solution is cooled to approximately 160
degree C,while hexane vapor so generated is recycled to 7C-703.The low polymer solution in
7V-711 is kept from cooling of, from the steam coil provided in it and is fed to the low polymer
preheater,7E-712,where the solution is heated up to 180 degree C. the solution then flows in to
the second flash drum 7V-712 whose is kept at –300 mm Hg,by the LP vacuum pump 7B-
701.Hexane vapor generated in 7V-712 is condensed in the vent gas cooler 7E-713 and stored
in the 7V-713 bottom ,then transferred to 7V-701. The LP solution,from which hexane is
removed in 7V-712 is transferred to LP holding drum,7V-717 by low polymer transfer pump 7P-
713A/B.
LOW POLYMER FLAKING:
Molten low polymer of LP holding drum 7V-717 is transferred by LP storage bottom pump 7P-
717 to the drum flaker, 7X-701 LP is cooled and solidified on the drum of 7X-701, which is
cooled with a circulating water system .Flaked LP is collected in the flaker hopper ,7BN-704 and

manually packed. Vent gas from flaker drum is exhausted with ventilator 7B-702 to
atmosphere.
HEXANE PURIFICATION:
Hexane vapor from 7C-703 is condensed and cooled in 7E-704, then flows into the Stripper
Receiver 7V-702 by gravity, during which demineralized water can be added via FC with the
purpose of having impurities contained in such hexane absorbed into water as needed
(Normally, DMW is not fed to this system).
The mixture flows into 7V-702 provided with rectifying plates for enhancing separation of water
drops in hexane, in which it is caused to undergo phase separation into hexane and water
layers. The water layer in 7V-702 is discharged by LC. The hexane layer, saturated with water up
to approximately 250 wt. ppm, is fed by the Dehydrator Feed pump 7P-706A or B, while the
level of 7V-702 is being controlled by LC, to the top of the Hexane Dehydrator 7C-704. Low
pressure steam is supplied under FC control to the Dehydrator Re-boiler 7E-705 installed in the
7V-705 bottom. The bottom of 7V-704, water content and temperature of which are 10 wt.
ppm or less and about 800C respectively, is forwarded by the Dehydrator bottom pump of 7C-
704A or B to the Dehydrator bottom cooler 7E-706, where the liquid is cooled to 40 ºc or lower,
and then transferred to the pure Hexane drum 7V-722, while the level of 7C-704 bottom is
controlled by LC. Meanwhile, the 7C-704 system is operates at a pressure level of 0.2kg/cm2 G
under control by nitrogen PC mounted on 7V-702.
PURE HEXANE DISTRIBUTION:

Purified hexane with a water content of 10wt ppm or less is pressurized to 12kg/cm2 G or
higher by the H.P hexane pump 7P-708A Or B dehydrated to a less than 5 wt. ppm water
content by the hexane Dryer 7V-703S or B Containing molecular sieve, and then forwarded to
various process sections through the Hexane Strainer 7Z-704A or B.
SLOP HEXANE RECOVERY:

The slop hexane recovery system is for disposal of hexane containing polymer and waste liquids
discharged out of the process system, as a result of sampling, maintenance work, disposition of
catalyst, etc. Sampled liquids used for the process control analysis are accumulated in the
Drainage drum 7V-1751 (7V-2751) or 7V-752. When the accumulated liquid has reached a
certain level, it is transferred to the Hexane stripper 7V-753. In cases where the liquids in PZ
Feed drum 7V-1110A & B (7V-2210A & B) and at Feed drum 7V-1111 (7V-2111) and 7V-1112
(7V-2112) in the Catalyst Feeding section are to be removed, they are directly transferred by
nitrogen pressure to 7V-753. The liquids transferred of 7V-753 are completely neutralized by
caustic soda which has already been fed this drum.
Then in order that hexane may be recovered steam stripping is carried out in 7V-753 at
approximately 90 ºc by means of low pressure steam supplied under FC. Vaporized hexane and
water are cooled to 40 ºc by the hexane condenser 7E-751, condensed and accumulated in
hexane recovery 7V-754. The hexane and water so recovered are transferred by the hexane
transfer pump 7P-751 to the makeup hexane drum 7V-733 or 7V-701. The agitator of 7V-753 is
stopped and the content there in is allowed to stand and cool off. Then, such polymer is
separated.

Figure 3: FLOW DIAGRAM OF HEXANE RECOVERY SECTION

7) PACKING SECTION:
Each plant is supplied with two bagging lines, 7X-901,fed from independent silo 7BN-
1901 A/B (7BN-2901 A/B). Each bagging line includes the bagging machine 7ME/1901 A/B-X
(ME-2901 A/B-X), the check weathers 7W-901 A/B/C/D-X(C/D units are for the 2nd line), the
metal detectors 7w-903 A/B/C/D-X(CD units are for the 2nd line), Downstream each bagging
unit. Three are the palletizing units 7X-902 including the feeding belt conveyors 7ME/905
A/B/C/D-X, the pelletization machines 7ME-906 A/B/C/D-X and the ruler conveyors 7ME-904
A/B/C/D-X (C and D units for the 2nd line.)
One stretching unit 7X-903,installed downstream the 1st bagging line of the 1st line, in supplied
for the four bagging unit. The stretching unit is composed of a stretching machine 7ME-908 A-X,
of a stretched pallets roller accumulator 7ME-909A-X and of a roller conveyor 7ME-910-
X.Alternatively to the bagging units, a future provision for two big bags loading units(one for
each plant), fed from the silo 7BN-1901/B(7BN-2901/B)is envisaged.
Pellets bulk loading

Instead of being transferred to the begging units the pellet can be bulk loaded on trucks.
The same pneumatic transport 7X-1453 (7X-2453), which feeds bagging units can feed, from the
pellet silo 7BN-1451 A~E(7BN-2451A~E), the bulk loading silo 7BN-1902 (7BN-2902).Below this
silo, a truck bulk loading station is provided.

8) PROCESS AUXILIARY SECTION:
1) CAUSTIC SODA AND MOLECULAR SIEVE REGENERATING GAS SYSTEM:

1. caustic soda:
20wt% aqueous solution of caustic soda is supplied from outside of Battery
Limits and is received into the Caustic soda receiving drum 7V-801 as required.
2. molecular sieve regenerating gas system:
This system is designed to regenerate molecular sieves used in Hexane dryer 7V-
703A and B by means of nitrogen.
2) SEAL OIL SYSTEM:
The seal oil is supplied to the following users:
1. To the shaft seals for reactor agitators, flash drum agitators and blowers in
Polymerization Section.
2. To the shaft seals for agitators in Catalyst Feeding Section.
3. To the shaft seals for drum agitator in Separation and drying Section.
The pressure of seal oil entering the Mechanical seal on the shaft needs to be always
maintained higher than that on the process side. For the seal oil pressuring system
adopted for this plant, high pressure nitrogen used.
Seal oil drum 7V-1811 (7V-2811) is constantly kept in a pressurized condition with
nitrogen pressured controlled by PC at 10kg/cm2 G.
Seal oil is pressurized by seal oil pump 7E-1811A or B (7V-2811A or B), cooled by seal oil
cooler 7E-1811 (7E-2811), and then distributed to each user equipment and retruned to
7V-1811 (7V-2811).
3) BRINE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM:

The brine (whose freezing point is -170C ) comprising 20 wt. %Mono Ethylene Glycol and 80%
DM water (to avoid corrosion) is cooled to -100c is supplied for the purpose of recovering

hexane contain in the non-condensable gas after cooling it to 100c by vent condensers. The flow
rate of brine supplied to each vent condenser is regulated manually. So as to bring the process
fluid temperature to 00C, Brine, whose temperature has been raised to approximately -5 0c by
heat exchanger in the vent condenser, etc. is sent to the brine drum 7V-821.
The whole refrigeration system is based upon the vapour compression cycle. In the vapor
compression cycle there are four components. They are
1. Refrigerator
2. Throttling device
3. Condenser
4. Compressor
Here the compressor used (in this section only) is a gear type interacting compressor. To
remove the frictional wear in the gear, cooling oil is used with the propylene vapour. After the
oil and vapor mixture is compressed it is sent to an oil-separator where there are baffles by
which the oil gets separated. The compressed vapor is then sent to the condenser where
cooling water is used in the shell side and propylene vapor in the shell side. Here the refrigerant
is the propylene. From here the propylene vapor is sent to the throttling device consisting of
two tubes of different cross sectional area (the liquid expands from smaller cross section to a
larger cross section). The temperature of the coolant is lowered to lesser temperature than the
freezing point of the brine solution. The evaporator here used is flooded type of evaporator. It
consists of a flooded drum and an evaporator. The evaporator consists of a shell and tube type
of heat exchanger, in which the brine having temperature -50C enters and leaves the
evaporator at -130C. The propylene is sent back to the compressor. In this way the cycle is
carried over. The whole process is shown in a block diagram below:

COMPRESSOR
REFRIGERATOR
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
THROTTLING CONDENSER
VALVE
4) WATER SYSTEM:
Cooling Water:
Indirect cooling water is supplied from outside of Battery Limits through a pipe line and
distributed to each exchanger.
Demineralized water:
DMW which is supplied from outside of Battery Limits, is used for pellet conveying
water barrel cooling water hexane washing etc.
5) STEAM SYSTEM:
Steam used for the process is classified into three types: high (HS),medium (MS) and low (LS)
pressure. Principal used include the following:
HPS - Low polymer treatment, regeneration of molecular sieves, etc.
MPS - Hexane stripping, etc.
LPS - Dryer, hexane dehydrator, etc.
Steam condensate recovery is carried out by the following two systems:

A. Condensate of low pressure steam is recovered from Dryer 7SE-1302 (7SE-2302)flows
intosteam condensate Drum 7V-852 via 7V-1853 (7V-2853).
B. Condensate of medium pressure steam from Crude Hexane Re-boiler 7E-703A and B
from low polymer handing system
C. Condensate of high pressure steam system from Flush Preheater 7E-711, low polymer
preheater 7E-712, low polymer handling section etc. are flashed in steam condensate
drum 7V-851 to generate low Pressure steam which is recovered into the low pressure
steam header. The steam which I 7V-851 flows out to the Steam Condensate Drum 7V-
852 via LC.
The whole of the steam condensate flows into 7V-852 to be pumped OSBL by the
condensate Transfer Pump 7P-851A or B.
6) NITROGEN SYSTEM:
Nitrogen is used for the following purposes:

1) To reduce the oxygen concentration in process equipment wherein such flammable
substances as hexane, ethylene, propylene, hydrogen, butane-1, alky1 aluminum,
PZ-Catalyst, Polyethylene powder, etc. are introduced and stored.
2) To prevent entry of impurities so as to maintain the catalyst activity.
3) To prevent polymer heated to a high temperature in the pelletizer unit from
sufferingthermal degradation.
Nitrogen is distributed at three different pressure levels high (HNG), medium (MNG) and low
(LNG). The high pressure nitrogen serves to maintain the specified pressure of 7V-1811 (7V-
2811) during normal operation.

7) AIR SYSTEM:
Air system the following man purposes:
1) Plant Air (SA)
SA is used mainly as cooling air prevents melting for polymer powder at the gland of
Dryer 7SE-1302 (7SE-2302) and also as the service air for air vibrator in Catalyst
preparation section.
2) Instrument Air (IA)
IA is supplied from outside of battery limits through a pipe line. The main portion is
used for process control instruments.
8) FLARE SYSTEM:
The gas discharge system through which such gas is vented through safety valves installed
on the process equipment or released because of pressuring or de pressuring of process
equipment are classified into the following major groups.
1) Open to atmosphere system

A) Vent gas from palletizing section
B) Vent gas from separation and drying section is discharge is through vent stack in
case of emergency when pressure control valve or rupture disk provided on the
processequipment in this section blow off and protect the equipment whose
design pressure is extremely low.
2) Vent gas Naphtha cracker

Vent gases from polymerization section (from 7E-1223 and 7E-2223), which are
collected into 7V-226 and pressurized 7K-222, are sent to Naphtha cracker (OSBL)
for cracking.

3) Flare system
Vent gas other than above and is discharged to flare system via flare knock-out drum 7V-881.
Vent gas from Catalyst Feeding section, and Hexane Recovery section is collected into flare
compressor suction drum 7V-882 and pressurized by flare gas compressor 7K-881 to discharge
it to flare system via 7V-881.
Vent gas from both Drying & separation section pressurized by off Gas compressor 7K-302 is
discharge to flare system via 7V-881.
D) PROCESSING ADDITIVES
AND PRODUCT QUALITY:
Additives are essential ingredients added to the polymers to stabilize it and to obtain an
optimum combination of the desired properties and in the final product in most economical
way.
The output from the processing equipment and the quality of the product are
determined by the resistances of the polymer to thermal degrading, the speed with which a
solid feed can be converted into melt and the fractional behavior of the melt on the surface of
the processing equipment.
High thermal stability in polymers enables processing to be carried out at high temps
and to achieve a higher output through a reduction in melt viscosity. It also improves the
product quality as a result of elimination of the deleterious effect of degradation on physical
properties and appearance. Fast fusion of the particles is essentially to ensure that a
homogeneous melt is produced before it is re-solidified into the required shape. Finally the
frictional behavior of the polymer melt on the metal surfaces determines the residence time of
the polymer molecules in the processing equipment.

1. Primary stabilizers or antioxidants:
This interrupt the chain reaction by combining directly with the propagating free radicals
itself, typical examples of antioxidants are hindered phenols and aromatic amines.
2. Secondary stabilizers or peroxide

decomposer:
These functions, by reacting with hydro peroxide as soon as they are formed and converting
them into non-radical species. The most common type of additives that acts as peroxide
decomposer is organic thio-esters, phosphides and metal thiocarbamates.
3. Chelating agents/ Metal

deactivators:
These protect the polymer against degradation (particularly where there is a danger of
contamination of a hydrocarbon polymer with metal ions like Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co that take
catalyzes the oxidation reaction) by immobilizing the metal ions through coordination
reactions. In fact they produce a cage effect around the metal ions so that they can’t react
with the peroxides and don’t allow the O2 to interact with the active free radicals. The most
important chelating agents are compound based on organic phosphates, ox amides and
hydrazides.sometimes di methyl glyoxime also acts as a very good chelating agents.
Different stabilizers used for HDPE virgin polymer in the form of antioxidants are:
4. IRGANOX 1010:
Phenolic antioxidant for processing and long-term thermal stabilization.
Characterization: IRGANOX 1010- a sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant – is a highly

effective, non-staining stabilizer for organic substrate such as plastics, synthetic fibers,
elastomers etc. it protects thesesubstrates against thermo oxidative degradation.

Chemical name:PentaerythritolTetrakis (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate.
5. IRGANOX 1076:
Phenolic primary antioxidant for processing and long-term thermal stabilization.
Characterization:IRGANOX 1076, a sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant, is highly efficient,

non-staining stabilizer for substances such as plastics, synthetic fibers, elastomers etc. it
protects these substrates against thermo-oxidative degradation. It is odorless, stable to light
and has excellent color retention. It has good compatibility with most substrates, low volatility
and high resistance to extraction.
Chemical name:Ocadecyl-3- (3, 5-di-tert.butyl-4-hydroxy phenyl)-propionate.
6. P-EPQ:
A high performance phosphonite processing stabilizer.
Characterization: IRGAFOS P-EPQ is a hydrolytically stable phosphonite-processing stabilizer. As

a secondary antioxidant, IRGAFOS P-EPQ reacts during processing with hypo-peroxides formed
by auto oxidation of polymers preventing process induced degradation and extending the
performance of primary antioxidants.
Chemical name:Tetrakis (2, 4-di-tert-butylphenyl) [1, 1-biphenyl]-4, 4’- diylbisphosphonite
7. Lubricant & flow promoters:
There are three major friction problems encountered in polymer processing-------
Inter particle friction between the polymer powders, or granules, which impair their free
flowing characteristics and hence creating difficulties in conveying operation such as
feeding into the processing equipment and advancement within it.

1. Friction between the polymer melt and the metal surfaces of thee processing
equipment, which can seriously impair the flow of the melt and produce undesirable
effect such as low output and poor surface quality of the finished product.
2. Friction during finishing operations and in conveys e.g. printing, packaging and
transportation.
External lubricants used to aid processing are high molecular weight fatty acids, alcohols,
and amines having 12-18 carbon atoms in their backbone.In solid layer lubrication the
surfaces of the rubbing members (polymer granules) are coated with lamellar solids e.g.
graphite, MOs, CoSetc, and are normally used under extremely high friction conditions
where by very high temperatures are developed and which would render both fluid and
bonding lubrication sometimes ineffective.
Different lubricants and flow promoters used for HDPE are Calcium Stearate, Glycerol
Mono Stearate, and Oil etc.
8. Surface Property Modifier:
Anti-static agent:
Anti-static agents normally consist of one N-compound such as long chain amines, amides,
or quaternary ammonium salts.
e.g. 1.Stearamide-propyl dimethyl 2-hydroxyl ethyl ammonium nitrate.
2. Sulphonic acid and alkyl aryl sulphonates.
3. Polyhydric alcohols and derivatives.
Acid Scavengers:
The inclusion of an acid scavenger is necessary because of the catalyst resides. Even though
the amount of catalyst residues is in the low ppm range, the need to neutralize acid
residues persists. The potential for the corrosion of a mold surface or die tip can be a very
costly proposition. By adding the appropriate antacid, any acidic species will be neutralized

or scavenged, eliminating or reducing the potential for corrosion. Antacids include metallic
stearate, including sodium, calcium, and zinc.
The use of metal stearate will give a resin a certain amount of lubricity, which has the
potential for providing small amount of mold release or slip properties.
Calcium-stearate is used as acid scavenger.

DIFFERENT GRADES OF HDPE:
Grade MFI Density Product Applications

attributes
F5400 0.06 0.954 Easy Thin films
processability,
Good strength
and Sealability.
F5600 0.04 0.956 High strength Tissue films and
and Impact Liners.
strength.
R5801 0.66 0.958 Easy Raffia for woven
processability, sacks and
High tenacity. Tarpaulin.
P5300 0.55 0.954 Very easy Monofilament
processability, yarn for Nets,
High tenacity. Twines and
Ropes.
HDT6 0.5 0.960 . Easy for woven sacks
processability, and Tarpaulin.
High tenacity
B5500 0.35 0.955 Easy Blow molded
processability, parts and
High stiffness Containers,
and Impact Large Containers
resistance and Chemicals.
B6401 0.3 0.964 Easy Blow molded
Excellent Containers.
Impact/Stiffness
ratio
E5201 0.36 0.952 Easy Blow molded
Excellent Containers
Impact/Stiffness
ratio
E5201(S) 0.36 0.952 Easy Blow molded
Excellent Containers
Impact/Stiffness
ratio

Grade of polymers:
B - Blow Molding
F – Film
P – Piping
R – Raffia
M – Injection molding
Now, let us see what is meant by F 5400 – ‘F’ for film molding; density – 0.954 g/cc; MFI is <0.1
Similarly, F5601 – FILM MOLDING; DENSITY – 0.956; MFI is 0.1-1 and for F5418 – film molding;
density – 0.954; MFI is 18.
E) DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVES:
1) BUTTERFLY VALVE:
A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing
mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for
quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other
valve designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required. The disc is
positioned in the center of the pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator
on the outside of the valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or perpendicular
to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always present within the flow; therefore a pressure
drop is always induced in the flow, regardless of valve position.
A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-turn valves. The "butterfly" is a metal
disc mounted on a rod. When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks

off the passageway. When the valve is fully open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so that it
allows an almost unrestricted passage of the fluid. The valve may also be opened incrementally
to throttle flow.
There are different kinds of butterfly valves, each adapted for different pressures and different
usage.
Structure:
Butterfly valves are valves with a circular body and a rotary motion disk closure member
which is pivotally supported by its stem. A butterfly valve can appear in various styles,
including eccentric and high-performance valves. These are normally a type of valve that
uses a flat plate to control the flow of water. As well as this, butterfly valves are used on
firefighting apparatus and typically are used on larger lines, such as front and rear suction
ports and tank to pump lines. A butterfly valve is also a type of flow control device, used to
make a fluid start or stop flowing through a section of pipe. The valve is similar in operation
to a ball valve. Rotating the handle turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the
flow of water, shutting off the flow. It is a very well-known and well used
design. BUTTERFLY VALVE
2) CHECK VALVE or NON-RETURNING VALVES (NRV):
A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve,
which normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.

Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to
enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide
variety of applications. Check valves are often part of common household items. Although they
are available in a wide range of sizes and costs, check valves generally are very small, simple,
and/or inexpensive. Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person
or any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies
(external shells) of most check valves are made of plastic or metal.
An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream
pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically the check valve is designed for and can
therefore be specified for a specific cracking pressure.
APPLICATIONS:
Check valves are often used with some types of pumps. Piston-driven and diaphragm pumps
such as metering pumps and pumps for chromatography commonly use inlet and outlet ball
check valves. These valves often look like small cylinders attached to the pump head on the
inlet and outlet lines. Many similar pump-like mechanisms for moving volumes of fluids around
use check valves such as ball check valves.
Check valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in chemical and power plants, and in
many other industrial processes.
Check valves are also often used when multiple gases are mixed into one gas stream. A check
valve is installed on each of the individual gas streams to prevent mixing of the gases in the
original source. For example, if a fuel and an oxidizer are to be mixed, then check valves will
normally be used on both the fuel and oxidizer sources to ensure that the original gas cylinders

remain pure and therefore nonflammable. CHECK

VALVES
3) GATE VALVE:
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular
gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing
surfaces between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight-
line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired. The gate faces can form a wedge shape or
they can be parallel. Typical gate valves should never be used for regulating flow, unless they
are specifically designed for that purpose. On opening the gate valve, the flow path is enlarged
in a highly nonlinear manner with respect to percent of opening. This means that flow rate does
not change evenly with stem travel. Also, a partially open gate disk tends to vibrate from the
fluid flow. Most of the flow change occurs near shutoff with a relatively high fluid velocity
causing disk and seat wear and eventual leakage if used to regulate flow. Typical gate valves are
designed to be fully opened or closed. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no
obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low friction loss. Gate valves are characterized as
having either a rising or a non-rising stem. Rising stems provide a visual indication of valve
position because the stem is attached to the gate such that the gate and stem rise and lower
together as the valve is operated. Non-rising stem valves may have a pointer threaded onto the
upper end of the stem to indicate valve position, since the gate travels up or down the stem on

the threads without raising or lowering the stem. Non-rising stems are used underground or
where vertical space is limited. GATE VALVE
4) GLOBE VALVE:
A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable
disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the body being
separated by an internal baffle. This has an opening that forms a seat onto which a movable
plug can be screwed in to close (or shut) the valve. The plug is also called a disc or disk. In globe
valves, the plug is connected to a stem which is operated by screw action in manual valves.
Typically, automated valves use sliding stems. Automated globe valves have a smooth stem
rather than threaded and are opened and closed by an actuator assembly. When a globe valve
is manually operated, the stem is turned by a hand wheel.
Although globe valves in the past had the spherical bodies which gave them their name, many
modern globe valves do not have much of a spherical shape. However, the term globe valve is
still often used for valves that have such an internal mechanism.
PARTS OF A GLOBE VALVE:
Body
The body is the main pressure containing structure of the valve and the most but easily
identified as it forms the mass of the valve. It contains all of the valve's internal parts that will
come in contact with the substance being controlled by the valve. The bonnet is connected to
the body and provides the containment of the fluid, gas, or slurry that is being controlled.

Bonnet
The bonnet provides a leak-proof closure for the valve body. The threaded section of the stem
goes through a hole with matching threads in the bonnet. It also gives the body added strength.
Bonnets also contain the packing, which is a wearable material that maintains the seal between
the bonnet and the stem during valve cycling.
Plug or disc (disk)
The closure member of the valve. Plugs are connected to the stem which is slid or screwed up
or down to throttle the flow. Advantages include easier shut off as the plug does not have to
overcome static forces.
Stem
The stem serves as a connector from the actuator to the inside of the valve and transmits this
actuation force. Stems are either smooth for actuator controlled valves or threaded for manual
valves. The smooth stems are surrounded by packing material to prevent leaking material from
the valve. This packing is a wearable material and will have to be replaced during maintenance.
Cage
The cage is part of the valve that surrounds the plug and is located inside the body of the valve.
Typically, the cage is one of the greatest determiners of flow within the valve. As the plug is
moved more of the openings in the cage are exposed and flow is increased and vice versa.
Seat ring
The seat ring provides a stable, uniform and replaceable shut off surface. Seat rings are usually
held in place by pressure from the fastening of the bonnet to the top of the body. This pushes
the cage down on the lip of the seat ring and holds it firmly to the body of the valve.
GLOBE VALVE
5) CONTROL VALVES:
Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe
valves and Diaphragm Valves are widely used for control purposes. These types of valves are
also known as Automatic Control Valves. It will respond to changes of pressure or flow and will
open/close the valve. Automatic Control Valves do not require an external power source,
meaning that the fluid pressure is enough to open and close the valve.
Automatic control valves include: pressure reducing valves, flow control valves, back-pressure
sustaining valves, altitude valves, and relief valves.
Process plants consist of hundreds, or even thousands, of control loops all networked together
to produce a product to be offered for sale. Each of these control loops is designed to keep
some important process variable such as pressure, flow, level, temperature, etc. within a
required operating range to ensure the quality of the end product. Each of these loops receives
and internally creates disturbances that detrimentally affect the process variable, and
interaction from other loops in the network provides disturbances that influence the process
variable.
Working Principle:

To reduce the effect of these load disturbances, sensors and transmitters collect information
about the process variable and its relationship to some desired set point. A controller then
processes this information and decides what must be done to get the process variable back to
where it should be after a load disturbance occurs. When all the measuring, comparing, and
calculating are done, some type of final control element must implement the strategy selected
by the controller. The most common final control element in the process control industries is
the control valve. The control valve manipulates a flowing fluid, such as gas, steam, water, or
chemical compounds, to compensate for the load disturbance and keep the regulated process
variable as close as possible to the desired set point.
CONTROL VALVE

6) STEAM TRAP:
A steam trap is a device used to discharge condensate and non-condensable gases with a
negligible consumption or loss of live steam. Most steam traps are nothing more than
automatic valves. They open, close or modulate automatically. Others are based on turbulent 2-
phase flows to obstruct the steam flow.
The three important functions of steam traps are:
1. Discharge condensate as soon as it is formed.

2. Have negligible steam consumption.
3. Have the capability of discharging air and other non-condensable gases.
MECHANISM:
The earliest and simplest form of steam trap is the orifice trap. It consists of simply a disc or
short solid pipe nipple with a small hole drilled through it installed at the lowest point of the
equipment. Since steam condensate will collect at the lowest point and this hot liquid is about
1200 times smaller in volume and denser than live steam, condensate is effectively removed
and steam is blocked.

Mechanical steam traps basically open when condensate needs to be removed, and close when
there is only steam present.
Steam traps work best when sized specifically for the application they are used on. Generally it
is better to over size as they will still discharge condensate when present and close when steam
is present, however an oversized steam trap will wear quickly, waste energy (use steam), and if
drastically oversized can cause process issues.
7) BALL VALVE:
A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow through
it. The sphere has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both
ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the
ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The handle or lever will be in line with the port position
letting us "see" the valve's position. The ball valve is part of the family of quarter turn valves.
Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse.
They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are often preferred to globe
valves and gate valves for this purpose).
Advantages:
1) Ball valves are used extensively in industry because they are very versatile, supporting
pressures up to 700 bars and temperatures up to 200°C.
2) Sizes typically range from 0.5 cm to 30 cm. They are easy to repair and operate.
3) The body of ball valves may be made of metal, plastic or metal with a ceramic center.
The ball is often chrome plated to make it more durable.

They do not offer the fine control that may be necessary in throttling applications but are
sometimes used for this purpose.
8) ROTARY VALVES:
Rotary valves are used for solid flow control. A rotary valve is a type of valve in which the
rotation of a passage or passages in a transverse plug regulates the flow of liquid or gas through
the attached pipes. The common stopcock is the simplest form of rotary valve. Rotary valves
have been applied in numerous applications, including:
• Changing the pitch of brass instruments.

• Controlling the steam and exhaust ports of steam engines, most notably in the Corliss
engine.
• Periodically reversing the flow of air and fuel across the open hearth furnace.
• Loading sample on chromatographycolumns.
• Certain types of 2-stroke gasoline engines.
• In industry, a rotary valve (which can also be called airlock) is often used to enter or
extract material from two chambers with different pressure level.
• As part of the material exchange process, the valve is often used as a measuring or
metering device.

• Coates' International Ltd. has developed a spherical rotary valve for internal combustion
engines which replaces the poppet valve system. The spherical rotary valve combustion
engine possesses several significant advantages over the conventional poppet valve
assembly, including significantly higher compression ratios.
In this plant there are two rotary valves; one in the drying section for the solid flow to the
hopper of the extruder section and the other one is the flow control for the wet cake to the
homogenizer.

9) KNIFE VALVES:
Knife valves are usually used for solid powder flow control. It’s also a type of globe valve which
has an opening that looks like a knife. These type of valves are also used for high pressure
processes, where the solid flow should be controlled with high efficiency.
Besides the valves mentioned above needle valves, solenoid valves and other various types of
valves are used in this industry.

F) DIFFERENT TYPES OF PUMPS:
The pump section is the most important section of the workshop. The refinery requires so much
movement of different materials, starting from crude oil to the final processed diesel and
gasoline, from cooling water to the reactor effluents, across the length and breadth of the plant
that pumps are inevitably of the greatest importance. As in the valve section, the pumps, as and
when reported to be malfunctioning are brought to the workshop and are repaired
accordingly. The different kinds of pumps used in the industry are :
➢ Centrifugal pumps
➢ Positive displacement pumps
➢ Sundyne pumps
➢ Gear pumps
➢ Positive displacement pump:A positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by

trapping a fixed amount of it then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the
discharge pipe. The periodic fluid displacement results in a direct increase in pressure
drop.

Positive displacement pumps, which lift a given volume for each cycle of operation, can be
divided into two main classes, reciprocating and rotary. Reciprocating pumps include piston,
plunger, and diaphragm types. The rotary pumps include gear, lobe, screw, vane,
regenerative (peripheral), and progressive cavity pumps.
➢ CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
The centrifugal pump has a simple construction; essentially comprising a volute (1) and
an impeller (2) (refer to figure below). The impeller is mounted on a shaft (5), which is
supported by bearings (7) assembled in a bearing housing (6). A drive coupling is
mounted on the free end of the shaft.

The prime mover, which is usually an electrical motor, steam turbine, or an IC engine, transmits
the torque through the coupling. As the impeller rotates, accelerates, and displaces the fluid
within itself, more fluid is drawn into the impeller to take its place; if the pump is properly
primed. The impeller thus, impacts kinetic or velocity energy to the fluid through mechanical
action. This velocity energy is then converted to pressure energy by the volute. The pressure of
the fluid formed in the casing has to be contained and this is achieved by an appropriate sealing
arrangement (4). The seals are installed in the seal housing (3). The normal operating speed of
pumps is 1500 rpm (1800 rpm) and 3000 rpm (3600 rpm). However, there are certain designs of
pumps that can operate at speeds in the range of 5000–25000 rpm.
At the time of starting the pump suction must be kept open and discharge closed. The trapped
air is removed by a bypass valve. The pressure drop is low and flow rate is high for
incompressible fluid. After the trapped air is removed, discharge line is gradually opened
because as soon as the motor of the pump exceeds the limit of the maximum current drawn it
can trip or fail. Main current is withdrawn at time of opening the discharge line. In the suction
line there is a gate valve and in the discharge line there is a globe valve.

➢ SUNDYNE PUMP:
Sun dyne Corporation designs, manufactures and supports industrial pump and compressor
products for the process fluid and gas industries. Sun dyne’s products serve the worldwide
hydrocarbon and chemical processing, pulp and paper, power generation, and the food and
beverage markets. Aftermarket services include spare parts, overhaul and repair as well as
engineering and technical support. The company’s products include high-speed centrifugal
pumps and compressors, seal less pumps, sanitary pumps and other process engineered
packaging. The Electromagnetics division designs and develops powerful electrical motors,
starters and generators for military and commercial aircraft, hybrid bus, trucks and cars, and
over the road refrigeration units.
It is a special type of centrifugal pump having 38000 rpm. From the picture we can see than it
has vertical impellers, creating a high discharge pressure and high flow rate.
➢ GEAR PUMPS:
As the gears rotate they separate on the intake side of the pump, creating a void and suction
which is filled by fluid. The fluid is carried by the gears to the discharge side of the pump, where
the meshing of the gears displaces the fluid. The mechanical clearances are small— in the order
of 10 μm. The tight clearances, along with the speed of rotation, effectively prevent the fluid
from leaking backwards. The rigid design of the gears and housing allow for very high pressures

and the ability to pump highly viscous fluids. Many variations exist, including; helical and
herringbone gear sets (instead of spur gears), lobe shaped rotors similar to Roots Blowers
(commonly used as superchargers), and mechanical designs that allow the stacking of pumps.
The most common variations are shown below (the drive gear is shown blue and the idler is
shown purple).
Suction and pressure ports need to interface where the gears mesh (shown as dim gray lines in
the internal pump images). Some internal gear pumps have an additional, crescent shaped seal
(shown above, right). GEAR PUMP
SAFETY:
• INCIDENT: Freedom from any accident is called an incident.

• ACCIDENT: Any unwanted incident which cannot be foreseen.
THE BASIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT:
Accident is mainly loss but Incident is mainly near miss.
THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HAZARD AND RISK:
Source or situation with a potential to harm human health, property or environment is termed
hazard.
Risk is a combination of hazard along with probability.

CAUSE OF ACCIDENT IS MAINLY OF TWO TYPES:
✓ UNSAFE CONDITION:In human life the percentage of unsafe condition is very less of
about 2%.
✓ UNSAFE ACT:In human life the percentage of unsafe activity is very high of about 98%.
FIRE:
It is a chemical reaction commonly known as fire. For the creation of fire the three materials is
very much important. If anybody misses a thing fire will not be created. So different material is
absence is named different
1. If we remove fuel called=>Starvation.

2. If we remove heat called=>Cooling.
3. If we remove O2 called=>Smothering.
The classification of fire is mainly five types:-
1. CLASS A FIRE:-cloth, plastic.
2. CLASS B FIRE:-chemical fire
4. CLASS C FIRE:-Gas fire
5. CLASS D FIRE:-Metal fire
6. CLASS E FIRE:-Electrical fire.
• FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM:

➢ Fire extinguisher:
➢ Fire brigade.
• PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE):

➢ Helmet
➢ Hand gloves
➢ Goggles
➢ Safety
HEALTH:
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH CENTER:
1. Pre-Employment Health checkup.

2. Periodic Health checkup.
3. Treatment of occupational induced illness.
4. General Medical care.
5. Immunization.
6. Referral Service.
7. First Aid training program.
8. Research Analysis.
FACILITIES IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH CENTER:
1. Availability of upgraded medicines and drawing materials.

2. Equipped with necessary resuscitation equipment.
ENVIRONMENT:
Several measures were induced during the design stage itself to prevent waste generation. The
environmental management philosophy in HPL centers on “Resource Conservation”& “Waste
Minimization” by optimal utilization of resources. The waste minimization approach works on
the 5-R concept.
• Reduce

• Reuse
• Recover
• Replace
• Recycle
• Treatment
Various steps of environmental management strategy in Haldia Petrochemical Limited can

be summarized as follows:
• Prevention of waste generation by adopting cleaner technology.

• Process control measure to prevent process upsets.
• State of the art treatment facilities to handle waste in appropriate manner.
• 100% statutory compliance.
• Regular measurement & monitoring of environmental parameters.
• Adoption of continual improvement tools like ISO 1401:204.
• Green belt development, community awareness & other community development
activities.
FIRE SYSTEM IN HDPE:
SOURCES OF FIRE: Flammable / combustible material
Supporter of combustion (air-Oxygen)
Ignition sources
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
Water:Class A
Foam:Class A&B
Dry Chemicals:Class A, B, C
CO2: Class D
Halons:Class B, C, D

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SUMMER TRAINING 2010

IN PLANT TRAINING REPORT OF

HALDIA PETROCHEMICALS LTD.

KESHAB CHANDRA SARKAR

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DATED: 20TH JULY, 2010

1 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

2 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

3 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

Complex At a glance HDPE 2*100 KTA

Naphtha Cracker Unit LLDPE LLDPE

RPG PGHU Py Gas

Carbon Black Feed Stock

UNITS COMPRISING IN HPL:

Associated unit (AU):

High density polythene plant (HDPE):

4 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

Linear low density polyethylene plant (LLDPE):

Polypropylene plant (PP):

Integrated offsite plant (IOP):

• Raw water system.

• Fire water system.

• Plant and potable water system.

• Cooling water system.

• De-mineralized water and condensate recovery system.

• Compressed air system.

• Fuel gas and diesel system.

• Steam generation and CPP

5 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

Captive power plant (CPP):

a) HDPE – (2 units) SLURRY PHASE POLYMERIZATION

b) LLDPE – GAS PHASE REACTION

c) PP – DEPENDING UPON THE GRADE

e) CBFS (carbon black feed stock) e.g.-heavy residue like pitch

f) C4- mix (gas phase)

6 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

i) C6- raffinate (liquid phase)

7 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

8 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

HIGH DENSITY POLY ETHYLENE:

1. Name of the technology: Slurry Clean and Excellent (HPCX) Process

A) SECTIONS & THE NAME OF THE UNITS: TRAIN

100 – Catalyst & co-catalyst preparation 1+2

200 – Polymerization 1+2

300 – Separation & drying 1+2

400 – Extrusion 1+2

700 – Solvent recovery common

800 – Utilities common

900 – Bagging 1+2

9 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

PROCESS:Haldia petrochemical clean and excellent process (HPCX)

TECHNOLOGY: Mitsui Chemical Ind. Japan.

b) OPERATING PRESSURE OF N2: 0.1-0.3 kg/cm2 G

10 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

c) OPERATING TEMPEARURE: 0-200C

R• + H-CH2-CH=CH2 R-H + •CH2-CH=CH2

CH2=CH-CH2• = Stabilized by Resonance

(1) Transition metal salts – mostly halides;

11 An Overview on HDPE Manufacturing Process

1) TiCl3 and Al (Et)2Cl

2) TiCl4 and Al (Et)3