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International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management
Detection of MDPSK in Fading Channels using Gaussian
Particle Filter
1
P. Sudhakar, 2P. Gopi Krishna, 3Dr. D. Elizabeth Rani
1
Asst. Prof.Dept. of ECE, VIEW, Visakhapatnam,AP,India.
2
Asst. Prof.Dept. of ECE, VIEW, Visakhapatnam,AP,India
3
Professor & HOD, GITAM University,
Visakhapatnam – 530 045, AP, India.
Abstract‐
We propose Gaussian particle filtering approach for solving the problem of corrupting the
MDPSK signals by fading as well as noise. Particle filtering is a powerful tool for non linear
problems but it faces sampling degeneration problem which leads to re‐sampling process.
Gaussian Particle Filtering doesn’t need re‐sampling process because it approximates the
posterior distribution as Gaussian.GPF is preferable than PF for fading channels.
Key Words: GPF, MDPSK, Fading Channels, non‐Gaussian Noise
I.INTRODUCTION theoretically to solve the problem of
In digital wireless systems multi path fading demodulation of M‐ary differential phase
is the most common phenomena. The shift keying (MDPSK) in fading channels.
random attenuations and delays are due to Here GPF is used to estimate the posterior
constructive and destructive combination of distribution of the symbols in M‐ary DPSK
number of multi paths received at the signals in fading channels with non Gaussian
receiver. This type of fading effects the additive noise. The fading channel problems
message coded signals transmitted through can be written in the form of Dynamic State
wireless channel and causes signal Space (DSS) model. The model represents
variations. So, it is difficult to demodulate the unknown variable xn as the distribution
the modulated signals in fading p(xn|xn‐1) where n is the time. The
transmission channels in the presence of observations yn in the application are
non Gaussian additive noise. Many filters usually noisy and distorted versions of xn.
have been proposed to solve it. [3], [5], [6]. the distribution p(yn|xn) represents the
In general particle filtering uses observation equation conditioned on the
stochastic grid approximation for the unknown state variable xn which is to be
conditional probability distribution of the estimated. We denote by x0:t and y0:t the
symbols with particles. It needs more signal and observations up to time n ,
computational efforts because of re‐ respectively,i.e., x0:n={x0,x1,…xn} and
sampling process [4], [1]. In this paper y0:n={y0,y1,….yn} Our aim is to estimate
Gaussian particle filter is analyzed recursively in time,
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 – 4407, Volume‐3, Issue‐2, 2013
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Detection of MDPSK in Fading Channels using Gaussian Particle Filter
• The filtering distribution or the marginal part) and b (MA part) are chosen so that the
posterior of the state at time n can be cut‐off frequency of the filter matches the
written as normalized channel Doppler frequency fdT
P(xn|y0:n)=Cnp(xn|y0:n‐1)p(yn|xn) (1) where T is the symbol rate, fdT are familiar
Where Cn is the normalizing constant given values. The additive complex noise corrupts
by the output of the filter by a zero‐mean
Cn=(∫p(xn|y0:n‐1)p(yn|xn)dxn)‐1 (2) Gaussians with k components. For
• The predictive distribution can be identifying the variance of the distribution
expressed as of the noise samples drawn, we introduce a
p(xn+1|y0:n)=∫ (xn+1|xn)p(xn|y0:n)dxn (3) latent variable zt, zt Є Rz = {1,2,……k},
GPF approximates posterior mean and t={1,2,…..}such that pr(zt=j)=λj, for j=1,2,….k,
covariance of the unknown state using Σ λ = 1 . Conditional upon r1:t and z1:t, the
importance sampling. The assumption of problem can be formulated in the following
additive Gaussian noise can be relaxed to linear state space form xt:t‐q+1=Axt‐1:t‐q+Bvt,
be non Gaussian and non additive in the yt=C(t1:t)xt:t‐q+1+D(zt)wt, (4) where yt is the
case of GPF.GPF is quite similar to particle output of the filter, xt is defined so that gt=
filter by the fact that particles are obtained bT xt:t‐q+1, A is a function of a,
using importance sampling. However re‐ B=(1,0,0,…..0)T, C(r1:t)=st(r1:y)bT and D= . We
sampling is not required, unlike particle assume x0:1‐q ~ Nc( ,P0) , where P0>0, and let
filtering (PF), in the GPF. vt~Nc(0,1), wt~Nc(0,1) be mutually
This results in reduce complexity of GPF and independent for all t>0. The symbols rt the
is a major advantage. channel
characteristics xt and latent variables are
II. CHANNEL SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATION unknown for t>0 whereas A,B,C(r1:t),D(zt),
Digitally modulated signals: Let rt indicates and P0 are known for each r1:t Є Rt, zt Є Rz.
one of the combination of N possible set of Estimation Objectives: Obtain the maximum
information of k bits rtЄR, a posterior estimates of the symbols arg
t={1,2,…..N}.where t is a discrete time p(rt|y1:t) and arg p(rt‐L|y1:t), where L>0.
index. The modulated signal transmitted Since these conditional probabilities involve
may be represented as a prohibitive computational cost
smod(τ)=Re[st(r1:t)exp(j2πfcτ)], where fc is a exponential in the number of observations,
carrier frequency, and st(.) function these do not admit any analytical solution.
performs converting from digital sequence
to waveform. It is assumed that rt is III. GAUSSIAN PARTICLE FILTER
homogeneous, M‐state, Markov chain with The GPF approximates the filtering and
known probabilities pij=Pr{rt+1=j|rt=i}, i, j ЄR, predictive distributions in (1) and (3) by
and also Σ = 1 for each i, and initial Gaussian densities using the particle
distribution pi=pr{r1=i}, Σ = 1 for I ЄR. [3] filtering methodology [7], [4], [2]. The basic
Fading Channel observations: A Rayleigh idea of Monte Carlo methods is to consider
fading channel can explained by a a collection of particles for representing the
multiplicative discrete time disturbance gt. distribution P (xn) of a random variable, xn.
The fading channel is modeled as an M particles X= { ( ), ( ),….. ( )} are generated
ARMA(q,q) process where q is the order of under certain conditions known as
the filter [6]. The ARMA coefficients a (AR importance sampling distribution π(xn). The
International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 – 4407, Volume‐3, Issue‐2, 2013
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Detection of MDPSK in Fading Channels using Gaussian Particle Filter
weighted factors for the particles is given as predictive distribution is given by
a set of values W = {w(1), w(2),….., w(M)}, p(xn+1|y0:n)=∫p(xn+1|xn)p(xn|y0:n)dxn ≈∫
where w(j) = p( ( ) )/ π( ( ) ). The set {X,W} p(xn+1|xn) N(xn; n, n)dxn. (8)
represents samples from the posterior A Monte Carlo approximation for the
distribution p(xn). predictive distribution is given by
P (xn+1|y0:n) ≈ Σ p(xn+1| ()) (9)
A. Measurement Update where ( ) are particles from N (xn ; n, Σn).
After receiving the nth observation yn, the From these observations, M samples
filtering distribution is given by P denoted as ( ) are obtained from p(xn+1| ( )).
(xn|y0:n)=Cn p(xn|y0:n‐1)p(yn|xn)
≈ Cnp(yn|xn)N(xn; n, n). (5) The GPF IV. CONCLUSION
measurement update step approximates The Gaussian particle filter provides much
the above density as Gaussian, i.e, better performance for demodulation of M‐
(xn|y0:n) = N (xn ; n,Σn). In general, ary differential phase shift keying(MDPSK)
analytical expressions for the mean n and signals under conditions of Rayleigh fading
covariance n of P (xn|y0:n) are not available. channels in non‐Gaussian additive noise
However, for the GPF update, Monte Carlo than Particle filtering. The parallelizability
estimates of n and n can be computed from update of the
the samples ( ) and their weights, where the filtering and predictive distributions as
samples are obtained from an importance Gaussians which leads to the absence of
sampling function π(xn|y0:n). This leads to resampling
measurement update algorithm as follows process makes it convenient for real time
GPF – measurement update algorithm. applications. Gaussian particle filter can also
1. Choose the samples from importance be implemented for nonlinear systems with
function π(xn|y0:n) & denote them as { ( )} . Gaussian noise.
2. Calculate the respective weights by ŵ( )=
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Detection of MDPSK in Fading Channels using Gaussian Particle Filter
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