Adam Platonis Crito 1888

DEPARTMENTAL
. 7-
PLATONIS CRITO
WITH INTRODUCTION NOTES AND APPENDIX
BY
J. ADAM B.A.
FELLOW AND CLASSICAL LECTURER OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE
CAMBRIDGE
EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1888
[All ftights resei~ved]

4-
li>
eixpy/Jilq. xp
(PHAED. 117 D.)
PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS,

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PREFACE.
No apology is needed for a new edition of the Crito.
The only edition in English which possesses more than a

purely ephemeral value is Dyer s reproduction of Cron
(Boston, 1885). And to my mind the Crito is one of the

finest of Plato s minor dialogues, breathing the most ex
alted morality, full of the deepest historical interest, and
above all (as I think I have shewn in my Introduction)
perfect as a work of art. As in the Apology, so here, I
have followed on the whole the readings of the Bodleian.

But I am as far as possible from wishing to disparage the
second family of manuscripts, and it will be seen from
my critical appendix that I have not infrequently pre

ferred a reading traceable to it.
The editors to whom I am most indebted in the for
mation of the text are Schanz and Krai : for the interpre
tation I have found Cron s edition far the most valuable.

I have also consulted the editions by Wohlrab and Gobel,
and other critical contributions to the study of the
dialogue referred to in my notes. But I have frequently

iv PREFACE.
ventured to differ from the other editors in the inter
pretation of the dialogue : and a large part of the com
mentary is my own.
I have again gratefully to acknowledge my obligations
to Mr Neil.
EMMANUEL COLLEGE,
November 25, 1887.
INTRODUCTION.
THE Crito is one of the Socratic tetralogy of

dialogues, embracing the Euthyphro, the Apology, the
Crito and the Phaedo. The justification for grouping
these together is that each of them is concerned with
the circumstances of Socrates trial, imprisonment and
death. At the outset of the Euthyphro, we are favoured

with a description of Socrates accuser, together with
a brief account of the indictment while in the rest of
:
the dialogue Plato proceeds to refute by anticipation

the charge of impiety, shewing how infinitely more
reverent is the scepticism of Socrates than the unre
orthodoxy of which Euthyphro is the exponent.

flecting
The Apology was intended by Plato to be a triumphant
vindication of the whole faith and practice of his
master in society, religion and politics. In the
Crito and the Phaedo we are brought face to face
with issues which are at once narrower and wider:
narrower, inasmuch as they deal with -one particular
aspect of Socrates personality, the Crito with his
political, the Phaedo with his eschatological views,
freely developed and expanded by Plato: wider, be
cause in both we are introduced to problems of more
universal interest, in the Crito to the relation between
the individual and the State, in the Phaedo to the
immortality of the soul.

vi INTRODUCTION.
If we regard the Euthyphro as a kind of prologue
to the great trilogy of which Socrates is the central
figure, we shall see in the Crito as it were the second
drama, related to the first and much as
last the
Choephori is related to the Agamemnon and the

Eumenides. From one
point of view, indeed, there
might seem to be a closer connection between the
Crito and the Phaedo than between it and the Apology:
for while in the first member of the trilogy we have
Socrates Apologia pro vita sua, the other two set
before us his Apologia pro morte sua: in the Crito we
have the citizen s justification for remaining to die, in
thePhaedo the philosopher s, the hope of immortality.
But on a closer examination we shall see that our
dialogue is rather an epilogue to the Apology than a
prologue to the Phaedo. There is little in the doctrine
of the two first dialogues that travels beyond the
standpoint of the historical Socrates, whereas in the

purely philosophical sections of the Phaedo, Socrates
speaks for Plato rather than for himself. And in the
second place, we are introduced in the Crito to an
elaborate refutation of the political prejudice against
1
Socrates which lent such fatal force to the indictment ,
2
a prejudice touched upon, it is true, in the Apology ,
but for the first time thoroughly exposed and rebutted

in our dialogue. So far from being the enemy of his
country and the corrupter of his fellow-citizens, the
Crito sets before us Socrates as the only true patriot,
faithiul to his country and her laws even at a moment
when average Athenian morality as interpreted by the
mouth of Crito pronounced it to be not only ex-
1
See my Introduction to the Apology, pp. xxiv xxv.
2
Chapters xix xxii.
INTRODUCTION. vii
cusable but his imperative duty to break the laws

and save his life The structure of the dialogue is
1
.
admirably adapted for the purpose of exhibiting the

patriotism of Socrates, and reveals throughout a close
analogy to the actual circumstances of Socrates trial,
defence and condemnation. As the correct appre
hension of this analogy more clearly
will bring still
into view the real scope and meaning of the Crito, I

willendeavour to trace it in detail: the subject-matter
of our dialogue will be considered later.
In the trial of Socrates, there were three parties
concerned the prosecution, represented by Meletus
and his associates, Socrates himself as the defendant,
and the judges. The charge was virtually one of
High Treason Socrates, it was alleged, had been
:
unfaithful to his countryby endeavouring to demoralise

her youth and refusing to recognise her gods. A
verdict of guilty was returned and Socrates condemned
to death: this much the Apology gives us. In the
Crito, as it appears to me, the semblance of a trial is
still preserved, under the mask of dialogue. This

time Socrates judge, is Crito prosecutor, the State
prisoner at the bar. The charge is wrong-doing
(dSiKtiv) the:verdict one of acquittal. I see frequent
indications of such a juridical structure throughout
1
the Crito, such as the personification of the Laws, the

use of a7roAA,wai vo /xovs as a figurative expression for
breaking the laws (50 A, 50 D, 51 A, 54 c), perhaps

also the use of ctcnyyetcrâi in 48 A (OUK dp$(Jos tcr77yet,
^S TOJJ/ TroAAaJv So^Tys Seti/ 7^/xas <j>povri-
oiyaOwV KOL T(0l/ VCLV~

TCOJ/ StKCUOOl/ Kttt KO.A.OJl KO.I
,
and in particular the words of Socrates in 50 B,
1
See Crito, Chapter v.
viii INTRODUCTION.
just after the Laws have been brought upon the stage :
TroAAa yap av e ot a A. A cos re KCU

x TL<S
p^rtop, etTmv v-rrtp
>
TOVTOV TOV VOfJLOV d7ToXX.V{JLVOV OS T(XS StKCtS TttS 8lK(l(T@l<Ta.<;
TrpocrraTTet Kvpias ctvat . The framework upon which

the Crito hangs is hidden throughout the two opening
chapters by the dramatic setting of the dialogue, nor

does emerge into view for some time, owing to the
it
peculiar form which Crito s speech against the State

of necessity assumed partly for artistic reasons, and :
partly no doubt in order to conform to historical

truth, Plato felt bound to make Crito arraign the
State indirectly than directly by means of
rather
earnest entreaties addressed to Socrates urging him to
effect an illegal escape. It is not till we reach the
sixth Chapter, in which Socrates begins to expound

and emphasize the principle upon which the verdict
ought to hinge, that the essentially legal structure of
the dialogue first comes clearly before our eyes. So
crates the judge lays down the higher and unwritten
law by which the State is to be judged: ovre apa
ai/TtxSiKetv Set ovre Ka/ctos TTOIZLV ovSeVa aV$poo7ru>v, ov&
av OTIOVV Trdor^rj avrcoi/ (49 c).

-VTT The State is next
heard in her own
defence: she pleads that her very
existence is endangered (xi), that Socrates above all
Athenians owes her even more than filial obedience
and regard (xm a brief reply to
xiv), finally, after
the arguments of Crito (xv), she concludes by hold
ing out to Socrates a prospect of rewards in the
1
Cron s remark on this passage is true, but not (I think)
the whole truth :
"
Dabei wird man an die Sitte zu Athen

erinnert, dass, wenn Abschaffung eines Gesetzes
es sich um
handelte, dieses durch erwahlte Anwalte vertheidigt (<rvj>rjyof>oi)
wurde.
INTRODUCTION. ix
other world, at the same time reiterating her own

innocence: ^St/oêVos okm, eav aViTjs, ov^ v^ T;/X,(OI/,
aXXa vVo aVfyxoTrcDv (54 B). Socrates then pronounces
verdict of acquittal: to, TOI VW, w Kpirwv, KCU Trparrw/xcv
TavTTfl, eTreiS?} ra.vrri

6 Oeos v<f>rjytiTa.L.
Enough has now been said to establish what is I
think a clear analogy between the structure of our
dialogue and the circumstances of Socrates trial:

but
in order to obtain an accurate comprehension of the
meaning of the verdict delivered by Socrates, it is
necessary to inquire somewhat more particularly into
the position assigned to Crito and to the Laws. Crito
is not merely the friend of Socrates, pleading with
passionate earnestness against the sacrifice of the asso
ciate whom he held so dear : he is also the mouthpiece
of Athenian public opinion. This is clearly implied
in the arguments by which he endeavours to induce
Socrates to make his escape: "many men,"
he says in
44 B, "who do not know you and me well, will think

me guilty of neglect, because I might have saved you,
if I had been willing to spend money": and again in
45 E,for my part feel
"I ashamed for you and for us
who are your friends. It will be thought that the
whole of this thing which has befallen you is due to our

cowardice, I mean your appearance in court when you
need not have appeared, the process itself, and last of
all, the crowning absurdity of the whole transaction,
that you should be thought to have given us the slip
through a sort of cowardice and unmanliness upon

our part, because we did not save you and you did not
save yourself, when it was possible and practicable for
you to do so, ifwe had been good for anything at all."
Had Socrates complied with the invitation of his

x INTRODUCTION.
friend, not only would no Athenian have condemned
him, but to the mass of his countrymen his conduct
would have appeared not only natural, but perfectly
just: the ties of friendship were stronger in their esti
mation than those of patriotism. Speaking of the
reproaches which he would have to endure for leaving
Socrates to die, Crito asks in 44 C: "what character
could be more dishonourable than the character of
preferring one s money to one s friends? The people
will never believe that it was you who refused to
escape, and we who were anxious to save you."

The
concluding part of Crito s appeal is even more empha
tic: "And besides, Socrates, I think you are trying to
do what is wrong, betraying yourself, when you might
be saved (45 Crito is throughout the represen
c)."
tative of average Athenian morality, and from the

fact that he nowhere recognises the paramount duty
which both Socrates and he as surety for his friend
owed to the State, we can see how lightly the yoke
of patriotism pressed upon an age that produced a,
Theramenes and an Alcibiades.
Let us now examine the part played by the Laws in
the dialogue. It is easy to go wrong here: for that
which acquitted by Socrates is not the verdict or

is
sentence which the unjust judges had pronounced

against him Socrates indeed declares again and again
:
throughout the dialogue that his condemnation was

flagrantly unjust. Nor yet is it strictly speaking the
constitution of Athens in particular, for Socrates was
far from viewing democracy with an altogether favour
able eye but what really stands arraigned before him
:
is the State in the abstract as opposed to the Indivi
dual in other words the principle that alone renders

INTRODUCTION. xi
possible the existence of any kind of State, aristocracy

no less than democracy, the VO/AOS os -n-pocrrdTTCL ras
SiKas ras StKacrêtcras Knptas eti/at (50 B).
We are now in a position to
comprehend the full
meaning of Socrates decision. His acquittal of the
State is at once a condemnation of his judges and a
counter-accusation ofHigh Treason against the people
themselves. the State was innocent, the guilt
For if
rested with the judges, who had misinterpreted the

law : and the postponement of public interests to the
apparent advantage of the individual, which forms the

very pith and marrow of Crito s appeal, is shewn to be
just as treasonable as Socrates himself was patriotic.
Up to this point we have been concerned chiefly

with the form of the dialogue it remains to consider :
the doctrine. We both in respect of

shall find that
ethical and
political teaching the Crito remains true
to the creed of the historical Socrates. This is exactly
what we should expect beforehand, if the real purpose
of Plato, as I have endeavoured to shew, was to hurl
back the charge of High Treason from the Socrates of
history upon the Athenians at large.
We note first of all the peculiarly Socratic method
which employed throughout the inquiry. The entire
is
dialogue is but an illustration of the precept which is

enunciated in 46 B :
eyw ov p.6vov vvv, a AXot /cat aet roiov-
TOS, otos TCOV e/xtov /x-^Seyt aAAw 7ra $eo-$ai r)

TW Aoya>,
1
os av fJiOL A,oyio/Aevu> ySeXrto-TOs âtv^rat . Here
the Xo yos is ya^Sevi T/3O7ra> aSi/c^re ov cu/at: it forms SO
to speak the major premise of Socrates practical syllo
gism, of which the minor is established by the plead-
1
See note in loc.
A. C. 2
xii INTRODUCTION.
ing of the Laws (50 A foil.). The historical accuracy
of our dialogue is apparent in its ethical doctrine no
less than in its method. We seem to hear the voice
of Socrates when we read that only the wise man s
judgment deserving of regard (47 A), and still more

is
when we find this statement backed up by the familiar

illustrations from the arts (47 B foil): nor is the con
ception of wickedness as a disease of the soul, and

the preference of soul over body (47 E foil.), out of
harmony with Socrates teaching. Equally Socratic is

the sentiment in 48 B : ov TO t^\v irepl TrAeurrou Troir^reW,
aXXcx TO ev and the refusal in 49 E to permit any
gfjv:
divergence between theory and practice is only the

ovSels eKcoi/ a/xaprai/t stripped of its paradox. I think
also that Socrates would have
willingly accepted the
fundamental Xoyos of the dialogue /M?8cn T/OOTTW aSi-
KTf)Tov clvai even if he never actually so expressed
himself. The objections raised by Zeller and many
editors, on the ground of passages in Xenophon and
1
Aristotle seem to be directed rather against the ap
,
parent altruism of such a doctrine than at the doctrine

itself. But in the mouth of Socrates the sentiment,
so far from being altruistic, was dictated by conscious
egoism. He refrained from doing wrong, not out of

regard for others, but because of its effect upon his
own soul: for just in proportion as the value of our
1
In Mem. n. 6. 35 all that Socrates says is that if Crito-
bulus believes that virtue in a man is VIKO.V roi)s /J.ev <fii\ovs
eft
TTOIOVVTO., rods Se e%#/9oi)s KCLKUS, he will not find it hard to make

friends. Mem. in. 9. 8 proves nothing either way. In Aris
totle Rhet. II. 23, p. a ws
I398 24 (Zw/i/sdr^s oiV (3adieii>
2<p-r)
Apx^Xooi yap elvai Zfitj rb /UTJ Stivacrdai &fju&vacr6a.i uffwep

v(3pu> )
Kal KO/CWS) it seems to me that Socrates is only making use of a

popular definition of u/3pts to illustrate his own.
INTRODUCTION. xiii
1
souls exceeds that of our bodies ,
is the supreme
importance of keeping them healthy and free from
stain, if we would consult our own individual interests.
Rightly understood, this thorough-going vindication

of virtuous conduct even under the extremest provo
cation isaltogether in harmony with a creed which
regarded soul as the true self, and. self-knowledge
and self-development as the end of life.
The political teaching of the Crito faithfully repre
sents the opinions held by Socrates and establishes
his right to the title of patriot, in contrast to his fellow-
countrymen. Whether we regard the decision itself,

or the grounds by which it is enforced, the whole
political bearing of the dialogue may be summed up

in the words which Xenophon puts into the mouth of
Socrates I
(fayfjii yap eyto TO vo/JUfJLOv SLKGLLOV etât (Mem.
iv. 4. 12). To break the laws is to strike at the root
of all society (50 A): it is not merely a breach of con
tract (51 E), it is State-murder, a crime worse than
matricide (50 B, 51 A foil.), because our country is far
more to us than a mother. What an emphatic asser
tion of the old Greek theory of life is here The very !
man whose daily work it was to preach se/f-study and

5-<f^/-knowledge proclaims that we should live for the
State rather than for ourselves. Nor if we view the
question rightly is there any contradiction. Socrates

refused to separate the /3tos upa/m/co s from the /5/o9
QewprjTLKos ; he claimed to be a political as well as a

moral reformer: ofyxai H.ZT oAt ycov AOvjva.iwv, he says
in the Gorgias, Iva.
^ etVo) /xoVos, tTrtêipeti/ T^ ws d\rj-
1
See Mem. IV. 3. 14 dXAot ^v ical avOp&irov 76
ri KO.I a\Xo TUV dvOpuirivuif TOV Qdov fj-cr^x^ and compare Crito
47 E 48 A.
2 2
xiv INTRODUCTION.
$0)9 TToAm/O? T^yr) KCU TTpaTTtlV Ttt TToXtTlKCt fJLOVO<S
T<JJV
vvv (521 E). He exhorted the Athenians a<

eo-rias
apô-Oai Ka.6a.ipew TTJV 7roA.iv to reform the State by

reforming themselves: and, conversely, he believed
that the full development of the individual could only
be attained in the service of the State. The only
possible life as it
appeared to Socrates was the life of
a citizen. He condemned the increasing divergence
between public and private interests in his day, and
traced to thisamong other causes the decline of Athe
nian prosperity (Mem. in. 5. 21).
It may appear strange that a man so prone to
doubt and inquiry should have hesitated to call in
question the authority of the laws but the fact is :
undeniable. Socrates would have agreed with the

remark of Cleon in Thucydides (in. 37. 4) ot fjitv yap
TWV re VO/JLWV crocôjTepoi fiovXovTou <pa.LVcr@a.i
/cat e*c
7OV TOLOVTOV TO. TToXXct OX^ttAAotXTl TttS 7ToA.ei9. His

whole was distinguished by absolute fidelity to
life
the laws of his country he had upheld them against

:
the fury of the people and the tyranny of the thirty :
and now he consents to death rather than break

them. It was for their strict subordination to law
and authority that Socrates entertained so warm an

admiration for Sparta and Crete and the same :
feeling underlies praise which he bestows in

the
Xenophon upon the Athens of the past (Mem. in. 5).

The generation before his birth appeared to him a
kind of golden age, when the State flourished and the
citizens were happy under the old unreflecting moral
ity, where no right was known but that of law. The
limitation of Socrates genius appears here. Had
he carried out his principles to their fullest logical
INTR OD UCTION. xv
development, he would not have shrunk from sub

mitting to the test of his dialectic the whole question
of the validity and authority of law, as a condition of
the stability of social life but to him it is almost an
:
axiom that the law should be obeyed. The fact is

that Socrates rationalism was only half-complete. If
reason presided over one hemisphere, /xavriKi/ ap
1
peared to him to rule the other It was reserved for .
Plato to dethrone pavriKr) and make vovs the sole

monarch of the world 2 But in Socrates way of .
thinking, the Laws

derive their validity from God,
and have no need of human reason to establish it :
they are of thesame family with the Laws in the

Unseen World, and he who offends against the one
is held guilty by the other :
T^/xets re crot â.Xîra.vovp.^v
oiWt, /ecu Kt ot ry/xerepoi aSeA<ot ot ev "AtSou vo jaot,

OVK Lêv(ios <re
irTToSeôi/rai, ctSores on /cat ^/xas eTrrêi-
3
pô-as ttTroXeVat TO o-oV /xepos (54 c) .
The Crito presents us with what is

therefore
upon the whole a faithful picture of Socrates both as

a man and as a teacher. Only in two respects does
it
appear to travel beyond the views which may with
certainty be ascribed to him. While still in the
vigour of life and possessed with the ardour of his

mission, Socrates on no occasion expressed himself
so despairingly about his country as we should infer
1
See this admirably worked out in Nohle s "Die Statslehre
Platos in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung "
Qena, iSSoJ, pp.

10 13.
2
In Politicus 209 C priests and soothsayers are placed on the
same level with slaves, artisans and merchants.
3
See also Xen. Mem. iv. 4. 25 Kal rots 0eots a/>a,
c3
ta, rb aiVd SiKaibv re Kal vkfjuôv et^cu

xvi INTRODUCTION.
1
from various passages in the Crito on the contrary :
he thought the reformation of Athens quite within the

range of practical politics (Xen. Mem. in. 5). Nor
would he have spoken of a future so confidently as life
the Laws with his approval speak towards the close of

the dialogue. But even here we must allow something
for the influence which the imminent prospect of death
might exert even upon the ardent spirit and sternly

logical mind of a Socrates. On the whole I think it
probable that his unjust condemnation may have led

him to despair, not so much of Athens, as of the
Athenians but I cannot bring myself to believe that
:
he could ever have dogmatically asserted or approved

of the doctrine of immortality. Plato seems to be
responsible for that.

In conclusion, let us endeavour to sum up the
reasons which induced Socrates to remain and die.
First and foremost, we may put the influence of his
divine
sign. Although this is nowhere expressly
mentioned in the Crito, yet there seems to be an
allusion to it in the words with which the dialogue
concludes Trparrco/xev ravrr], eTretS?; ravrr) 6 $eos v<j>rj-
yetTcu. The
very pleading of the Laws is but the
voice of the divine sign made articulate see my note :
upon 54 D KOL ei>

e/x-ot avTTj 77 T/xr) rovrwi/ TWV \6ywv
/3o/A/3ei /cat Trotei fjirj
Swacr$ai TOJV oAAcov aKOueiv. The
rejection too of Crito s offer was the best possible
refutation of the charge of treason, as it revealed
Socrates in the light of a true patriot in the midst
44 D, 48 C and especially 49 D olSa yap on 6X47015 rurl

1
raOra Kal 5o/cet /cat 56ei. ols ovv OVTW StdoKrat Kal ols pr), roi/rots
OJ K &TTI Koivrj j3ov\r], dXX dvdyKrj TOVTOVS a\\r]\uv
rci dXXTjXw;
INTRODUCTION. xvii
of men, withwhom private and personal interests

weighed more than regard for their country and her
laws. Nor must we forget, in the third place, that
Socrates was now old, and had finished his mission :
it was
hardly possible to find a more opportune mo
ment for dying. Had he been thirty and not seventy,
I doubt if we should admire him so much I think
:
we should have thought him lacking in spirit. Plato

in his place would probably have escaped, and I for
one should not have blamed him. As it was, the
death of Socrates was the best thing that could hap
pen for his fame and influence it was well worth
:
while to die, if only for the sake of the impulse which

his death imparted to the greatest of his pupils.
KPITQN
[H nepi npAKTeoy. H
TA TOY AIAAOrOY
SOKPATHS, KPITHN.
I. Sfl. Tt rrjviKaSe dfylât,, do
Kpircov , rj
ov
erieo-riv; crito visits So-
KR Uibv h afo.
KR ppKa*. (
you 5
2O. Qavjjiaâ}, O7rco9 ij0e\i)O <TOL 6
rov êa fJLCOT ijpLov <f>v\at;

VTraKovaai.
KP. &vvijOr)S rjSrj fiol eariv, c5
Sftj^pare?, 8ta TO
Sevpo fyoiTav, Kai TI teal evr)pyeT r)Tai vir
10
2H. "Apn
Be rjiceis r)
7rd\aL ;
KP.
Sî. EZra
Y) Trapa/cddrjO ai, ;
KP. Ou /â TOI^

A/a, Sfo/tpare? ouS* az^ avrq9
fc>
15
v eV Too-avry re d^pvirvia KOL \v7rrj elvcu.
TTAATHNOI I43B
l crov ird\ai
jyeipov, iva eo9 ere OVK

Kal TroXXa/ct? p,ev ae Kal Trpore- $ij
20
poz^ eV Travrl TU>
ftiy yvSaLfAovicra rov rpoTrov, TTO\V
8e [JLa\i(TTa ev ry vvv Trap ear to cry %vp,$opa,<j)S pa
avrrjv Kal Trpacos <êpet9.
2H. Kal <yap civ, w Kp/rcoz/, TrA^yttyiteXe? el ?;

vaKreiv Tr]\iKovrov ovra, el Sei ^ 87; rekevrav.
25 KP. Kat a\\oL,
ZooKpares, TrjXifcovroi, ev rot- c CD
avrais ff/zôpa-i? aX-io-Kovrai, dX)C ovSev avroix; eVt-

TO IATJ ov%i ayaia/crelv ry Trapovcrrj
XO. "Ecrrt raOra. d\\a TI
30 dfylâi ;
KP. \\-yje\lav, a;
^(t)Kpare
<jot, a)? e/iot (fraiverat, a\\ efiot KOLI rot? crot?
iraaiv Kal âXeTrr^v Kal (Bapelav, fjv eyu>,
w?
So/Co), eV TOis"
ftapv-rar av eVey/ecu/u.
35 SO. TiVa Tavrrjv ; 17 TO nr^lov a^liciai etc
ov Set dfyiKOfjievov TeOvdvaL ê ;

KP. Oiy TCM d^tLKTai, d\\d SoKel 8>) [Jiev IJLOL iêiv D
e d7ray ye~\,\ovo-iv rjtcovre^ nves diro
r
cSz^
ical Kara\iTTovTe^ eKel avjo. &r)\ov ovv etc

40 TOVTWV TGOV dyryeôov, OTL Kal dvdjKr) Srj
rjêi, rrjjAepov,
et? avpiov earai,, w ^coKpare^, rov /Slop ae re\evrdv.
II. 2O. AXX ,
w Kp/Tft)i/, TV^rj dyaOfj. el
d>i\ov, TavTi] earco. ov

The ship will , ^ f/ , v ,
arrive to morrow.
^VTOi OLfJLai r]%iV aVTO T^jJiepOV.
A vision has told . - ,
f
me that I shall JV.T. LLOUeV TOVTO TeKLbaiOei !
A ,
live two days. _ , , n ,
2,11. &y(o aoi epo). Ty yap TTOV
vcrTepata Bel jê aTroOvya-Keiv 1} y dv e\0rj TO 7r\olov.
III44D KPITHN. 3
KP. TOL &r) ol TOVTWV KvpiOL.

<&acri
<ye
SO. Ov Tolvvv T?/9 eVtou 0-779 oL^cu avro Y)fjiepa<$
ifeeiv, d\\d rrjs erepas. reK/jbalpofjiaL Be etc TLVOS

evvTrvtov, o ecopafca o\iôv Trporepov TavTij? r^9
VVKTOS. KOi KlvSw6Vl<> V KClipa) TLVL OV/C
KP. ^Hz/ Be Srj TL TO Ivvirviov ;
SO. ESo/cet Tt? [Hoi yvvr) TTpoaekOovcra ica\rj
B Kal eveir]<$,
\evtcd l/ncirta eôvora, KaXkaai yu-e
/cal 15
L7reiV a)
^cotcpare^, rjfiarl Kv
LKOLO.
KP. "ArOTTOV TO eVVTTVLOV, CO ^W
ovv, &J9 76 {JLOL So/cei, cu
III. KP. A/ay 76, &J9 eoi/cev. aXV, co
,
en /cal vvv efJLol TrelOou /cal
5/>\ \ /i
F or my sake,
6/AOt, eai^ C7f (ITrOUClVrjS) OV Socrates, I en-
$* . r 5 j^ \ \ \
treat you to make
^V/jL(f>Opa eCTTLV, aXXa %W/)t9 fJêV (70V your escape from
/ , <x
, ? , v prison. Think
i, TOLOVTOV eTTlTTJOetOV, Ot,OV ejO) what men will 5
>S/
/ f / v r>v
.
say of me.
ovoeva fir) TTOTC evprjcrco, GTL oe KCLI
ca ere
C T coV ere crroêti , et ]6e\ov dvdh.La Keiv Xpijfjuvra,

i
a//-e-
\yjaaL. KCLI rot r/9 "^

alo-^lcov ecrj TavTrjs S6a rj
Sofceiv xprjfjbaTa rrepl 7rXe/oô9 TroielaOat, 10

rj (f)iXov$ ;
ov <yap
TrelaovTai, OL TroXXot, a;9 af auro9 ou/c rj6e\r)-
cra9 dtnivai evOevbe ^^v TrpoOvôvjjievwv.

rt Tj/jilv,
to
fj.a/capie KpiTcov, ourco TTJS
/jie\ei, ,
ol 7/>
eTrêt/cecrTcpjja^ eyi
Tit.eiv, TiyrjcrovTai, avTa oi/ro> ?re- 15
Trpaâi,, axTTrep av Trpa^GrJ.

D KP. AAA 6yoa9 S^ ort
TTAATHNOI III 440
TO,
Trapovra vvvi, OTI olol r elalv ol 7ro\\ol ov rd

20 o-fUKporara TWV tcatcwv eêpydêaOai, d\\d rd /j.e-
crêBov, edv Tt? ev avrols BLa{3e/3\r)fjLevo<; y.

Et w<ê\ov,
w Kp/rtw^, o^cn T* eli ai ol
<ydp
r
ra /jLeyiara /cared ep<yd%cr0ai,, (va olol r fjcrav
t
teal djaOd rd /jieyio-ra, KOI dv elêv vvv 3e Ka\w<$
25 ovfterepa ovre yap

olol re ovre d(ppova <$>povi[JLOV
Cvvarol iroLrjaai, TTOIQVVI Se rovro o TI dv Tvywcri.

IV. KP. TaOra fiev_]} OUTOJ? eêrcw raê 8e, E
Your friends are

a; lEco/tpare?,
v
etVe /uot. apa 76-
"^ *
/XT) e/xoO
>
-
willing to run the

TTpO/JLTJUel K.CLI TGOV oXK-WV eTTtTT/oeift)^, [AT],
indeed the risk is ea^ eV^6Z/Se eeX$?79, Oi (TVKO(bdvTai

5
but smalL r.
77/uz;
O"i)
TTpay/jLara Trape^wo-ivj^
r rv evuevbe
/V*
ere
KK\e^lrao~iv, KCLI dvayfcacrOw/jLev rj

teal Trdaav rr]v
ovo~iav d7ro/3a\iv rj crv^ya ^prjfjLara, rj
teal d\\o rt
TrposTOVTOiSTraOelv êlydpTiToiovTOv \ ^>o/3ei,

eao~ov 45
airo xatpew T^/xet? TTOV Biieaiot eo-/mev o-wo~avres
<ydp
10 ere KivSvvevew TOVTOV TOP KIV^VVOV icaL, edv Bey, GTL

TOVTOV fjieiâ). aXV e/jiol ireiOov teal firj aXXca? Trolet,
SO. Kal ravra Trpo/jL^dovfiat, w KP/TOJZ/, teal
d\\a TroXXa.
KP. M?;T6 TOLVVV ravra (J3o/3ov Kal yap ov&e
15 TroXi) rdpyvpiov ecmv, OeKovai \a/36vres riveso
a al o~e teal eâyayelv evOevbe. eireLTa
TOVTOVS TOI)? crvKoavras (w? evreXet?, /cal
eir avrovs TTO\\OV dpyvplov ,
o~ol Be virdpêi fjiev
rd efjid ^pij/jLara, a;? 670; oljjiai, itcavd eireira teal ei TI B
20 efjiov Krj&o/jLevos OVK. oizi o~elv dva\[dKeiv rdfia, %evoi,
OVTQI evOdSe eroiÔL dva\lo-tceiv 6t? Be teal tceteo/jLt/cev
eV avro TOVTO dpyrpiov i/cavov, S/^/t/a? 6

V45E KPITHN. 5
6TOt/u,o9 Be teal Ke/3?7? KOI aXXot TroXXot Trdvv. ware,

oTrep \eyco, fJLr/Te ravra fyoftov/Jievos aTTOKaap^ aavrov
awaai, //^re, o eXe^ye? ev TCO BiKao-TTjpiy, Bvo")(pes_o-oi, 25
yeveado), oVt oy/c ai^ eôt9 ee\dooi> o TC %/3c3o aavrw

TToXXaôO yitei/ 7p Aral aXXocre, OTTO^ ai^
dîtcy, dya-
C Trr/crovo-i ere* e az/ Se {3ov\rj et? 6rra\tav levai, elalv
K6i %eVOl, OL (J6 7T6pt TToXXoO 770ir](JQVTCil Kdl
akeidv aot, irapeôvrai, wcrre ere fjujbeva \v7reiv 30
Kara erraX/az/.
}/
V. Ert 8e, w ^Gufcpares, ov&e Stfcaiov poi Sorceis
<rav~rov
Besides it is
v
/^ v fi
v
efoi/ awur]vai KCLI roiavra crTreuoet? vreot wrong, even cow-

x
/j
/ * /, ,/ v r , / ardly.todiewhen
GCLVTOV ryevecruai,, airep av /cat, OL eve/pot you might iwe.
, v ,/ v cf Think of y ur
aTrevaaiev re KCLI eaTrev&av ere bia- children and your 5
fr i en ds: we shall
\ r. \ / \
be branded as
TrpO? Oe TOUTOt? /Cat cowards for our
(TaVTOV share in this whole
TOU? Utet? TOl)? e/JLOLye OO/Cet? TrpO-
v
matter.
D Sibovai, o#9 crot efoy /cat etcOpetyai, teal
fcardhiTrcov, Kal TO crov /xepo?, o
,
TOVTO TTpd^QVO LV TeVÔVTCtl, $6, CO? TO IO
TOIOVTWV oldirep eiwOev ryiyveaOai, ev rat? opcfra-
7T6pl TOU? OpfyaVOVS, fj jdp OV
Sevovra av Be JJLQL So/cet? rd padvfjLOTara alpelcrdcu,
Xprj Be, direp av dvrjp dyados fcal dvSpeios eXoiro, 15
Tavra alpelaOai, cfrdcrKovrd <ye Brj dperrj^ Bid iravros

rov {3lov eTTL/jLeXela dai a5? eycoye Kal vTrep aov Kal
E VTrep TI^&V TWV GWV eTriTTjBeLcov alar^vvofJLai, firj Bo^rj
anrav TO Trpdyua TO Trepl ae dvavBpta nvl Ty
TO 20
qaeTepa TreTrpd Ôai^ Kal 77 et croSo? r^? BLKIJS et?
BiKacrTijpiov <W9
elfffjXde? e%6v ar} elcre\delv Kal avrfa y
o dywv T^9 8/^779 co9 eyeveTO, Kal TO TekevTalov Brj

TTAATflNO! V 45 E
TOVTI, coo-Trep Kardye\w^ T?/? vrpnêcos, KCLKLCI nvl Kal

dvav&pia rfj rjfjLerepa SiaTreêvyevai, j ^//.d? OOKCIV, oi- 46
05 rives ere ov^l ecrwo-a/jiev ovoe av aavrov, olov re ov
Kal Svvarov, el TI Kal fjiiKpbv TJ/JLOJV oêXo? TJV. ravra
ovv, ^wKpares, opa pr) aâ
<w KaKut Kal alcr^pa y TU>
aoi re Kal rj^lv. d\\a /3ov\6vov paXKov Se ov$e y
/3oiAei>ecr$at CTL copa, d\\a /3/3ov\evcr6ai. /JLia Be
30 /3ofX?J T/J? yap eTriovo-T)? VVKTOS iravra ravra 8et

Oai. el & en jrepi/JLevoviJiev, dSvvarov Kal
olov re. d\\d iravrl T/QOTTW, co 2a)/cpare?,
ireidov /JLOI Kal /z^SayLtw? aXXro? nroiei.
9
VI. 2^1. î <pi\$ K/3tr&)^, TI TrpoOvjjiia crov I)
Crito, the only

7XXo{) fi; i>6Ta TtZ/0?
rTgal-Zg are
W 6t ^ M> <"*<? ^WV, TO(7OVT(D
0f eW TeV a
is Tt not so?
- fncoireladai ovv
Yes.
ravra irpanTeov e lre /zr}* o5? eyw ov
vvv, d\\d Kal del TOIOVTOS, olo? TCOV
d\\a) TreiOeaOai i]
T&J \6y(o, 09 civ JJLOL \oyi%ofjbei>(a
Trpoadev eXeyov, ov SvvafJLai vvv eK/3a\elv, eVetS^ IJLOI,
10 7]Se r) ru^r] yeyovev, dX\d a-)(e^6v TI,

O/JLOIOI <j>atvovTai
IJLOI,
Kal 701)9 avTovs Trpeo /Seua) Kal TifMO), ovairep Kal C
irpoTepov &v edv fjirj fieXTico e^cofjuev \eyeiv ev TO)
irapovTL, ev laQi oil ov JJLIJ aoi ^vyâjpâco, ovS* av
vrXe/o) TWV vvv TrapovTwv TJ
T&V TroXXwv SvvafjLLS
15 ooaTrep TraiSas rjâ^ jbiopfjio\VTTr)Tai, &ea/j,ovs

Kal 6a-
vdrovs eTTLTre/jLTiovaa Kai ^prj/jiaruov a<f)aipeaei$.
7ra>9
ovv av aerpLcoraTa aKOTrolfêOa avrd el TTpwrov p.ev ;
TOVTOV TOV \6yov dva\d(Boi(j,ev, ov av \eyeis irepi TWV

ooôjv, Trorepov KdXws eXeyero eKaarore rj ov, OJJL
Tat9
20 uev Set TCOV oogwv 7rpoae%iv TOV vovv, rat9 oe ov rj D

VII 47 B KPITHN. 7
irplv pev e/jie

Beiv aTroOvycnceiv Ka\tos e Xeyero, vvv Be
KaTciSrjXos a pa eyeveTO, OTL aXX&)9 \eveKa Xoyot/j eXe-
<yeTO, rjv Be rra&id KOI $>\vapia &J9 d\7]0a}$] e7TL0v/jiw 8
eywy* eTna Ke ^rao Oai, co

Kpirwv, Koivf) p,eTa crov, ei rl
fjiot, dXXoiorepos (fravecTai, eVetS?; coSe %a), r)
6 avros, 25
Kal eda-ofJLev %aipeiv rj 7reicrofj.60a avrq). eXeêro Se

TTO)?, co? eyajfjuai,, etcdvroTe a>Se VTTO TWV olopevcav TL
\eyeiv, (Lcnrep vvv Brj eyco 6\<yov,
OTL rwv So^cov, 09
ot avdpwTroi So^dôvaLV, &eoi, ra? /Jiev irepi TroXXoO
E 7roi6Lcr6ai, ra? Se /Jbr). TOVTO vrpo? 6ev, Kplrcov, 30 <w
ov So/eel Ka\,a>s CTOL \eyecr6ai ;

crv <ydp,
ocra ye rdv-
47 OpcoTreia, eVro? el rov /êXXetz^ diroOvycnceiv \ avpiov,
/cal OVK av ere
irapaicpovoi r) irapovo-a
CTKOTrei BTJ ou^ licavat^ So/eel croi \eyecr6ai, on ov
Tracra? %pr} ra? 3ofa9 rwv dvdpdOTrwv Tifjuav, d\\a 35
ra9 JJLGV, ra9 S ou j

TI (^779 j
KP.
Sfl. OVKOVV r9 ftez/ xprjo-rds Ti/Jidv, ra9 5e TTO-
4
KP. Na/.
Sn. Xp^crral Se aup^ at rco^ (^povifJLWv, Trovrjpal
Be at TV d(f)povwv ;
KP. IIa;9 S ou;

VII. Ô. ^>ep6 $r}, 7TW9 ai; ra roiavra e\ejero ;
^ dvrjp Kal TOVTO TTpdrrwV Asingymnas-

\ >
*. \ >
/ \ ,
/ tics, so in ques-
TTaVTOS aVOpOS eiTaiVW Kai tyO yW tions of right and
/ / ,\ f \ /* 5 wrong: we should
^09 fJiOVOV 6KeiVOV, regard, not the
* * / >
N ,x P> / v opinions of the ,
09 aV TVyvavrj taTp09 i] iraiOOTplpm <V\ many, but only 5
j v
his who knows.
KP. El/09 fJLOVOV. Otherwise that
~ ~ within us which
*? r\ r\ ">
r> ft \ \
2,12. (JVKOVV oelcTUai r TOU9 is concerned with
8 TTAATHNOS VII 476
right and wrong tyoyovs Kdl d&TrdêcrOaL TOU9

will be destroyed: \ ~ t ^-\^ \ v v
TOU9 TOV e^09 KIVOV, aAAa ylt?7 TOf?

>
>
IO
KP. A^Xa or/.
StQ. TavTrj dpa aurcG TrparcTeov /cal yv/j,vao~Tov f
ical eSeareov rye /cal Troreov, y av TO) evl Sofcfj rco

7Tia"raTr) teal liratovTi, (J,a\\ov rj y ^vpiracri rot?
15 a\\oi$.
KP. "Ecm ravra.
Sn. Elez/. aTreiOrjaas &e rw ez/l âl ari/xacra?
avrov TTJV &6t;av /cal TOI)? eVaa/of?, Tt^cra? Se TOI)? c
7ral6vTG>v, apa ovbev
TO>I> TroXXcwz/ Xoyou? /cal /uLrjSev
20 icaKov Tretcrercu ;
KP.
T/ 8* ecTTt TO KaKov TOVTO ;
/cal 7ro
KOL 6t9 T/ TftJ^ TOl) CLTTeiOoVVTOS \
KP. &f)\ov or 6*9 TO i

atofjia TOVTO jap
25 SO. KaXo39 \eyets. QVK.QVV KO\ raXXa, w ~K.pi-
TCOV, OVTOJ?, w/a yLtr)

TcavTa (jita)/JL,ev,
/cal o~rj /cal irepl T&V
8i/cat(ov /cal /cal /cal /ca\a)v /cal
dBl/ca>v
alG^pwv dyaOuiv
/cal tcaicuiv, Trepl wv vvv rj fBovKr) YJ/MV eo~Tiv; iroTepov
T^ T&)Z^ 7TO\\WV Ô^rj Set ^yLt9 GTTttjQoil KCLl <$)o(3eiO

6ai,
30 aur^f, ^ rf} ToO ez/09, el T/9 IOTIV eTrattov, ov oel /cal
alo"xyvea6aL
/cal cfropeicrOai yu-aXXo^ 7; vfjL7ravTas TOV$
a XXou9 ;
c5 el fir) dfcoXovdrjcro/jiev, SiaffrOepov/jLev e/celi O
/cal \co^7]o-6/ji6da } o TCO fjuev SutaLw /3e\Tiov eyiyvero,
TO) Se d$l/C(p aTrojXXvTO. 17
ovoev eVrt TOVTO ;
35 KP. Ql/jLai eywye, w ôo/cpaT6^. **,

VIII. SIX ê e S}, TO UTTO roO vyieivov
e a^
and life would iez>

@\TLOV <yiyv6aeVOV,
V7TO TOV VOO~W-
then be intolera- _ - v ^ . r ^ ,
bie. it is true, oou9 oe oiafueiojLevov cioteo~to[j,ev ?ret-

VIII 48 B KPITHN.
U,ri TV T(OV ZTCaloVTWV &6r), apa the many may put
us to death: but
avrov ;
fe s not to be
5
bought at any
/ v * /
oe TTOI; TOVTO TO acofjia r) ov%t, ;
P rice -
KR Nat.
2n. Â/a OVV fllGDTOV l]^LV eOTTLV fJLGTCL fJLOÔ^pOV
Kal ie$6ap[Jievov craipaTos ;
KP. OuStf/ia)?. 10
SO. AXXa /ULET* KLVOV ap IJfMV ftltoTOV $(,-
<f>6apfievov, _w
TO aSiicov JJLCV \wâ.Tai, TO $
ovivi)(jiv ; rj fyavKoTepov ^yov/jieOa elvai TOV
48 eicelvo, o ri TTOT e<rrl TWV \ rf/jLerepcov, irepl o rj re
a&iKia Kal rj SLKaioavvrj ecmV; 15
KP. OuSa/Ltco?.
SO. AXXa TLjJLiwTepov \
KP. HoXu 76.

SO.Oty/c ci pa, c^ ySeXTicrre, TraVu ?7/ztt/ oura) $pov-
TicrTeov, TL epovaiv ol TroXXol TJjjids, aXX o rt 6 eiratdov 20

Sifcalcov /cal aSiKtov, 6 et?, /cat aur?) 77 d\r]-
eicnyyov jjievos T?/9 rwv TroXXa;^ ^0^9 Selv r/â? (frpov-
Tiêiv Tcepl Ttov SiKalwv Kal KO\WV /cal d<ya6wv

Kal
TV evavTiwv. aXXa fjLtv Sij, (âlrj j civ TL<$,
oloL re 25
eicriv rjfJLas ol TroXXot arcoKTivvuvai.
B KP. A^Xa, 87} /cal ravTa (ftalrj <yap av, to Sft)-
SO. Â\T]6r) Xeêt?. aXX ,

co Oav^dcne^ ourd?
re 6 Xoiyo?, oz^ SieXrjXvdafiev, e/ôiye bo/cel ert oyu-oto? 30
elvai Kal rrpoTepov Kal roz/Se az) CTKOTTCI,, el eTi
r//jLlv rj ov, on ov TO f)v Trepl TrXelaTov Trot
aXXa TO ev tf]V.
KP. AXXa
A. C. 3
10 TTAATHNO! VIII 486
35 2yH. To Se ev Kdl /ca\a)S Kdl SiKdlcos OTI ravrov

ecrTiv, fj,evet, r) ov fjievei ;
KP. McW
IX. Sfl. QvKOVV K TWV 6/iiO\OyOVJjil (LV TOVTO
Trorepov SLKCILOV e yite ev6ev$e
This is the ~ , , \ i / /i
C
>
question we have TTGipdCTUdi 6<~L6VOLI,

jJL,Tj d(pl6l>T(dV A.U7J-
to ask is it right
, A , , v
\ ? \ /
or is it wrong for VdlWV, Tf
OV CiKdlOV Kdl eaV LiV (hdl-
me to make my -
f f ? c\ \ / 5
5 escape? Withthe VTJTdL OlKdiOV, TTeipWLLeUd, i 06 ILTl. 6(t)LLeV.
consequences to
A v , f
or to my 9 O6 (TV
you
children or my-
\6y6L$ Ta9 CTK.^ 61$ TC6QI T6 dVd-
f f ^ -;
self, we are not Xo)(Tea)9 YpWJAdTCOV Kdl O0^??9 KOL TTdiScOV
concerned. ^ ^^ r ,
rpo0^9, ^5 ^^ a\7]0a>^ Tdvrd, &1

KpiTcov,
T&V paSlws airoKTivvvvTWV Kdl gim&Lto-
* 10
crKOfJievwv
*~ y civ, el oloi T tfcrav, ovoevl %vv vw, TOVTCOV
/ rt r> C r* Cs> ^ ^>
\ f
yitr)
ouSez^ aXXo crfceTTTeov y f) oTrep vvv Srj
Trorepov Si/cdid Trpdô/jiev KOI ^prjfjLdrd

TOVTOLS rot? evOevSe 6%dov(Tiv Kdl %dpiTd<$, Kdl
p,6 D
15 dVTol e^dyovTes re Kdl eâ yofjievoi, rj rfj d\r)6ela
d$iKr)crojjL6V Trdvra Tavra Troiovvres KOV
*** abiKd dvrd epyaôfjievoi, pr) ov Bey V7r
OVT el d TTo9vY)(TKeiv &ei irapd/jbevovrd^ Kdl
ayovras, ovre d\\o OTLOVV 7rdo"%etv Trpo TOV
20 KP. KaXcS? fjuev ^QI So/cet? \eyew, &1
opa Se TL Spto/iev.
SO. ^KOTTWfjiev, to
dyadt, Kotvfj, Kdl et try
aVTi\eyeiv efjbov \eyovTos, dvrfaeye, Kdl croi
el Se fJir],
TTdvcrdL tfft r],
ft)
[JidKapie, TroXXa/ct? JJLOI \eycov E
25 rov avTov \6yov, ft$9 XP^ ^vBiv
\fj.e aTrievdt, 009 eyco irepl TTO\\OV

I are, a\\a pr) CLKOVTOS TdVTa TTpdTTeiv. opa Be S?)
edv aoi, wava? \eyrjTat,, Kdl

X 4 9C KPITniM. II
49 Treipa) diroKpivecrOai \
TO epcoroofjievov, y av fjt,d\i(7Ta
oig. 30
.
KP. AXXa Treipdao/JLai.
X. SO. Qv&evl TpoTTM (frafjiev e/covras dBLKVjTeov
elvai, TJ
Tivl fjbev dBiKTjreov rpojrw, TIV\ Se Do you stin
ov ; i] ovSapw TO ye dSiieelv ovTe dyaOov oSghlneteftodo

v
OVT6 KOA.OV,
-\ f -\-v ?/*
/Cat 6^
\^ TW
^ vvron r
or evil to
ft)? TTOAXa/a? 7/yLttZ^ ^0^1-, or re
s /} i t ^. /
/Q
A quite wrong with
e/JLTTpoauev xpovw ca/JLoXoyrjUr) ; r; Traaai wrong, or evil 5
r
/) f
A r with evil? Think
ai TTpocruev ev we before you
o/AOA,oyiai ii
er: the ad-

rat? oAât? rj/êpaw eKKeyvfjuevai, herents of this
di
\ ^ ? S T7"
"
1 view cannot ar-
7ra\cu, a) i\piTG)v, apa TijkiKOioe gu c with the
\ , ->^
- - /, r, -v many, wo
who think
n
Trpo? a\\ri\ovs ajrovorj biaKeyo- otherwise/ I

,
^ f , N , x , ,<s
,x still believe it.
e\auo/jLev râs CIVTOVS Traibwv ovoev 10
Sia(f)epovTe<; ; Tra^ro? fj.a\\qv ouro)? eêt

f)
Tore e\eyTo rjfjulv etre fyacrlv

ol TroXXol etre
et re Set rj/xa? ert rcG^Se
âXeTrcoTepa iracryziv etre /cat
TTpaoTepa, o/aw? TO dSiicelv jy dSt/covvT^ KOI KCLKOV <ye
ical ala^pop Tvy%dvei ov TravTL T/OOTTCO ; â^v rj

ov ; 15
KP. QafJiev.
2<l.
QvSa/Aws apa Sel dûcelv.
KP. Ou S^ra.
Si!. OuSe dSiKOVfJievov apa
TroXXot oiovTai, eTreiBrj ye o^Sa/xa;? Set
KP. Ou (palverai.
2n. Tt Se S?; ; tcatcovpyelv Set, w J^pircov, r)
ov ;
KP. Ou Set S^TTOf, co

^wtcpaTes.
SO. Tt Se ; avTiKCLtcovpyelv Ka/c.cos Trdo-ôv-a,
co? ot TroXXot fyaa-iv, SttcaLov r)
oO ÎKCUQV ; 25
KP. Oi}Sa/zc3?.
To ra 7TOU /CaACO)9 TTOtetZ/ dvO toTTOVS TOV
32
12 TTAATflNO! X4 9 c
KP. A\rjOf) \eyeis.
30 2fl. Oi/re a/m dvraSi/celv Set cure tcaKtos Troielv
ov&eva dvOtoTTW oJS onovv Trdar VTT
o^.
Ka opa, co
ptro)^, ravra Koojio^m^, OTTO)? /*?
irapd So fax/ 0/^0X077/9. oZSa. fyap oVt 0X170^9 Tto~l D

/cal So/cet /cat Soêt. ot? oi)i/ OVTW
35 /cat ot9 /A>),
TOVTOIS OVK e crrt Kolvr) QQJ&JJ ,
a\\d
dvd>yKr)
TOVTOVS aXXr/A-coi KdTafypovelv, opcovras rd
d\\tj\o)V /3ov\ev/jiaTa. aKOTreu Srj ovv Kal av ev
/jid\a TTorepov KOivwvels Kal vv&OKl CTOL /cal d

evrevOev fiovXevoêvoi, &J9 ovSeTrore opOws
fjueOa
40 TO? ovre TOV dSiKelv ovre rov dvTabiKeiv ovre
Trdaôvra d^vvecrOai dvn^p&vra KaKcos, r) dfyi

Kal ov KOivwvel? rrj? p% ? ? Â10 ^ A6 ^ Y a P ?
OTUTCO Kal vvv ert SoKel, crol Be el Try d\\y Se
Xe76 Kal SiSacTKe. el 8 euueveis rot? TrpoaOe, TO

45 ^tera TOVTO aKove.
KP. AXA eAuevcd re Kal fz/So/cet zot aXXa
Aeyco S>}
ai; TO yiteTa TOI)TO,
Trorepov a dv Tt? 0^0X07^(777 TO) oiKaia OVTO,
50 TTOLrjreov rj
KP.
XI. 2ii. E/c TOVTCOV S/} aQpei,. aTTLovres ev-
And suppose BevSe i] fuel s jjurj Trei&avTes TTJV iro\tv TTO- 50 I
the Laws of my v ^
country came TepOV KaKCti? TTOlOVUeV, Kttl TttVTa
TLVa<$
and accused me A ,/ C n A t/ \ > / T

of doing them ou? rjKLara oet, r; of ;
Kai e/Auevo/jiev ot?
wrong, what f ,
^ , ^ ,\ ,/
5 should I say? Go/jLohoryrjaafjLev oiKaiois ov&iv rj

ov ;
Should I say
they wronged
rm
Kf. /-\
Uf K
v -?
0)
O
me first? .
%CO, ZWKpaTeS, aTTOKpl-
\ ,\ 5 ^ \ 5
Of course/ vaduai Trpo? o epwTas ov jap evvow.
2^. AXX cS8e cr/coVet. et y,e\\qvaLV r^jCiv ev-
XII SOD KPITHN. 13
6ev$e et re aVoStSpacr/ceJZ ,
eiff 07r<W9 Set oVo/zacrat
TOVTO, eXObvres ol zô/u-ot real TO KOLVOV Trjs 7roXeft)9 10
l
e7rtcrraWe9 epoivro etVe /-tot,
co
2oo/cpaTe9, rt eV vu>
eêi9 7rotetz> ;
a XXo rt ^ TOVTW rw epytp, w eVtêtpet9,
B Siavoel ^
roi/9 re z
o/zof? T/yu-a? aVoXecrat /cal ^v/^Tracrav
T1JV 7TO\iV TO O"OZ>

fjUpO<>
, Tj &OK61 (TOL oloV T6 .11 Kl-
vrjv TT]V TroXty elz/at /cat yu,?) dvareTpdcbQai, ev y al 15
Si/cat, fjLrj&ev
Icr^vovcriv, d\\a VTTO ISicoT&v
i re (ylyvovTai, KOL 8ia(>0eipovTaL ; Tt epovfj,ev,
v, vrpo? raOra Kal aXXa roiavra ;

?roXXa
Ti9 eôt, a-w? re /cat prjrcop, enrev vtrep TOVTOV
rov vofjiov aTroXXf/u-eVof, 09 ra9 i/ca9 ra9 iKaaeicras 10
TrpocrraTret tcvpias elvai. rj epov/uev 777309 aurou9

C St/cet Lta9 7roXi9 :at ou /c
eicpivev ]
ravra ij
11 epovp,ev
KP. Taura 1/77 Ata, w ^w
(
XII. 2!n. Tt ozJz>,
az^ eiTrwcriv OL VO^JLOL co
^w/cpares, Kal ravra côXoy^ro ^/xtz/

r)
\ ^p^/~
/>\> -p,\ / They would
re /au crot,, 7; efji^veiv rat9 OLKCLIS at9 az^ reply: "The bar-
r ^ / o 9 /) i >
S a n was hat you
If] 7TOXi9 OLKa^rj 1 OUV CtVTWV U(lV/J,a- j
should obey us
/ ,/ ,\ f/ / ? without any qua-
heycvTcov, KTWS av enroiev on a) lification, as our 5
\ n \ child and slave -
j uav/xaê ru
i>
-^
A-eyo/jueva, aXX
^^->
Persuasion you
might bring to
aTTOKQLVOV, GTTeiOr) Kal eiCOUaS yprjO-Uai bear upon us, but
, - V /
not force
/)
eparav re KCLI anoicpivecruai.
/cal rfj TroXei
d-Tro\\vvai 01) 10
; irpwrov fiev (ae) eyevvrjo-afiev rjfiel^,
/cal St TjfJiwv eXdfJiftavev rrjv fjLrjrepa aov 6 Trarrjp /cat
(pvrvaev ere ; fypacrov ovv TOVTOLS rjfjbwv, rot9

rot9 Trepl TOU9 ydfjiovs, /ze/z<et
rt 009 ou /caXw
crivj ov fjie/jiffrofjLai,, cfraiiyv uv. aXXa rot9 -Trepi rrjv

TOV yevofjievov rpo(>rjv
re /cat TratSetav, ez^ 27
/cat <7i)
15
14 TTAATHNOS XII 500
; TI ov Arao TrpoaeraTTov r^cov o eir
TOVTOIS TeTayuevoi, 7rapayyeX\.ovTe$ Trarpl

VO/JLOI, TU>
TO) era) ae ev uovaiKf) Kal ryvfJivaaTiKfj TraiSeveiv ;
KO\GOS, (fratrjv av. elev. eTreiSrj Be ejevov re Kal E

20 eêTpdcfrrjs teal e7rai$ev0r]s, eôt? av elirelv Trpusrov
fjiev 009 ov XJi r/yaere/309 ?)cr0a /cal GKÔVO^ Kal 8o{)Xo?,
avros re Kal ol crol
Trpoyovoi ;
Kal el rovO^ OVTCOS X li
up e LCTOV otei eivau aol TO SiKaiov Kal i][Jiiv,

Kal
CLTT av 7;/zet9 ae eTTL-êipwaev iroielv, Kal aol ravra
25 avTiiroieiv olei SiKaiov elvai ; rj Trpos fjuev apa <TOL TOV
/ Trarepa OVK ef LVOV r\v TO SiKaiov Kal 77/009 TOV
avTiTTOielv, ovre KaKoos aKovovTa avTiXeyeiv ovTe

avTiTvirTeiv ovTe a\\a TOiavTa TroXXa 51
30 7rpo9 3e TI]V TrarpiBa apa Kal TOVS VO/AOVS ecrrat crot;
,
lav ere eTTLêipcoaev 77/^669 a7ro\\vvai BiKacov
eivai, Kal av Se rjads TOVS voaovs Kal TTJV
K.a& oaov Svvaaat, eiriêLpâei^ dvTaTro\~
\vvai, Kal (jwjaeis TavTa TTOICOV SiKaia TrpaTTeiV, 6 Ty
35 d\7]6eiq Trjs aper>/9 eiriaeXo/jievo^ ; rj OVTWS el cro0o9,
ware \e\^6ev ae, OTL fjn^Tpo^ re Kal Trarpos /cal TOOV

aX\d)V 7rpo<yova)v ajravTwv TijAiciOTepov eaTiv rj TraTpls
Kal ae/jivoTepov Kal dyiwTepov Kal ev fjielôvL ôipaj^
Kal Trapd 6eol$ Kal Trap dvOpaiTTOLs rot9 vovv e%ovai,
40 Kal aefteaOai, Sel Kal /jidX\ov VTreLKeiv Kal OwTreveLv
TraTpiSa ya\,e7raLVovcrav 77 Trarepa, Kal r) ireiOetv rj

iroielv a av Ke\evr) Kal TrdaêtV) edv TL TrpoaTarTrj
}
Tradelv, râvîav dyovTa, edv re TinrreaOai, edv re
>e2a6ai, edv re et? 7rc\efMOV ciyrj TpcoOrjao/jievov rj
45 aTToOavovfjievov, TrotrjTeov Tavra, Kal TO SiKaiov

ov&e
XIII 52A KPITHN. 15
reov rrjv rdîv, aXXa /cal ev TroXeyUft) /ecu ev SiKaa-

C Trjplco Kal rravrajôv Troiyreov, a av /ce\evrj 77 7roXt9
/cal 77 Trarpis, 77 rreiOeiv avrrjv 77 TO SLKCUOV rrecfrv/ce,
**?*
?%;
e
ov^ oo~iov ovre urjrepa ovre rrarepa, TroXi) 50
TTJV Trarpiâ^ TL ^]GOfjiev Trpos

7]6rj \e<yeiv roi)? VO^JLOV^ f)
ov y
KP. "Eyttoê
8o/cel.
XIII. SO. ^KOTTGL TOLVVV, to

ôj/r/?are9, <palev
av t crco? OL VOJJLOL, el 7//U669 ravra d\T]6r)

f/ 5 rv / r s To remain in
On 0V OIKaia 77yUa9 eTTLêLpei^ Athens is a tacit
o 5 ^ t / promise to obey
a VVV eTTiêipeL^. 7^
?/ //-ei?
<Tc us: disobedience
/i / i c* /
would be unfilial,
e/ct/peyaz^Te?, iraibevaavres, ungrateful and 5
f
aTravrcov
, T
wv
?/)-?
oioi r
dishonest.
I) KO\WV orol /cal rot? aXXot9 iraaiv TroXtrat?, o

eôvcriav
/3oL Xo aeâ> ; eTreiSdv $OKifj,aa0fj /cal iSy TCL ev rfj
/
Trpdy/Aara av /^r)
/cal rj/u-a? roi)? VGJJLOVS, u> 10
7/yLtet?, eêlvai \aj36vTa rd avrov airikvai .
av /3ov\rjTai. /cal ovSels TJUWV TWV vop,wv eû,-

CO-TIP ou S diraôpevei, edv re Ti? ôuX^rat
6i9 aTTOiKiav ievai, el /i?) dpecr/coLfiev rjfJiel^ re
/cat 77 TroXi?, eai^ re êroi/celv aXXocre e\6wv, levai, 15
e/celcre, OTTOL av /So^X^rat, eôvra rd avrov. 09 S z/ .
E v/^ft)^ Trapaueivrj, opwv ov rpoTrov rjuels rds re
Sircd&fjiev real raXXa r?}^ iroKiv Sioitcovuev, 77877

TOVTOV u>fjLo\o>yrjfcepai, ep7&) T)/^^ a ay 77/^669 /ce\6vco-
fjiev TrotTjaeLv raura, /cal TOV /^T) ireiOouevov Tpi%fj 20

fyafJiev dbifceiv, on re fyevvrjTal^ OVCTLV rmZv ov
rai, /cal on rpofavo-i, /cal OTL 6^0X07770-619
OeaOai ovre TreiOerai ovre rreldei, rjuds, el yu-r) /caXci;9
52 rt TTOLOvêv rrjwnOevrwv | rj^wv /cal ov/c dypicos em-

16 TTAATHNOS XIII S2A
25 TdTTOVTWV TTOieiV CL CLV K\6V(i)[AV, d\\a (f)ieVTa)V

Svolv Qdrepa, ?}
Treldetv rjfJias 77 iroielv, rovrcov ov-
Serepa vrotet.
XIV. Tavrai? Srj âêv KOI ere, ZcoKpares, rat?
î^? J^jfe?"^
"
In your case,
L7r P TTOLTJae^ a 67Tt-
5
Ve n nn e
Sa i
you migh t I^ T f,. eyovres, on ev rot?
en e
C
nr\a ther th an AÎ/atWI/ 7^ aUTOt? WôXo^K^ TVJ-
death / / \ f ^ / i
"
v
TavTrjv TIJV o/jLO\.ojLav. (pcuev yap

av on co
toKpares, [JieyaXa rîlv TOVTCOV re/Cfnjpt u
10 eGTiv, on croi Kal rjfjLeis i}p(TKo/j,6v Kai 77 TroXt? ou
"
Trore TW^ aXXcov KOrjvaiwv diravrwv Bia-

ev avrfj eTrefyjfJbeis,
el ^j <TOI
,
Kal OVT jjeapiav TTWTTOT EK r//?
7rl
e!;7J\Oe<; }
ovre aXXocre ovSa/Jiocre, el pi) TTOL arparev-
cure a\\rjv aTro^rj/jLLav eTroirjcrco TTGOTTOTC,
01 aXXot avOptoirot,, ov& eTTtdv/jila ere a
ozJSe aXXtwv VOJJLWV eKafiev elBevai, d\\a rj
L/cavol rj/Aev Kal 77 ^perepa 7roXi9* ourco aô&pa C

r
r)pov} teal (t)/j,o\,6 yei$ /ca0^ T^yu-a? TroXirevaeadai,
20 Ta re aXXa TralSas ev avry eTronjcrco, cos dpecr/cov-
Aral
0-779 crot T7/9 7roXeo)9. ert rolvvv ev avrrj rf) Si/cy ei)v
el e/5oi;Xof, :at
ojrep vvv
rare etcovcnjs
crai. <rv e Tore u-ez^ e/ca&?7rtu OJ9 ou/e
25 et 8cOt reOvavai ere, aXXa ypov, co9 efyrjaOa, irpo TT;?
(frvyfjs
Oavarov vvv oe OVT e/cetvovs rou9 \6<yov$
ala-
X vl l >
ovre 7]fjLwv rwv vofjiwv JvTgeTrei, eTTLêipoov
ai, TrpdrTeis re airep av oov\os (pavXoraro^ D
XV53B KPITHN
irpdêiev, aTroSiSpdo-Keiv eTrijêipwv Trapd ra? ^v
/ca? re real ra9 o//,oXo7ta?, /caO a? yaiv %vve6ov 3
iroKiTevecrOai. Trpwrov fjêv ovv TUJLLV TOVT avro airo-
fcpivai, el aX?7$>7 \eyouev fydaKOVTes ae GO/.w\oyr)Kevai,

TTO\irevecr6aL /ca0 77 /aa? epyw, aXX ov \6<yw, i} OVK
dXrjOrj? ri (fxv/jLev TT/Ô? raura, co
Kptra)^; a\\o TL
i] ojjio\o<ywfJiev , 35
KP. AvdjKTj, w ^coKpares.

A\/\.o Tt ow az^ (fralev
(
17 vv0r)tca<i ra?
avrovs /cal 6/^0X07^9 irapaftaiveis, ov%
E ^TTO dvdyKris 6/jLO\o<yyjcra^
ov$e o.7raT7]6el^ ouSe ez/
0X170) Xpovcp dvayfcacrdels /3ov\vaa(T0ai, a\X* ez/

40
erecriv eySSo/^^/coi/ra, eV ot? ef^v croi aTnevai, el fjirj
tfpea-KO/nev rifjieh /^^Se Sl/caiai, efyaivovro aoi al OJJLO-
\oytai eivai ;
CTJ) 8e oure AaAreSat /ôz/a Trpoypov oure
,
a? >}
e/cacrrore ^7)5 evvo/JLelaOai, ovre d\\7jv
^ iT(j\ewv ovSe TWV [BapjBapi- 45
53 /cwi;, |
aXXa eXarra) ef avrrj^ aTreS^cra? 77
ot
re /cat ru^Xot /cat ot aXXot avaTrr^poi OVTCO aou
(f>ep6vT(o<;
TWV d\\(ov AQijval&v rjpea-Kev ij TroXt? re
/cat fjyu-et?
o/ z/6/Ltot $rj\ov on TIVL <ydp
av TroXt?
dpea-fcoi dvev vofjuwv û^ Se 8/7 oJ /c efifjuevei? rot? 50 ;
a)/jLO\o<yrifjL6voi$
edv rjjJilv ye TrelOrj, w ^wKpares Kal
,
ov KdTayeXcKTTos ye e cret e/c rr;? TroXew? eê\6wv.

XV. X/coTret 7<x/) 877, ravra Trapa ft as Kal e%a-
fjLaprdvwv TI rovrcov rt dyaOov epydcret, B
\ A v ) o. / \ Y making
B aavrov T) TOU? eTTLTrjbeLOVS rou? craur-OL ;
your escape, you
r/ v P, / / r
wil1 endanger
\
7p
,
ort uez^ Kivbvvevcrova-L ye aov 01 ein- your friends. And

"% v >
v ,
/ v /,
whither will you
rr/oetot /cat auroi (bevyeiv /cat o-repriunvai flee? wherever 5
, * \ / >
/ y u ?- suspicion
TH? 7ToXe&)9 79 T??V OVCTiaV aiTO\ecraL, <JVe-
and ridicule await
7
^
ou Your chil-
-
; , v x ,v >
oov TI ct)\oi> awros ce Trpwrov fjLev eav dren too will suf-
IS TTAATHNOZ XVs 3 B
fer more by your et? TWV eyyVTttTa TLVO, TTokewV \@fl$,
your death. lj{3a%6 7J M.eyapd$e
- eVVOfJLOVVTCLL ydp
i)
TO afjL(j)6repai TroXe/uo? rffet?, w ^co/cpare^, TYJ TOVTWV

eta, Kal baoiTrep KTIÔVTCLL TWV avroov Trb\ewv }
ere TOJV
La$6opea rjyov/jievoi,
/cal /3ef3aicocreLS rot? Sâcrrat? rrjv ofaz/, ware
op9<j)S TTJV ^LKTJV SiKacrai
oart9 jap VOJJLWV Sia(j)0o-
15 pev$ eariv, atpo^pa TTOV Sbêiev av vewv ye Kal dvorj-
TCOV dvdpdoTTWv $ia(j)0opev$ eivai. Trbrepov ovv (pevêi,
re evvofjiovfAevas TroXet? Kal TGJV dv^pwv roz)?
j
TOVTO TTOiovvTi dpa aîov CTOL ^rjv
tcai
; r) 7i\r]o-idaeL^ TOVTOIS Kal dvaiGxyvTricreiS Sia-

20 \6<y6p,evo<;
rlvas \6yovs, co Sw/cpare? tf oyjureg ;
evOdSe, co? r) dperrj Kal 77 SiKaiocrvvr) TrXe/crroy dîov

rot? dvOpcoTTOts Kal Ta vofjap-a Kal ol voôi Kal OVK ;
ao")(r]fjiov
av fyavelaOai TO rov ^coKpdrovs Trpay-
yu,a;
oucrdai ye xprf* dX)C etc /JLCV TOVTWV raiv
25 dTrapets, tfêis 8e et9 erraXta^ Trapd roz;9
TOU9 Kp/T0)z^09 e/cet yap Sr) TrXeiVr?; dra^la Kal

dKo\acria, Kal l <ra>9
dv 77860)9 crof aKOvoiev, cos ye\ 0/0)9
e /c roO ^(T/jLCi)rr]piov dTreSiSpacrKes crKevtjv re riva
TrepiOefJLevos 77 Sufidepav \aft(t>v rj dX\,a ola St}
30 cnv evcrKevdêcrOai, ol dTroSiSpdo-Kovres, Kal TO

TO aavTov yLteraX\aâ9 OTL &e yepwv dvrjp
TCO /S/ft) \OLTTOV OVTO^ OJ9 TO CLKO?,
09 eel tcra)9, z/ 7 r^â \V7rs el
55 8e yLt?7, aKovaet, co
^caKpaTes, -iroXXd Kal dvdfya aav-
TOV. V7rep%6jjievo<; or) jBiwaei Tcdvras dv6pu)Trov<$
Kal
TL TToi,<uv ev
($ov\evcov T) eva)%ovjjLevo$
S
waTrep eTrl oeiTrvov d7ro$eor)/ji7)Kcas ei$
XVI 54D KPITHN 19
\6yoL Se eKelvoi ol Trepl re Kal TTJS aXA/ws

/
$LKaioo"uv r}<>
54 dperrjs Troy r)iMv 77

r&v TralScov 40
\
ea-ovrcu ;
d\\.d
eveKa /3ouXet fjv, iva avrovs e/cOpetyr)? /cal
TraiSeixrys.
ri Se; et9 Serra\iav avrovs dyaycov re KOI
6petyei<$
r
TraiSevcreis, %evov<$ iron] a as, (va /cal rovro airo\av<Tw-
cmr, r)
TOVTO fjLev__ou, avrov $6 rpefiofAevoi, aov ^GOVTOS }
ptyovTai Kal TraiSevo-ovrai, fjirj %vvovro<$ aov 45
yap eTrirrjSeioi, ol crol 7rifjLe\i]crovTai avroov.

;
ol
TTorepov eav e/9 SerraXlav a TroS^/x 770-779, e7ri/jLe\r}o-ov-

rai, edv Se et? "AiSov d Tro&Tjpij 0-779, ovî eVi/xeX?^-
B fJOVTCLl ] 6i7T6p ye Tl 6(^)eXo9 aVTWV IdTLV TU)V CTOi
fyacncbvTwv eTTtr^Setwp eivai, oleaOai ye %p?j. 50

XVI. AA.V, co
^cofcpare^, TreiOofJievos TJJMV rot?
o-o?9 pr/re TralSas Trepl
rpo(f>evcrc
r, t, i
v^ ^ \ \ v It is well for
^ PV
TTOLOVfJ.7JTe TO
^77^ /A?7T6 aAA-O jJL7]beV TTpO you to die now, in
^ ^ rx f/ A/
S ^ /3 V view both of this 1
TOf OLKaLOU, LVa 69 AtOOf eKUaiV 6^779 present world and

>
, , , ., f l h e ne xt. Do
iravra ravra aTro\oyr)craa uai, rot9
>
e/cet not let Crito per-

5
v \ /i ^ j /
suade you."
ovre yap evuaoe crot

ravra TrpdrrovTi dfjieivov elvai ovSe Sifcaiorepov
oaiwrepov, ovBe aXXw T&V awv ovSevi, ovre
dfyitcofjievq) ajjieivov earai, d\\d vvv fjiev
C direi, edv airlys, ov% v(j) rj/jiv VOJJLWV d\\d VTTO rwv 10
edv Be ee\0r]s OVTCOS dvTaoc- alo"^pu><^
re Kal avrifca/covpyrio-as, r9 cravrov 0/^0X0-
7/0,9 T6 Kal %vv6r]Kas ra9 7rp09 77/^9 Trapaftds Kal

KaKa epyao-d/Jievos TOVTOVS 01)9 rjKiara e$ei, cravrov re
Kal (f)iX,ov<;
Kal irarpiBa Kal 77/^9, tfuei? re CTOL %&Ae- 15
vri,, Kal eKel ol tfaerepoi, dSe\<f)ol ol ev
vouoi OVK evêvto? ere i>Tro$ej;ovTai, elSores OTL

Kal Tîia? eTre%eipr)o-a<;
dnroâai TO o-oi fte/oo9. d\\d
D ^ <re
ireia-r) Kpirwv iroie.lv a \eyei uaXXov rj rj
20 TTAATHNO! XVII 541)
XVII. Tavra, cS </Xe eralpe ev laQiK/HT&>I>,
This, Crito, is OTt 67^ BoKCO d/COVeiV, COCTTTEp Ol KOpvffaV-

what I seem to , ^ , N ,
hear them say ing. . TlGOVTe? TCDV CLV\WV OOKOVCTIV CLKOVGIV, K.CLI
Have you any- , , f, , , , ,
thing more ^to

(
ez^ e/juoi avTrj rj rj^rj
TOVTCOV rwv \oywv
thing. Then {SouSel KOi TTOiel Lbrj ^VVCLaOai TGOV O\\Q)V
let us act as God -, , v , ,
directs. CLKOVeiV aX\a iiTUt, OCTO, J6 TO. VVV fJLOt
Sorcovvra, eav ^7779 nrapa ravra, fjuarrjv eêt9. o/xco?

el TL olei 7r\eov Troirjo-eiv \je.
KP. AXX w , Sftj/epare?, ou/c e^co \eyeiv.

2fl. "Ea TOLVVV, da
Kplrwv, fcal
Trpdrrcofjiev ravrp, E
rj ravrrj 6 0ebs v(f)rjyelTai,.
NOTES.
Kpfrcov [11 irepl irpaKreov. TJ6iKos] In the MSS of Plato each

dialogue generally has two or even three titles the Bodleian MS for :
example denotes the other three members of the first Tetralogy by

the names Ei)#u0pwj> 77 irepl 6<riov.
Treipaart/cos, ATroAiryt a Zw/cpciTOi S.
r)0ti<6s,
Qaiduv 77 -rrepl ^VXTJS- -fjdiKos. In each case only the first of
these titles dates from Plato, who generally (but not always) named
the dialogue after one of the characters appearing.in it. The second
title was added by Thrasylus, a rhetorician and literary critic who
flourished about the Christian era: it is intended to explain the sub

ject treated of in the dialogue. It is not clear whether the third
title was added, as Grote believes (Plato Vol. I. p. 160), by
Thrasylus, or by Diogenes Laertius either on his own responsibility
or in obedience to some other authority (see Diog. Laert. III. 49);
at all events it is meant to indicate the formal scope of the dialogue
whether a dialogue of exposition (ixp-rjyrjTLKds, of which -fjdiKos is a
subdivision), or a dialogue of search (^TTJTJ/COS). Here the Crito
is correctly described as an ethical
dialogue dealing with a question
of duty (irepi irpaKreov . cf. 46 B aKoirelffGai ovv "xprj 77^5? et re raura
irpaKTtov eire JUT?) viz. is it right to save one s life by breaking
the law?
Crito was one of Socrates oldest and most attached friends (Apol.
33 D, Phaedo 115 A foil.). He appears to have been rich and not
indisposed to make more money (Euthyd. 304 c). The fact that he
had stood surety for Socrates after the trial (Phaedo 115 D) increased
his personal danger if Socrates should escape from prison, and
reveals in a yet stronger light his devotion to his friend : see note
on 45 D. Plato s picture of Crito is as of a sensible and kindly
"
man of the world, looking upon life from the point of view of an
honest Athenian gentleman, but without any capacity for philo
sophy". Archer-Hind s Phaedo p. 42.

The scene is in the prison, just before daybreak.
22 NOTES ON i 43 A
CHAPTER I.
Crito warns Socrates that the ship is on its way back from Delos,
and will arrive to-day.
43 A ! TT]vi.KaSe
= at this hour )( rrfviKa at that hour : so roioaSe
= of this sort )( rcnos of that sort . The distinction is like that
between ode and OUTOS. rrjviKa seems to have been originally a Doric
adverb (TIJVOS is Doric for e/cetVos) the suffix reappears in avT-iita. :
2. Trpw. Socrates is not surprised to see Crito, for we learn

from the Phaedo (59 D, cf. Xen. Mem. IV. 8. 2) that he was daily visited
by his friends during the interval between his condemnation and his
death : but he is surprised to see him so early. The prison was
generally opened somewhat later (avet^yero yap ov irptp Phaed. 1.
c.).
irpw and not IT put is the correct Attic form of this word. The
Bodleian has irpwi.
3. irdvu |j.ev
ovv = imo, valde quidem (Gobel). fj.h odi> is cor
rective: see on Apol. 26 B and cf. infra 446 arotrov TO WVITVLOV, w
Sw/cpares. Evapyes fj.ev ofiv.
4. irTjviKa [AtiXta-Ta. means at what precise time? Trore

irriv iKa.
only what time? at /udXtora makes the question more vague:

About what o clock is it? So rl ^cdXt(rra; = quid potissimum?
Gorg. 448 D.
5. opGpos (3a6vs= just before daybreak so Prot. 310 A ert :
fiadtos opdpov, Ar. Vesp. 216 dXXd vvv 8p6pos (3a6vs. 6p6pos
is the morning twilight, and (3advs implies that it was more dark
than light : cf. the expressions jSadfia vv%, /3a0eta e<nrtpa.
6. 0a-up.dtw o-irws. Stallbaum quotes Xen. Mem. i. i. 20 0av-

/idfw ofiv OTTWS Trore eTreiffdya ai A^vatot KT\. The idiom means
I wonder how it was that etc. :
6av(ji,dfa el would mean I wonder
that . Infra (rot you in viraKoi5crat=:
viraKoveiv is often to let :
used of answering the door: cf. Phaed. 59 E 6 dvpupos ocnrep eluOei

vTraKovecv and 6 vTraKovaas of the porter in Xen. Symp. I. n.
8. 8id TO TToXXciKts 8eupo Socrates friends generally <j>oirdv.
met in the diKaaTrjpt.oi which adjoined the prison (Phaed. 59 D),

,
and waited till the prison was opened.

9. cuT|p-yeTt]Tai. Where initial cJ- or ol-
precede a vowel in
Attic verbs, "
that vowel, and not the initial diphthong, receives the

augment. Thus ev-r)yye\iofji.7]v, evypytTovv, evioodid-rjv, evupKovv"
(Rutherford, New Phrynichus, p. 245). "ri is equivalent to evep-

i
43 B PLATO S CRITO. 23
yeaiav riva (a tip)" Dyer, /cat /cat above is and also. [B and the
editors 1 , except Krai, read eve/ryer^rat.]
12. errieiKws iraXai = some little time . Theaet. 142 A dprt
97 TraXat e aypov; ETrtei/ctDs TrdXat.
13. etra. On elra indignabundum

see Apol. 28 B (elr OVK
43
alcrxvvei ;)
and my note there. For elra
followed by TTWS cf. (with
Stallbaum) Eur. Iph. Aul. 894 /car a TTWS êpa?? 76 deXrov OVK e/jiol
(Ji Sws
Xa/SetV ;
15. ov (Jia
= no! Socrates, believe me, I could
TOV Afa KT\.
wish that I myself were not so sleepless and sorrowful ov does ,
not anticipate the following ovdt in oi)5 dV avros (ne ipse quidem),
but is part of Crito s reply to Socrates question, since etra irapaKci-
077<rat
= e~X.PW tvQvs eireye ipai /u,6, aXXd /WTJ ffiyy TrapaKadrjffOai. For the
displacement of re Stallbaum compares Phaecl. 940 TO, re /card TTJV
yv/jLvaffTiKrjv Kal rrjv iarpLK-fjv. Wohlrab takes ov as merely antici

patory of the following negative I agree with Gobel. :
17. ciXXa Kal Saujxata) sc. just as you were lately sur
<rov
prised, supra 43 A dav/mafa OTTWS KT\. For 6av/j,dfa with gen. see
Goodwin s Greek Grammar p. 222. Cron on the other hand takes
aXXd /cat as= but furthermore , while Gobel connects /cat davû
with Kal OVK TJ-yeipov in the next line both and .
1 8. OXJK Tj-yeipov. The rest of Crito s reply to Socrates TTWS OVK

evdvs fTrriyeLpds using the conjunctive iayr]S where at
fj.e KT\. By
first sight we should expect the optative didyois in the next line,
Crito contrives to indicate that he still wishes Socrates ws
didyeiv: cf. Rep. V. 4720 TrapaSeiy/j.a.Tos dpa eW/ca ft)
avro re OLKa.Loavvf]V olov eari iva. a.va.yKa(Jo[j.eda /cat irepl

OLVTUV 6/j.o\oyeLv. In Apol. 40 D Socrates declares that nothing is
a/J.ivov Kal T]I.OV than sound dreamless sleep.
19. Kal \t.tv ST]

Ka= yes, and : so also /cat juev 5rj Kal ye
in Rep. v. 464 E.
20. ipSaijiovura TOU rpoirov. Inscriptions of the age of Plato

shew that verbs beginning with eu- regularly had an augment in the
secondary tenses: see Rutherford New Phryn. 244 and Meisterhans,

Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften 78. Here the MSS and edd.
(except Krai) read eu5at/*6i t<ra. On the genitive with evSai./j.oi iftu
compare Goodwin s Greek Grammar p. 224: and for the sentiment
1
By "the editors" I mean Cron, Schanz, Wohlrab, Gobel and Krai: see
Preface.
24 NOTES ON i 43 B
Phaed. 58 E evSaifûv yap /iot dvrjp e<f>alj>TO

Kal roO rpbirov Kcd
T&V \byuv.
21. s pa8a>s i.q. 6 n ourw paS/ws (Cron).
24. TqXiKovTov 6 vra. Socrates was seventy years of age:
v. infra 52 E.
43 C 26. clXio-KovTcu ev= are overtaken by (Church). In this sense
more often takes the dative without ev.
erriXvcTcu TO [Ai] ov^l ct

yavaKTeiv in no way saves
them from being indignant . Verbs of hindering, if negative them
selves, are regularly followed by ,117;
ov with the infinitive, which may
or may not have the article. Goodwin MT. 198 foil. With the
present example compare Rep. 354 B OVK direffx^^ ro OVK I. M
\delv and Aesch. Prom. 918 ovotv yap avr raCr eTrap/cecret TO ^7;
ov Treaelv cm/zws KT\. Whitelaw (Transactions of the Cambridge
Philological Society in. i, p. 41 foil.) endeavours, I think with
success, to prove that both negatives have a value, the infinitive
being consecutive. Thus while eKu\vaev e/j. /UTJ etTretV he hindered

me, so that did not speak oik eKw\v<rev e^ fir] OVK et
I ,
7re?j> = he did
not hinder me, so that I did not refrain-from-speaking i.e. keep
silence (OVK elireiv).
29. dXXd TI 8rj. a\Xa reverts to 43 A rt TrjviKade a0?cu, w

Kpirajj/; on Trpy v. note ibid.
34. ev TOIS Papurara. Note the climax :

xo.\eirt]v xaXeTrriv
Kal /3 apelav kv rots j3apvraTa. The phrase v roTs adds emphasis
to the superlative. When occurring with the superlative of adjectives,
it is best explained by supplying a fresh superlative to agree with
the article: this superlative is sometimes expressed, e.g. Cratyl.

427 E o drj doKec ev TO?S /jLeyiaTois ^yiffrov elvac (so the best MSS,
but Schanz rejects fj-eyiffrois) compare also the kindred expression
:
in Symp. 195 E ev aaXaxwrdrois fj.a\aKWTarwv. When as here T<JOV
the phrase is linked to an adverb, we must repeat the superlative
along with a participle supplied from the verb to which the adverb
belongs: thus tv rots fiapi/Tara OLV ei>{yKaifju
= TO?S (3ap6rara ei>
QtpovffLv fiapvrar In Thucydides the phrase has

av evtyKai/j.t.
become purely adverbial and may be used even with feminine
adjectives, as in the well-known tv TOIS 7rXe?(rrai 5?) jês ill. 17,
where see Classen s note. Compare Kuhner, Griechische Grammatik
II. 27.
35. riva ravTTjv; sc. (ptpwv a0icu. tf is the Latin an? See
my note on Apol. 26 B. The annual mission to Delos, during
i 43 D PLATO S CRITO. 25
which no criminal was put to death at Athens, had begun the day
before Socrates trial, when the priest of Apollo decorated the bow
of the vessel with garlands. On this occasion the boat was absent
thirty days. The mission was intended to commemorate the de
liverance of Athens under Theseus from the annual tribute of young
men and maidens sent to Crete : see Phaed. 58 A foil, and Xen.
Mem. iv. 8. 2.
36. T0vdvai is slightly more emphatic than airodvri<TKeiv: see
on Apol. 30 C ovd d
/xeXXw TroXXd/as redvavai, and infr. 52 C.
The infinitive BvyvKeiv is hardly used by good Attic prose writers,
airoOvriffKeLv being used instead but r^6vrjKa, eredvrjK f) are alone
:
right, never airoTdvr)K.a, airereQvfjK r]. Rutherford Babrius p. 36.

37. ov TOI 81^ acfuKTcu no, it is true that it has not arrived .
43 D
8oKi [lev |ioi Tjêiv. So I read with the second hand in B and
most of the editors: Schanz reads <5o/ceu>
peir fj,oi i?ei. With So/ceo/,
as with the Latin videri, the personal construction is generally

preferred: if we follow Schanz doKelv ph ôt is to be taken as an
infinitive used absolutely = in my opinion : cf. Ar. Aves 1235
5ei.voTa.Ta. yap TOI Tret.aofj.ea d , e/xot doKetv, and Kara TOVTO elvai in
Prot. 317 A (eyu 5 TOVTOIS airaai /caret TOVTO elv at. ov fu/i0^/)0/*ai),
and the common phrase CKUV elvai. The construction ooKel /j.ev pot
rfeei though rare is also allowable: see Phaed. 108 D 6 /Sfos /iot
done? 6 e/xo s r$ fj.r]Kei TOV \6yov OVK eâpKel, and compare (with
Schanz, Novae Commentationes p. 130) Menex. 236 B ore JJ.OL o/ce?
ovveTiOei TOV eiriTd(()Lov \6yov see also infra on 50 B. For (iv (after
:
doKti) without a following 5e a frequent idiom in a clause with

dXXd, the antithesis to which really contained in the preceding
is
negative clause compare (with Stallbaum) Prot. 344 A oO yap elvai,

aXXd yfvea6ai pv ("CTTIV KT\.
39. SovvCov. Homer Od. III. 278 "Zovviov ipbj>dt<pov Ad7)v{uj>
(Fischer). Cape Sunium was the great landmark for seamen on the
South coast of Attica.
40. dyyeXcov viz. the rJKovTts Tives. ayyeXoi in the sense of
news found before Polybius. e/c, before ayy\wv is
(nuntii) is not
like K of the agent (conceived of as the source) after passive verbs,
e.g.Tim. 47 B dupyOev e/c 6ev. Wohlrab and Krai read dyyf\iuv

with some MSS: Cron, Schanz and Gobel bracket TWJ* ayyeXwv, on
the ground that ayytXwv cannot = dyyeXiuv, and that ^/c to express
the source must be followed by a neuter or inanimate
object: but
the example I have cited is enough to defend the idiom.
A. C. A
26 NOTES ON ii 43 D
CHAPTER II.
Socrates relying on a vision declares that the ship will not

arrive till to-morrow.
i. TUX.!] tt-yaOrj sc. efy^quod bene vortat: I pray that it
may
be for the best . The formula is frequent on inscriptions and
decrees: see Thucydides IV. 118 edo&v T<$ drjfj.^. Ad^s enre, rtixv
dyadrj Ty AOr/vaiwv jroie tffOcu TT\V &cexetp<
cu>. PI. Symp. 177 E
a XXa TI/XV dyadrj /carapx^rw <a?5pos. With d TO. VT-TJ rots 0eots
(j>i\ov, TavTT) KCTTOJ compare the last words of the dialogue:

Trpa.TTUfj.ev ravTy, eTreiSr) TatiTri 6 6ebs vfiyyeiTai.
44 A 5. TTJ is the introductory yap (7

-yap irov. This
apa) and
should not be translated: see on Apol. 20 E Xcupe^wpra yap
fore irov.
6. vo-TCpaCa i] -p. "rj TrpoTepaia et i] vaTepaia perpetuo usu
de diebus dicuntur, omisso semper ri^pa irpoTtpa et iWfya de aliis
rebus quibuslibet repetitis, concione, proelio etc." Cobet, Variae

Lectiones 246. The words are often confused with one another in
MSS. v<TTepa.ia being a virtual comparative is followed by 77. Note
the orthography in air 06 vy a new the i is found in B here and infra
:
46 D and 48 D :
inscriptions also furnish evidence to the same
effect: see Meisterhans, Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften
p. 86. BvycrKu is Skt. han: the ending

connected with ddvu, (povos,
-LffK(j) is probably on the analogy of orep-tV/co;, aXt cr/co/x,cu and the
2
like. Compare Gust. Meyer, Griech. Gr. pp. 259, 451.
7. -ye
TOI Stj. 7^ roi = at all events .
TOVTWV Kvpioi viz. ol eV5e/ca, the board of eleven (ten ordi

01
nary members and a 7pa uâreus) who had general charge of the /
prisons and saw that the capital sentence was carried out: Phaed.
59 E, 116 B foil.
*
9. TTJS Irepas to-morrow i.e. the second day )( TTJS eno^r???
or that which was just beginning. Soph. O. T. 781 TT^V /nev o$(ra.i>
i]^pav juoAcs KdTfoxov QaT^pg. 5 luv TreXas (j.T)Tpbs irarpos r fj\ey-
Xov. From Phaedo 59 D E appears that Socrates was right

it :
the boat did not arrive till the second day.

jo. ravTT]s Ttjs VVKTOS :
genitive of time within which: Good
win, Gk. Gr. 227.
ii 44 B PLATO S CRITO. 27
ii. Kiv8wveis in the sense of 5o/ce?s: so frequently in conver

sational style.
v Kcupw TIVI peropportune (Stallbaum). ns, as Cron re
marks, has the effect of a litotes: cf. tlxw & v Tiva \6yov Apol. 31 B.
OVK eycipai. Not (AT) eyelpai, because OVK eyeipat. is a single no
tion: compare 43 B Kal eTrtrT/Ses <re OVK TJyeipov.
13. TJV 8 8t]
T TO 4vvirviov = but about the vision what was
it? For the order compare X^yw 5 5i? rl TOVTO; Symp. 178 D.
Socrates was greatly influenced by dreams and oracles and p,avTLK-f]
generally: see Apol. 33 C e/j.oi 5 TOVTO ws eyu irpoffTtraKrai <prjfj,i
vtro TOV 6eov irpaTTeiv Kal CK fj-avTeiuv Kal e evvirviuv KT\. The
story of this vision is also told (inaccurately) by Diogenes Laertius,
ir. 5. 35, and referred to in Cic. de Div. i. 52. For two other ex
amples see Phaed. 60 E and Diog. Laert. in. 5. In his respect for
divination Socrates presents the most striking contrast to Plato,
who places priestcraft and divination in the lowest of the three
classes of arts distinguished in the Politicus (290 C foil.). See on
this subject Nohle s excellent essay "Die Statslehre Platos in ihrer
geschichtlichen Entwicklung", Jena, 1880.

14. -yvvTi KaXi^ Kal cvi8rjs. Wohlrab points out that a robe
of white was significant of joy: compare Legg. XII. 947 B, where
Plato in speaking of funerals ordains \evKyv ptv T^V <TTO\r)v ^x eit/
Trdcrav, 6frf}vwv 5 Kal 65vpfAU>v x^P^ ylyveffdai. So in Aeschylus
Pers. 301 \CVKOV rj/j,ap VVKTOS e/c p.eKayx -P-ov. Probably Socrates
identified the vision with 77 el/nap/neft) : see Phaed. 115 A e/t 5^ vvv
tiOTj Ka\f.l, (pair) av dvrjp TpaytKos, TJ el pap/mec 77.
r6. Tj jiaTt Kv TpiTaro) KrX. after II. IX. 363 Tj/maTl Ke rpirdr^ 44
$6ir]v epifiukov spoken by Achilles. It is possible (as Cron
iKoifj.7]v,
suggests) that the meaning of the line for Socrates lay partly in the
fact that Phthia was the home of Achilles: but I feel sure that
(rightly or wrongly) Socrates associated QBirj with and 00tVty, <pdiu
and derived comfort from the epithet epifiu>\ov. In Euripides Electra

836 there is what seems to me a similar play upon the word QOias.
Orestes has been dissecting a victim with a AW/HKT) Koiris, in the
presence of Aegisthus. Suddenly he lays it aside and exclaims :
ovx, OTTWS TraaTrjpLa 6oi.vacrofJi.eada, <&6id5 O.VTL Awpi/r/}s oicret TIS vjfjuv
Ko-n-ioa- With this KOTT/J he slays Aegisthus.

4>0i<xs I am glad to
find that Lambinus a pupil has pointed out to me) took the same
(as
view of 3?6ir)v in this passage. See also infra on 47 B line 14.
1 8. CLTOTTOV TO vvirviov. us aroirov TO (.vvirvLov is an inferior
42
28 NOTES ON ii 44 B
reading. Possibly we should read cLiropov, as affording a better anti
thesis to evapyts : \iav ye, &$ ZOIKCV, is ironical, for it is clear from
the sequel that Crito does not believe the vision : see on 46 A.
19. evap-yes |x^v ov No, it is plain : on ptv ovv (immo) v.
above 43 A Trdvv /*ej>

ovv.
CHAPTER III.
Crito entreats Socrates to escape and save the reputation of his

friend.
1. w 8ai|xdvie SooKpares. w dai/moviewas a favourite mode of
address in Athenian society. The adjective meant originally more
than human in Homer it
: is generally used as an epithet of
reproach, in Attic, of affection coupled with remonstrance (as here),
or ironically. c3 â/capte is used in the same way. Other kindred
expressions are c3 /3Ari(rre, <3
apicrre, c3 Xycrre, w 0au/xacae: the

three first mean my excellent friend or my fine fellow (ironical) :
the last my dear sir

(with remonstrance). Often the precise shade
of meaning can only be conveyed by the tone of the voice in trans
lating aloud.
2. ri KCU vvv. The words imply that Crito had already made
many attempts to induce Socrates to escape cf. infra 48 E :
Tjdr) TroXXa/as /J.QI \ywv TOV OLVTOV \6yov, ws %/)^ evBevft
Adijvaiwv e^ awifrai. TL icai vvv means even at the eleventh

hour : cf. Ar. Ran= 1235 d\X uydd Zrt /cai vvv a7r65os. For the
collocation of present and aorist in irei&ov /cat crci^Tjrt cf. Gorg. 486 c
where the MSS read e/woi ireidov, iravaai 5 eX^7xwi/.
3. ov p.ia = non una= more than one The Bodleian has ou- .
Se/jda but this can hardly be right. Crito proceeds to enumerate

:
two misfortunes the loss of his friend and the loss of his reputation.
:
Observe that Crito thinks his reputation will suffer more if Socrates
remains to die than if he breaks his own pledge to the Athenian
people by inducing Socrates to escape see Phaed. 115 D. In Crito s :
judgment (and Crito here as elsewhere represents the average Athe

nian gentleman of the day) it is a higher duty to serve one s friend
than to be true to one s country. It is this point of view which
Socrates combats in the sequel, as utterly fatal to the very existence
of the State.
in 44 B PLATO S CRITO. 29
4. p.v dp.Xi]<rai. I have retained the reading of the

x.o>pls
Bodleian, which all the recent editors have changed. x w P^ is an

adverb, as the balance between %wpis y.v and rt 84 proves (see also
Madvig Adv. I. 369) to regard it as a preposition and insert rou :
before Ast does), or to change

crou (as to rou with most editors, <rou
introduces far greater difficulties than those which it is sought to

overcome. The construction is ctAXd %wpts /j.v (on the one hand)
<efj.oi
ianv> (rou eareprjirdai, roiovrov eTriTrjSelov TI 84 KT\. Zri 54
is substituted for xupi* &m the second half of the antithesis because
XW/HS 84 would require KCU -jroXXols SOKCLV <sc.

Ipol <JTLV> to balance
X^/HS pev arov effTcprjffdai: this would be awkward, with etrrlv so far
removed. For %wpis [j.v followed by %w/)ts 84 compare Farm. 130 B
cti/ros ffij ovTio 8irjpi<]0
ai us \4yeis, %ojpts ^^v etSrj O.VTOI. arra, %wpis
8e TOL Tovruif av yuerexovra. Translate the whole sentence thus:
For to me your death is more than a single calamity on the one :
hand, there is the loss of you, a friend such as I shall never find
again, and moreover many men, who do not know you and me well,
will think me guilty of neglect, because I might have saved you, if
I had been willing to spend money .
5. <TTpVjo-0ai. o-T^po/j-ai and its kindred forms have two senses

in Plato as in Attic generally: either I am debarred from , or
I am deprived of: an example of the former meaning is Rep. VI.
4840 01 OVTL TOU oVros eKaaTov e a T ep Tj 4 v o i TTJs yvuffeus
r<J}
for fj,
:
the latter Phaed. 1170 ol ou dvdpos eraipov

cf. f.if\v. e<rTo-r)fjt,ti>os
6. ovSeva p.t]iroT evprfcrw i.q. ov ^njTror^ nva evpâw. ei/pvjcrw

is of course future, ou with the future indicative (rare), or (far ^
more often) the aorist conjunctive (cf. infr. 46 C ov ^17 <rot
^vyx^P^ff^),
is a strong negative : for the sense of futurity in the aorist conjunctive
compare iri-o-fj.ai, 2d-o-fj.ai (conjunctives with the short vowel as in

d\X t-o-/j.ev) and perhaps Latin faxo, i.e. fac-s-o see my note on :
Apol. 29 D and compare Goodwin MT. p. 184.

7. ot JIT]
l <ra<riv. Not ot ou because the clause is virtually
conditional: no one who knew Crito and Socrates well could imagine
that Crito had treated him with neglect.
cos otos T tov because (in their opinion, whence ws)
<r <ra>iv
might have saved you

I This clause is explained by dêXijaai . :
it was because Crito had the

money, and didn t use it, that ignorant
men might charge him with neglect: had he been penniless, he
would have escaped the charge. Crito was very well off see Eu- :
thyd. 3040. Cron and Gobel take ws to mean although : so

3^ NOTES ON in 44 B
Schanz in Zeitschrift
fiir die osterreichen
Gymnasien, Vol. 20 (1869)
p. 87, comparing the concessive use of e-n-eL or eirei ye in Prot.
317 A ov yap Xadew TUV avdpuiruv roi)s dwa/jt-evovs uvirep everta TO.VT
evrei o L ye iroXXot
fffTl TO. TrpocrxTj/iara, alcdavovTcu: but it is ovdei>
only in the modern idiom that even this use of evrei is concessive to :
the Greeks it was causal, for, as for the many, they etc. Note the
iota subscript in G^LV : it is
regularly found in the present stem of
this verb down to 160 B.C. : see Meisterhans, Grammatik der
Attischen Inschriften, p. 87.
44 C 9. TavTTjs TJ
8oKeiv= than this, than to be thought returns ,
refers forward, not to SoKelv, but to 17 OOKZLV. For a similar case see
Gorg. 500 C ov T( civ /j.a\\ov (nrovBdaeit rts /ecu aîKpov vovv e^wv dv-
flpuTros, T] TOVTO KT\. and Cicero De Fin.
19 quo nihil turpius I.
physico, quam fieri quicquam sine causa dicere. For the repetition
of after 5o a
5oKeii>
compare infr. 53 B /3e/3cuw(reis rcus St/cao-rats rrjv
86 <;a.v,
uare doKelv 6p9ws TTJV diKrjv Si/cdcrat.
10. XR 1lHiaTa <ir
P^ Tr^cCovos iroieio-flat
1
-j <{)iXovs.
Socrates had
himself very lofty views on the subject of friendship: see Mem. 11.
TWV &\\uv Trapaâ\\6/J.evos

4. 5 /ecu rot Trpos TTOLOV Krr)fj.a dya6bs <pi\os
i he censures the
CUK OM TroXXy KpdrTuv (pave iT) , ibid. many for
saying that a true and good friend is the best of all possessions, and
yet caring more for money than for friends.
13. <S
iiaxdpie KptTwv. See on

cJ 5cu/me
supra 44 B.
rfis TWV iroXXwv SOT]S. Socrates everywhere insisted that the
opinion of the
many is worthless, in comparison with that of the
man who knows see my : introduction to the Apology p. x. and the
passages there cited.

15. <|>povTietv
with a genitive, as often in Plato, e.g. Soph.
246 D yfJLels de ov TOIJTWV <f)povTiôfJLV,
ctXXd rci\r)des r)Tov/J.ev.
for the
frequently used, without any expressed antecedent,
avTol is
matter under discussion, e.g. 460 TTUJS ovv &v /ierpiwrara

aura; Gorg. 509 E TJ
KO.L eirl TOVTO del ovi>afj,Li>
Kal TX vr v J
aa.ff6a.i, ws, eav pr) fJ-ddrj

aura /cat daKrjffrj, ddiKTjffet. ,
This use of throws light on ourka in

44 D avrd
1 8. 8^ 8t]Xa. ai/rci
the sense of for 6^Xa is passive : so in Rep.

example . (sc. i<rrli>)
&n the idiom is like I see thee,

348 E vvv oe S^Xos el Qriaeis :
I.
who thou art . As to the omission of the copula it should be noted
that Plato rarely leaves out except in the present indicative (caTiv
it
often omitted than el or dpi), and in the present infinitive

:
is more
foil.
see Schanz, Novae Commentationes Platonicae, p. 31
in 44 D PLATO S CRITO. 31
21. iv aiJTOis 8ia(3(3Xii}Jivos = falsely accused tothem (Church).

v is here used as in Menex. 2350 Srav d ev TOVTOIS dyuvi-
rts
f 77 rat, ovff-rrep Kal tiraiveT, i.e. it has reference to a court of law.

With avrols alone the phrase would mean at odds with them :
jrpos avrovs 5ta/3e/3X?7 p.v os would be calumniated to them .
22. el "yap
ai
(j>Xov:
formula of wishing: Goodwin MT. 177.
Compare our colloquial You ought to have been there , d in
wishes is not to be explained by assuming an ellipse of the apodosis :
it is more probable that et in conditional sentences is a later use,

derived from the use of d= <rfet,
cf. sei in Plautus and sl-c(e) to intro
duce a wish. See Monro s Homeric Grammar, p. 232 foil.
23. Eva oloC r ii]<rav

= <
that they might have been able ,

iva,
oVwy, etc. are used with a secondary tense of the indicative (without
av} in final clauses depending on a wish that can no longer be realised,
or on the apodosis to an impossible protasis: see Goodwin MT. p. 72.
A similar rule holds for irpiv and e ws Goodwin 145, 144. Scribes :
frequently misunderstand the idiom and corrupt the text either (a) by
inserting av, or (b) by changing the indicatives to conjunctives or
optatives: see Cobet, Variae Lectiones pp. 102, 359. Two passages,
so far as I know, have not yet been emended. Marc. Aurelius,
Book II. ir TUV 5 \oiirwv et KO.KOV rjv, Kal TOVTO av irpoeidovro, n
iva, eTTT? iravry TO fj.T) TrepnriirTeit> aury, where read 7ri)i>.
The other
is in Solon Frag. 36. 21 (Klvrpov 5 aXXos ws ^/cb >a/3w
otfr dv
Kartexe orjuov, o#r eTraâro) irplv civ rapdâs iuap e\y yd\a,
where we should read avrapdâs and possibly e^l\ev, unless the cor
ruption in ee\-ij lies deeper.
24. Kal KaXws av d%tv. Not of course dependent on iVa, as
the av shews, but an independent clause.
The statement that a power to do harm implies the power of
doing good rests on the Socratic doctrine that virtue is
knowledge.
If we know what is good, we are good, but we cannot know what
is good without knowing what is evil (this Socrates proved by the
analogy of the arts), and so being able to do what is evil: con
versely, the power to do evil implies the power to do good. This
is all worked out at
length in the Hippias Minor (a genuine dialogue),
where it is proved that the veracious man is 6 dwdêvos \pev5eadai :
see especially 366 R foil, and 369 B (vvv ovv aladdvet, ori
dvairtyavTat.
6 ai)ros uiv if/evdys re Kal dXrjd-rjs), and
compare Mem. iv. 2. 20.
vvv 8^ = but as it is : see on Apol. 18 A and Prot. 335 c
(quoted there) dXXd a exp^ yfu"
ffvyx^p^" vvv 6 eiretdr] OVK
32 NOTES ON in 44 D
KT\. The Latin is mine ,

ovderepa in the next line is
probably adverbial as in Theaet. 184 A (Set ovderepa i.e. neither 5<:
iraptpyij} aKâadat nor t/capcDs (TKtyaadai), although here it would

ei>
be easy to supply eepyde<rdat.

26. TTOIOVO-I 8 TOVTO o TI civ rv\oicri sc. TTotoOfres. This does
not mean
they act wholly at random (Church), as all the editors
take it had Plato meant that, he would have written irpdrTovcrt as in
:
Symp. 181 B ^vfjifialvei avrois, on o.v Tv^wai, TOVTO TrpdrreiJ . Supply

TLva implied in and d<ppova the construction iroietv ri TWO.
<pp6i>i/jioi>
:
is quite usual: cf. infra 51 A. Translate: they treat a man just as

it occurs to them . Cf. Gorgias 521 c dv6-r)Tos apa dpi, tu KaAAi/cActs,
tbs cl\?7$cDs, tt fJ.7) 010/j.at ev Tyde Trj TrdXct OVTLVOVV aV 6 TI TVÔL TOVTO
iradelv. Ibid. 522 C (which Stallbaum actually quotes to illustrate
his view, as if Trdcrxeu could be a passive to Trpdrreti as well as to
Troieiv !) alcrre iVwj, 6 TI &v TIÔJ, TOVTO ireia OfJi.ai. Socrates
means that the many are altogether thoughtless in their treatment
of the individual: witness the way in which Miltiades, Cimon and
Pericles were treated (Gorg. 515 E 516 E). They would lightly
put a man to death and just as lightly bring him to life again if
they could see infra 48 C ^77 cos a\7)6&s raura, w Kpirwv, tr/c^cara
:
77
T&V paStws airoKTivvvvTUv Ka.1 ava(3i.u(r KO/JL^VUV 7 av,
el oloi r rj<ra.v,
ovdevi %vv v$, TOVTWV TUV iro\\wv.
CHAPTER IV.
In this chapter Crito urges Socrates not to let the fear of danger
to his friends or exile to himself prevent him from absconding.
44 E i. H-6V 8rj. This particle is regularly used to indicate that some
topic is concluded. So at the end of speeches ol ^kv 5rj TO.VTO.
H\eyov, and the tragic TOLO.VTO. fj.ev 87] raCra. Note the contrast
between raOra retrospective and rd5e prospective.
2. dpd -ye [iTJ. apa or apd ye (the addition of ye makes the
question more animated) merely indicates that a question is asked:
or apa ye (jitf expects the answer no
1
apa fj.r] apd ye ov or ap Ov :
expects the answer yes pr/ (puv) can of course stand by itself in ,
the sense of num ? as ov in the sense of nonne ?
3. irpo(XT]06i [XT]. irpouTjOeladat being virtually a verb of fear
ing is followed by P.TJ.

iv 45 A PLATO S CRITO. 33
4. ol <n>Ko<|>avTai
the informers . The great part played by
the law-courts and litigation in Athenian life caused a class of
informers to spring up, resembling the delatores of the early
Roman empire. The origin of the name is obscure see Liddell and :
Scott where a suggestion of Mr Lancelot Shadwell is quoted,

s. v.,
according to which the word originally means one who brings figs
to light by shaking the trees and then metaphorically one who :
makes rich men yield up their fruit by accusations and other vile
arts : cf. Antipho irepl rov %o/oeuroO 43 effete Kal
5. irpaYiutTO. 7rapexxriv of a prolonged action
of the act and nothing more.
6. i]
Kal TJ TJ = aut adeo K<u aut certe aut etiam.
7. curopaXtiv is used both of voluntary and of involuntary

Symp. 179 A
(
loss (as here): cf. 6 7rXa airofiaJXtov (voluntary): Rep.

VIII. 553 B ovfflav oLirauav
a.irofia\ovTa (voluntary).
T7]i>
aXXo TI irp6s TOVTOIS iraOetv euphemistic for death or : exile.
9. 8iKcuo <rp,ev=
it is right that we The Greek idiom
. is
45 A
personal while ours is impersonal. Goodwin MT. p. 195.
n. p.T] o^Xtts irofci= do not say no aXXws iroielv is an .
idiomatic expression = to refuse to decline Symp. 173 E ^77 ,

:
dXXws TrciTja-fls. Rep. I

328 B aXXa ^tvere Kal ^77 d XXws Trotare.
Aristoph. Aves 133 Kal ^Sa/iws aXXws TTOITJ 0-775. The expression
does not seem to occur except in prohibitions or entreaties with
AIT;: see Schanz, Novae Commentationes Platonicae p. 25.
12. Kal ravra irpop,T]9oOp.ai TroXXci. Socrates lets the Laws
reply infra 53 B.
14. p,TJT roCvvv. Note the effective balance : Kal ravra Kal
d XXa TroXXa, says Socrates: n^re ravra /JitJTe KT\. says Crito.
The second pr/re is in 45 B, line 24: Crito s earnestness has an inju
rious effect upon his style observe for example the recurrence of :
frreira within three lines just below. Wohlrab takes a somewhat

different view: "Crito ut ipse hebetioris erat ingenii, ita oratio
eius non nullis locis durior est minusque elegans".
Kal -yap ov8 = neque enim.
15. 0e Xov<rt. Even after a vowel Plato more frequently uses
tde\w than 0<?Xw:
yet Phaed. 77 c ei 0Aere ibid. 115 B ^77 efryre:
:
Symp. 190 D M dt\w<nv. Schanz Nov. Comment. Plat. p. 102.

17. TOVTOVS TOVS expresses con
<rvKO(|>avTas.
Tourous= istos
tempt: so very frequently in Greek: cf.,Symp. 181 E rotfrous roi>s
s. Our English your is often used in the same way.

34 NOTES ON iv 45 A
= cheap : Crito contemptuously speaks of the informers
as a commodity to be bought. We are told in the Memorabilia (n.
9) that Crito had himself suffered much from the until <rvKO(f>avTai
following the advice of Socrates he engaged a vigorous but poor

friend Archedemus to retaliate.
1 8. eV CWTOVS = for them there is much scorn in this phrase.
:
eiri in this sense regularly used of inanimate objects (CTT* airrd

is
rovro line 22) : the idea implied in ei/reXe?s is therefore kept up.
8 virdpxî.
<rol aoL is
emphatic )( eV O.VTQVS.
45 B 19. S y otfiai iKavd. tbs eyu oiiucu and similar phrases

generally precede the word or phrase which they modify : cf. infr.
46 D uxrirep eyw \eyov OTL /crX. Gorg. 452 B us ey>/j.ai,

vvv 5?) :
irdvv Ka.Ta.(f)pov(i0v airavruv, and ibid. 462 A.
îreira Kal el: Kal goes with el and not with e-n-eira.
20. tfiov KTiSofwvos: on account of the danger from the <TVKO-
QavTai, not of course for the loss of the money. Socrates did not
think money a good nor the loss of it an evil, either in his own case
or in that of his friends : see Apol. 38 B, where he proposes the
penalty of 30 minae, to be paid by Plato and Crito and
others.
le vot OVTOI <xvaX(TKiv. As froi they would escape the <TVKO-
(frdvTcu. The pronoun OVTOL is deictic: see! here are foreigners
ready to spend theirs . Crito in his animation speaks as if the
êvoiwere actually present in the prison: "de degenttbus in urbe

quosque fere quotidie videbat quasi de praesentibus loquitur Crito"
(Buttmann). So in Symp. 175 A aXXov TLVO. TUV iralftuv i]Keiv
ayy^XXovra on îOKpdrrjs ovros dvaxupyc CLS ev ry ruv yeirdfuv

jrpo6upb} ecrrrj/cei : where Socrates is not as yet visible, evddde
means in Athens . There is a certain awkwardness in the collo
cation OVTOL evddde (for oirroi implies evddde) : but it is not necessary
to omit either of the two words. Crito is somewhat excited and
prefers expressiveness to logic: see on 45 A line 14 above. The
omission of the copula with erot/xoi is common but not universal in
Plato: contrast Prot. 3136 ZTOL/J.OS 5 el see Schanz, dj>a\i<TKeii>:
Novae Comment. Plat. p. 35.
22. ITT avro rovro : see on line 18 (CTT* avrovs) above.
Sijifj.as 6 0T](3aios KC PTJS. Simmias and Cebes (who was also

a Theban) play a prominent part in the discussion about immor
tality in the Phaedo. See Archer-Hind s edition of the dialogue
pp. 4042.
iv 45 c PLATO S CRITO. 35
23. uXXoi iroXXol irdvu. No doubt some or all of those named

in Phaed. 59 B C as present at the death of Socrates.
24. oTrep Xeyw- viz. supra line 14. In such phrases the pre
sent is preferred to the past : see on w Apol. 2 1 A.
o-rrep A^-y
diroKdp.T]S. diroKd/mveiv is to give over from weariness : cf. infra
45 D aii 5 /J.QI 5o/ce?s TO. pq.6vfj.6Ta.Ta aipeladai. Plato uses the verb
sometimes absolutely (especially in phrases like Rep. IV. 435 D fj.Tj
d\\d ffKoirei. see Schanz, N. C. PI. 25 note

roivvv aTroKa/jLys .
2),
sometimes with a participle : this seems to be the only passage
where he has an infinitive following it, but cf. Eur. Ion 134 135
IJ.o-x.Oe1v OVK airoKa[j.vw. Jacobs is here guilty of the solecism ^ |
diroKi>fjs,
which is also printed by Schanz in his text.
25. o c Xe yes ev TU>
8iKacrrt]pa>
:
Apol. 37 C D.
8v<r)(ps
<rot
yV<r0<)=
trouble you . It may have seemed
little to Crito that Socrates should be false to what was said in the
excitement of his defence when he himself was ready to break his
deliberate promise to the Athenian people see above on 44 c :
line 3. On /J.T) with the 3rd person of the Aorist Imperative see
Goodwin MT. 181.
26. OVK av ^x.ois eX0wv KT\. Apol. 1. c. /caXos odv dV /ULOI o
(Bios e i~r) eêXdovTi KT\. This shews that eêXduv refers to quitting
Athens, not to quitting the prison.
27. iroXXdxoi) dXXoo-e. We should expect a\Xo#t: TroXXa-
%6(re would not mend matters, since dycnrd? TTOL is not Greek. The
phrase is not strictly grammatical /ca = also not and aXXocre :
,
.
is of course attracted to the

following relative, as in fiijvcu KeWei>
60ev Trep-fJKei in Soph. O. C. 1227.
28. els erraXiav. According to Diog. Laert. II. 5, 25 So- 45 C
crates declined invitations from Scopas of Crannon and Eurylochus
of Larissa. The story that he refused an invitation to the court of
Archelaus (whither Euripides, Agathon, Zeuxis and others went) is
better authenticated: see Arist. Rhet. in. 23. 1398* 24
2w/cpdr7js
OVK (f)r] fiadifciv ws Apx&Q-OV v(3piv yap elvat r6 /UTJ ovvacrdai <pri
a^vvaadai 0/J.oiuS ev TradovTa, wairep Kal /ca/cc5j. Grito s connection

with Thessaly is significant as to his political sympathies in so far as :
he felt any interest in politics, he favoured the /caXot icayadol or

oligarchical party.
36 NOTES ON v 45 c
CHAPTER V.
Crito concludes his appeal to Socrates by urging that it is wrong
to choose the more indolent course and remain to die he
ought to :
think of his children and his friends.

1. ri 8 ovS SIKCUOV. With the form of expression compare
Apol. 35 B (the concluding part of Socrates appeal as this is of
Crito s) %wpis de rfjs SO^T;S, a) dvSpes, ov8 diKatov fj,oi doKei eZVcu
KT\. It is not correct to translate 5t/caiov here as : it is

just
right ,
moral . This is the original meaning of the word, and far
more frequent than the other, i.e. just )( aucppuv, <pp6vi/ji,os, dvdpe ios
the other three cardinal virtues. Aristotle recognises both meanings
of the word: see Eth. v. i\i^ 25 where the pseudo-Theognic
line fr 8 LKaio(rvvri avXXrjfBd rjv iracr dperj] Zvi (Bergk 147) is quoted
to illustrate the wider meaning. It was this sense that Socrates
assigned to the word when he declared rb SiKcuov to be identical

with TO vbfju/jLov : see Mem. IV. 4. 12 and cf. Introd. p. xiii. This
wider meaning survives in the English justify .
2. cnrixeipcLV irpd-yjia. ewixe -pe iv may take the accusative of a

neuter noun denoting some inanimate object. Wohlrab compares
Isocrates I. 3 KO\OV fj.ev Zpyov e7rt;\;et/)ov(rtj/. GOLVTOV irpoftovvai. is
explanatory of 7rpay//,a, to which it stands in apposition.

3. Kai ToiavTa crirevSeis. There is more force and indignation
in airevdeis than a-rrevdeLv would have conveyed.
Crito means that Socrates defence was meaningless unless he
regarded it as important that he should live. He had spoken of

himself as God s minister to the Athenians was he to desert his :
post because they rejected him? See Apol. Chapter xvin.

5. <rJ
Sia<j>6ipai
ae is accented for emphasis, and to discon
"
nect it from ffTrev<rav ".

Dyer.
7. Socrates had three sons: Lamprocles and two others.
vUis.
Lamprocles was the eldest (Mem. n. 2. i) ; but he was still a youth

when Socrates died (Apol. 34 D) the other two were children (Apol. :
1. c. and Phaed. 116 B). We do not know whether they suffered in

any way from their father s death. For the form viels see my note
on Apol. 20 A: the forms of the second declension (except vitos viel
as well as vlov viy) are preferred in the singular: those of the

third in the dual and plural. Attic inscriptions of Plato s time more
often omit the i than not (vo s iVos etc. See Meisterhans, Gram-
v 45 E PLATO S CRITO. 37
matik der Attischen Inschriften, p. 62) there are traces of the same :
omission in some MSS of Plato, and Schanz now everywhere writes

the word without the i (see his preface to the Laws p. viu).
<
irpo8i86vai e7ri%eiperi irpodouvai,

= whence the present. So didovai
often means to offer .

8. K0pxJ/at Kal eKircuSevcrai : their rpo<py
and iraideia was 45
already begun: whence the preposition: cf. infra 50 E êr/>d0?7s
(Socrates was a grown man) /ecu eTratSe^T/s. rpo07? is rather personal
and moral surveillance than intellectual : iratSela vice versa.
9 ol\i]<ri
KaraXuirwy = you will leave in the lurch . The
words imply that there would be something selfish and cowardly in
the betrayal. rb <rbi>

/xepos
= pro tua parte, quod ad te attinet (Cron) :
so infra 50 B.
o Tt av TOVTO irpafjowri = they will have
Tv)(a><ri (sc. Trparroires)
to fare as they will have to take their chance in
chance directs ,
life 6 rt av ruxwtn as in 44 D.
: With roOro Trparreiv cf. dyaddv rt
TrpaôvTes Ale. II. 141 D.
11. cv rats op<j>avtais op<f>avoTJS.
Gobel points out that the
repetition of the idea has a pathetic effect.

12. r\ -yap o\>
\p-r\...iroi\$tvovTCi. Crito here pleads that one
owes a duty to one
family as well as to the State s Socrates placed
:
his duty to the State before his duty to his family. Troteib-flcu TrcuSas
i. 7rai5o7roiei<r0at.
q.
14. <rv8e
(ioi8oKtsTapa0vfi6TaTaaip6to-0ai. I cannot but think
that Crito contrasted the indifference of Socrates with the zeal dis
played in his behalf by himself and the others : there is a touch of

injured friendship about these words. See the reply of Socrates in
47 A (/cat OVK av cr TrapaKpovoi rj irapovaa and my note v/j.(f>opa)
there.
16. Srj^rquippe qui dicat. The touch of sarcasm
<j>a<rKovTci -y
in (pdffKovra is made
sharper by the addition of 5??. For the asser
tion itself compare Apol. 30 A and 37 B. Sid. wavrbs TOU
piov has
more force if taken with (pacrKovra than with eTrtêXeto-âi.
17. ws y w Y KT^- Xpil atpe being virtually an imperative t<T6ai
may be followed by ws in the sense of for .
1 8. pi So ifl- For abrxuvonai followed by cf. Theaet. 183 E M 45
19. dvavSpCa rivl TTJ q|urp<t.

Here the taunt of cowardice
(already implied in padv/juoTara of 14 and avTjp ayadbs Kal dvdpeios
of 15) is openly made: for from vvip
by ft*ert/> (as is clear <rov in
33 NOTES ON v 45 E
17 and ovS cavrov in 25) Socrates is meant as well as Crito and
<rt>
his friends. implied that death requires less courage than life
It is
a view which Socrates himself held. The
reproach is made less
biting by -nvl.
20. K<xl
T] elVoSos Kctl avros 6 Kal TO TcXcvTatov Si]
d-ycov
Tovrl Soxeiv. This explains in detail dirav TO Trpdy/j.a.. There is
clearly an allusion to the stage. The tragedy begins (efcroSos)
develops (ai/ros 6 dyuv) and ends in a
KardyeXus TTJS fiasco (wa-rrep
7r/>ciecos):
"solvuntur risu tabulae". The words are carefully chosen
to suggest the comparison, efcrofios may be used both of the entrance
of an actor (compare the use of eiffdyeiv in Apol. 35 B), and of the
coming on of a law-suit (see on Apol. 24 D) ayuv signifies acting

:
as well as pleading : the word always implies rivalry as well as

publicity.
21. urf,X9es. So I read with E and the second hand in B:
the editors (except Stallbaum) generally read elffijXdfv. The latter
is very idiomatic Greek, for eiapxo/j.at is used in this as the
way
passive to dcrdyw compare Dem. Trpos kaKpirov 49 irol ovv del ravTijv
:
eiffeXdelv ri]v diKrjv, but (see following note) etV^Xtfes goes better
with ebv /mrj dveXdtiv. cf. also on 45 E infra Kaidq, TLVI boKelv.
^6v (sc. trot) Crito probably means that Socrates

p] tlcreXGeiv.
might have effected his escape in the interval between the lodging
of the indictment with the King Archon and the actual trial. Had
he done so, the case would have been decided against him by
default, see on KaryyopovvTes Apol. 18 C. If we read cos
eprj/myv
elffT}\dV and not we must understand avrfj i.e. Trj OLKITI

cos et cr^Xês,
after eôv this can hardly be right, for even if Socrates had ab
sconded the trial would have come on: the only difference would
have been the absence of the defendant. There is no good authority
for the tradition thatAnytus wished to make terms with Socrates
after the indictmenthad been lodged nor would such a course have ;
been tolerated by Athenian law, since cW/3eta was a ypa^-fj or offence

against the State, not a 5iK7) or lawsuit with a private individual.
22. T& TcXevTcuov 81]
Tovri=: last of all this present scene the :
TrepnreTeia as it were or catastrophe of the tragedy. The Bodleian

.
n-^L S-HK<T.v a T- ( <iK.rfl.Utj *( ((

23. wcrirep KaTa-yfXws TTJS Trpaêws
= a reductio ad absurdum
r>
as one might say of the whole affair ,

r^s 7rpa ews is an objective
genitive: cf. Aesch. Ag. 1264 rl dyr , efjiavTrjs KaraytXwT , Zx^
Tci3e KO.I ffKTJTTTpa /cat âvrela. irepl dtpy ffr^rj; See the retort of the
v 46 A PLATO S CRITO. 39
Laws infra 53 D tcrws at>

ydûs <rov aKOvoiev us ye\oius e/c roO 5eo7/,a>-
TTjpiov diredidpa/TKes KT\. On KardyeXus (KarayeXaffrov) see infra 53 A.

KdKia rivl SOKEIV = that you should be thought to have given
us the slip, through a sort of cowardice and unmanliness on our
part . is explanatory of TOVT I, exactly as cravrov
doKelv dia-rreêvyevai
irpoSovvai is of45 C line 2. The subject to SoKelv is ae

Trpay/Jia in .
this is easily supplied from the context (TO irpdy/na TO ire pi ok in 19
and ws el<T7]\des in 21). For the expression compare Phaed. 1150

edvirep ye \dfiriTe p.e Kal fj.rj eKipvyit} f/yuas, and for diafpevyt*} with a
personal object see Symp. 174 A x#s 7&P avrbv dt^vyov TOLS eiri-
vudois. Gobel takes âs as subject to 5o/cetV: Wohlrab TO TeXevTcuov
drj rovri : the other editors fail to give any clear explanation of this
difficult passage. There is some awkwardness in having doifeiv dta-
Tre<f>evyevai
as virtually a subject to 66^77 in line 18 above: but the
grammatical subject is TOVT to which doKeiv is in apposition. I,, Mudge

conjectures So/q?, but the text is quite sound.
25. ov8 o-v O-CUJTO V. The relative clause passes into a main 46 A
sentence as in Xen. Anab. I. 4. 9 lÔvuv ovs ol 2vpoi deovs evbôv,
/cat d$LKe1v OVK eiW, oi>5 TOLS TrepiffTepds :
compare also Gorg. 4520
TL fcrTi TOVTO 6 (p ?? s <Ti)
[AcyLffTov dya&ov elvat. Kal crk drj/jiiovpyoi elvcu.
avTov, and see my note on Apol. 40 A a ye drj oi^deir] /cat vo/jdeTai.

oiov re 6v Kal Sward v. The twofold expression is for emphasis :
cf. infra line 31 ddvvaTov Kal OUK^TI olov Te. olov Te is feasible :
dvvaTOv possible .
27. ajxa T(5 KttKw. afjio. is used in much the same way as irpos :
T$ Kaxy is substantival. So in the Gorgias (474 E foil.) TO aitrxpov

is defined as that which is at once \\nrrip6v Te /ecu K.O.KOV : see also 475 B
OVKOVV etirep ctfcrxtoz/ TO ddi-Kelv TOV dSiKetcrdai, iJTOL XwrnypoTepov <TTI
Kal XtiTrrj vwepfiaXXov at cr%ioz av et-r) rj /ca/cy ^ a/iôr^poty;

28. [JidXXov 8e =vel potius, as in Gorg. 449 A âXXov de, w
TopyLa, avTOS rj/uuv eiire. oiide is ne quiclem.
29. Pou\veo-9at )( Pepov\v(r9at. "Charm. 176 C O^TOI, rjv d
eyu, TL povXetieadov iroLtlv; ovfiev, e^f) o Xapfj.idr/s, dXXd fiefiov-
Jacobs. Note the fourfold recurrence of fiovXeuecrdai
30. -njs -ydp eiriooo-Tjs VVKTOS. Apparently Crito does not be

on 44 B above)
lieve the vision (see : the 71^77 /caXr; /cat ei aSrjy left
Socrates one night more in which to effect his escape. With Trjs
eTTiovar]? VVKTOS cf. TTJS eTTiov(n>)S ri/j.epas in 44 A.

33- ("iBa-pas d XXws iroCei : see on 45 A [j.rj aXXws Trolei.
40 NOTES ON vi 46 A
CHAPTER VI.
Crito pleading is now concluded. In reply, Socrates begins by

s
laying downthe principles which should guide his decision. He

first recalls one great doctrine on which he had insisted throughout
all his life,viz. that no opinions are worth regarding except the
opinions of those who know. See Introduction pp. xi and xii.

2- iroXXov dia sc. eVnV, although ei etrj follows: a "mixed
46 B
conditional sentence" Goodwin MT. 118. It would not be possible
to understand SLV et-rj if the optative of the copula is omitted in an
:
apodosis with av, the av must be inserted: see Meno 96 B OVKOVV ei

ot o"00i<rrcu fjLrjre oi avrol /caXoi Kayadol 6Wes 5i5acr/caXot eicri TOU
s, 5rj\ov, on OVK &v

But even apart from this, in &\\oi ye ;
cases like the present Greek prefers the more dogmatic form of ex
pression. Note ei dt] and not ei T\V Socrates speaks as one who :
has not yet made up his mind ready to follow OTT-TJ &v 6 \6yos uxnrep
irvevpa (Rep. III.
<t>epi3 3940).
4. orKoirewrOcu, is placed in the emphatic position at the beginning
of the sentence as if = cr/co7re2cr#cu d\Xd fj.r} TrpodvêiffOan.
5. ov fiovov vvv. So the MSS : there is no reason to read ov vvv
Nauck and Schanz. The omission of the copula is not
irp&Tov with
very common in Plato except when it is eariv. yet cf. Prot. 3350 670;
de rot /j.aKpa ravra advvaros : Theaet. 1696 iVxf/HKwrepos pevToi eyu
exdvuv. el and eaêv are also sometimes omitted rfv rarely, except:
in the phrase ei /*i} did TWO. (<re

or the like) :
parts of the conjunctive
and optative are very seldom omitted elvai however : is left out very
frequently. See Schanz, Novae Comm. PL 31 35.

6. TWV jJLTjSevl oXXw im0<r9ai.
l|Jtwv This is the reply to
Crito (46 A), for T&V e^v includes Socrates friends as
s Treidov /ULOL
well as everything else that could be called his.
7. TJ
TW Xo-yco cJMxCvTjTcu. A faithful description of Socrates
rule of For example, before entering on a line of conduct he

life.
would inquire if it harmonised with the conception or definition

(\6yos) of TO diKaiov which he had arrived at by the exercise of his
reason and if it did, nothing ever deterred him from so acting see
: :
my Introduction to the Apology p. xi; compare also Phaed. 100 A,

where Plato uses the phraseology of the Socratic method to de
scribe his own procedure \JiroQep.evos e/cdo-rore X67o> ov av Kplvu
tppwjj.eveffTO.TOV elvai, a pev av poi dotty

vi 4<5
c PLATO S CRITO. 41
ws d\T]Or) &VTO. a 5 av /j.rj, u>s OVK d\r}67j. See also Euthyphr.

6 E TavT-rjv roLvvv ue avT^v oLSa^vv TT]V Ideav, ris wore effTiv, iva ei j
CKtlvriv a.Tro{3\fTruv Kal xpci/xei os avry Trapadeiy/J,aTi t

d fj.ev civ
TQLOUTOV fl, WV O.V Tf

<TU
TJ Ct\\OS TtS TTpaTTr), 0(2 OffiOV cll/dC, 00 O.V fJ.-T)
TOIOVTOV, pi} 0w : and compare as to this point Dr Jackson on the

of the Theaetetus in Journal of Philo
"
incomplete Protagoreans
logy, Vol. xin. 249 250.
9. ^Xryov imperfect, because Socrates is referring to the:
teaching of his whole life. Infra e/c/SaXe^^ throw over discard , ,
as in Rep. VI. 503 A TO 86y/j.a TOUTO /x?jr tv ir6vois /XTJT ev 06-

1
j3oi.s y.rfr ei>

d\\r] /xrôe/xia //era/3o\y (ftaLveadat e/c^SaXXo^raj. |iot
ye Yovev is has come to me : cf. Euthyphr. 3 B <ru TO OOLLÔVLOV (pys
cravTtj) CKacrToTe yiyveffdai.

10. o|ioioi (sc. Xo7ot) is probably the subject and not the pre
dicate, otherwise in place of e/c/3aXetV we should expect a word
= to change : the predicate is <f)aivovT<n (sc. /SfXTiorot). S/ioiot is
not ol avToi (idem) but = Latin similes: the two ideas are care
fully distinguished in Theaet. 159 A et dpa n <rv/j.[3aivet OIMOLOV T^
yiyveffdai rj av6fj.oiov 6/J.oiov/j.ei oi JJ.GV TO.VTOV (firjffo/m.ei yiy-
ve<rdai, di>o/j.oiovfj.evov 5 %Tepot>; dvdyKri. Socrates becomes
more confident as he goes on: crxe5j* TI o/ioioi >
/cat TOI)J O.VTOVS
irptcrfievd) KT\.
n. -irpecrpsTja) is a lofty and somewhat poetic word, frequently 46 C
used of regard paid to the gods.
12. P\TIW fywp-sv Xe y LV
<
= /3eATi oi;$ ôj/xev \6yovs.

13. ov [IT]
<roi
^vy\oipr\a-<i)
: see on 44 B ovotva. fj.r)
TTOTC
ou8 av irXsiw jiopjxoXvTTrjTai : TrXetw is adverbial like
in Rep. 396 D eXdrrw o Kal -f)TTov ecr0aX ueVoi cf. also infra i
:
53 A eXdrrw e| avrf/s ctTreST^cras. The Mop,uw was well known

in the Greek nursery (see Theocr. xv. 40 OVK da) TV, TCKVOV. 31op/^c6
ddxvei iTrTros). Other bogies were A/c/a6, AX^trw, Aafjiia, Topyu,
~M.op/j.o\vKT), "E/^TTOucra: see Becker s Charicles E. T. pp. 224
225. Compare the well-known passage in the Phaedo (77 E) dXX

taws I>L TLS Kal ev iifuv Tra??, 6 crriS ra rotaura ^>o/3e?rat
TOVTQV
:
ovv Trei.pij}fj,eda ireideiif p. q deoievat. TQV QO.VO.TOV uffirep TO. [topuo-
It should be noted that the order of the words uxnrep Traukt?

^/iaj is very idiomatic: the effect is almost to identify the objects
compared. If r]/j.ds preceded wcrTrep Trcuoas the connection between
the two would be much less close. Still more idiomatic is the
42 NOTES ON vi 4 6 c
construction in similes with <rircp

and a preposition. If it is
wished to bring the objects compared into the closest possible

union, uirirep (ws) with the preposition is placed first, and the pre
position itself written only once : see for example Rep. viu. 545 E
ws irpbs Traidas Tj/xas 7rcufoi/<ras /ecu epfff^XotVas, Theaet. 170 A
uxrirep irpos 0eoi)s %X CLV T of>s ev e/cdcrrcus dpxovras. Manu
scripts however often violate the rule so far as the omission of the
preposition is concerned: see Cobet, Variae Lectiones p. 165 foil.

15. Se<r|xovs
Oavdrous KT\. 5 earfj.oi = chains )( 5e0yid = im
K<xl
prisonment: see on Apol. 32 C. The plural (decr/j.oi, ddvaroi, %p>7/xci-
r<jiv
d<paipecrei.s)
adds to the rhetorical effect the many have a variety :
of deaths etc., from which to choose our /xop/xw.

16. erriirc ixirovo-a :
compare Phaed. 62 C trplv dv avayxyv rivd
0e6s eirnr^/jL^rf. The word means (Church), not of
inflicting on
course threatening with . Socrates means that death is only a tto/v- w,
not simply in the anticipation but in the actual suffering of it. Dr
Verrall suggests eirtfj.irov<ra as if = assuming the forms of like
the Empusa. I am not quite satisfied that eTrt/j-Trovcra. is rightly
formed, nor even allowing this does the construction seem quite
natural but I am convinced that Plato wrote eirnrefJiTrovaa rather
:
than e-n-Hpepovva us say, because the ending is identical with

let
fyiTrouaa: see on 47 B line 14 for more examples of the play

my note
upon words in Plato.
17. auT<x= the question see on 44 C riyâovTat aura o"rw :
irpwTov p,ev :
repeated infra 48 A (ciVre irpurov /j.ev ravrri OVK
eiaujye?), where the first inquiry is concluded: the second point
6p6<jjs
is then raised by way of protest against the first (ibid. dXXa fj.ev drj,
(pairj 7 a.v rts, oloi r elaiv âs oi TroXXot cbro/crtjWj cu) : hence irpQiTov
[j-ev has no etra or elra 5e to balance it.
1 8. TOWTOV TOV \6-yov dvoXdpot|xev recur to this view : euros
is often = that of yours , here made clearer by 6V <rv

\eyeis. dâXa/x-
PQ.VU is iterum sumo take up where I laid down as in Rep. vi.
490 D Trd\iv dvei\r)(f>a.[J.ev TTJZ/ TU>V

d\T]dus ({)L\QffO(f)WV (pvaiv. The
reference is to 44 B D, and 45 E.
irorepov KaXws tXc-ycro KT\. This depends on dvaXd/Sot/iei :

19.
cf. Apol. 19 A dyaXd/Sw/xej ovv dpx^s e rty 17 Karrjyopia eariv ;
In
English we must say recur The subject to eXeyero is and ask if.
6 X6yos, to be understood from TOVTOV rbv \6yov. it is defined by the
clause on rats p.kv ou. The imperfect is used because Socrates

vi 46 D PLATO S CRITO. 43
refers to the teaching of his whole life, see on t\eyov in line 9 above.
means on every occasion when the subject was discussed.
e/rd<TTOTe
If there was one thing on which Socrates insisted more than any
other, it was that no man s opinion is worth anything on any subject

which he has not studied: see Grote Vol. vm. p. 239 foil.
20. 1] irplv p.v |ie
KT\. Three alternatives either (a) the 4^ :
doctrine that only some 5ocu are worthy of regard was right, or (/^)
it was wrong, or it was right then and wrong now. In his state
(<;)
ment of the third alternative Socrates substitutes the application for

the statement of the general principle was / right in thinking it
my duty to die then, although others thought otherwise, and am I
wrong now?
21. tp.e 8etv cxiro0v?jo-Kiv. Apol. 40 B Ktvdvvevei yap /not TO v/j.j36-
firjKos TOVTO dyadov yeyovtvcu: and Socrates must often have said the
same in declining Crito s former invitations to escape: see on 44 B
Zri /ecu vvv e/j.ol ireidov /ecu (rwdrjri.
22. K<xTdST]Xos apa: i.e. of course 6 \6yos: with 5?}Xos as with

diKaios Greek prefers the personal mode of expression, apa after
l
all expresses surprise and disappointment. See on Apol. 34 C eyb

5 apa TOVTUV iroâw.
ov5ei>
[vKa Xo-yov]. I believe

aXXcos \6yov to be a gloss on <fW/ax
aXXws the expression (6 \6yos) d XXws eVe/ca \6yov is excessively

:
awkward. For d XXws used in this way (= otherwise than it ought*

i.e. nearly = ei /cy temere) cf. Phaed. 76 E aXXws dv 6 \6yos oOros
eiprjfj.tvos and the adverbial expression rrjv ctXXws, as in Theaet.

fir],
172 E ol dywves ovdeirore TT/V ct XXws dXX del rrjv irepl avrov.
23. tos dX-qOws. Like ry OVTL and rrj dX-rjOeia this expression is
frequent in the dialogues of Plato s early and middle period in the :
later dialogues dXrjOws, OJTWS and d\T)6eia (less frequent) are more
common: see Schanz in

(1886) xxi. 3, pp. 439 459. As
Hermes
for the origin of the phrase,Schanz accepts the explanation given by
Fox, according to whom ws is the ablative of the article, as dXydws is
of dXrjOes: but surely rws and not cl^s is the ablative of TO. The old
explanation (which I prefer) is to regard the phrase as parallel to ws

erepws, ws ctXXws etc., and due to attraction like davfjiatrius dVSpes u>s:
cro0oi dXyGus (Phaed. 63 A) for example is short for

coj <ro0ot OUTWS,
ciij dX?7^s eariv. Kiihner s Ausfiihrliche Grammatik II. p. 921.
24. KOIVT} p.rd Koivrj ffnoirtiv, Kowrj fyreii/

Tri<TKt\J/a<r0ai
<rov.
etc. were almost technical terms of the Socratic dialectic see Introd. :
to Apol. p. xv.
52
44 NOTES ON vi 46 D
25. dXAoiorepos, like 6 aurds, is in the predicate.
27. TWV olo|ievwv

Socrates means himself primarily
TI Xe -yeiv. :
but he chooses a phrase which will include Crito too, so as to make

his conclusion appear as the verdict of all right-minded men. \tyeiv
n )( ovdfr \eyeii>,
to be right )( to be wrong : so in English there
is something in what you say . So rl iroctlv tobe making some
thing of it in Symp. 173 A. $5e before virb TWV oioêvuv refers
forward to on TWV dov ras 5e /JLTJ.
28. wcTTrep vvv Br\ ^Xeyov goes with the following clause in :
Eng. that as I said just now see on 45 B us ey& otjucu iKava. vvv
:
fir?
= a/m wj my note on Apol. 37 c) Cobet would
as so often (see :
write and Schanz now follows him B too has vvvdrj here.
vvvdij, :
There is no special force in the imperfect: IXe-yov and (like %<j>r)v
Ke\evov in Phaed. 59 E and Phaedr. 228 B) are sometimes used as

aorists. See also Goodwin MT. 8.
TWV 8o<3v as 8odovcri.v...Tcls S JJLTJ

contrast this with 46 C
:
lines 19 20. The principle is enunciated more precisely because

upon it hinges the argument down to 48 A.
46 E 3- Tpos 0ewv only in entreaties, not in asseverations
: :
Apol.
25 c.
3 r . oo-a -ye rdvOpcoTreia
= in all human probability : for oaa ye
cf. infr. 54 D ocra ye ra vvv C/JLOL SOKQVVTCL.
CKTOS tt TOV p.eX\iv o/upiov. Why avpiovf It is certain that
Socrates believed that he would die upon the third day, but as
Crito disbelieved the vision (see on 46 A) Socrates waives the point
for the present. /iAXeiv a.irodvri(TKei.v=a.iro6avei<j6a.i.
\ 33- irapaKpovoi. Like this word is probably a o~<pa.\\e<.v
4"
metaphor from the palaestra: cf. Theaet. 168 A TO. o-0ctX uara /
a ai/ros u0 eavrou /cat rwv irpor^pwv o~vvovcnCjv irape K^Kpovcrro.

The original meaning may have been to give an unfair blow,
hit below the belt. There is a touch of irony in OVK av irapa.- <r
Kpovoi: Socrates knew well that it was Crito and not he whose
mental vision was dimmed by the coming doom (see Phaed.

84 E). I think the words are meant as a reply to Crito s taunt in
45 I) cri) 5e /J.OL 5o/ce?s rd paBv/moTara aipelaOeu, where au is
emphatic : see note. For this reason I have printed ere with an
accent.
34. oi5)^ iKavas: infra oi>x<-

KO.\&S in line 36 is stronger: cf.
in 46 B the change from O/JLOIOL to rcw aurotfs see note in loc. :
Hirschig s KaXws (the one tolerable suggestion of the thirty odd

oi>xl
vii 47 B PLATO S CRITO. 45
suggestions which he has made on the Crito) completely misses the

point.
36. dXXct p.V, rds 8* ov; After these words some inferior
T<XS
MSS (and the second hand in B) read otfSe irdvrwv, d\\a TUV /xeV,
r&v 5 ov Apart from their slender MS authority, the words are
;
objectionable (a) because they correspond to nothing either in 46 C

(rcus fj-tv Set rCjv 5owi irpoffeîv TOP vovv, rcus de of), or in 46 D
(TUIV 5o%wv as ol avdpuTrot 5oi;dovcrt.i> /crX. ). and (/3) because they
anticipate line 42 xpTjcn-cu 5e ou x a.1 TUV (ppovi/jiwv, irovrjpal 5e at TWV

d(ppwwv; Plato is especially careful to avoid any premature indi
cations of the course of an argument : he professes to follow o TTT;
civ b Xoyos aV7re/) irvevâ (pepy (Rep. III.

394 1)).
CHAPTER VII.
In this chapter Socrates recalls the familiar illustrations by which

he used to enforce the doctrine that no opinion deserves to be con
sidered except that of those who know, and applies them to the
case in point. Introduction p. xii.
1. TO. Toiavra eXe -ye-ro. rotaOra refers to what follows: so in
Rep. VI. 488 A vorjcrov yap roiovrovl yev6fj.evoi>

ei re TroXXwv veuiv
jrtpt ei re /-uas. It is a mistaken idea that T0i6a8e is invariably pro

spective, and TOCOVTOS retrospective. The imperfect eXeyero is used
because Socrates is recalling the doctrines taught throughout his
life: see on t\eyoi>
in 46 B.
2. yv l
lva Hievos ^ VT1P KT ^- F r the asyndeton cf.
Rep. 1. c.
47 E
vavK\f]pov fj.eye6eL fj.ei>
/ecu pa>,u?7 inrep rovs ev TTJ vrjt TraVras, and
Apol. 22 A (where see note) 77 /J.TJV eyu Ziradov TI TOIOVTOV oi fj.ev
/iciXicrra KT\.
Kal TOUTO -irpaTTWv = and making this his work hoc agens. :
Buttmann compares Xen. Hell. IV. 8. 22 oi Se yap ttcparow avrov

al TOV (rwâros dXX del, irpbs y eirj epyy, TOUT kit parrfv.
i)8oi>ai,
- profession in Apol. 20 C.
Compare Trpdy/j.a
5. larpos
iraL8oTpipt]S see Gorg. 452 A foil.
T]
The larpos :
is there regarded as the dtjfjuovpyps vyieias the iraiSoTpi(3r)s as the :
man whose Zpyov is /caXoi^s re Kal i crxfpoi)s jroie iv rous dvOpuirovs

rd <rwfj.ara: and so Soph. 228 E irepl ij.lv aicrxos yvfj-vavTiK-fj, irepl
5e voffov tarpiKT); (paivecrdov. In another passage of the Gorgias
(464 B foil.) iarpiKr] and yvftvauTiK-f) are described as the two

46 NOTES ON vn 47 B
branches of the art which looks after the body (77 roO
; they are correlative (a?Tio-Tpo0ot) with SIKCUOCTIWTJ (St-
?
/) and vouoderiK-r), the two subdivisions of Tro\iTiKif) or the art
which pays attention to the soul. Plato frequently places the two
professions side by side: e.g. Prot. 313 D edv JUTJ rts Tuxy yvp.-
vaariKos rj larpos &v Polit. 295 C et al. : Cron remarks that both
professions were united in the person of Herodicus of Selymbria:

compare Rep. III. 406 B HpoSiKOS Se Traidorpi^ uv Kal voffudys
yevo/j.evos, /xtas yvuvaffTLKr)v iarpiKfj, air CKV cucr e TTpurov ftev
/cat juaXurra eavrov, eVar d vffrepov TroXXous. XX<w
9. dXXa p.1)
: dXXd is regular in such antitheses : see on Apol.
23 D.
T2. TavTT) fl
av KT\. Note the position of Tavrrj: it serves
to throw special emphasis on the clause introduced by 17 av.
Kal Y u HLVa(rT ^ ov Ka^ c8c<TTov ye Kal iroreov this explains
i
:
Trpav-
TÔV. In edeffreov ye the 76 is added because what follows incul
cates obedience to the arpos as yvjj.va.ffreov to the TraidoTpifirjs t .
Kal frequently used in this way to introduce something

76 is
which belongs to a different class from the things already enume

rated. Gorg. 450 D apLO/jLTjTLKr] Kal XoyiffTiKq Kal yew/JierpiKri Kal
ye Kal aXXcu TroXXal re^vai

ireTTevTiKr) here the first three arts :
hang together, being all concerned with number or mathematics.

On the food of a Greek athlete cf. Aristotle Eth. Nic. n. no6 a 36 ff.
ov yap et ry 5e /ca fj.vai (a mina was about 15*2 oz. Troy) {payetv TroXtf,
dvo d 6\iyov, 6 dXe/TTTTys 1^ /j.vas Trpoffrdêc eari yap i crws Kal TOVTO
iroXv T \t]\l/ofj.vi$ TJ 6\iyoV MiXw^t /j.ev yap 6\iyov, T< 5e o>pX~
fj.ev(j}
T&V yv/j-vaffiuv TroXiJ.
13. TO>
eirwrTotTTj Kal eira CovTi. The argument gains addi
tional point if it is noted that the word suggests ewiffra-
eTrtcrrdrTyj
fj.aiand so leads up to iiratovri . Socrates wishes to deduce from the
example of training the general principle that only he who knows

deserves to be regarded. The word eria-rdrT/s is sometimes used in
the sense of a trainer: cf. Xen. Mem. m, 5. 18 ev ro?s yvuviKois dy&fft
TreiOovrai rols eTrtcrrdrcus (
= paedotribis, as Schneider correctly
explains it), and see also Rep. 521 E (rw/Aaros 70/5 01^775 Kal
VII. <pdi-
<rews e trier rar et (sc. yvp.vaan.KT]). Plato repeatedly thinks of eirl-
araâi. when he uses the words eTrtordT^s or eTrtcrTarw : see for
example Prot. 312 D foil, ei Se TIS eKeivo epoiro b Se ffO(piffTT)s rdv

Ti acxp&v effTt ;
rl av aTTOKpi.vaifj.eOa aury ;
Trotas epyacrias eTrtord-
TT?S; rt a? et-rreiuev avrbv elvai rj ciriffT O.TT\V TOV Trotrjffat deivov
vii 47 B PLATO S CRITO. 47
\eyeiv ;
6 dt dr] <TC(f>iffrrj^ ircpl rtVos oewbv iroiei \e"yeiv ; ^ orj\ov ori
irepi ov-rrep Kai eiriffTarai; Crat. 414 E rbv ffoQbv eiruTTaTrjv,
cf.
and 3906 d/j ovx oCroj 05 eiri&TaiTo aV epya^cp.ev^ /cdXXtcrra eirt-

443 E aotpiav oe T-TJV eiriffTaTovvav ravrr) TTJ
<TTaTet>:
Rep. IV.
7r/)aei I have no doubt that Socrates thought it a

eiri<rTr)fj,r)v.
real confirmation of his view that knowledge should everywhere

hold rule when he found that eTrto-Ta-njs and eiri<TTafj.ai seem to be
connected, and think Plato hints at this in such passages as Polit.
I
311 c apxil TC Kdl e 7r

OTTQTO.V T a.T $. God and Nature do t<r
nothing in vain even the similarity of names is not without its

:
significance: hence Plato wrote the Cratylus. A precisely similar

phenomenon appears in the case of the word cS irpdrTeiv. Just as
here e7rt<rrar77 forms the transition to ewaiovTi, so in Charm. 173 D
eC a? irparroL^v is the link between eTrtonjôj/ws av irpa.TTOt.fji.ei> and
i>dai/ui.oi>ol(j.i> (e
TT t ff T 77 /ji 6 v J &v irpa.TToi>Ts eC av IT p6.TToifj.ev KO.I
<jj
evdaL/uLovol/j-ei ): see also 172 A and Alcibiades I. 116 B and compare

Aristotle Eth. Nic. b 20 criâSei 5e TO
I.
iO9S ry X67^ /cat ei5 ^r/v /cat
fv TrpaTTeiv TOV evda.ifj.ova. So also in Phaed. 99 C oeov (which
has two meanings) forms the link between dyadov and ^vvoelv Kal
ws dXyOws TO~ dyaObv /cat oeov ^vvdelv Kal j~vvx tv where it
should be noted that the omission of the article before ftro* (as here
before ewaiovTi.) favours my view. Similarly in Symp. 204 C, where
Plato proves that TO fpwfj.evov is Ka\6v by means of the middle term
epacrTov ( lovely as well as loved ): /cat yap &rrt TO epa<TTov

T&
T ^Tt Ka\cv KT\. : the entire passage from 203 A to 204 D is full of
such double meanings and constructions. See also Symp. 196 C.
This sort of chain-inference (incorrectly called Sorites) was after
wards very popular in the Stoic school : see Reid on Cic. Acad. Pr.
49.
I have insisted on
this point partly because the editors have
ignored and partly on account of the light it throws on the

it
meaning of the vision in 448: Socrates was greatly influenced by

similarity of name.
It should be noted that tirateiv is a favourite word of Plato s,
but less common in other authors. Protagoras used the word

frequently: according to Kock on Arist. Nubes 650 it was probably
an importation from the Ionian philosophical schools into the
sophistic and philosophical circles of Athens.
17. elev was pronounced elev with intervocalic aspiration as in
raws : the derivation is doubtful, but it can
hardly come from eijj.i :
48 NOTES ON vn 47 u
see on Apol. i8E. Possibly it is connected with ela: for as Timaeus

s. v. says, not only ffvyKarddeffis rdov e/pTj/xeVwi but also avva.^}]
it is ,
Trpoj TO, juAXoira whence Suidas explains it 3.5 = aye 5rj.

: Here for
example it leads up to d-jreiOrjcras 5e KT\. : cf. Symp. 204 C etev drj,
w êV?; /caXcDs -yap Xe -yeis* (parenthetical) TOIOUTOS uv 6 "Epwj

rtVa
Xpeiav %et TCUS dvdpuiroLs;
47 C J S. ri]V 86|av Kal TOVS eiraivovs TOVS TWV iroXXv Xo-yovs: so

all the best MSS. The
with regard to the text arise
difficulties felt
from a misapprehension of the argument. Socrates is gradually

passing from the illustration to the case which it was intended to
illustrate. Hence at first when he is only elucidating the illustration
he introduces more detail: supra 47 B xpy TOVS \f/6yovs <j>o(3elff6ai
Kal dcrirdfreo dai rot)s tiralvovs as the application draws near .
there is somewhat less detail (drt/.ia<ras rrjv 86âv /cat rous e?rat-
vovs): when we are on the verge of the application, there is only

T&V iro\\&v \6yovs, because it is a Xo -yos ruiv TroXXwf
Ti/^Tjjas TOI)S
which all this was meant to illustrate, viz. that Crito and his friends
and Socrates himself are cowards in leaving Socrates to die. Schanz
brackets and Krai omits Kal rovs eiraivovs the other editors rightly :
retain the words. Ziwsa in the Zeitschr. f. d. ost. Gynan. 1879 P r 6

reads dTret^Tjcras Se ry evl Kal dn/mdcras avrou ri]v 86âf /cat TOUS
if/oyovs, TLfj.Tj(ras
5 TOVS ruv iro\\wv eTratrous.
22. iroi rcCvei: 7rot = ets rt. Infra eij rt ruv rov dTreiOouvros is
like 46 B rajf e JJLUIV fj.Tjdei>l

d XXy.
25. OVKOVV Kal raXXa OUTWS: "verbo omisso, ut Lach. 181 A

e5 ye vrj rrjv Hpav ort dpdols rbv Trarepa ". Wohlrab.
26. Kal 8rj
KQ.I is used to introduce a climax, or (as here) the
crowning point of the reasoning the application: see on Apol. 260.

27. SiKaiwv Kal aSiKwv Cron draws attention to the chiastic :
arrangement :
y aurx/oujfvx dya6 <2v
s\Ka\wvs\ KaKwv (Dyer).
47 D 3 1
F
L ^ÔV Tl IvniravTas TOXIS aXXovs: supra 47 B fj,S.\\ov T) f/
^vîraffL ro?s ct XXots.
32. cl [i-"i\
aKoXovO q<ro}JLV, 8ia<|)9epoO(iV
eKtivo Kal Xw^^cro-
|ie6a. et fj.r/ with fut. ind. is more vivid and impassioned than rjv jmrj
with aor. conj, Xw/3<j0cu

is to add insult to injury. e/cetj>o is
vovs: cf. Rep. VII. 5270 E ev TOVTOIS rotj /mady /macros fKacrrov
6pyav6v TL ^V^TJS eKKaOaiperai re Kal dvafairvpe~Tai diro\\6-

Kal TV<p\ovp.zvov \jiro -ruiv aXXwj eTTirij Sei /x.dTWJ , /cpetr-
vni 47 E PLATO S CRITO. 49
rov ov ff(t)6r}vai /uvpiuv 6/Jifj.a.Tuiv /novy yap avrq) dXrjdeia o par at

(and truth is seen by i/oGs, cf. Rep. VI. 508 C D and Symp.
212 A). Observe that the doctrine of the duality of soul and
body is implied throughout the whole of this passage: it is one of

the most distinctive traits of Plato s teaching, as it was of his master s:
see Phaed. 79 C, 82 E (the soul investigates things by looking out of

the prison-house of the body). To Plato the body is but the opyavov
of the soul: Theaet. 1840 Seivov yap TTOV, w TTCU, et TroXXal riêy iv
rjfjuv, ucnrep ev Sovpeiois I

TTTTCHS, alcrdtjcreis eyKadrjinai, d\\a /J,TJ
c. s
fjitav TLvd ISeav, eire ^vx^v et re o TI dec KaXeZV, irdvTa ravra ^vvreivfi,
77
5tct TOVTWV olov opyavuv al(rdavofj.6a ocra alffdijra: compare also
Rep. V. 469 E, where those who wreak

vengeance on the dead their
bodies of their enemies are likened to hounds at roTs Xt#o:s ols av
33. 8 dirwXXvTO :
which, we used to say, is improved by
right, and disabled by wrong (Church): see last note. For this
use of the imperfect cf. Rep. VI. 490 A T]ye?ro 5 ai)ry, el v
Trp Zrov fjitv dXijOeia KT\. Goodwin MT. 8. The use of Tjy
=
1
ex hypothesi"
does not differ greatly from this.
CHAPTER VIII.
Here Socrates
finally disposes of the first point raised by Crito,
viz. that we
should regard the opinions of the many, and proceeds
to discuss the second (see above, 44 D) that the many can take away
our lives.
2. viro TOU voo\oSovs. voewdes is not here = diseased , but

causing disease ,
unwholesome , )( iiyitivov : so in Theaet. 171 E
rd i-yieiva /ecu vocruSrj.
3. pr\ rfj TWV eira iovTwv 8oi].

imOonevoi Note the position
of Plato has arranged his words so as to express the double
fj.f):
meaning of //,TJ Tretflj/zei CH rrj ruv eira CbvTuv d6~r}, and irfiddjuevoi rrj
r(Jov fj.7] KT\., for the text at once suggests dXXcl rrj T&V /J.TJ e
Compare Legg. II. 671 D vr/<povras r&v /XTJ vytyovTwv

wv Sri xwpts /J-fdy tiia/j-dxeadai Seivorepov rj TroXeûtots elvai /x?) yuerci
apxovTuv sc. dXXci /xera dp-ôvr^v v^fyvvruv.

Q.dopvfii>)v Hirschig
foolishly corrupts the text to TreiQo^tvci rrj rCiv /J.TJ eiral ovTUv So^y.
6. TOVTO TO o-wjxa. Tovro is of course in the predicate: Wohl- 47 E

rab is wrong in reading TOVTO <rwua with Buttmann; for <ro5/ia without
50 NOTES ON vm 47 E
the article is body generally, i.e. matter , not the body : cf.
Symp. 211 A ot>5 ctu (fiavTaffdrjO eTai avrf TO Ka\6v olov irpdffunrov
n ou5e xeZpes ov5 d\\o ovdev c5;>

(rw/tca (i.e. body, matter) ^tere xet.
8. p,To, K-ox0T]pov. The

more frequent preposition yiierd is far
than vvv in Plato, as in Attic Greek generally (except Xenophon) :
denotes a much closer connection, /iox#?7pos like Trovrjpos meant

<rvv
originally afflicted (as here), then depraved , corrupt ,

for roles
yap POOS iarlv tiri. xQovluv avdpu-rruv olov eV rfâp dyrjaL ""a 7
"*?;)
dvopQv re dew re (Horn. Od. xvm. 136 137)- So also Ar. Av.
493 "X^dtvav y&P d-TrujXetr 6 fj-oxdypos Qpvyiuv epiuv did TOVTOV :
compare (for irovrjpos) Solon Frag. 1401)0^ /j,a.Kaps ouSeis TreXerai

dXXd Trovrjpoi Trdpres, and Hesiod Frag. 95. i (ed. Gottling)
porarov KO.L aptaroj/ (of Heracles). It is we and not the Greeks
who by suffering are made strong. Cf. Simonides Frag. 5. 1013

ed. Bergk.
10. ovSajiws. Plato held that it is better to die than to suffer
incurable disease: Gorg. 512 A a passage which is parallel to this
both in respect of the illustration and the application d /ieV ns
/i67<xXots
/ecu cuuctTOis fOffrjfJ.a.<n
Kara TO <r)/J.a avfexofJ-ôs fJ.r] dTreTrviyr],
euros ^v aOXios eaTiv 6rt OVK direOave KT\. : where see Thompson on
the "meditative skipper". The whole subject is discussed in Rep.
III. 405 foil. The presence of too many doctors, says Plato, proves
that a city is physically unsound just as a plethora of SiKa<rTat proves
that it is unsound morally: ibid. 410 A it is prescribed that doctors
in the ideal state shall only endeavour to cure roi)s fj-ev eu0ue?s ra
crwâra Kal ras i/ fxds roi)s oe /X.TJ, 6 crot (J,ev Kara <ra>/ia rotouroi,
a.irodvri<r KCLV edcrova i, TOVS 5 Kara, rr\v "fyv~)(j]v /caK00veis Kal
dj idrovs aurol d.woKTevovo iv. This is declared to be the most
merciful way of treating the patients themselves and the best thing
for the State. Herodicus is censured as paKpbv TOV OavaTov avTtp
(406 B), because he prolonged his life by a course of
TrotTycras
medical treatment: the right view is that ou5eft cx &d fiiov ^

K3.jj.veiv laTpevofj.fry (ib. 406 c).
11. dXXd fJier CKCIVOU ap rîv KT\. So I read with the Bod
leian the editors mostly follow less good MSS and read dXX
:
apa.
The a XXd introduces a fresh point in the argument: cf. Apol. 37 c
dXXd xP 77A dV Ct;I/ /cat dedtcrOai e ws av e/crtVw; For the collocation
5
dXX a.pa (dpa in this connection generally invites the answer no )
compare Lysis 208 D dXX apa eireiddv oi /ca5e ^X^jjs Trapa TT\V /A-yTtpa,
intivri (re eg. rroie iv 6 TI dV fiov\rj KT\. ; Euthyd. 292 C dXX dpa
vin 48 A PLATO S CRITO. 51
TrdWas Kai iravTa ayaOovs ; ov/c Hyuye,

ol/j-at u>
2w/cpares. Here
apa is separated from aXXd in order to let the full stress of the
sentence-accent fall on /xer which introduces the application.
e/vetVou,
12. w TO aSiKov jxev Xcuparai. Elsewhere Plato uses the ac

cusative after Xw/3a<r0cu
: the dative is here preferred in order to
avoid the appearance of ambiguity. Ar. Eq. 1408 IV iou<nv O.VTOV
ofs eXw/3d0 01 &voi. The verb of kindred meaning \v/j.aive<r6at
not found in Plato may also be construed with a dative as well as
with an accusative.
13. i-f <{>a\)\6Tepov -r)Yovp.9a KT\. Compare Xen. Mem. IV. 3.
14 dXXd /nr/v Kai dvdpuirov ye I/ UXT) 77 eiVep TI Kai aXXo TWV avdpuwivuv
TOV Oeiov [AfT^xei /crX. and Prot. 313 A o 5 Trepl -rrXetovos TOV
1
7/7et, TI}V ^v^v, Kai ev y iravT earl TO. era T? eJ r} KCUWS

xp^crrou r/ Trovrjpov yei>ofj.tvov KT\. Socrates never wearied
of asserting the dignity of the soul.
14. irepl o TJ T dSiKâ KT\. In Rep. x. 609 B injustice is de- 48 A

scribed as a disease of the soul: ri ovv, TJV 5 eyu \pvxy &p& ovtt
Z&TIV o Trotet a.VTT]v KdKr]i>; Kai fj.d\a, (f>7),

a vvv 5^ 5irjfj.ei> Travra,
ddiKia re a/coXacn a Kai SeiXi a Kai a/madia.
/cat
19. OVK apa irdlvu ij^v OUTW: ourw goes with iravv. I think
this more probable than to take ov iravv together: iraw seems too
emphatic to admit of this interpretation.
20. ciXX o TI 6 erra tojv. The Bodleian has on, which may be
right, as the Greeks probably considered o TI and on to be the
same word (
= quod) : see my Apology p. 123.
22. irpwrov p.e v instead of being followed by elm or Zireira (5<!)
corresponds to ctXXa plv 677 in line 25 below the second argument :
of Crito is quoted as an objection to Socrates refutation of the first :
see on irp&Tov /J.& in 46 C.
io-r|-Yov(Xvos.
i<rT)-yt,
The word elff-rjye iadai (auctor esse)
means to introduce a subject or a proposal in a formal way see :
Thuc. IV. 76. 2 llroioSupov e arj yovfj.vo v rdde avrols Trapea/ceua-

0*^77, and PI. Symp. 176 E TO /J-CTO. TOUTO elffrjyovfjLai TT]V [j.ev apTt
claeKOovffav avXrjrpida %a: pf" foiv KT\. Perhaps Plato chooses the
word in order to suggest that Crito as it were eio-rjye /card TUV diK-r)i>
vt>i*.uv
the Laws being on their defence see : Introd. pp. vii xi.
25. aXXd piv 8t] here begins Socrates :

reply to the second
point raised by Crito : see above 44 D. ^v Srj
= for that matter ,
as to that : cf.
Gorg. 471 A eiVe/) ye, w 0tXe, ct St/coy. ctXXd /j,tv Srj
Trds ot /c aSt/cos ; 492 E ctXXd [J,v 5r) /cat wj 7e ai) X^yets Setvos 6 /3t os :
52 NOTES ON vni 48 A
Rep. III. 406 A /cat fj.kv drj &TOTTJV ye TO iru/u.a ovrws e xoi rt: ibid.
III.
409 B.
16. airoKTivvvvat is preferred by Plato to diroKTeiveiv.
48 B 27. 8f|Xa 8t] KCU ravra KT\. =

of course, that is also evident:
yes, Socrates, he will say so . If the text is right, I think 5?}Xa 5?)
Kal raDra is an aside : the answer to Socrates remark is contained

in <pai.r) yap av. Crito (who is not yet convinced by Socrates rea
soning) first declares that the power of the many to put one to
death (raura) is as obvious as the necessity of regarding what they
think of one (/cat): he then assents to Socrates remark. See above
44 D aura 5e 5^Xa rd Trapovra vvvL, o rt oloi T eiaiv ol TroXXot
/crX.
With Cron and Krai I have retained the vulgate, because I
think it
presents the fewest difficulties. Wohlrab gives 5??Xa ST) /cat
raura to Socrates, yap av, J Sc6/c/mres to Crito, and dXrjdt)

(paly
!
Xe 7ets to Socrates: Schanz brackets (pai-rj yap av, and gives both
dij\a 5?} /cat raura and dXrjdrj Xeêts to Crito Gobel prints 8rj\a :
"
5^ /cat raOra , (paly yap av w Sw^/aares. S w. dXydr) \eycis. I
think the text probably right as it stands but if not, I should

is :
transpose and read 0at ?; yap dv drj\a 5rj /cat raDra, c3 Sui/cpares,
taking 5^Xa 5/j as an adverb as it is in the MSS (577X0077).
-29.
<2
0a.up.acne : see on w Sw/cpares in 44 B.

8aifj.6i>ie
OVTOS Tt : re corresponds to /cat in roVSe aiT cKoiret line 31.

/cat
There is virtually an anacoluthon, since ouros re d Xo7os 5oet

leads us to expect /cat ode av 6 \6yos (sc. 5o/cet e rt OUOLOS etât), on
v
oJ ro $ijv KT\, but whether the second principle is still binding or
:
not, has not yet been decided : whence /cat rovde au CTKOTTCL KT\.
30. OJXOLOS etvai Kal Trporepov : the MSS read ry /cat irpbrepov :
but as ry irporepov for r Trporepy or ry rrporepov et /)77/x^y is, to say

the least of it, unusual, and the /cat is awkward, I follow Wex,
Madvig and recent editors (except Gobel) in reading /cat irporepov.

oyuotos /cat rrporepov
= similis quam antea see above 46 B (rxeSoV :
rt ofj.oioi (pOLLvovral IJ.OL /cat roi)s avrovs Trpff[3eui>)

Kal rt/tcD, ovairep /cat
irporepov.
32. ou TO ^TJV irepl irXeio-Tou TroiT]Te ov, d\\d TO t* t^v. Socrates
held this view during the trial: see Apol. 28s and ch. xxin. Con^-
pare Gorg. 512 E /ZTJ yap TOUTO ptv, rb $rjv bircxrov Srj xpovov, rov ye u;$
&i>5pa
earcov cVrt /cat ou (piKo^/vx^ôv, dXXd GKfirreov rtv
rpbirov TOVTOV dv /i^XXet xpovov (3iwvai ws apicrra /Sa^Tj.
35. TO 8 3 TavTov O-TIV: Cron remarks that this clause is
ix 4 3 c PLATO S CRITO. 53
above on 47 B
necessary because eu tfv has a double meaning (see
nai eTrcuWi) it is necessary also to identify ei5 with
T$ <?7ri<rrd7-?7
:
because the next chapter opens with the question irorepov

v /J.e evdtvSe iretpaffdai. e^tei/ai.
It should be noted that TO.VTOV roffovrov TOIOVTOV Trj\LKOvrov are
regular in Plato, not ravrb and the like see on Apol. 240.
Schanz :
now thinks it probable that Plato always used the forms in -v see :
his Preface to the Laws p. vi.
CHAPTER IX.
This and the following chapter make a kind of interlude. Socrates

has now reached his principle or \6yos, viz. on ov rb rjv irepi
TrXeurrov TrciTjTôf, dXXa rb SiKalus r) v Before introducing the >
Laws to prove that if Socrates made his escape he would violate this
principle, Socrates pauses to emphasize the full force and meaning
of this Xo7os, and the irrelevancy of every other. Throughout this
and the following chapters it must be borne in mind that Socrates
identified TO SiKauov with TO vou,ip.ov : see Introd. p. xiii.
1. K TWV 6|xo\oYOv(XVwv : the present as in oirep \eyu and the

like (Graser quoted by Wohlrab). See above on oirep \eyw in 45 B.
TOVTO refers forward to irorepov Si /ccuo^ KT\.
2. irorepov SI KCUOV KT\. diKcuov is right see on 45 C above. :
Crito had put the question on the same grounds in the passage re
ferred to ZTL 8 ov8 SIKOLLOV fMOi doKels eirixeipe ii TrpGLy/j.a. afpievai
is not to permit (e^teât), but to let go free ,
as in Apol. 29 C
d(ple[j.v <re.
4. r]
ov StKaiov : more emphatic and clear than 17
ov : so in B 48 C
above /teret ^ ov fjt.vei.
6. as 8e Xe^cis ras a-K\J/6is : viz. in 45 A

<rv
46 A. The relative
clause is placed first so as to let emphasis be thrown on )( eyu

<7i> :
ai 8 ffK4\f/is as <TI>
A^yeis would be much less pointed. Cron remarks

that when the antecedent is adopted into the relative clause, the
article is more usually omitted, as in oi-j i) iroXis vo/j.lfeL Oeovs ov
vofj.i^wv. Tr. as for the considerations you mention, about etc.
8. cos d.Xt]9a)s . see on 46 D above.

9. o-Ke }X|j.a.Ta TJ. a/ce///xaTa is of course in the predicate. The
antecedent to TauTa is not a/ceêts but dâXwcrews xP r}fJ TWtf Ka -"- -
SJ|TJS
54 NOTES ON ix 48 c
On /J.TJ 77 (=nescio an sit) see Goodwin MT. 83:

probably some word expressing fear or apprehension ought to be
understood see on Apol. 39 A /u.rj ov TOVT 77 \a.\eirov.
:
TWV paSuus cxiroKTuvvuvTwy KT\. Gorg. 521 C (quoted above on

44 D) dvorjros dpa elfJ-i, cJ KaXXi /cXas, ws 0X77^0)5, et ^77 oiofj.ai cv rrjSe
TTJ TroXet OVTLVOVV civ o TI TOVTO iradelv. We are of course TI>X<>I
not justified in seeing here an allusion to the alleged remorse of the

Athenians after Socrates death: the tradition about their repentance
is late and untrustworthy: see Grote, Vol. vin. p. 302. For civ
with the participle in apodosis cf. Legg. vi. 781 A iro\u a/j.eii>ov dv
x ot Ta >
et>
vo[j.wv eri xej : Goodwin MT. 114. The word dva/3tc6-
(TKe&Gai more often means to come to life again for the causative :
sense cf. Phaed. 89 B edvirep ye /AT} SvvufJ.eda avrov ava/3twcra-
10. ovSevl |i>v

vu>. Wohlrab compares Ar. Nub. 580 r\v yap 77
TIS e o5os /unjdevi !~bv vy. Plato occasionally uses %vv in such ad
verbial phrases, e.g. %vv 7roAA Boptifitg Rep. VI. 4926: otherwise it
generally occurs in religious uses like Legg. ill. 682 A tfv Ttcri Xaptcri
/cat Mo^crats, or where the connection is a very close one, as in Legg.
III. 678 C I)J>TCUS
T^x"
ats ws ^TTOS eLTrelv iravTa crxeSov ctTroXoiXet ; Gorg.
513 A i>v ro?s 0tXrarois 77 a ipeffis T^fuv ecrrat Tavnjs r^s Swa^tews r^s
ev Ty TroXet see also note on /zerd in 47 E.
:
TOVTWV TWV iroXXwv oCros like the Latin : iste expresses contempt.
Note in the next sentence the emphatic place assigned to i]^lv )( rots
TroAXcus.
ir. 6 Xoyos OVTWS alpeirr ratio ita evincit (Cron) is a frequent
phrase in Plato: see Farm. 141 D wsêo XOYOS aipe?. Sometimes

the object is expressed as in Rep. X. 607 B 6 yap \6yos -rj/j-as ypei.
Near akin is the use of cupeiv = to secure a conviction , as in Apol.
28 A TOVT effTiv 6 e/j, aip^crei, cavirep alprj, where see note.

12. vvv STJ. See on 46 D above.
48 D H- Ka%l Xap /ras: the plural is preferred to the singular, not

only because Socrates is speaking for Crito as well as for himself,
but because it balances the plural xP^/J a Ta more neatly. It is hardly - -
necessary to supply ct Sores from reXou^res: reXeti x-pw (xdpiras) is
to pay a debt of gratitude .
15. ^d yovTS T Kat tâ-yojievoi e^dyui re Kal :

eâyofj-evos would
be more logical and less grammatical.
TTJ d\Tj06ia
see on ws dX^âSs 46 D. :
17. p,i]
ov 8eTj viroXo-yttco-dai : for the syntax compare note on
ix 48 E PLATO S CRITO. 55
/ULT]
u s dX??0tus 77 in 48 C. viroôyifctrdai is to entertain a reflection
pointing to the opposite line of conduct from that which we are,

or ought to be, pursuing see on Apol. 28 B. have the same : We
sentiment and the same mode of expression in Apol. -28 D Set /j.-
VOVTO. tavdvvevfiv, viro\oyt6fjievoi /Ayre ddvarov fj.-fjre
(Jt.r)5lt>
aXXo po TOV alexpov. jra.pa.fj.tvovTas differs from ntvovra.? as

/j.ijSi>
TT
staying here from standing fast or holding our ground .
19. oi)T a\X.o OTIOVV irdurxeiv irpo TOV aSiiwv: so the MSS.
Schanz reads oi/V et after Forster. d dec is to be supplied from the

preceding clause.
20. KdXws Xeyeiv opa 8 TL 8p|iv : it is time for deeds,
not words: supra 46 A d\\d /3ov\(vov, /u.S.XXoi 5e ovdt Pov\(tiecr6ai
en c3pa, dXXd /3e/3oi;Aeua0ai. dpdj/j.ev is the deliberative conjunc
tive.
24. iravirai. In Attic stop! is Travffai or irave (not TTO.IJOV, 48 E

though in Homer iraveo is found). Trade is the only form of this
word used intransitively in good writers: the plural is iratfcrde and
Tra.vffo.ffde see Cobet V. L. pp. 264, 367, and Rutherford on Babrius
:
28.8.
26. ireuraf <re,
ctXXa. \i~f\
CLKOVTOS ravra irpaTTCiv. The MS
reading TreTcrai <re raOra Trpdrreiv, dXXa /.IT; <XKWTOS cannot be right :
for apart from the awkwardness of dXXd yu/Jj

d /coi Tos, ravra irparreLv
could only mean to let me remain and die : an impossible meaning,
since leaves raGra without an antecedent, Socrates as yet pro
it
fessing not to have made up his mind but to be willing to follow Siry
av b \6yos ayy see line 22 tcei:w aya6e, KT\. I follow <r/<:o7rcD
/ , Kou>fj
Meiser (Fleckeisen Jahrb. 1874, p. 40) in transposing ravra irparreiv

s
and dXXd fj.ri d/covros (sc. crou): ravra TrpdrTeiv (= to do what I do ,
to act herein ) depends on irepl iro\\ov voiou/mai, and is coordinate

with and not subordinate to Treto-cu, which is used absolutely.
Translate :
important to persuade you, and not to
for I think it
act in this without your consent Cron, Schanz and Krai retain .
the MS order, changing Tretcrcu to -rreiaas, with Buttmann, Hermann

and Madvig: Wohlrab alone among recent editors retains the MS
reading. By Wex (Fleckeisen s Jahrb. for 1856, p. 669) ireiffai is re
jected as "ein erklarendes Glossem zu dem falsch verstandenem
TrpdrTCLV. Platon also schrieb ws tyu iroiovnai ffe ravra Trpdrrety,
dXXd /AT) O.KOVTOS sc. TTpaTTe ". Gobel discusses the passage at length
in his Fulda program 1882 p. 10 foil., and claims to have solved all
difficulties by the change of 7rei<rcu to irava-cu : but in reality this is
56 NOTES ON ix 48 E
only mending one fault by two others, for (a) iravaat would inevitably
lead to &KOVTO. dXXd /WTJ is not aber nicht but nicht ; i.e. it
:
(/>) ,
must introduce not a mere qualification, but a direct antithesis to

some word in the preceding clause and -rrciffai (or is exactly :
irel<ras)
such a word. The choice clearly lies between Meiser s view and
that of Cron: I prefer the former, because (a) even if Tretcras were
right I think Plato would either have written irepi TroXXou irotoG/xat
Trefcraj ere, dXXd /JLTJ
d /covTos, raura irp&Treiv, or (less likely) irepl
TroXXoO TTOIOU/ZCU TavTa, wpaTTeiy 7reicras (re, dXXd yu,7j O.KOVTOS, and
(b)because in ravra Trpdrreiv = do what I am doing , act in this
matter the force of raura seems to me more obscure
,
if it follows
<re than if it follows CLKOVTOS.
27. opa rr\v apx^v *v KT\. For opa followed by tav compare
(with Wohlrab) Rep. IV. 4320 opa, ofiv /cat Trpodvfj.ov /canSeti dv
TTWS TTyuore/oos fjt.ov idrjs Kal efjiol (ppda-ys. i&v is not here= whether
(a meaning it never bears), but si forte , in case : in such expres

sions there is no real ellipse of the apodosis see : Monro s Homeric
Grammar, p. 212.
TT|V apx^v is the outset , the start : from its use in such
examples as the present it came to mean principle ,

as so often
in Aristotle.
49 A 2 9- T1
&v H
L< ^ lcrTa 0"-
tl ?
i-e. in the way to which your opinion
most inclines adverbial and goes with
:
y is oir;, as in ou<rdcu
ee> is not to be understood.
CHAPTER X.
In this chapter Crito is made to admit (a) that it is wrong to
requite wrong with wrong or evil with evil, and (b) that it is our
duty to carry out in practice that which we have in theory admitted

to be right. Introduction p. xii.
1. ouSevt Tpoiro) dSiKTjre ov etvcu. For the syntax compare
Qorg. 507 D rbv (3ov\6/Jt.evovv5ai/j.oi a elvai aw<ppQai)vf\v (ji.iv
diuKTeov Kal affKijTeov /crX., and for the sentiment itself Apol.
373 eyu /J.fjd&a aLK.elv TroXXoO 5^w

TreTreiO /ue i OJ OTJ f/j.avr6v ye ddtKrj-
(reiv :
Gorg. 469 B neyiaTcv -rCjv KO.K^V Tvyxdvet- W TO dSiKeiv : and
Rep. I.
335 D.
2. rivl nvl t\ oi) : ris is here accented because it is em-
TJ
x 49 B PLATO S CRITO. 57
phatic on Apol. 26 C (elvai rivas

: see 6(ovs), where I refer to
Theaetetus 147 B nvbs yap eTri<rTr]/j.r)v aTro/cptVerat ou roCr epu>-
TTj0ets.
3. T] ovSafuus TO -y dS .iceiv : note the force of ye : r6 ye adiKeiv
nearly = ro dot/ceo/ are ddiKov ov

49 B, line 14. : cf. infra
4. ws iroXXaKis wjioXo-yTJOr]. It has been doubted by Zeller

and others whether the doctrine here maintained was ever held by
the historical Socrates : but I have no doubt that it was. In harmony
with his egoistic principles, Socrates denied that it is ever right to
wrong another, because wrongdoing has an injurious influence on
one s own soul : see Introd. p. xii.
5. -f]
irao-cu. In the MSS 6V ep /cat apn eXeyero is written before
TI Trdcrat :
nothing to which the words can be referred,
but as there is
I agree with recent editors in omitting them. The alternative

(Meiser) is to write onep Kal dpri eXeyero after ^ and take the words
as an allusion to 46 D vvv de /cardS-^Xos d pa eyevero, OTL diXXws [eVe/ca
\6yov] eXeyero, rjv 5 Traioia /cat <f)Xvapia

cos d\77û)j.
7. CKK6)(^vp.6vat. The metaphor (as Gobel remarks) is probably

from losing or throwing goods overboard Rep. vin. 553 B
at sea: cf.
jrTO.Lffa.vT a, (Zaire p Trpbs ep/xart rrj irbXei Kal eKêavTO, rare avTov /cat
cavrbv. So in Aesch. Pers. 826 ACT/S^ rts 6\fiov e/c%e7j peyav :
compare 46 B above roi)s 8e X6yovs ous ev T( ep. wpoa Qev eXeyov, 01)
8vva/j.a<.
vvv eK{3aXeli>.
8. iraXcu apa. TrdXat goes with eXddofj.ei> 5ta0^poi/res : a pa

as usual expresses surprise: see on Apol. 340 eyu 5e ovdev a.
pa
TOVTWV TTOL^ffW ,
TTiXtKotSe. After T-rjXiKoiSe the MSS read yfyovres d vdpes: I think

with Cron and Schanz that yepovTes is a gloss on TTjXt/coiSe. Fischer
and Wohlrab defend the word on the ground that yepovTes didpes
makes a good antithesis to TratSwz/ but the phrase yepovTes dvopes :
is a trifle awkward, and dvdpes alone seems to me more forcible as

the opposite of TratSojj/.
9. o-irovSrj is emphatic, nearly âirovcrj dXX ov Traidia (sug
gested by jraldwv in the next line).

10. iraCSwv ovS^v 8iacj>povTes is almost a proverbial phrase, as 49 E
Wohlrab remarks: compare Theaet. 177 B r\ pr)TopiKr] eKeivrj TTWS
diro/j,apalveTai, ciVre iraiduv fiydev 5oKew diaêpeiv: Prot. 342 E
oJcrre (paivevdai TOV
TrpoadiaXeyofj.ei oi TratSos fj.rjdev êXriw. Plere
and indeed generally dtaêpecv means to be better than and not
simply to differ .
A. C. 6
58 NOTES ON x 49 B
ir. Travros p.aXXov= assuredly (i.e. more than anything) is
frequent in Plato, e.g. Prot. 344 B iravrbs (McLXXov
12. cl re <j>curlv
ot iroXXol circ p.^. For the form of the sentence
compare Apol. 27 C ei r oftv Kaivd efre TraXatd, d\\ ofiv Sai^bvid ye
vopifa Kara TOV aov \byov. Asyndeton is regular in this kind of
explanatory clause see on Apol. 22 A. : I have printed a colon
before etre cf. Apol. 1. c. S/xws in line 14 thus becomes more

<pa<riv,
easy and natural.

13. ci re KaC= or if you like : so in Apol. 27 E uo-jrep dt> et TIS
iTTiruv fj.ev TratSas ^yotro rj K at ovwv.
14. TO "ye
dSiKeiv: see on 49 A, line 3.
Kal KaKov Kal alcrxpov. In Gorg. 474 c foil, it is shewn that
ddiKelv is both KO.KLOV and aicrîov than ddiKeiadai. Note the sym
metry throughout this speech of Socrates: it begins with ovdevl
rpoTrqi and ends with iravri rpbir^ and the two alternatives are :
presented in such a way that the one which finally prevails is placed
both first and last: the order is a.b.a.b.a.
19. ov8fc dStKovjjtevov apa avraSiKeiv: apa is of course there

fore : for d5i.KoviJ.evov avTadiKew is aSiKetv TTWS. Socrates does not
in this assume that he has been wronged by the lazus: only by men:
see on 54 c.
ws 01 iroXXol OL OVTCU. The ordinary Greek view is well summed
up in the prayer of Solon (Frag. 13. 4 5) elvai 5k y\vKvv c35e 0tXois,
e X^poiO-i 5 TriKpov, Toiffi /.t^j/

ai SoiOf, rotcrt 6e 5eivov ide iv. Just so
Medea in Euripides (807 voîêrw Sio) /J.-r)8eis /me <f)a.v\t)v KdffdevTJ
/j.7)5 rjavxaiavy dXXd darepov Tpbirov, fiape ia.v ex^pots /cat 0t Xot-
crtv evêvrf T&V yap TOLOVTUV evKXeeararos /3tos. Socrates himself
declares that this was the prevailing morality in Greece: Mem. II. 3.
14 Kal fJ.T]v ir\elffTov ye So/ce? dvrjp eiraivov a^tos eiât, os dv <f>ddvrj

roi)s
lj.ev Tro\efj.iovs KaKuis TTOL&V, but everything TOVS 5e (pl\ovs evepyeT&i* :
is against the supposition that this view commended itself to him,
and even Pittacus, if we may trust Diogenes Laertius (i. 4. 78), had
it in the memorable words
already declared against yUT? (pL\oi> \eye.Lv
KaK^s, dXXct fj-Tjo^ e%0 pbv. See Introd. p. xii.

TI Se = once more introduces a new departure with
49 C
:
22. 8tj;
ri Se ; (infra line 24)
the departure is less new from : dt/ceii to
elv the transition is greater than from KaKovpydv
23. ov Set Sîrov: contrast this with ov âtferat in 21: here at

x 49 D PLATO S CRITO. 59
least Crito can answer without hesitation, for KaKovpyetv suggests

the idea of a criminal or malefactor see L. and S. s. v. :
27. ri>
-yap TOV KCXKWS irotciv KT\. In Rep. I. 335 B foil.
ddiKc iv is identified with KO.KOVS TrotetV rather than /ca/cws Troietv
through the middle term fiXairTeiv.

KaKws iroietv trdo-XT] vir CIIJTWV is circumlocutory for O.VTL-
30.
KaKovpyetv. For ov8 av bnovv 7rd(7X77 = ne turn quidem si quidvis
patiatur, compare Rep. VII. 522 E ft /cal or t ovv /uAXet raêwv
ir\7)dos ovd UVTLVWVOVV. The subject to
1
Polit. 297 B OVK d>
is understood from the unexpressed subject to avradiKeiv and /ca/ccDs
note on Apol. 29 A 5o/cetV yap eld&ai earlv a OVK oloev.

TrotetV: see
32. Ka9o|xoXo the /card points to the gradual piecemeal

ya>v
:
character of the admissions: cf. Gorg. 499 B TrdXcu rot crov d/cpow/zat
Kado/ji.o\oy&j , ^dv/JLOVfJLevos 6ri KO.V Traifav ris croi evd<^ OTLOVV,
Totirov afffj-evos l%ei utnrep ra /j.eipa.Kia : see also Rep. VI. 487 B C
where it is said that Socrates leads one on little by little till lo !
when at the end all the little admissions are added up ^ya rb
<r(pd\/j.a
Kal evavTLov rots Trpwrots.
33. oI8a -yap on oXi-ycus ria-l 8oi. This confession that his 49 D
doctrines are for the few and not for the many is more in the vein of
Plato than of Socrates. It is possible that Socrates may have been
led to hold this languageby his condemnation on an unjust charge:
but while actively engaged on his mission he was as far as possible
from despairing, as is clear from Xen. Mem. in. 5. See Intro
duction p. xv.
34. ols ouv TOTJTOIS OVK &TTI KOivr\ |3ovXtj. Compare Apol.
31 E 32 A and Phaed. 82 D rourots fj.ev airacrtv e/ceZVcn ols TL /xeAet
TTjs eavT&v "^VXTJS x a -P eLV elTrovTes ou /caret raurd Tropeuovrat ai/rots

-
ws OVK eiob<nv
o-rrrj gpxovTai: ibid. 64 B C et 7rw aej
/ irpbs ^/xaj
avrovs, ya.i.peiv eiTrovres e/cetVots (sc. rols TroXXoTs).
36. dXXrjXwv Kara(j)pov6iv the many laugh at the philosopher

:
(Rep. vii. 517 A), and if the philosopher laughs at them, ^rro^ o>
KaraytXacrros 6 y^Xws avry e irf i] 6 e?rt rfj avwdei* e /c (puTos TjKOvcrr] (sc.
i/ uxi?): Rep. VII. 518 B.
38. Koivwveis is used with reference to Koivrj (3ov\rj in 38: so

infra in 42. cvrevdev in the same line = e/c TOVTOV TOV \6yov and
is explained by ws ouSeVore /crX. :
compare (with Jacobs) Prot.
324 A IvQa. dri Tras iravrl 6vfj.ovTa.i /cat vovderel, S^Xov 6 ri ws e^
s /cat yua^Tjaews KTTJTTJS ov"o"r)s.
40. oi!/T TOV dvraSiKtiv. After these words we might expect

6-2
60 NOTES ON x 49 D
otfre TOU KaKovpyew, but as Gobel points out ddtKelv has already been
identified with KaKovpyeiv (in C above, line 27): and besides it is on
the injustice of TO ajTi/ca/coup-yetV rather than of TO Ka-Kovpyelv that
the rest of the dialogue turns.
said with reference to in 28:
49 E 42. TTJS cipx.T]s: dpx^^da see
note on 48 E above.
44. TO [lexd TOUTO= my next point see on :
Apol. 39 B.
48. |id\Xov 8 lpooTo>
= vel potius interrogo: Socrates said his
say by questions oftener than by answers: see Apol. 33 B. For

/AaXXov 5e see above on 46 A.
50. taTraTT]Tov : to believe a theory and yel not carry it into
practice is a living lie : to Socrates this seemed not only wrong, but
impossible, since knowledge is virtue and o05aj CKUV a/j-aprdvei see :
Introd. to Apol. p. xi.
CHAPTER XI.
With this chapter the third division of the dialogue begins.

Crito has now admitted the major premise which is to determine
the action of Socrates, viz. that under no circumstances is it right to
do wrong or requite \vrong with wrong or evil with evil. The
minor premise is still wanting, and to establish this Socrates intro
duces the Laws of Athens, who endeavour to prove that if he com
plied with Crito s invitation, Socrates would be guilty of wrong

doing, and retaliation in wrong-doing. In this chapter they urge
that escape would be wrong because it would mean the entire
negation of the State and civic life. See Introduction pp. x xiv.
i. K TOvTv= in the light of this starting from these pre
,
mises : so in 48 B ex rCjv 6/ô\oyov<j.^vuv.
50 A 4- ^S w|ioXoYii<ra|Jiv SIKCUOIS o5<n,v = roi5rois a wp.o\oyf)ffafj.ev

rHKcua &VTOL with a reference to 49 E irbrcpov d&vris 6fj.o\oyrj(rr]
TO; diKaia &VTO. TTOL^TÔV T} eâTraTtjTôv ; diKaia 6vra, is attracted
to ols = TovTois a: for a similar case see Apol. 37 B dvrl TOVTOV 877
xw/zcu (MSS e
Xwyttcu) uv ev oI5 on KO.K!JJV ftvrwv i.e. Totiruv a ev
old on KaKa 6Vra.

6. OUK ?\w ov -yap evvoai the words are full of pathos: :
Crito sees but too clearly what the conclusion will be.
8. d\X wSe o-Koirei: $de and not w5e is the reading of B. It
is characteristic of Socrates to let the Laws speak for themselves :
xi 50 B PLATO S CRITO. 61
like Platohe was nothing if not clear and emphatic. For a similar
example see Theaet. 166 A foil. I think too that Plato wished to
save Socrates from the charge of selfishness and lack of feeling,
when his friends were so deeply moved, and hence the fatal
argument comes not from his mouth but from the Laws.
|X\\ovo-iv tjp.iv: the dative depends on kiriffroyr^ : Cron com

pares Symp. 192 D el avrols eVtoras 6"H0cu<rros fyotro.
9. 10 6 irws 8ei ovop-dcrat TOVTO. aTrodidpdffKeiv suggests a

runaway slave or a deserter, and these words are added to spare
Crito s feelings, "mitigandae orationis causa" (Stallbaum). For
the Greek Stallbaum compares Legg. I. 633 A irepl TUV TTJS d XA?;?
et re fj.ep&v etre arr O.VT& /caXetV xpe&v ecrrt.
10. e\06vTs 2poivTO cf. Rep. VII. 538 D orav

: e\6bv fyw-
jTai, ri ecrrt TO KO.\QV. The synonym rb KOLVOV r?}s 7r6Xews
is added with a view to rty irb\LV (line 15) and ij TroXis (22) after
wards. The D TOKOIVOV TTJS TroXews

editors refer to Prot. 319
oflrws %x ei i Cic. Verr. ii. 2. 114 a communi Siciliae.
an< It is
possible that Cicero had the whole passage in view when he wrote
(Cat. I. 17) Quae (sc. patria) tecum Catilina sic agit et quodam
modo tacita loquitur.
ir. eiriordvTes is regularly used of a vision standing over

one: see Symp. 192 D (quoted on line 8 above). The word occurs
naturally to Socrates, who had a devout belief in visions : see on
TJV d 5rj ri TO ivvirviov in 44 A. Lucr. III. 959 et necopinanti mors
ad caput adstitit.
12. oXXo TI Tj=aliudne quid quam? i.e. nonne? see on Apol.

24 C : d XXo TL alone can bear the same meaning. With firixei.pe is
<
contrast 45 C e7rt%etpet^ Trpay/j-a: the influence of the preceding

causes $ to be preferred to the more usual o.
Zpy(i>
TOVS re venous i]}xds diro\(rat: TJ/JLCLS is emphatic, almost

13. 50 Ii
deictic the voice should pause before and after it.

: The laws and
constitution of Athens are arraigned before Socrates whence diro- :
X&rcu to by giving an adverse verdict. So

kill , destroy , viz.
in Legg. ix. 857 A, where the metaphor is still kept up: irpoSdrr)
Kal Je/oocrtfXy /cai TC TOVS TTJS TroXews v6fj.ovs pig. O.TTO\\VVTI.
the parricide, as it were, of his country s laws. See Introduction
pp. vii viii.
r6 crov n pos: as far as lies with you so : in 45 D above. In

*l
doKei CTOL olw re it is better to regard 5o/ce? as parenthetical
<roi
(
think you )
and understand ivTlv with oUv re than to understand
62 NOTES ON xi 50 B
after Soxei: cf. Phaed. 108 D 6 /3to$ poi So/ce? ou/c eap/c :
see on 43 D above.
14. K(vi]v ri]v iroXiv elvcu: Buttmann reads ir6\u> ir6\u> eli/cu:
but eiâi here = exist )( dvarerpd^dai it is not the copula. :
16. Steal is here judgments , decisions not lawsuits : this

use is frequent in Homer, but rare in Attic. yev6fJifi>ai.
= 5iKa-
crdelffcu. as in line 20.
17. cLKvpoi is opposed to /ctfptcu: see line 21.
19. dXXws re K<xi

pi]Tc<>p
: the imagery of a trial is still kept
up: see Introduction p. vii.
20. diro\Xv|j.evov see note on line 13 above. Cron remarks
:
that throughout all this passage there is an allusion to the custom

of appointing <rvi>7)yopot
or advocates to defend any law which it
was proposed to repeal.

21. 8ri introduces the direct quotation as in Apol. 21 C
ry x/)7? <r
/
a <?
TL ovroal eôv ao<pwTepos ecrri, crb 5 fye
: infr. 50 C.
50 C 22. the force of ydp is clear ( Yes, I do mean to

ijStaet "yap:
wrong the etc.

laws) Instead of ^Si /cet Heindorf requires
for
dSiKei: the present of this verb is frequently used of an injury
committed in the past because the injury is supposed to continue

till it is atoned for. But Socrates speaks as one who has outlived
the sense of injury : the imperfect -^Si/ca is thus in keeping with the
spirit of his motto h eixprjîq. xp^l re\VTai>

(Phaed. 117 E).
23. ^Kpivev: the Aorist, not the imperfect, in spite of 7?5t/ca.
CHAPTER XII.
The Laws proceed to argue that Socrates is their child and

slave, bound the obedience due to parents and
to render them all
masters, or rather more, because one s fatherland should be more

to one than parents.
2. KCU TavTa= this too , viz. the reservation that you were to
question our decrees, and disobey them if they seemed to you wrong.
The antecedent to ravra is implied in the words ^5ke4 ydp gKpivev
(500). The suggestion of Keck to read ravrd for ravra obscures the
connection and leaves KaL unexplained : the meaning of /cat is fixed
by the following line: r) e/xêVew dindfy, i.e. or to abide by the

xii 50 D PLATO S CRITO. 63
decisions delivered by the State ,

sc. without any clause of re
servation.
3. TCUS SIKCUS: Skat = decisions , judgments ,

as in 50 B,
line 1 6.
avrwv 0av|idtoip.V Xeyovrwv = should be surprised at their

4.
is regularly followed by a genitive of the
language :
0av/j.dfc<.v
person: Goodwin, Gk. Gr. 222.

5. on see on 50 B. Infra in line 7 Kal = also
:
.
ipwrdv Tt KO.X airoKpCv<r6ai

8. TU>
= Sia\4yeff6at by a common r<
Stallbaum refers to Phaed. 750 /cat & rats epuTrjaeo-LV

periphrasis:
e/owTuwres ical ei> rats &irokpl<reffiv d,iroKpiv6[j.cvoi.
10. on 506, line 13. irpurov fj.ev corresponds 50

curoXXiJvai : see D
to dXXd in line 14: the second question thus becomes more vivid:
for a similar case compare 48 A and 536. iytwi)(ra.ii.ev
= yevtffda.i
tiroL7]ffa./j.v called into existence : Aristotle has yevvuvrwv O.VTOV
b
(sc. rbv otpav6v)=z"yevtffdai avrbv \ey6vTuv (Be Gael. II. 283
30-
11. Kal 81* -qp-wv Xax|3avV tyvreva-ev <re
;
This explains
eyewfiffaêv. Note Xa^dvw in the sense of I take to wife so :
Eur. Ale. 325 yvvalK. \afteiv. Gobel 1
apLcrrrjv ecrrl Ko/j,Trdcrai
remarks that the imperfect calls up the circumstances and provisions

of the courtship (if there was any) and wedding for the collocation :
of the imperfect and the aorist cf. infra 520 ou rw crcpodpa. i)fj.as rjpov
Kal u/J.o\6yeis Kal Traldas ev avrrj eiroL-^ff w.
12. TOVTOIS TIJJLWV TOIS vofJLois here and in line 17 Schanz :
follows Hirschig in bracketing rots vo,uois (vbôi) but the addition :
of these words makes the Greek far more explicit and emphatic.
TOUTOLS is deictic.
rots irepl TOVS -yan-ovs: Cron remarks that Socrates is

13.
thinking chiefly of the laws which established the legal validity of

marriage and as a consequence the legitimacy of the children. Some
account of the laws relating to marriage is given in Becker s Charicles
E. T. pp. 473498.
14. <i\ov<riv
is probably the participle : rt points to this (Cron).
For dXXd v. note on line 10 above.
15. rpo<j)T]V
TC Kal -ircuSeCav. Plato frequently uses this ex
pression to denote the upbringing and education of a child e.g. :
Rep. IV. 445 E Tpo(f>fj re Kal Traideiq, xPWapwos V SiriXdojuev.

Tpo<f>-/i
is the wider term, including the general care of the body in :
Trcuoeia the care of the soul is the prominent idea.

64 NOTES ON xn 50 D
1 6. if
ov KaXws :
?} the less authenticated reading would
= Lat. An? 77
ov is simply Nonne?
01 eirl TOVTOIS TtTa^êvoi vojioi the antecedent to rourois is :
implied in rpocprjv re Kal Traideiav (line 14). The word irapayyeX-

Xo^res is not to be pressed it is doubtful to what extent Athenian :
parents were compelled by law to educate their children see :
Becker s Charicles E. T. p. 228.

1 8. HOUO-IKTJ Kal -yvfJivao-TiKT] : the two branches of Greek edu
cation the end being to produce a sound mind in a sound body :
PI. Rep. II. 376 E ^<TTL 6 TTOV 77 /j.ev (sc. TrcuSa a) iri cra>/iacrt yv/j.-
vaffTLK-fj, T\ 5 e-irl ^vxfi fJ.ovffiK^. The latter in its wider signifi
cation included ypd/jL/mara (reading, writing, and arithmetic), Kiddpicns
(lyre-playing), and learning by heart passages of the poets, especially

Homer. See Becker s Charicles E. T. 226 236.
50 E 19. KttXws. This only commits Socrates to the utility of /JLOVO-LK-^

and yv/uLvaffTLKT): whether /nov(riKr] and yv/avaanK^ were rightly taught
is quite another question. It is impossible to believe that Socrates
approved of Athenian methods of teaching for he never wearied of :
attacking the ignorance of his countrymen, and knowledge according

to him could be taught. In the Protagoras (339 foil.) Plato makes
him prove by an elaborate caricature of the popular way of expounding
the poets that no true education comes from that quarter. Plato
himself rejected the popular education both in its actual curriculum
and still more in respect of its method: see Rep. vii. 521 c foil,
ctev : see on 47 B above.

20. e- signifies that Socrates was no longer a child
4Tpd<J>T]s
: :
so Ar.Nub. 1380 CjvaiaxwTe, a eedpe\{/a.

2 Kal &cyovos Kal 8ou\os
1 . Cron compares Hdt. VII. 104, :
where Demaratus says of the Lacedaemonians eXevdepoi yap 6vTes

ov iravTO, e\ev6epoi clai. ^Trecrrt yap a<pi 5ecr7r6r7js VO/X.GS. See also
PI. Legg. III. 700 A OVK -TIV ijfuv e?ri r/jov iraXcuaSj/ vo/J.(t)i>
6 dr)/j.6s
Tivd)v Ktfpioj, dXXd rpbirov nva CKUV tdotiXeve rois VO/J.OLS.

22. avros T6 Kal ot o~ol irpo ^yovoi : Socrates is, so to speak,
SoOXos KCLK 5ov\ut>. With form of expression compare Apol.

this
42 A 5 iKai.a TreTTOfflcl S eyco ^cro/xai u0 V/JL&V, ai)r6s re Kal ol vleis.
23. ap c| I erov Kal rj}Jtiv

= do you think that your rights are
on a level with ours? (Church): /ccu = atque, as in pariter atque.
The Kal after V" is explanatory, as in 50 D, line n.
2 5- "H
"
Ros \^ v <*P
a "fpos
8e TI]V iraTpiSa apa. An a fortiori
argument :
you may not retaliate on your parent or your master :
xii si A PLATO S CRITO. 65
how much less upon your country and her laws Compare Apol. !
28 E deivd av e lrjv efyyacr/xeVos el ore /xeV fj.e ol apxovres eVarrop

rore fj^kv ov e/ceZVot erarroj 2/j.evov ,
roO 5e deov rdrrovros 0tAo-
(rofpovvTd fj.e SeTv ^v ,
evravda d Ar/roiâ rrjv rdti> : see my note
on the passage. Here, as usual, dpa expresses surprise the presence :
of apa in both clauses makes the antithesis more pointed, and in

creases the rhetorical effect: Cron compares Prot. 325 B c rd /j.v
a\\a dpa TOVS vleis didd<rKoi>Tai e0 $ 5e 17 re frfJiia Bdvaros ,
Kal Trpos TO; dwarf]} xpT^drwj re 8-rju.evcfei.s Kal us wos eiirtiv %v\\rj(38r]v
TUV OLKUV avaTporrai, ravr a 5 dpa ov diddo" Kovrat. The position
of ffot. between the preposition and its noun is noteworthy : it is the
lessremarkable, because croi TOV irarepa is nearly equivalent to abv
a-ar^pa: cf. Eur. Med. 324 fj-T] Trpos yovdruv: and the well-known <re
Lydia die per omnes te deos oro of Hor. Carm. I. 8. i.

"
"
26. OVK | IVov TJV the imperfect implies that Socrates father
:
is dead. OVK goes closely with e| taov beware of taking it as :
nonne ?
27. i <roi wv ITV YX av v = if you had chanced to have one . It
is not necessary to supply OVK av e ty TO diKaiov OVK e taov r v i<rov :

t
is the apodosis, for Greek (like Latin) prefers the more direct and
dogmatic mode of expression (fy, erat, rather than ty dV, esset) :
Goodwin MT. 97.

oKrre airep ira<r\ois: this explains e foov: if there had been
equality of rights, Socrates might retaliate otherwise not. As OVK :
e foov forms a single negative idea )( eVrcu sc. foov in line 30, we e"
might have expected dWe oi/x o-irep Trdcrxots raOra Kal avrnroieij ,
just as in 31 33 we have a positive clause with oWe to explain the
positive eVrcu e foov: Plato however prefers to illustrate e icrov,
rather than OVK e iaov. Perhaps he was anxious to avoid the
accumulation of negatives.
28. ovT6 KaKcos dXX.a Toiavra TToXXcx. This is not epexegetic
of dJcrre avTiiroietv (as the editors say) but explains OVK e foov rjv TO
diKaiov supply OVK fjv
: Tb oiKaiov. Ka:cDs aKoveiv (male audire) is
<TOI
the passive of /cct/oDs \tyeiv (male dicere) so diroOvrio-Ku etc. :

<f>evyw
serve as passives to airoKTdvu etc. see on Apol. 17 A. 5io>/cu :
29. Tvirronevov civTiTvirmv see the amusing scene in the 51 : A

Clouds 1409 foil. Phidippides beats his father Strepsiades, justify
ing himself in these words Kal TrpcDr tp-f)<TO[i.at TOVT L : <re iralod ^
QVT ^ruTrres; 2rp. Zyuyt (r , evvowv ye Kal Kfjd6/j.evo5. 3>eid. etVe 5?;
/aof ov Kdfj. o~0i otKai6v ivTiv cvvoelv 6/xotws, TviTTei.vT\

66 NOTES ON xn 51 A
eo-rtv &voiv, rb r^TTTfiv ;

It should be noted that one of the charges
falselybrought against Socrates was that he set sons against their
parents see Introduction to Apol. p. xxx.
:
30. &TTCU <roi sc. e fcrou rb diKcuov. The MSS read ^<rrat,
which Stallbaum vainly defends. The choice lies between ^ iVou

&rrai ffot (Hirschig) and &rrat trot (Schanz). prefer the latter, I
both because it changes less, and because I dislike the cadence of

the think Plato, had he chosen to repeat
first : I iVou, would have
omitted croi. I have added a mark of interrogation after frrrcu croi :
see on line 32.
31. aj(TT KT\. A result deduced from <rrat <rot

(sc. $ t<rov).
Note the emphatic o-^ )( âe?s and in the next line <rv
)( r//ias : I
follow Gobel and Krai in writing against cr ere of the MSS.
32. Kal <ru Sc KT\. In place of /cat <r^

r/fias e-rrtxîpdi KT\.
as we should naturally expect after wore, a vivid question is sub
stituted :
compare on 50 D line 10. At the same time a better
antithesis is provided for edv cr
^7rt%etpw uei i]/u,eis aTroAXiVcu,
y
and
the awkwardness of the two accusatives in Kal <r
r//uas /crX. is
avoided. For Kal 5^ see following note.

33. of course an independent question: I know
!irixipii<reis
is
no case of dependent sentence. This example is instruc

Kal d in a
tive as to the origin of the combination Kal 5^= and also the /cat :
goes with the intervening words (cf. Aesch. Prom. 972 973 %At5u>;
X^t-Suvras c55e TOVS e/j.o~us lyw ex^povs L5ot./j.i Kal a 5 kv TOIJTOLS
X^7w). The precise force of 8t in this place is difficult to explain.

The editors say that it is used "ad augendam oppositions gravi-
tatem: pro simplici Kal &v ^,uas dictum est /cat crv 8 i]{j.as, usu hand :
infrequenti" (Stallbaum). For this not uncommon use no parallels

are quoted : and I prefer to regard it as the 5^ found sometimes in
interrogative sentences, e.g. Prot. 312

A 5^, T\V 5 eyw, wpbs deuv, <ri)
OVK av alvxvvoio els roi)s"E\\7;i as avrbv irap^wv ; <ro(pi<rTr)v
34. TavTct iroiwv sc. ^/xas cf. 50 E line 24 and note on 44 D :
TTOtoOcrt 5e TOVTO 6 TL av r^x ua LV r V aXijOeia is bitterly sarcastic: -
Socrates habitually professed en-têXeto-ât dptr^j see Apol. 30 A and :
41 E eiri(j.\eiffdai indeed
:
was almost a technical term in Socrates
preaching: see Xen. Mem. I. 2. 3, 4 etc. Sarcasm is frequently
brought out by adding a qualifying participial clause at the end of.a
sentence in this way: e.g. Apol. 34 A eupô-ere irdvras euol poijeelv
eToijJ.ovs ru) 5ia<pdeipovTt., ry /ca/cd epyafo ptvy TOVS ot/cetous atir&v,
u>s
0a(7t MeX??Tos /cat "Aûros. It should be noted that the manu-
xii si B PLATO S CRITO. 67
scripts of Plato often fluctuate between C7rt/ie\oê* oj and eVi/uXo-

pevos here the Bodleian has ^7ri/xeX6/xei oj. On the adverbial phrase
:
T-Q dXrjOelq. see supra note on ws aXijOuis 46 D.

35. "f\
OVTWS t <ro<j>6s.
The Bodleian has 17 without accent :
other MSS read a far superior reading for the Laws having
77. TJ is :
first taken Socrates at his own estimate (6 rrj dXydeiq. TTJS apery*
e-rrifji.fXo/j.ei os) now proceed to take him at other people s. It is clear
from Apol. 18 B that (ro06s (like ^(WTtcmjs) was almost a nickname

of Socrates. Here of course the word is used with bitter irony, as
indeed it often was in Socrates time: cf. Meno 75 C r&v cro<puiv
/cat epLffTiKuv Kal ayuvLffTLK&v Xen. Mem. II. i 21 HpoSt/cos 6 .

<ro06?.
36. XeXTjScv implied that the new

<re on (of KT\: it is <ro0ta
which Socrates and the Sophists were thought to be the professors)

tended to lessen the hold of the State upon the individual see Ar. :
Nubes 889 1104.

Herpes T Kal irarpos. For the order compare with Cron Prot.
346 A olov TroXXciKts /mrjrepa rf irarepa a\\OKorov TJ
di>5pi av/ui{3rii>ai
irarpLSa r} aXXo ri rcov TOIOVTUV infra 51 C otfre /x^r^pa otfre ira- :
r^pa. For the sentiment Stallbaum compares Cic. De Off. I.

57
"Cari sunt parentes, cari liberi. propinqui, familiares: sed omnes
omnium caritates patria una complexa est: pro qua quis bonus
dubitet mortem oppetere, si ei sit profuturus?" That one s country
has the first claim on one, and one s family and friends only the
second, was the recognised principle of both Greek and Roman civic
life, during their most flourishing periods. In setting self-study
above political life Socrates was unconsciously preaching a view
whose logical issue amounted which
to the dissolution of the old life
it was his aim to restore.
37. TifuajTcpov Kal <TfivoTpov

K<xl d y^Tepov is 3. climax:
n /uos is one of the can be applied to ravdpu-
loftiest epithets that
TTiva: credos is applied to rd 6eia as well: 07105 almost exclusively

to rd 0eta. Translate worthier and more august and more sacred .
38. cv jietijOvu (Juoipa: an elevated and somewhat poetic ex- ^ [ B

pression : Cron compares Hdt. II. 172 /cat ev ov5efj.ifj
39. civOpcoirois TOIS vovv fe

xovo-i : few and far between : see
Tim. 51 E vov 6 6eov$ (sc. yuer^xeu 0areoj/), avdpuiruv 5^ ytvos
fipaxv TL.
41. Kal T|
ir^0LV sc. Set. For Treideiv used absolutely cf. Apol.
35 C 5t5d<r/cetJ /cat Trafleti ,
and supra 48 E Tretcrat ad
68 NOTES ON xn
43. <xv T (
whether )
TiJTrrto-Oai lav T SeicrOai sc.
This is to explain ed^ rt TrpoardTTrj Tradeiv of line 42.
44. v re els irdXejJtov KT\. edv re is here = and if: the
apodosis is iroi-qreov ravra. Socrates had himself fought bravely

for his country at Potidaea (432 B.C.), Delium (424 B.C.) and Am-
phipolis (422 B.C.): see on Apol. 28 E.
46. Kal ov)(l tnrtiKTeov Xcnrrcov TT^V T<|IV. inreiKeiv is to
give way (it may be slowly) before the enemy, rather than remain
to die (<3.iroda.voviJ.evov
in 45): cf. Rep. VIII. 555 E rbv del vird-
KOVTO. TiTpuaKovTes. a.va-%uptiv is to retreat: Symp. 221 A dTro
A??Aiou (pvyrj di>e%u>pei
TO ffTpaToiredov. \eiireivrriv T&ÎV suggests
the XuroTaîov 7 a0?7. The whole clause is meant to elaborate
the idea in edv re tis Tr6\e/j.ov dyr) TpwO riabfji.evov TJ dTrodavovfj.fi ov,
TTOLT]Tôv ravra.
1 C 49- ire0eiv sc. 5a, to be supplied from Trot^reoj by a
5 "H
,
frequent idiom. Stallbaum quotes Gorg. 492 D rcis [J.i> 7ri6v/ji,ia.s
(p-fts
ov K0\a.ffrôv, ei fjt.e\\ei ris olov del elvai, euvra d aOrds ws
fj.eyicrTa.s 7rX?jpwcrt^ ai)ra?s d/j.ot)ev y -jroOev eToifJ.de iv.
50. Pia?(r8ai. f3ide<r6ai
and irzidtLv are often connected or
opposed: cf. Gorg. 517 B ireidovres /cat (3ia6/j, evoi eiri TOVTO:
Rep. VI. 488 D SITUS dpov<nv rj irfidovres TJ /3taf6 ue ot TQV /
CHAPTER XIII.
In this chapter the Laws insist that to remain in Athens is
to have pledged oneself to obey them, for emigration is free to all.

like ov diKcua in the next
2. dX-qQi] is of course predicative,
line.
5. "yWii<ravTs K0pi|/avTS iratSevVavTcs : see on 50 D and

on 50 E.
til D 8. irpoa-yopevioficv
TW eJjovo-iav ire-iron] KeVai= we proclaim in
asmuch as we have given permission ,

ry jSouXo/u^y depends on
is a partitive genitive after rep jSouXo/t&y.
e&valav, and Adijvaiwv
eiretddv vbôvs is also to be taken with eôvaiav Tre.iroi.-r}Ktvai: the
permission is ipso facto accorded as soon as the 5oKifj.aaia is past.
In line 10 < dv IJ.TI dpeffK^êv depends on e|etmt, which itself

-rj/jiels
belongs to Trpoo. yopeuo/xej

. The apparent awkwardness of the sen-
xin 5 i E PLATO S CRITO. 69
tence is due to the use of ôvalav without a following infinitive:

but this use is not uncommon in Plato, e.g. Rep. viii. 557 D where
it is said of
democracy egovatav :
irdvra ytvij iro\iTiun> %x l & ia rrjv
eôvatawas perhaps one of the familiar watchwords of Athenian

democracy: cf. Thuc. VII. 69 OTTO ^t^Tjcr/cwv r?}$ dve-n-iTaKTOV ira.<nv
9. iri8dv 8oKip.acr0fj. On attaining the age of 18, every

Athenian was enrolled in the \Tj^LapxiKOf ypa/j./j.aTe1ov or register
of his deme, after the usual doKi/j-aala or examination. This par
ticular examination was called 5oKi/j.a<rla ei s dVS/aas to distinguish
it from the which the various magistrates had to undergo
doKipaffiai
before entering office. It marked the coming of age of the
upon
young Athenian citizen but it was not till he was 20 that he took
:
part in the public assembly and attained the full privileges of

citizenship. From 18 to 20 he had to serve in the irepiiroXot or
patrol which guarded the frontiers of Attica. Stallbaum compares

Aeschin. in Timarch. 18 eireiSav 5 eyypacf>y els TO X-rjâpxt-Kov
ypa/j./u.aTe iov Kal TOVS ^6/iOus Kal eidrj roi)s TTJS TroXews Kai yv<^
rjdr) SvvrjTai 5ia\oyie<TOai

TO. KaXa /ecu TO, /JIT] /crX.
\aj36vTa, in spite of the preceding dative $: cf. Euthy-

IT.
phro 5 A dp ovv pot Kpd,Ti<rr6v Ian fj.adr)Trj yev<rda.i

Kal <rw
aura raurct irpoKaXflcrdai. O.VTQV \4yovra., STL eywye KT\. Aesch.

Choeph. 410 ireVaXrat 5 aure fioi <f)i\oi> Keap Tovde K\tiovcrav
12. Kal ovSels povX-qrai: omitted by mistake in B.

14. diroiKLav : an Athenian colony: contrast êrot/ce?j/ in 15.
is changed by Madvig (Adv. Crit.
369) into apfoKOfj-ev
I. :
but the text is quite sound, et /XT? ap^crxoLêv is the protasis to

the apodosis implied in /3oi;X??rat els diroLKiav levai : it
explains
why one might wish to emigrate: tr. if any of you wants to go
to a colony, supposing we and the State should not satisfy him .
ovdels a-rrayopevei, edv j3ov\tjTai is the regular form of a general
(as opposed to a particular or special) conditional sentence : Dem.

Ol. 2. 12 OTTOS ntv X6yos, dV airy ra irpdy/j.aTa, udrcu6;> rt / cf>al-
verai Kal Kevbv : Goodwin MT. 108.

1 5. eXOcov is not otiose : since juerot/ce??/
= be an alien (^TOIKOS) :
for fJt,ToiKlv aXXocre eXdwv, fj.eToiKrjcrai

might have been substituted.
See Goodwin MT. 24.
19. (onoXo<nK vat 2pY<{> TJ(jLiv
= to have virtually covenanted 5 1
with us .
yo NOTES ON xin 51 E
21. so B, rightly: inferior MSS have

<
y VVT] Ta^S :
"yevvrjrai sunt genitores : yewrjTai gentiles. Legg. XI. 928 D dia-

(fiopai irartpwv re Trpbs aiirdv Traidas yiyvovTai. icai TraLduv irpbs
yfvvr)Tasfj,eiovs f}xP e(*;v - Contra ib. IX. 878 D roi)s yevvf)ra.s Kal
roi)s (rvyyeve is". Wohlrab. MSS however do not always observe
this rule.
22. Tp<xJ>ev(ri
:
Socrates, so to speak, would have paid no
rpo(p?a: Rep. VII 520 B.
ofJioXoyijo-as ijjuv -im6eo-0at :

THAW, as Gobel remarks, is to be
taken with 6fj.o\oyi?)vas. For the present ireidevdai cf. 50 C 77 Kal
ravra ufj.o\6yTjTo e/iyue j eiv raTs 5t/cais
77 and infr. 52 D w/j.o\oyrj- :
Kevai TroAireueo-flcu. In each of these passages Madvig (Adv. Crit. I.

370 note i) changes the present to the future infinitive, on the
ground that 6fj.o\oyu /j.e TroieiV^confiteor me facere, promitto me
facturum = 6^0X070; /*e Trct^creiv (not Troiew). The truth is that
bô\oyeiv has two meanings, viz. to confess and to bargain or ,
promise and, since the word promise itself implies futurity, it

:
may even in this sense be followed by a present infinitive, although

the future is preferred, when the notion of futurity is more promi
nent. Just so in English we can say I promise to do as well as
I promise that I will do The same distinction holds in my
.
opinion for e\7rt^w, ATTI S e<m, TrpovdoKu, ewi5ojs ei/xi, ot/zcu, 077Au>
vopiû, 5oK&, eiKos wilh the present and future infinitive: ecrri etc.
although Madvig, Cobet, and the stricter school of critics generally

insist that the notion of futurity must be expressed by the infinitive
as well. See Madvig Adv. Crit. I. 156 foil., Cobet Var. Lect. 97 foil.,
Rutherford s Babrius p. 13, and on the other hand Kuhner Gr. Gr.
II. p. 163 ff.
24. irpOTiOe vTttfv : the object is Troielv a dv KeXcvufjiev. irponQivai

is propose some course of action, without, at the same time,
to
excluding an alternative: this is still further brought out in d\\

e(j)iei>Tui>
Svoiv 6 are pa KT\. aypiws e-jriTCLTTeiv suggests the angry
tyrant: Gorg. 510 B rvpavvos aypios Kal aTralSevTos Rep. I. :
329 C uiffTrep \VTTwvrd riva Kal aypiov SecrTTOTT/v airoffrvyuv. For

the asyndeton see on ra roiavra eX^yero 47 A above. I have printed
a colon before TrpoTidfrruv as in 49 B.
xiv 52 B PLATO S CRI1O. 71
CHAPTER XIV.
here argued that Socrates, if he were to abscond, would
It is
more than any other Athenian be guilty of a breach of bargain,

because throughout all his life, even during the trial as well as
before, he had shewn that Athens was more to him than any other
city.
i.
StoKparcs. So B: inferior MSS read w Zw/cpctres. The 52 A
effectof omitting (5 is to increase the impressiveness, since
ûKpares is the regular mode of address in English we obtain the :
same effect by exactly the opposite means.

i. V e<r8ai
i.q. evoôv ZaeaOai.
4. ev rots ndXio-ra. See above on ev rots (3api>Tara 43 C.
5. KaOdirroivTO. KaOdiTTecrdaL (in Homer with ace., in Attic
with gen.) is to fasten on ,
attack : Thuc. VI. 16. i dvdyKrj yap
ivrevOev dpâcrdai.. eireidr] pov Ni/uas Ka6^\âro.
9. TOVTWV refers forward to the clause introduced by on. 52 B
ii. 8ia<j>6p6vTs
:
differently from, i.e. more than: so too Sia-
(ptpeiv. For the repetition of Staêpoprus in the protasis cf. Apol.

31 D el ey<j}
irdXai eTreêipTja a irpdrreiv TO, TroXtrua Trpdy/âra,
TrdAai av dTro\w\~rj.
Gewpiav^ ad spectandos ludos sollemnes, videlicet

"
13. eirl
Olympicos, Nemeaeos, Isthmios, Pythios, ad quos spectandos ex

universa Graecia homines confluebant Stallbaum. ".
14. e|T)X0S. An hypothetical clause ou yap ov eTrcdrifj-fis
is now followed by an unconditional statement of fact. After

ei7\0es in inferior MSS and in the margin of B are found the
words on fj.ii
aira els ladfjuov. The interpretation (for such it
probably was already in the text used by Athenaeus see v. 216 B

is) :
ev 8e rt^ Kplrou t, HXarwi ovde iroirjO aa dai wore dTro8r//j.iav rbv

SW/C/SCITT; ^w TTJS eis IvO/jibv Tropeias. Nowhere else in Plato do
we find any mention of such a journey, and at least one passage
seems distinctly to deny it: Phaedr. 230 C e/c TOU otfr els r^v a<rreos
vwepopiav djrod rj/j.e iS ovr eu retôKS ZfJ-olye 5o/ce?s TO irapd-

irav e^Levai.. Diogenes Laertius seems to have found the story in
Favorinus, but not in Plato: he also attributes to Aristotle (no
doubt wrongly) a statement to the effect that Socrates visited Delphi
II. 5. 23 KOI IlvOuSe e\6etv
as well : see Apto-TorA^s (prjffiv d\\d /ecu
els I<r6fJ.6v,
ws Qafiuplvos ev Trpurq) T&V diro/ji.vr)[j.ovev/JidT<i)v.
T<
72 NOTES ON xiv 52 B
l
JIT]
iroi (TTpaTvo-6fj.vos : viz. at Potidaea, Delium, and Amphi-
polis : see on 51 B above, and Apol. 28 E.
15. diro8T||Aiav. Cron remarks that ovSefj-iav is omitted after
airo5t]/m,ia.j>
for the sake of euphony.
16. <nrp
ol aXXoiavOpwTTOi :
Philosophi praesertim . Forster.
Cf. Hdt. I. 30, where Croesus says to Solon: irepl ao \6yos aTrt/crat
Tri0i>[ua
<re
aXXrjs iroXews 2Xapv ciSevai. By an idiom analo
gous oWd ris el the object of the inhnitive etSeVcu is made de
to <re
pendent on the word (tiridu/jda) upon which the infinitive itself

depends: cf. Gorg. 513 E eirLx ei P n r ^ ov "rri
rrj 7r6Xet Kal rots
TroXirais apxc/mevoi TTJS
depaireveiv :
Rep. IV. 4436 evdvs
7r6Xews oiidêiv. So in Latin quarum potiendi spe (Cic. de Fin. I. 60).
52 C 19. iipov wp-cXo-yets eiroitfo-co for the combination of imper :
fect and aorist see on 50 D /cat 5t i]/u,&v e\a./j.(3avev TTJV fj.T]T^pa <rov
6 TraTTjp Kal (f)VTev<rv ere. With w/moXoyels iroXirevaeaOa.!. contrast

5 1 E 6fJ.o\oyrjaas T}\j2v Treideadai. : see note in loc.
20. rd The rd re aXXa goes

TC diXXa KO.L
. and in particular
grammatically with uôXoyeis, not with iro\iTevcre<T6cu (Cron) or with

Kal eiroXireijov to be supplied from it (Stallbaum, Wohlrab, Gobel) :
to beget children in the city was virtually to pledge oneself (6/ioXo-

/
to obey its laws.
ye;j>)
21. fe n TOIVVV. roivvv moreover ,

as often in Plato and the
orators. Apol. 33 E.
22. Tip.T]o-ao-0CH
= to propose the penalty of exile
<j>vyr]S
Cf. .
Apol. 37 C dXXct 0/7 <pvyr)S Ti^Tjcrw/zcu tVcos 70,^ av JU.OL TOVTOV ;
TiyUijcratre. In an dy&v TL/j-rjTos, like Socrates trial, it was the

duty of the accused, should he be found guilty, to propose a counter
penalty to that demanded by the prosecutor. Socrates proposed a
fine of 30 minae: see Apol. 38 B.
24. eKaXXwiriôv cis OVK a/ya.vaKTwv : viz. in Apol. 37 C 38 A.
So Theaet. 195 D /caXXojTrtfo/iej os ws rt evprjKOTuv r^j-Civ /caXop.
25. TcBvdvai : see on reOvavai in 43 c above.

26. Xo-yovs al(T)^vvt :
quite different from iiri \oyois a.ia"xyvei.:
here the \fryoi are personified. Cf. Charm. 169 C ria-xyvero TOVS
Trapovras.
27. VTpeiri. Turn to naturally passes into give heed to ,
regard : so aclvertere in Latin.
$2 D 28. 8ia<j>0eipai
: because the Laws are personified : see Introd.
p. vii.
xiv 52 E PLATO S CRITO. 73
29. diro8i8pd<rKiv the regular is word to denote the running
away of a slave see on 50 A above. :
30. fjuv 8ov iroXireveo-Oai : see on 6^0X07770-0? jjfuv TreiOeaOou
in 51 E.
33. 2p-ya> belongs to ufj.o\oyr}Kevai.: see 51 E tfSrj <f>a/u.&

TOVTOV
u/j,o\oyiiKi>ai Zpytp THJUV a &v T]fj.eLS /ceXeuw/x.ep iroirjaei.?. dXV ov

\6yip is bracketed by Gobel, after Hoenebeek but the words serve :
to emphasize ^pyy with deeds, not with words . It is implied

that a verbal compact is less binding than one in which deeds take
the place of words. The opposition of \6yos and is familiar 2pyoi>
from Thucydides. For dXXd see note on 47 B.

34. d XXo TI Tj
= nonne supra on 50 A. 6/u,o\cr/u>/jiev is a
:
deliberative conjunctive : like imperatival expressions generally, the

deliberative conjunctive can be used in subordinate as well as in
principal clauses : as here the full construction is d XXo rl eanv -fj
(=quam, not aut) b/Jt,o\oyufj.ei>.

Cf. Crat. 425 D el /ir? &pa 8ri aira.\-
\ay&[j,cv i.e. unless perhaps we are to get off See Postgate in .
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, Vol. in. Part I.

PP. 5055-
37. civ 4>aiv:
for the position of &v compare Phaed. 87 A rl
ovv, SLV <f>alr)

6 \6yos, TL awicrrei^ ;
38. i](JLds avTovs. O.VTOVS seems to emphasize r//ms there is no :
reflexive meaning. Cron compares Phaed. 79 A #XXo TL TjfjLuv

a<uTu>j> rb yttev a-wfj-d etrri, TO S ^vx^l For O.VTOIJS Gobel conjec ,
tures <ravTou, comparing 540: at first sight there seems no occasion

for the unusually emphatic mode
of expression. I think the mean
ing is bargains made actually with us bad as it always is to :
break a bargain, it is still worse when the party to it is one s
country : cf. 51 A C [t rjTpbs re /cat Trarpos /cat TWV #XXa>j

Trpoyovuv
ajravTCov Ti/JUWTepov ecrriv ij irarpls /crX.
Socrates was born in 469 B.C.
41. r<riv
IpSofATJicovTa :
52 E
ev ols ^TJV croi olirie vai :
hardly accurate see 51 D. :
44. as 81]
KacTTOT <{>T]S euvo[JL6Lo-0at : as in Xen. Mem. III. 5.
15 16 and iv. 4. 15, and often in Plato e.g. Prot. 342 A foil, and
Rep. VIII. 544 C -f}
re VTTO ruv TTO\\UH> iiraivov it-tvr), r) KpyriK-ri re
Ka.1 Aa/cwvt/CT; avrrj /cat dcvrtpa /crX. What Socrates most admired
in Crete and Sparta was
their implicit obedience to the law: they
formed the best possible illustration of his principle TO 5t/catov is
TO vbfj.ifj.ov: see Introd. p. xiii. e/ca0TOTe sc. quotiescumque de iis lo-
queris (Stallbaum).
A. C. 7
74 NOTES ON xiv 52 E
45. ovSfc TWV (3apf3apiKwv. Socrates had occasional glimpses

of a world beyond the pale of Hellenism, if we may trust Phaed.
78 A TroXX-fy fj.tv T] EXXds TroXXa 5 Kal TOL r&v fiapfidpuv

y^vrj, ous ira.vTO.3 XPV Siepewaff&cu faTovvras TOIOVTOV e?ry56j It .
should be noted that ovde goes closely with ovSeîav : it of course has
nothing to do with the preceding ovre.

53 A 46. IXaTTw o/jre8 i]|Ai comparative of 6\iya aTreS^fnycras. ]<ras
:
For the statement itself see note on e^yXBcs in 52 B above

47. avdirT]poi are "quicumque carent vel membro aliquo et
parte corporis vel certe eius usu ". Fischer. For the ava- cf. ava-
TrX&os, avaTTLîrXavaL in their medical sense : see on Apol. 32 C.
49. SrjXov on : adverbial : tin as in ev old OTL. The adverb

is placed for emphasis at the end of the sentence as einorus is so
often in Demosthenes :
just so in Symp. 195 B (petywv <t>vyrj
TO
darrov yovv rov deovros T]JMV 7rpoTcp%erai.
yTjpas, ra~xy ov SrfKov OTL
avev vo^wv goes closely with ?r6Xis
50. a city without laws : .
The other meaning which suggests itself who could like a state
without liking her laws? cannot be got out of the Greek &vev :
vbiJ.wv cannot = &vev TOU vbfj.ovs aptcrKew. The reasoning is no one

could like a state which had no laws :
you like your state, therefore
you like her laws. Schanz (after Hirschig) brackets dij\ov OTL &vev
vo/j.wv but the clause contains a valuable and strictly relevant idea,
:
viz. that a 7r6Xts &vev VO/JLCOV is a ?r6Xts ctTroXts.

vvv 8e 8t]= but now forsooth . OVK e^^veLs is better than
OUK e/ji/j-eveis (so Schanz with the second hand in B): cf. Trpdrretj
and Trapa/SatVeis in 52 D.
51. av tjjitv "y

6 1TCL0T]
= yes, if you take our advice . For
the form of expression cf. 53 E ovdels 6s epel ;
iff cos, av fj,rj
TLVO. \vTrrjs :
see also 53 C D and 54 B.

Kal ov Kara-yeXao-Tos ?<rt= and at least you will escape^
being laughed at This reappears in 53 D. . TO KaTaycXaaTov
makes one /carcryeXav TO ye\olot> only ye\av. Hence yeXolov
:
often = funny amusing .

Symp. 189 B (loquitur Aristophanes)
<j>o[3ov/ji.anrepi
T&V /j.eX\6i>Ti>JV prjOrjaetrdat, ov TL fj,rj ye\oia ei Trw, TOVTO
(j-ev yap av K^pSos eit] Kal rr s ^/xer^/xxj
t fj.ovcrr)S etrixupiov, dXXa ^
xv 53 B PLATO S CRITO. 75
CHAPTER XV.
The Laws now reply in detail to the arguments of Crito : see
Chapters III V and compare Introduction pp. viii ix. Escape will
bring danger on his friends, misery and disgrace upon himself, and
to say the least will leave his children in no way better provided.
i. o-Koirei -yap 8rj Just consider , ydp is introductory: see
on 44 A.
irapa(3ds Kal ia|AapTava>v.
Note the difference of tense : an
dfj-apria remains so till it is expiated. Cf. TjdiKei in 50 C, where see
note. TO.VTO, in TO.VTO. irapafids is not these duties (Gobel), but
these transgressions : a cognate accusative.
4. <rov ot liriTqSeioi, is preferred to ol crol eTriT-rjdeiot for reasons

53 B
of sound, and also perhaps because eTrtr^Setot is still felt to be an
adjective.
5. Kal avrol <j>ev-yLV
= et ipsi exulare : sc. as well as you:
Kal (TTeprjdiji ai. rr)s TroXews i.q. #ri,uot yevf<r0ai sc. by banishment.
On ffreprjdrjvai see above, note on 44 B. The Laws here reply to
Crito s pleading in 44 E and 45 E.
6. <r\e&6v
TI pretty nearly , propemodum. crxcSov TI, cus TTOS
e nreii>, and e/j.j3paxv all mean much the same: the first generally goes
with adjectives, the second with ovdds or Tras the third is found ;
only with relatives (e/j.[3paxv Trepi 6rov av f3ou\r)Tai Gorg. 457 A).
7. -rrpwTov jJie
v : the second alternative comes infra in D dXX CK
IJ.ev Totriiiv TUIV TOTTWV o.Trape?s, ^ êts 5 els GerraXiay- /crX. See
on irpCJTOv i*v in 50 D.
9.
For Qrj(3as5e f was in fact pronounced dz see
0^|3a. : :
Gustav Meyer, Griechische Grammatik 2 p. 219. So A6r)vae dvpa ê

Xa.}J.ae. Note the double accent in Mtyapdde (so Bekker, Cron,
Schanz, Gobel Wohlrab however reads Meydpade and Krai Me-
:
yapdde) de is enclitic.
: The constitution of Thebes and Megara was
oligarchical hence evvofj-ovvrai. yap d/uLfiorepat. is said (not without
:
a touch of sarcasm) from Socrates point of view.

10. iroX|j.ios rjiei-S rfj TOVTWV iroXiTefix.- Because even though
you approve of their constitution, you have violated your own, and
may violate theirs next, now that you have ceased to believe that
diKaLov is v6fju/j.ov. rotiriav is masculine.
12. tnroipXoJ/ovTai <r= will eye you askance So in Symp. .
220 B ol d (rrpaTi&Tai virtftXeTTOi avrbv cos Karatypovovvra (rtpuiv.
72
76 NOTES ON xv 53 u
VTTO- is from under the eyebrows i.e. with a scowling expression :
(ravptjoov vTro(3\t\{/as Phaed. 117 B), or sometimes furtively, of

the stolen glances of lovers: see L. and S. s. v.
8ia(f>0opx
T<OV
VOJJLCDV: see on 50 B and Introd. p. vii.
13. (3e{3au6cris rots SIKCKTTCUS TIJV 8dâv <TT SOKCIV. ro?j
SiKaffTaTs is a dativus commodi. For rrjv doâv wore doKe cv see on

44 C rts dV ai<r)(luv ei-rj returns 56 a 77 SoKelv KT\.
irov etvai: since easier
53 C
I it is
5- o"<|>6Spa 8ia<j>6opvs 5ta</>#et-
dvorjTovs dvOpioirovs than reasonable laws, vbûv and dvdpu-

peiv
KUV are opposed. The indictment of Socrates is to be found in
Apol. 24 B Sw/cpdr?; (prjcrlv adiKew rods re veovs eipovra
dia<pd
Kai 6eovs ovs r;

TroXts vo/ut-ifet. ou voîôvra.^ %repa. d 5ai.iJ.bvia. Kawd,
18. KOcr|J.iwTdTovs :
/cocr/xtos is 6 KOCT/JLOV ^xwj/ Gorg. 506 E.
19. TJ irXt]<rido
is TOUTOIS. rourots = roZs /cooyuwrdrots : whence
20. rivas Xoyous; TJ ovcnrep. More vivid than roi)s auroi)s
\6yovs ova-irep. B has ??: so Cron and Gobel. Schanz and Wohlrab
read 77 with some MS authority. ^ = Latin -ne? T? = Latin an?: see
on Apol. 26 B.
21. ws T] dperi] irXefo-Tov <x|iov:
see Apol. 30 A B, and note.
53 D 2 3- ct(rxT]jJtov dv <J>avet(r0at.
On civ with future
participle see
Goodwin MT. p. 60. Hirschig reads avatyaveicrOau.
TO TOV ScoKpdrous irpd-yiAa Socrates and everything about
"Avvrov =
Anytus and those with him
(
him . So ol Trepl Apol. :
1 8 B. There is some contempt in the expression: cf. Hipp. Maior

286 E 0aiAop yap av eiij rb e/J-bv Trpay/j-a KOL lfii.UTLK.bv. Xpâ is
used in much the same way, only with still more contempt, e.g.
Rep. VIII. 567 E 77 fj.aKapLov , r\v 5 ^yw, \eyeis rvpavvov %p?7/u,a.
Weariness and disgust are expressed by a similar phrase in the first
line of the Clouds ZeO /3acrtAeu, rb xp?}/u,a TWV VVKTWV ocrov.
: o>
24. oio-9aC Y xprj : a way of answering one s own question :
so infra 54 B.
25. dirapets : Socrates as an exile moving from city to city cf. :
Apol. 37 D /caXos ovv av JJ.OL b /3t os ef?i eeX06pTi, rTyXt/cySe dvOpuTry

d\\riv e a XXTjs TroXews d/xet/3oyu^vy /cat eêXawoêvy $rjv. The
Laws are now replying to Crito s proposal in 45 c.
26. ir\io"rr]
aTata KCU OKO\acra. dra^ta is the opposite of
KO<TfJLi.6T7]5
: d/coXacrt a of ffwippoyvvr] see Gorg. 506 D 507 A. Thes- :
saly and Macedonia were almost proverbial for licence and de

bauchery: see (for Thessaly) Xen. Mem. 1.2. 24 KptTlasfvy&v eis
xv 53 E PLATO S CRITO. 77
e/cei <JVVT}V avdpuirois dvo/mig. /jLaXXov 77 diKaccxrv
and Theopompus ap. Athen. XII. 527 u><riv ot pev abv rats
rpiffi /cat TCUS av\T)Tpicri diarpifiovTes, ot 5 ev K6(3ois Kal 7r6rots Kal rats
roiaurais d/coXacn ats Strêpeiyoi/res, Kal /naXXov o"7rovddôvcnv OTTW?
8ûv TravTodawuv ras rpcnrefas Trapad^ffovrai. TrX^pets 97 rbv avrdv
27. s "YeXoCws: see on KaTaytXacrros in 53 A.

28.
direSCSpcurKCSi
the pictorial imperfect. is dress or <rKevri
apparel of some kind, generally unusual, as for instance the dress

of an actor.
29. f] 8i<j>0 pav Xapv TJ

aXXa : two kinds of GKevf] are specified.
The dupdtpa was a shepherd s skin coat.
30. !v<rKvaor8ai = induere.
Kal TO
crx%a ^6TaXXa|as: Kat corresponds to re in r <r/tewfv
TWO. (line 28).The clause refers to personal disguises not connect

ed with dress. B has /cara\Xdas corrected to /xeraXXdâs in the
margin. fj-eraXXaffffeiv = to change :
/caraXX<(rcreii>=:(i)
to ex
change (2) to reconcile .
33. OUTWS alcrxpws goes with ^v and is

explained by j>6[j,ovs
53 E
TOVS fJLtylffTOVS Trapafids.
34. ovSels 6s epei: with omission of the copula as in ovdds 6 crrtj

ou.
35. aKOu o-ei serves as passive to epecs: see on 50 E. el d ^17

= alioquin: cf. (with Forster) Phaed. 91 c tav ptv TL v/uuv 5o/cw
d\r)ds \eyew, <rvvo[j.o\oyr]0 aTe, el d [*/], TTO.VTL \6yq>

dv TIT eiv ere.
36. fawning on
virepxcp-evos^ cringing to In this sense , .
(
= dwjreiju, ?rp6s -X-dptv 6/uX) vTrepxo/J.ai may be used outside pres.
Indicative in good Attic: when= go under then like epxo/j.ai and ,
its compounds generally, it

supplies the other parts from etytu (770,
iu, ioifj.i, WL, levai, luv, Cobet, Variae Lectiones pp. 34, 307.
fut. et^tt).
(3uao-6i. "Verbum fiv habet &TTLKIGT\. has formas jStcio-o/xat, f<3,
IjBiuv, pefiiuKa, pefiiurai /J.OL. /3tu et ^/3i ow nemo dicit, sed et f<3
^fwj/ ^^T/S ^77. /3tot et similia lonica sunt. f^crw apud Atticos
scmel &. iteruni Cobet, Var. Lect. p. 610.
comparet."
37. SovXevwv not otiose, as Stallbaum points out: for the

is
SoOXos is a degree below the /coXa^.

TI iroiwv TI v&>xov |XVOS. Ti = rL dXXo cf. Meno 86 E et /x,?; rt :
oiJj ,
dXXot (TfAiKpov ye fj.oi TTJS dpx/}s %dXa<roj
.
Rep. VI. 509 C Ka2
yU7;5a/xa)s 7 , </>?;,
Travcrr), el fj.rj TI, dXXa dieîuv. For euwxcw/zez/os
used in connection with the luxury of the north cf. Ar. Ran. 83
78 NOTES ON xv 53 E
85: Aydduv 5 TTOU Vrw; d-rroXnruv fyt oêrai, a7<x0ds TTOI^TTJS /cai
trodeivbs rols <f>i\ois.
TTO? 7775 6 rX^wj/ ; es yu.a.Kapajj evw^lav :
Aga-
thon had settled at the court of Archelaus king of Macedon. Schanz
brackets and Krai rejects ev GerraXta but there is rhetorical force in :
the double mention of Thessaly at the end of the two clauses : see
on 53 D line 26.
38. w<nrp
lirl Seiirvov 0Tra\tav; added with bitter scorn to
explain the QerraXQiv eucoxta.

54 A 40. dXXd 8rj :
alluding to Crito s plea in 45 C D. dXXoi 77 is
like at enim oh but ,

and introduces a counter-argument: see
Frotag. 338 C dXXa 5?j jSeXriova rj/uLuv aiprjffevde rrj fj.ev a\-r)6eia.
aduvarov vjuv, wcrre Tlpwrayopov rovde (ro(f>&Tep6v TWO. eXtcrdai el 8
alprjcreffOe KT\. In accordance with this and other examples, I have
printed a full stop after ircucJeua-fls the other editors take the sen
:
tence as interrogative.
42. T 84 ;
= quid vero? Note the emphatic place of e/j Gerra-
Xfav: Thessaly had an evil name : see on 53 D.
43. I va KCU TOVTO diroXav<rcocrtv : Touro = rd eVoi eivai. airo-
\a6eiv has ironical force : the word is ordinarily used of something

good. So in Eur. Phoen. 1204 5 Kpôw 5 r&v efj.(av <?oi/ce
vv/j,(f>ev~
yu.drwj rwf T Qidiirov dvaryvos dTroXaOcrcu /ca/ccDi /crX. aTroXauw is
construed generally with gen. of the object from which the enjoy
ment is derived, except where that object is a neuter pronoun:
inferior MSS here read roOr6 <rov.
44. oxl i.e. OVK &TTCU. 7r<udev6r]0-o/j.ai is used as well as

in the passive sense :
dp\j/o/mi is however better than
45- IWOVTOS. 1-vveivai and ^vvovffLa are regularly used in
Plato of the relation between teacher and pupil, e.g. Gorg. 515 B
Tiva (firjaeis /3eXrtw TreiroLujKevan dvOpwrrov rfj wvovcrlq. rfj CTTJ; Hence
the T6:os cv /caXtp of Symp. 206 B.
46. errifJieXô-ovTai : see on 51 A line 34 above. Schanz brackets
^7rijaeX7j(roj>Tcu here, reading oi col avrwv Trorepov KT\. but the sen :
tence spoken from Socrates point of view.

is
B ot of course goes with eTTir^Set cov.

"
For oUaQa.i ye XPV in

54 49-
the next line see on 53 D.
xvi 54 c PLATO S CRITO. 79
CHAPTER XVI.
The Laws conclude their appeal by asking Socrates to think of

the future world as well as this : see Introd. pp. viii and xvi.
i. Tpocf>u(ri
: see 51 A. Meiser reads rots <rois
yevvyrous Kal
rots crots Tpofavffi.
3. irpo TOV SiKafov after Tr\eiovos, as after other comparatives

in Phaed. 99 A el ^7] diKaibrepov $^r{V Kal icd\\iov elvai irpb
TOV <t>evyei.v
re Kal &woSlSpdffKW inrex^-v TTJ Tr6\i dlKrjv rjv TLV av
raTTr]. Cobet needlessly rejects irpb see : Wohlrab in Fleckeisen s
Jahrb. for 1876 p. 126. For dixaiov see note on 45 C rt d ov8

8iKaiov above.
4. I va els "AiSov \0wv the belief in a : future life is expressed

more dogmatically here than in the Apology : see 40 C foil. Com
pare Introd. p. xvi.
5. rots IKCI apx.ov<riv
:
compare Gorg. 526 D E eyu fj.ev odv
VTTO TotiT(i}i> T&V \6~ywv Trtireio fj.ai Kal STTWS a7ro0aôu/x,at ry
(TKOTTCJ
Kal dveidLfa crot on ovx oios r ^ffei

1
KpiTy ws irytecrrdr^ rrjv \^v"XJ]v
aavT^ /3o77^-^crat, Srav TJ dlKT) crot rj

Kal r? Kptffis rjv vvv 5rj \fyov,
dXXa A^cbv Trapa rbv St/cacrrryj TOV rrjs Mylvr]? vibv, eweiddv crou
ayy, xacr^cret /cat IXiyyidaeLS ovdev ^TTOV 7} eyw evdaoe
7. ov8 SiKaiorepov ov8e oo-icurepov. ovdt joins a/j,eLvov to

cure in line 6 corresponds to ovre in line 8.
ov : diKacov is
TO TTpOffijKOV TTCpt O.V 6 p U)TT 0V 5 6(TIQV, TO TTpOCTTJKOV TTol Oeotisl SCC .
Gorg. 507 B.
8. ov8 dXX&). ovdt joins <roi in line 6 to aXXy. e/ce?cre of
the future world: see on Apol. 40 E us apa e/ce? eialv airavTes ol
Te6ve&Tes cf. rot s tKet dpxovcnv in line 5 and e/cet in C line 16.
:
10. ov)^ v<}> i]fi.wv TCOV VOJJLWV, dX\d vnro dvOpw irwv : the avOpw- e/j. C
TTOI are the 5iKa<?Tai, falsely so called : see Apol. 24 D E. For the
full significance of this sentence see Introduction pp. x xi : and cf.
note on 49 B ovSe ddi.Kovij.evov apa dvTaoiKeiv. Hence dvTadLKrjvas
and dvTLKaKovpy/iaas in u and 12 have for their object not the
laws, but the 5iKa<rTal.
11. OVTWS ai<rxpws goes with e^\0ys and is explained by the

two participles that follow. There is an allusion to 49 B D.
13. irapapds Kaica IpYaorajjitvos these participles explain
K<xl :
8o NOTES ON PLATO S CRITO. xvi 54 c
14. ovs TJKio-Ta 28i,Note the emphatic place <ravTov T KT\.

of <ravr6v : oneself Compare
is the last person one should injure.
Apol. 37 B Treireicr/j.ej os 5r) fyw ddLKelv TroXXov ye {JL~r)dei>a

5ô>
epavrbv ye d5t/C7jcreu/. Socrates philosophy was egoism: see

Introd. pp. xii xiii. cavrbv re Kal 0tXoi;s Kal Trarpida Kal rjfJLas sums
up the argument of Chapters xi xv.

1 6. ot ev "AiSov
VOJJLOI : Cron refers to Soph. Antig. 450 foil, ov
yap TI /Lioi Ze-us rjv 6 /cTjpi/âs rdde, ot)5 T) ZIJVOIKOS r&v /cdrw 6euv
A//c?7 TOLovffS ev av6pwTroi(ni> upurev v&/m.ovs.
54 D 19. JXTJ
ere irtCo-Tj : Goodwin MT. p. 181.
CHAPTER XVII.
Socrates concludes by giving his verdict in favour of the laws
and constitution of Athens. Introd. pp. xi and xvi xvii.
i. w croupe Kpirwv. There is pathos and sympathy in
<j>iXe
this unusually long mode of address Cobet and Naber utterly spoil :
the passage by omitting Kpiruv Gobel omits eraipe. :
2. ol KOpvpavTiwvTcs Twv avXwv 8oKoC CLKOV61V. The <riv
Corybantes were priests of Cybele whose worship was attended with

much clamour of dancing and music on the flute. Lambinus aptly
compares Hor. Epist. I. i. 7 est mihi purgatam crebro qui personet
aurem Gobel omits doKovcriv aKotieiv, but the text as it stands is
.
far more impressive. Just so the demonstrative is repeated in avrif

"h fail TOVTWV TWV \6ywi>,
and in the last line of the chapter : Trpdr-
T<i)fJ.ej> raiJTri, ^TretSrj TO-tiry 6 6ebs v^yelraL.
5. pojxjBsi Kal irotei

JATJ
8vva<r6ai TCOV aXXwv aKoveiv. Socrates
might have said much the same of his SaipbvLov o-y/j.e iov compare :
Apol. 40 A B. I think Plato meant to suggest that the pleading

of the Laws coincided with the voice of the divine sign see Introd. :
p. xvi.
6. 6 tra -y
TCI vvv |iol SOKOVVTCU Socrates diffidence is charac
teristic Rep. VI. 506 E trXeov yap poi âiverai rj Kara TTJV irapov-
: cf.
aav op/mrjv e0t/c^cr0cu rov ye doxovvros ep-ol ra vvv ( what is after

all only my present opinion ). Compare Gorg. 527 A and Phaed.
85 C For the syntax cf. 46 E 6 cra ye TdvOptbireia.
D.
eimSt] ravTTj 6 0tos

ii. Compare the words with v<j>iTyeiTai.
which the Apology concludes (42 A) &8r)\ov iravrl ir\ty 17 ry 6eu.

The voice of the Laws seems to Socrates to be the voice of God :
his divine sign would not allow him to escape. See Introd., p. xvi.
APPENDIX.
List of Deviations from the Bodleian.
As the text of this edition is based upon Schanz s collation of

the Bodleian, it may be convenient to note the most important
deviations from this MS. When I differ from Schanz and the other
editors, it will generally I have kept more closely to
be found that
the MS reading : most of the cases which I have departed from
in
it are discussed in the notes. Whenever I have adopted a reading
which may be traced to some member of the second family of MSS,
best represented by T=Bekker s t, I have signified this by writing
fam. sec. after the reading in question.
Readings of B. The present edition.

43 A Trpwt
43 B evdaifj-ovLaa
43 C rrpwl
XctXeTTTji K.a.1
fiapeLav j\v (fam. sec.)
("
Kal fiapelav punctis no-
tatum "
Sch.)
43 SoKelv /j*ev ytiot ijêiv 6o/ce? jtieV JJ.OL r)etv (fam. sec.)
("vverbi doKew punctis no-
tatain B."
Sch.)
44 B ovde/j.ia vj. ov fila fyU0opd (fam. sec.)
44 C
44 E &\\o TL irpbs TOVTOVS #XXo rt irp&s TOVTOLS
(corrected by second hand)
45 A 00/37?
45 E
(corrected by second hand)
ws elaTJXdes (fam. sec.)
TO T\evTalov driTTOV TO T\VTCUOI 8r] (fam. sec.)
46 A
(corr. sec.
manus)
46 D dXXws VKa \6~yov
vvvdrj vvv
47 A ay c
(corr. in marg. sec. manus)
54 B o0re ocriuTepoy ovSe 6 (fam. sec.)
INDEX.
The numbers refer to the pages.
25 78
Ace. of part, after preceding clat. a7roXXi;j/at j o/iof? 61
ap 01)or apd 7-6 ou 32

- 69 c
07105 67 apa expresses surprise 43, 57, 65
tiypios 70 a/ra or apd 76 32
dyuv 38 apa /i?? or apd 76/^77 32
dy&v TLfj-TjTOS 72 ApxAaos 35
51, 58, 62 Asyndeton 45
54 draîa 76
ov defined 39 Athletes, food of 46
37 &TOTTOV verms friropov 28
d/coXacria 76 Attraction of antecedent 35
pass, to X^yetp 77 ,, ,, relative 60
.
43 d0tât 53
43 ai)rd the subject 30
iv 24 aurt/ca 30
dXX apa 50
dXXd 46 )( Trei êti 68
aXXa 5?7 78 VV 77
#XXo TL 6l -fj (3e(3ov\evcr6a(. 39
dXXws 43
dXXws TroietJ 33 7ap introductory 26
a/xa as a prep. 39 7^ rot 26
Amphipolis 68 ye\oiov 74
di w. fut. inf. 76 yevvav i.q. yevff8ai Troielv 63
ai 54 yevvdv i. q. yevevdat \yeiv 63
42 yevvr]TaL versus yevvrjTai 69
74 yiyvecrdal TIVI 41
68 Conj. where we should expect
33 opt. 23
diro5idpd<TKiv 61, 73 Conj. Deliberativus 73
d.irodvrjffKLV 25, 26, 65 Copula omitted 34, 40
La 69 Cosmopolitanism 74
35
o.noKTi.vvvva.1. 52 So
84 INDEX.
d in interrogation 66 evvirvLov 27
Death better than incurable dis efecrrat versus &TTCU 66
ease 50 68
del supplied from verbal in -reov 47
68 s TrciXat 23
5tov 47 i(Tdai. 66
Despair of Athens 59 rsu
d-rjXadrj adverbial 52 67
8rj\ov on 74 42
Delos, mission to 24 and e7rtcrra/x,at 46
5??Xos used personally 30 36, 6 1
5ta/3dXXe(T0ai new, %v new, Trpos e pacrrdj
47
TLVO.S 31 2pX<)[J.ai
but i?a 77
57 epwraj/ re /cat airoKpiveuOa.!. 63
71 ^ri /cat PUP 28
Skat decisions
39
62, 63
e3 ^
eS Trpa.TTLV
53
47
8 iKa.i.ov 36, 79 better
i
33 TO.I 22
46 evvofj.e iaOcu
73
Divinity of soul 51 77
eiâ>%e?crât
t5o/cet
parenthetical 61
<rcu 61
e0t crTa/zat
doKelv used absolutely 25 ews w. past tense of Ind. 31
doKifJ-acria 69
SoDXoj rcD^ VO/ULCJV 64 tf?" 77
Duality of soul and body 49
Education in Athens 64 ^ = Latin an? 76

e* 3r 97 superfluous 30
et yap u(f>e\ov 31 ^; = Lat. -ne? 76
elej/
47 ^ ; vemts 77 ; 67
eW 6 Trcoj Set 61 ?} 01) versus ^ ou 64
; ;
el/map ytieV?; 27 rjdlKOS 21

38 ^= rather than dV 65 ^j>
ffdai 51 ^f is ex hypothesi 49
38 Hpo5t/cos 46
elra indignabundum 23 7]vdai/j.6vLara. better than
ei re /ca or if you like 58 ptcra 23
e/c of the agent 25
e/c/3a\eif 41 S 22
e/cet
(f /ce?(re)
of future world 79 versus d\u 33
37, 64 35
57 Beupia 71
e\eyov with aor. force 44 e^jSafe 75
75 i>
BvyffKU 25
41, 42 Optyoâi better than
ey fji.eifo)>t. fAoipa 67 78
e? rots 24
ai 77 45
72 Immortality 79
INDEX.
Imperfect and aor. combined, tT; ou 24
6 3> 72 ? position of 49
Imperfect used pictorially, 77 x^ w. 3rd pers. Aor. Conj. 80
IW w. past tense of Ind. 31 .T]
w. Aor. Imp. 35
Inf. pres. after 6/j.o\oy>
etc. T7T/)6y re /cai Trarpos 67
70 Mixed conditional sentence
40
KaOd-rrreadat 71 the like 41
KadofJ.oXoye iv 59 fj.ovffi.KT] Kal yv/JLvaariKri 64
/cat 5^ 66
/cat KaL ye KO.L 46 iKri 46
/cat dy /cat 48 49
/ca/cws d/coêtp pass, of /ca/cu;s X^- j ous 67
yetv 65 j/Oi/ 5^ 31
/caXXw7rtfecr#at (is 72 vvv 6r] or vw5?; 44
KarayeXacTTOv 74
/caru yeXws 38 iV verstis /ULCTO, 50, 54
Ka.Ta.\\daffii>
77 and ^vvovcria 78
Kî?s 34
Kivdvveveiv 27 ot eveKa 26
Knowledge as virtue 31 OL<rdai
ye xptf 76
/coiyTy ffKoirelv 43 016^ re Sv /cat Swaroi 39
KopvfiavTiwvTes So 6 /aotoy, how different from 6 ai;-
/cooyitos 76 TOS 41
21 o/iotos /cat Trporepov 52
6/^0X070; Trote^ and the like 70
SVTWS 43
\afj.pdveiv take to wife 63 6Vep X^w 35
Lamprocles 36 bpav edv 56
Laws personified 61 ftpdpos /3aî5s 22
X^yeiv TI )( oi)5ev XeyfLV 44 6Va 76 ravdpuireia 44, 80
Xew?; o-ToX?? symbolical of joy Scrtoj defined
79
27 6 rt av TV-xuffL 37
69 6 rt in direct quotation 62
6 rt versus 8 TI 51
40 otf w. inf. 27
\v (JLO.lv ev don 51 ov fji-fi
w. Fut. Ind. or Aor. Conj.
Xw/3ao"#cu 48, 51 29
ov fj.ia 28
ov8 av OTLOVV 59
/na\\ov 5^ 39 ovdeh eK&v d/iapravet 60
Marriage laws 63 oi)5ets 6s ^pet 77
Me7ctpa5e 75 ovdevl vv v 54
yu^ \vithout 5^ 25 oi)5ei l
rpoTTit} dSt/c^rôv eti at 56
/i^ 5?7 32, 51 ovStrepa adverbial 32
yu.^c oiV 22 oCros deictic 34
yaera verszis tyv 50, 54 oSros contemptuous 33, 54
/ieraXXacrcret;/ 77 oCros that of yours 42
69
54 ircuo da 37
86 INDEX.
rd re aXXa /ca^ 72
78 ravrbv TOIQVTOV better than TO.VTO
57 roioDro etc. 53
navTbs p.a.\\ov 58 re displaced 23
TrapaKpoveiv 44 redva.va(. 25
irapVL^veLv 55 re\elv %d/)t^ 54

Trade and Travcrai 55 Trjv iKa and T~r)i>t.Kdde 22
irddeiv used absolutely 55, 67 7-77dXyddq. 43, 66
irep nroXoi ri = rL aXXo 77
69
TrrfvLKO. /udXtcrra 22 rt 5^; 78
nfrra/cos 58 rt 5^ 5^ ; 58
Play upon words 27, 46 Tt /tdXto-ra 22
TrXeio; adverbial 41 ri[j.a.v (Tifj.do dcu) (pvyys 72
7rot = et s r 48 Ti^4tOS 67
Trotetj rt 44 ris emphatic 56
Troielv rL TWO. 66 rts understood 59
50
Trovrjpos rts w. force of litotes 27
Potidaea 68 TO KOLVOV 6 1
Trpayfj.0.
= profession 45 r6 ytierd roOro 60
21 r6 /x^pos 37, 6 1
o"^
versus iroLelv 32 r6 roO 2w/cpdroi;s Trpdy/j.a 76

41 Toivvv moreover 72
irpiv w. past tense of Ind. 31 rotouros prospective 45
vrpo after comparatives 79 TOKOS ev KaX 78
TrpoSidovcu 37 Travels of Socrates 71
irpo^deLffQa.i /J.r) 32 37
Pronoun between prep, and its T K.a.1 TTcuSeta 63
noun 65 TVlTTk/JieVOV dvTLTVTTTiV 65
7rp6s de&v 44 Ti/xi? dyadrj 26
70 ry &>ri
43
not Trpou 22
without following wos 36
etra (eira 5e) 42, 51, 75 viraKovew 22
68
Rel. sentence passing into a 77
main clause 39 75
55
vffTepaia 26
os 67 21
vcp-rjy-rjTiKOS
34
Socratic method 40
27
Zowtov 25
ta, Socrates on 30
(To06s 67
30
29, 75
<rTepo?j.a.i.
jS 67
avKcxpavTai 33
ffvvrjyopoi to defend laws 62
ii>
44 48
rt 75 ts adverbial 29
o-yfeut versus au&iv 30

crcD/ua versus TO crcD/xa 50 ci;
daifj.t>vi.e
and the like 28
INDEX. 87
u>
*** **
omitted with vocatives 71 ^ tyj, oi/mai 34
37 ws ^TTOS aVe^ 75
ugh> 29 V
" with a p-p- in similes
CAMUKIIJGE: FKINTEU BY c. j. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY

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DEPARTMENTAL

EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

[All ftights resei~ved]

(PHAED. 117 D.)

PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS,

No apology is needed for a new edition of the Crito.

The only edition in English which possesses more than a

(Boston, 1885). And to my mind the Crito is one of the

perfect as a work of art. As in the Apology, so here, I

have followed on the whole the readings of the Bodleian.

my critical appendix that I have not infrequently pre

The editors to whom I am most indebted in the for

tation I have found Cron s edition far the most valuable.

dialogue referred to in my notes. But I have frequently

pretation of the dialogue : and a large part of the com

THE Crito is one of the Socratic tetralogy of

death. At the outset of the Euthyphro, we are favoured

the dialogue Plato proceeds to refute by anticipation

orthodoxy of which Euthyphro is the exponent.

immortality of the soul.

Choephori is related to the Agamemnon and the

standpoint of the historical Socrates, whereas in the

but for the first time thoroughly exposed and rebutted

cusable but his imperative duty to break the laws

admirably adapted for the purpose of exhibiting the

into view the real scope and meaning of the Crito, I

unfaithful to his countryby endeavouring to demoralise

still preserved, under the mask of dialogue. This

the Crito, such as the personification of the Laws, the

breaking the laws (50 A, 50 D, 51 A, 54 c), perhaps

^S TOJJ/ TroAAaJv So^Tys Seti/ 7^/xas &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;povri-

oiyaOwV KOL T(0l/ VCLV~

TroAAa yap av e ot a A. A cos re KCU

TOVTOV TOV VOfJLOV d7ToXX.V{JLVOV OS T(XS StKCtS TttS 8lK(l(T@l&amp;lt;Ta.&amp;lt;;

TrpocrraTTet Kvpias ctvat . The framework upon which

chapters by the dramatic setting of the dialogue, nor

peculiar form which Crito s speech against the State

partly no doubt in order to conform to historical

sixth Chapter, in which Socrates begins to expound

av OTIOVV Trdor^rj avrcoi/ (49 c).

ing out to Socrates a prospect of rewards in the

Dabei wird man an die Sitte zu Athen

other world, at the same time reiterating her own

TavTTfl, eTreiS?} ra.vrri

Enough has now been said to establish what is I

think a clear analogy between the structure of our

dialogue and the circumstances of Socrates trial:

44 B, &quot;who do not know you and me well, will think

whole of this thing which has befallen you is due to our

that you should be thought to have given us the slip

through a sort of cowardice and unmanliness upon

you to do so, ifwe had been good for anything at all.&quot;

Had Socrates complied with the invitation of his

escape, and we who were anxious to save you.&quot;

tative of average Athenian morality, and from the

which acquitted by Socrates is not the verdict or

sentence which the unjust judges had pronounced

throughout the dialogue that his condemnation was

^S TOJJ/ TroAAaJv So^Tys Seti/ 7^/xas <j>povri-

TOVTOV TOV VOfJLOV d7ToXX.V{JLVOV OS T(XS StKCtS TttS 8lK(l(T@l<Ta.<;

44 B, "who do not know you and me well, will think

you to do so, ifwe had been good for anything at all."

escape, and we who were anxious to save you."

vvv (521 E). He exhorted the Athenians a<

oiWt, /ecu Kt ot ry/xerepoi aSeA<ot ot ev "AtSou vo jaot,

upon 54 D KOL ei>

2O. Qavjjia^a}, O7rco9 ij0e\i)O <TOL 6

rov ^ea fJLCOT ijpLov <f>v\at;

2H. Kal <yap civ, w Kp/rcoz/, TrA^yttyiteXe? el ?;

XO. "Ecrrt raOra. d\\a TI