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4.fluid Flow Phenomena
4.fluid Flow Phenomena
4.fluid Flow Phenomena
FLUID FLOW
PHENOMENA
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(Force required to
overcome the friction in
the fluid between the
plates and to maintain
the velocity “u”)
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Rheology
(of liquids)
Rheology
(of liquids)
Mechanics Technology/
of Engineering
Continuum
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FLUID FLOW
Fluid flow may be steady or unsteady; uniform or non-uniform; laminar or
turbulent; one-dimensional, two dimensional or three-dimensional; and
rotational or irrotational.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
TERM DEFINITION
Streamline An imaginary line in a field of flow at an instant of time such that the
fluid velocity at any point is tangential to it (there can be no flow across a
streamline)
Stream A family of streamlines forming a cylindrical passage of infinitesimal
filament cross-section.
Stream Is bounded by an infinite number of streamlines forming a finite surface
tube across which there is no flow.
Streak line A line made by a dye injected into a fluid at one point and thus marks the
positions of all particles of fluid which have passed that point.
Pathline A line made by a single particle as it moves during a period of time.
While the path line refers to a path of a single particle, a streamline refers
to an instantaneous picture of the velocity directions of a number of
particles. In a steady flow, streamlines, streaklines and path lines are the
same.
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Steady Uniform Flow – flow of fluid through a long pipe of uniform cross-
section at a constant rate
Unsteady Uniform Flow – flow through a long pipe at a decreasing rate
Steady Non-uniform Flow – flow through an expanding pipe at a constant rate
Unsteady Non-uniform Flow – flow through an expanding pipe at an increasing
rate.
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RHEOLOGY
a)The overall science that considers flow and deformation
of fluids
b) The study of the relationship between force and
deformation in continuous medium
The greater the shear stress, the faster will be the fluid flow.
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RHEOGRAM
Plot of the shear stress versus the shear rate (velocity gradient)
TYPES OF FLUIDS
TERM DEFINITION
Ideal a) A substance that is unable to resist internal shear and
fluids tensile forces. Do not exist in nature.
b) Assumed to have no viscosity or non-viscous (inviscid),
thus no resistance to shear
c) Incompressible
d) Have uniform velocity when flowing
e) No friction between moving layers of fluid
f) No eddy currents or turbulence
Real fluids a) Fluids that have surface tension, viscosity and
compressibility
b) Exhibit infinite viscosities
c) Compressible
d) Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
e) Experience friction and turbulence in flow
Newtonian a) Fluids where stress is directly proportional to rate of
Fluids strain
b) Fluids that follow Newton’s Law of Viscosity
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TYPES OF FLUIDS
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Non-Newtonian a) A fluid whose flow Non-Newtonian
Fluids or Memory properties differ in any Fluids or Memory
Fluids way from those of Fluids
Newtonian fluids.
b) The viscosity of non-
Newtonian fluids is
dependent on shear rate
or shear rate history.
Time – Properties are independent Bingham plastic
independent of time under shear Pseudoplastic
Fluids Dilatant fluids
Time dependent Properties are dependent Thixotropic
Fluids upon duration of shear Rheopectic
Viscoelastic Properties which exhibit
fluids characteristic of a solid
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
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TIME INDEPENDENT
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Bingham
Plastic
Time- Pseudoplastic
Non-Newtonian
Independent Fluids
Fluids
Fluids
Dilatant Fluids
Bingham plastic / Bingham fluids ➢ Fluids that have a linear clay suspensions,
(Yield – Stress Fluids) shear stress/shear strain drilling mud,
relationship require a toothpaste,
finite yield stress before mayonnaise,
they begin to flow (the chocolate,
plot does not pass mustard,
through the origin) Water suspensions
➢ Requires finite stress to of rock or grains,
initiate flow Highly
➢ Bingham plastic is the concentrated
simplest non-newtonian suspensions of fine
fluid. particles,
➢ It is the same as Sewage sludge
newtonian fluid in Digested sewage
behavior and the only Clay
difference is that a Mud
certain amount of shear Chewing gum
is needed to initiate flow. Tar
➢ Tendency of a material to Thermoplastic
flow only when stresses polymer solutions
are above a threshold High con’cn of
stress asbestine in oil
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TIME INDEPENDENT
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
TIME INDEPENDENT
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Dilatant Fluids The viscosity Oobleck (Corn
(Shear thickening fluid) appears to starch dissolved
increase when in water)
the shear rate Paper pulp,
increases. Sand in water,
Starch in water
beach sand
Quicksand
Feldspar
Mica
Candy compounds
Peanut butter
shear thickening
– tendency of some materials to
increase in viscosity when driven to
flow at high shear rates
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NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
TIME DEPENDENT
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Thixotropic
Non- Time – Fluids
Real
FLUID Newtonian Dependent
Fluids
Fluids Fluids Rheopectic
Fluids
Time-dependent fluids
For time-dependent fluids, the shear stress depends on the past
history of the rate of deformation, as a result of structure or
orientation buildup or breakdown during deformation.
1. THIXOTROPIC
shear stress decreases with time at constant shear rate.
(mayonnaise, clay suspensions, etc.)
2. RHEOPECTIC
shear stress increases with time at constant shear rate.
(bentonite sols, gypsum suspension in water, etc.)
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NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
THIXOTROPIC FLUIDS:
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
RHEOPECTIC FLUIDS:
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VISCOELASTIC
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Exhibit elastic recovery from deformations which occur during
flow. Polymer fluids comprise the largest fluids in this class.
Viscoelastic Effects:
1. Weissenberg effect
2. Fluid Memory
3. Die Swell
Non-Newtonian
FLUID Real Fluids Viscoelastic
Fluids
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UNITS OF VISCOSITY:
Viscosity 1 poise 100 cP (centipoises)
1 g/cm.s
0.1 Pa.s
1 cP 0.001 kg/m.s
2.4191 lbm/ft.h
6.72 x 10-4 lbm/ft.s
2.09 x 10-5 lbf.s/ft2
NOTE:
1. The viscosities of liquids are generally much greater than those of gases
2. The viscosity of a liquid increases with pressure, but the effect is
generally insignificant at pressures less than 40 atm.
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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA
DENSITY Amount of mass
or Mass in a unit volume
density (rho) of substance.
SPECIFIC
VOLUME
VS The volume
occupied by a
unit mass of fluid
SPECIFIC The weight per
WEIGHT unit volume of a
or Unit (gamma) material
weight
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
SG A dimensionless
or ratio of a
or material’s density
Relative S to some standard
Density
reference
or
Relative density.
Gravity
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
SG A dimensionless
or ratio of a
or material’s
Relative S density to some
Density
standard
or
Relative reference
Gravity density.
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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA
VISCOSITY a) A material property
or that measures the
Dynamic (mu) fluid's resistance to
Viscosity flow. The measure of
a fluid’s resistance to
internal shear
stresses or angular
deformation.
Dependent on
temperature.
b) Viscosity is the
constant of
proportionality
between shear
stress and the
gradient (spatial
derivative) of
velocity
VISCOSITY
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NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
➢ Temperature affects the viscosity
➢ The relationship between viscosity and temperature for liquids and gases
are:
For LIQUIDS:
WATER:
Viscosity of liquid at t0C, in poise
0 = 0.00179 Poise
0 Viscosity of liquid at 00C, in poise = 0.03368
, Constants for the liquid = 0.000221
AIR:
For GASES:
0 = 0.000017 Poise
= 0.000000056
= 0.1189 x 10-9
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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
TERM Symbol DEFINITION FORMULA
KINEMATIC The ratio of the dynamic
VISCOSITY
or
viscosity (μ) to the density
of the fluid ( ρ )
(nu) Unit: m2/s, ft2/s
Momentum
diffusivity cm2/s = stoke
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Re Reynolds Number
D Diameter of the tube or pipe
V Average velocity of fluid
Density of the fluid
Viscosity of the fluid
Kinematic viscosity
G Mass velocity
NOTE:
Laminar flow when Re<2100
Transition flow when 2100<Re<4000
Turbulent flow when Re>4000
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PROBLEMS
1. For the following situations of steady flow, determine whether flow is laminar
or turbulent:
a) water at 100C flowing at an average velocity of 2 m/s in a 100 mm pipe
b) air at 2 atm pressure and 1800F flowing at 50 ft/s in a 12 inch duct
c) oil with a specific gravity of 0.78 and viscosity of 20 cP flowing at 5 ft/s
in a 2 inch pipe
d) polymer melt with a density of 900 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1 Pa-s flowing
at 0.2m/s in a 15 mm tube.
2. A flat plate 30 cm by 50 cm slides on oil (=0.8 N.s/m2) over a large plane
surface. What force is required to drag the plate at 2 m/s, if the separating
oil film is 0.5 mm thick.
3. A 15 cm long cylindrical metal rod slides inside a tube filled with oil. The inner
diameter of the tube is 5 cm and the clearance is 0.05 mm. The mass of the
rod is 0.5 kg when immersed in the oil. What is the viscosity of the oil if the
steady state velocity of the rod is 0.1 m/s?
4. The distance between two parallel plates is 0.00914 meters and the lower plate
is being pulled at a relative velocity of 0.366 m/s greater than the top plate.
The fluid is used is soy bean oil with a viscosity of 4 x 10-2 Pa-s at 303K.
a) Calculate the shear stress and the shear rate in fps and SI units.
b) If glycerol at 293K having a viscosity of 1.069 kg/m-s is used instead of
soy bean oil, what relative velocity in m/s is needed using the same distance
between the plates so that the same shear stress is obtained as in part
“a”. Also, what is the new shear rate?
If the fluid is frictionless and the conditions of slip exist at the wall,
the velocity becomes uniform throughout the cross section of the
pipe and the velocity profile becomes flat or the ultimate flow beyond
both laminar and turbulent flow is ideal or plug flow where all the
velocities across the tube cross section are the same. The plug or
ideal flow concept is used in a number of applications. Particular
examples are such systems as flow reactors or flow-through packed
beds.
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When the velocity profile reaches a constant, meaning the velocity profile no
longer changes along the pipe, the flow is said to be fully developed.
FULLY
DEVELOPED
REGION
Le
FULLY
DEVELOPED
FLOW
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TRANSITION LENGTH
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