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Chemistry Project: January 1
Chemistry Project: January 1
CHEMISTRY
PROJECT 2017
Checking bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide
ion and also testing the hardness of water B.AISHWARYA
I.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Water available these days is highly polluted in urban areas.
Pollutants from paper mill, gas works, sewage works, leather
industry, paints and chemical plants are responsible for water
pollution.
2.5.2 BROTHS
The two main types of bacterial growth media used are liquid
broth and solid, Jell-o-like agar. Each has specific advantages
and disadvantages. The growing environment used will
depend on what the researcher wants to do with, or learn from,
the microbes.
2.6.1 PRESENCE-ABSENCE
The Presence-Absence (P-A) test is a presumptive detection for
coliforms in water. The test is a simple modification of the
multiple-tube procedure.1 One 100 mL test sample is
inoculated into a single culture bottle to obtain qualitative
information on the presence or absence of coliforms, through
the presence or absence of lactose fermentation.1 This test is
based on the principle that coliforms and other pollution
indicator organisms should not be present in a 100 mL water
sample.2-4
Comparative studies with the membrane filter procedure
indicate the P-A test may maximize coliform detection in
samples containing many organisms that could overgrow
coliform colonies and cause problems in detection.1 The P-A
test is described in standard methods for water testing1 and
U.S. EPA.
PROCEDURE
The nitrogen, vitamin, and amino acids sources are provided
by Enzymatic Digest of Gelatine, Enzymatic Digest of Casein,
and Beef Extract. Lactose is the fermentable carbohydrate.
Dipotassium Phosphate and Monopotassium Phosphate
provide buffering capacity. Sodium Chloride maintains the
osmotic balance of the medium. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate is the
selective agent, inhibiting many organisms except coliforms.
Bromcresol Purple is used as an indicator dye; lactose-
fermenting organisms turn the medium from purple to yellow
with or without gas production.
ADVANTAGES OF MF TECHNIQUE
Permits testing of large sample volumes.
Reduces preparation time as compared to many traditional
methods.
Allows isolation and enumeration of discrete colonies of
bacteria.
Provides presence or absence information within 24 hours.
Effective and acceptable technique. Used to monitor drinking
water in government laboratories.
Useful for bacterial monitoring in the pharmaceutical,
cosmetics, electronics, and food and beverage industries.
Allows for removal of bacteriostatic or cidal agents that would
not be removed in Pour Plate, Spread Plate, or MPN
techniques.
III.
EXPERIMENT
AIM : To test the contamination of water by bacteria by
checking the sulphide ions concentration and find out cause of
contamination.
MATERIALS REQUIRED :
Cadmium acetate 50g
Zinc acetate 50g
Distilled water 500mL
Iodine solution 0.025M
Conc. HCl
Na2 S2 O3 0.05M
Starch solution as indicator.
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
Take 50g of cadmium acetate and 50g and 50g of zinc
acetate and dissolve in water.
Neutralize the solution with a little excess of alkali.
Take 20mL of cadmium-zinc acetate solution and add 80
mL of sample of given water to obtain a total volume of
about 100 mL.
Take 100 mL of fixed sample solution in titration flask.
Add 20 mL of 0.025 M iodine solution.
Add immediately 15mL of 50% of HCl solution in water.
Add starch solution as indicator.
Titrate the excess of iodine against 0.05 M Na2S2O3 .
Calculate the amount of S-2 ions in the original samples
from the amount of iodine used in reaction with H2S.
Repeat the same procedure with other samples of water.
ENDPOINT :
Blue to colourless.
CHEMICAL REACTION :
I2 + H2S = 2HI + S