BEHAVIOR STUDY of WEB POST

BUCKLING AND VIERENDEEL

MECHANISM IN CASTELLATED BEAMS
 Castellated Beams
• Advantages:

Aesthetically

Generally lighter

Increasing the moment of Inertia and sectional modulus,
which result in greater strength and rigidity without
increasing the weight of te beam.
• Disadvantages:

Less fire resistant

Weak in lateral force at the end of beam-colomn joint
Concept Design of Castellated Beams
Based on ASCE journal page 3327,
The Nominal Bending Moment of Castellated Beam as follows :

Mn = Mp – fy. ΔAs  o + e 
h
 4 
Where :
Mn = nominal bending capacity
Mp = plastic moment = Zx.fy
∆As = ho tw
ho = depth of opening
tw = thickness of web
e = opening eccentricity
fy = yield strength of steel
 Major Mechanism
Plastic hinge
• Vierendeel Mechanism
• Web-post Buckling
• Rupture of welded joint
• Lateral-torsional buckling
• Web-post Buckling due to compression
• Flexural Mechanism
 Vierendeel Mechanism and
Web Post Buckling

• Among these failure modes, the web post buckling and the
Vierendeel mechanism are the two failure modes which has
attracted most of the researcher’s attention over the years.
The reason is not only because these two failure modes are
the most dominant failure modes of those beams, but they
have been proved to be more complex to formulate and
codify through a reliable simple design method compared to
the other failure modes (Mohamadi and Siamak, 2010).
• Vierendeel mechanism is caused by the failure due to the
formation of four plastic hinges in the top and bottom Tees.
The need to transfer the shear force across the opening
causes some secondary moments in the Tee section. The
interaction of these moments with the global bending
moments and the local axial force due to global bending,
dominate the formation of plastic hinges in the Tees
(Sherbourne and Oostrom, 1972).

Plastic hinge
• The horizontal shear force in the web-post is associated with
double curvature bending over the height of the post. In
castellated beam (Fig. 2.10), one inclined edge of the opening
will be stressed in tension, and the opposite edge in
compression and buckling will cause a twisting effect of the
web post along its height (Sevak Demirdjian, 1999).
 Proposed Targets
• To study the behaviour of web post buckling and
vierendeel mechanism between hexagonal, circular
and octagonal Castellated Beams due to the
earthquake force based on SNI 03-1726-2003 and
concentrated load from overhead crane, using Finite
Element software, in order to find the optimum
shape which has the smallest effect of those failure.
 Structure Model Based on Design Creteria

• Model 1
Castellated Beam

Type of Castellated Dimension (mm) A ht

2
4.00
Beams d b tw tf (mm )
Hexagonal 450 300 10 15 753502.5
Castellated Beam Circular 450 300 10 15 975270.21
Octoogonal 500 250 9 14 929241.6

4.00 The length of beam = 6 meters

Castellated Beam

Kolom WF Solid Beam Fy = 240 Mpa

Fu = 370 Mpa
4.00
E = 200 Gpa
Ʋ = 0,3

6.00
• Model 2
Rafter WF Solid Beam

18°
Overhead Crane

Castellated Beam
Detail A Kolom WF Solid Beam 3.5200

6.00
5.00

Castellated Beam Castellated Beam

Single
6.00 Overhead Crane
5.00

10.00

4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Single Overhead Crane 20.00

Castellated Beam

Detail A
Type of Castellated Dimension (mm) A ht
2
Beams d b tw tf (mm )
Hexagonal 300 100 5.5 8 295015.5
Circular 300 100 5.5 8 433453.43
Octoogonal 300 150 7 10 479901.24

The length of beam = 4 meters

 Beams Model Parameters
• Based on Design Creteria (Using table from PT. Gunung Garuda)
Structure Type of Castellated L
Load
Modeling Beam and Dimension mm
HC 450x300x10x15
Distributed
Model 1 (ST1) CC 450x300x10x15 6000
Load
OC 500x250x9x14
HC 300x100x5.5x8
Concentrated
Model 2 (ST2) CC 300x100x5.5x8 4000
Load
OC 300x150x7x10

• Based on Similar Dimension of Beam element

L Type
Castellated Beams Load
mm
HC 300x100x5.5x8 D-1 Where:
CC 300x100x5.5x8 Distributed Load D-2 Distributed Load : DL = 1744,4 kg/m’
LL = 1000 kg/m’
OC 300x150x7x10 D-3
4000 Concentrated Load : 3,2 tons (From Demad Standad Crane)
HC 300x100x5.5x8 C-1
CC 300x100x5.5x8 Concentrated Load C-2
OC 300x150x7x10 C-3
 Beams Model Based on Design Creteria
(Using table from PT. Gunung Garuda)
Details of Profile Dimension of ST1
Castellated Beam ho hp e b dw bwc p ao bo = e lo A opening A ot
Profile 2
mm (mm )
HC 450x300x10x15 305 - 76.25 88.45 420 72.5 329.4 253.2 76.25 164.7 50233.5 753502.5
CC 450x300x10x15 309 - 77.25 - 420 70 386.3 309 77.25 193.1 74952.585 1124288.775
OC 500x250x9x14 381 125 76.25 74.24 472 59.5 301 224.7 76.25 150.5 66616.69 999250.35

Details of Profile Dimension of ST2

Castellated Beam ho hp e b dw bwc p ao bo = e lo A opening A ot
Profile 2
mm (mm )
HC 300x100x5.5x8 205 - 51.25 59.45 284 47.5 221.4 170.2 51.25 110.7 22693.5 295015.5
CC 300x100x5.5x8 206 - 51.5 - 284 47 257.5 206 51.5 128.8 33312.26 433059.38
OC 300x150x7x10 231 75 39 45.24 280 34.5 168.5 129.5 39 84.24 22852.44 297081.72
 Beams Model Based on Similar Dimension of
beam element
Details of Profile Dimension
Castellated Beam ho hp e b dw bwc p ao bo = e lo A opening A ot
2
Profile mm (mm ) (mm2)
HC 300x100x5.5x8 205 - 51.25 59.45 47.5 221.4 170.15 51.25 110.7 22693.5 295015.5
CC 300x100x5.5x8 170.026 - 51.25 - 284 64.99 221.276 170.026 51.25 110.6 22693.5 340402.5
OC 300x150x7x10 211.073 60 51.25 43.81 44.46 190.122 138.872 51.25 95.06 22693.50 431176.5

Hexagonal shape (left), Circular shape (right), Octagonal shape (centre bottom)
Based on Design Creteria
 Finite Element Analysis with FE Software
The Parameters
StructureType of Castellated L
Load Kind of Analysis
ModelingBeam and Dimension mm
HC 450x300x10x15 1. general
Distributed
Model 1 (ST1) CC 450x300x10x15 6000 2. eigen value buckling
Load
OC 500x250x9x14
HC 300x100x5.5x8
Concentrated
Model 2 (ST2) CC 300x100x5.5x8 4000 general analysis
Load
OC 300x150x7x10

1st Model 2st Model

 Eigen-value Buckling for First Model
1) Eigen value buckling
• It is part of a typical solution for a non-linear buckling problem.
• To predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal elastic structure.
• It computes the structural eigen-values for the given system loading and
constraints taking into consideration the secondary effects (i.e. geometric non
linearity).
• Any buckling mode from a linear buckling analysis can be used to generate
‘imperfections’ on the model for use in a non-linear buckling analysis (material
and geometric nonlinearity).

The loads are applied at along the span and three eigen-modes are extracted
based on the ‘Block Lanczos’ method to verify whether or not there is a
possibility of multiple buckling mode shapes being triggered following the
linear static analysis. As follows:
ST1_HC ( Eigen Mode 1 = 24,701 )

ST1_HC ( Eigen Mode 2 = 42,318 )

ST1_HC ( Eigen Mode 3 = -45,660 )

ST1_CC ( Eigen Mode 1 = 22,655 )

ST1_CC ( Eigen Mode 2 = 36,982)

ST1_CC ( Eigen Mode 3 = -45,149)

 Type of Castellated Eigen Value Deflection (mm) ϑmax
Beams mode 1 mode 2 mode 3 mode 1 mode 2 mode 3 (mm)
Hexagonal 24.701 42.318 -45.660 0.9904 0.4173 0.5991 1.2305
Circular 22.655 36.982 -45.149 0.9912 0.2569 0.5591 1.1667
Octoogonal 17.691 29.443 -32.452 0.9874 0.1282 0.5760 1.1503
Note:
ϑmax calculated based on SRSS (Square Root of Sum Square) method.

Eigen value Result for Model 1 Deflection Result for Model 1

60 1.2

40 42.318 1.0 0.9904 0.9912 0.9874

36.982
29.443

Deflection (mm)
24.701 22.655 0.8 deflection_mode 1
20
Eigen value

17.691 eigen value_mode 1

0 eigen value_mode 2 0.6 0.5991 0.5591 0.5760 deflection_mode 2
Hexagonal Circular Octoogonal eigen value_mode 3 0.4 0.4173
-20 deflection_mode 3
-32.452 0.2569
0.2
-40 0.1282
-45.660 -45.149
0.0
-60 Hexagonal Circular Octoogonal

Based on Eigen-value Buckling Analysis for fisrt model, Hexagonal Castellated

Beam produces deflection 1.2305 mm, Circular Castellated Beam produces
deflection 1.1667 mm and Octogonal Castellated Beam’s deflection is 1.1503 mm.
In the other words, from the Eigen-value Buckling Analysis, Octagonal Castellated
Beam has the lowest deflection.
 Static General Analysis Result of First Model

Von Mises Contour of ST1_HC

S23 Contour of ST1_HC

Deflection Contour of ST1_HC

Type of Castellated S33 S23 S Max Principal Displacement

Von Mises
Beams (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (mm)
Hexagonal 97.922 -8.909 48.258 46.858 6.724
Circular 141.167 -2.431 65.030 72.474 4.859
Octoogonal 89.571 -4.330 45.166 45.479 5.604
 Static General Analysis Result of Second Model

Von Mises Contour of ST2_HC

S23 Contour of ST2_HC

Deflection Contour of ST2_HC

Type of Castellated Von Mises S33 (N/mm2) S23 (N/mm2) S Max Principal (N/mm2) Displacement
Beams top bottom top bottom top bottom top bottom (mm)
Hexagonal 83.023 99.709 -19.813 63.548 42.953 53.181 68.809 35.024 1.920
Circular 153.209 148.641 -147.634 133.833 26.943 36.375 11.503 143.697 7.981
Octoogonal 240.000 240.000 -297.167 290.685 53.832 62.791 -62.447 295.025 11.750
Evaluation of the Web Post Buckling
and Vierendeel mechanism

Web post bending stresses due to horizontal shear force

Web Post Buckling
 Web Post Buckling evaluation Results
The evaluation of Web post buckling and Vierendeel Mechanism here based on Aglan and Redwood
(the exact solution, beam element analysis)
and Soltani et al (based on the output from Finite Element Software analysis)

Buckling Analysis Based on Aglan and Redwood

Vhi by Aglan and Redwood Formula
2
Vhi Msd Mel,Rd α β C1 C2 C3 Msd/Mel,Rd C1.α C2.α C3. 0,6 Min Condition of Web-post
(N) (Nmm) (Nmm) Buckling
683840.5 104285682 9302500 1.08 30.5 7.94 2.71 5.24 11.2105 8.579 3.163 3.145 3.145 Web post buckling was occur
926493.2 143143200 17144568.36 1.25 30.9 7.96 2.72 5.25 8.3492 9.949 4.250 3.150 3.150 Web post buckling was occur
261514.9 49818581 8372250 0.79 42.33 8.18 2.86 5.32 5.9504 6.459 1.787 3.192 1.787 Web post buckling was occur

Buckling Analysis Based on Soltani, et al

2
Vhi Msd Mel,Rd α β C1 C2 C3 Msd/Mel,Rd C1.α C2.α C3. 0,6 Min
Condition of Web-post Buckling
(N) (Nmm) (Nmm)
615293.054 93832190.78 9302500 1.08 30.5 7.94 2.71 5.24 10.0868 8.579 3.163 3.145 3.145 Web post buckling was occur
231512.318 35768653.12 17144568.36 1.25 30.9 7.96 2.72 5.25 2.0863 9.949 4.250 3.150 3.150 Web post buckling wasn't occur
198795.984 37870634.88 8372250 0.79 42.3 8.18 2.86 5.32 4.5234 6.459 1.787 3.192 1.787 Web post buckling was occur
 Vierendeel Mechanism
Based on Aglan and Redwood formula:
Based on Solatani, et al:

Vierendeel Mechanism evaluation Result

Based on Aglan and Redwood:
First Yield Vr by Aglan and Redwood Formula (Zaarour, 1995)
V (stem) V (flange) Mvrd Vsd top Vsd bot Vsd Vsd x leff Condition of Vierendeel
(N) (N) (Nmm) (N) (N) (Nmm) Mechanism (VM)
35640.1 24773.37 3096189.96 11221.367 13893.589 25114.96 1287141.46 VM was occur
35472.74 24778.46 3102937.01 6964.636 9402.886 16367.52 842927.39 VM was occur
53586.27 41749.26 3718085.77 13000.428 15163.930 28164.36 1098409.96 VM was occur

Based on Solatani, et al:

Vr by Soltani, et al Formula (2011)
Vr top Vr bot Mvrd Vsd top Vsd bot Vsd Vsd x leff Condition of Vierendeel
(N) (Nmm) (N) (N) (Nmm) Mechanism (VM)

62700.00 16601.99 4064227.16 11221.367 13893.589 25114.96 1287141.46 VM was occur

62040.00 34595.84 4976745.94 6964.636 9402.886 16367.52 842927.39 VM was occur
57960.00 70200.43 4998256.67 13000.428 15163.930 28164.36 1098409.96 VM was occur
 Comparing the Evaluation Result
The comparison table of Global Design Moment in First Model
Model 1 before correction after correction
Soltani Redwood Soltani Redwood
Castellated Beam A ot Msd Msd Msd Msd
Profile (mm2) (Nmm) (Nmm) (Nmm) (Nmm)
HC450x300x10x15 753502.5 93832190.78 104285682 124528041.8 138401242.2
CC450x300x10x15 1124288.775 35768653.12 143143200 31814471.44 127318891
OC500x250x9x14 999250.35 37870634.88 49818581.04 37899045.9 49855955.55

The comparison table of total resistance to the local Vierendeel Bending in Second Model

Model 2 before correction after correction

Soltani Redwood Soltani Redwood
Castellated Beam A ot Mvrd Mvrd Mvrd Mvrd
Profile 2
(mm ) (Nmm) (Nmm) (Nmm) (Nmm)
HC300x100x5.5x8 295015.5 4064227.16 3096189.957 5510526.953 4198003.097
CC300x100x5.5x8 433059.38 4976745.936 3121722.6 4596825.439 2883412.986
OC300x150x7x10 297081.72 4998256.673 3718085.766 6729807.102 5006145.469
Based on Similar Dimension
Comparison of Maximum Principal Stress and Displacement Static General Analysis

Model Castellated Beams

bwc e A opening A ot
Load
Max Max Principal
(mm) 2
(mm ) Displacement Stress

HC 300x100x5.5x8 47.5 51.25 22693.5 295015.5 4.992 130.40

d
te
bu
1 CC 300x100x5.5x8 64.99 51.25 22693.5 340402.5 12.690 260.70

tri
is
OC 300x150x7x10 44.46 51.25 22693.49917 431176.4842 15.240 274.00

D
HC 300x100x5.5x8 47.5 51.25 22693.5 295015.5 1.920 68.81

d
te
ra
2 CC 300x100x5.5x8 64.99 51.25 22693.5 340402.5 5.064 110.70

nt
ce
on
OC 300x150x7x10 44.46 51.25 22693.49917 431176.4842 5.359 146.70

C
Displacement Maximum Comparison Maximum Principal Stress Comparison
20.0 300.0

S Max Principal (N/mm2)

Displacement (mm)

260.70 274.00
250.0
15.0 15.240
12.690 200.0
10.0 150.0 146.70
130.40
5.359 100.0 110.70
5.0 4.992 5.064
68.81
1.920 50.0
0.0
0.0
Hexagonal Circular Octagonal
Hexagonal Circular Octagonal
displacement due to Concentrated Load
S max principal due to Distributed Load
displacement due to Distributed Load S max principal due to Concentrated Load

From table and figures above, shown that Hexagonal Castellated Beam produces
the lowest displacement and maximum principal stress while the Octagonal
Castellated Beam produces the highest displacement and maximum principal
stress due to distributed and concentrated load.
 Web Post Buckling evaluation Result
Distributed Vr by Soltani, et al Formula (2011)
2
Castellated Beam Vhi Msd Mel,Rd α β C1 C2 C3 Msd/Mel,Rd C1.α C2.α C3. 0,6 Min
Condition of Web-post Buckling
Profile (N) (Nmm) (Nmm)
HC300x100x5.5x8 77005.7434 7893088.694 2311375 1.08 37.27 8.14 2.82 5.32 3.4149 8.787 3.291 3.194 3.194 Web post buckling was occur
CC300x100x5.5x8 181829.8 15457917.25 3310059.386 1.301 30.91 7.96 2.72 5.25 4.6700 10.359 4.608 3.150 3.150 Web post buckling was occur
OC300x150x7x10 199260.501 21029245.89 2941750 0.90 30.2 7.93 2.70 5.24 7.1485 7.142 2.194 3.141 2.194 Web post buckling was occur

Concentrated Vr by Soltani, et al Formula (2011)

Castellated Beam Vhi Msd Mel,Rd α β C1 C2 C3 Msd/Mel,Rd C1.α C2.α2 C3. 0,6 Min
Condition of Web-post Buckling
Profile (N) (Nmm) (Nmm)
HC300x100x5.5x8 36776.1203 3769552.329 2311375 1.08 37.27 8.14 2.82 5.32 1.6309 8.787 3.291 3.194 3.194 Web post buckling wasn't occur
CC300x100x5.5x8 45607.2704 3877216.011 3310059.386 1.301 30.91 7.96 2.72 5.25 1.1713 10.359 4.608 3.150 3.150 Web post buckling wasn't occur
OC300x150x7x10 175239.404 18494144.61 2941750 0.90 30.2 7.93 2.70 5.24 6.2868 7.142 2.194 3.141 2.194 Web post buckling was occur

Vhi by Aglan and Redwood Formula

2
Castellated Beam Vhi Msd Mel,Rd α β C1 C2 C3 Msd/Mel,Rd C1.α C2.α C3. 0,6 Min Condition of Web-post
Profile (N) (Nmm) (Nmm) Buckling
HC300x100x5.5x8 240200.9 24620597 2311375 1.08 37.3 8.14 2.82 5.32 10.6519 8.787 3.291 3.194 3.194 Web post buckling was occur
CC300x100x5.5x8 541308.5 46018319 3310059.386 1.3 30.9 7.96 2.72 5.25 13.9026 10.359 4.608 3.150 3.150 Web post buckling was occur
OC300x150x7x10 173308.4 18290359 2941750 0.90 30.15 7.93 2.70 5.24 6.2175 7.142 2.194 3.141 2.194 Web post buckling was occur
 Vierendeel Mechanism evaluation Results
Vierendeel Mechanism analysis based on Soltani, et al
Distributed Vr by Soltani, et al Formula (2011)
Castellated Beam Mvrd Vsd top Vsd bot Vsd Vsd x leff Condition of Vierendeel
Profile (Nmm) (N) (N) (Nmm) Mechanism (VM)

HC300x100x5.5x8 4505687.31 25196.700 25156.520 50353.22 2580602.55 VM was occur

CC300x100x5.5x8 8386062.31 23060.604 14918.271 37978.87 1946417.33 VM was occur
OC300x150x7x10 5824160.92 22596.792 21807.459 44404.25 2275717.87 VM was occur

Concentrated Vr by Soltani, et al Formula (2011)

Castellated Beam Mvrd Vsd top Vsd bot Vsd Vsd x leff Condition of Vierendeel
Profile (Nmm) (N) (N) (Nmm) Mechanism (VM)

HC300x100x5.5x8 3792853.63 12314.097 6743.385 19057.48 976695.96 VM was occur

CC300x100x5.5x8 5900776.35 7313.405 9166.077 16479.48 844573.47 VM was occur
OC300x150x7x10 4545477.48 14411.915 10072.848 24484.76 1254844.11 VM was occur

Vierendeel Mechanism analysis based on Aglan and Redwood

Vr by Aglan and Redwood Formula (Zaarour, 1995)
Castellated Beam Mvrd Vsd top Vsd bot Vsd Vsd x leff Condition of Vierendeel
Profile (Nmm) (N) (N) (Nmm) Mechanism (VM)
HC300x100x5.5x8 3096189.96 25196.700 25156.520 50353.22 2580602.55 VM was occur
CC300x100x5.5x8 3106568.61 23060.604 14918.271 37978.87 1946417.33 VM was occur
OC300x150x7x10 4885946.04 22596.792 21807.459 44404.25 2275717.87 VM was occur
 Resume
Table 4.24 Resume based on design creteria
Eigen-value Formula
buckling Static General Analysis Soltani et al Aglan&Redwood

e
M odel

bwc A opening A ot Max Max Max Principal

Castellated Beams Load VM WPB VM WPB
(mm) 2
(mm ) Deflection Displacement Stress

HC450x300x10x15 72.5 76.25 50233.5 753502.5 1.230 6.724 46.858 √ √ √ √

te d
1 CC450x300x10x15 70 77.25 74952.585 1124288.775 1.167 4.859 72.474 √ - √ √

ib u
str
OC500x250x9x14 59.5 76.25 66616.69 999250.35 1.150 5.604 45.479 √ √ √ √

Di
HC300x100x5.5x8 47.5 51.25 22693.5 295015.5 - 1.920 51.917 √ √ √ √

ted
2 CC300x100x5.5x8 47 51.5 33312.26 433059.38 - 7.981 77.600 √ - √ √

tra
en
OC300x150x7x10 34.5 39 22852.44 297081.72 nc - 11.750 116.289 √ √ √ √
Co

From table 4.24, where the dimension of Castellated Beams based on design
criteria that refers to table of PT. Gunung Garuda; both for model 1 and model 2
shown that Circular Castellated Beam produces the highest total area of opening.
The larger number of total area of web opening will increase its maximum
principal stress. Also, the larger number of total area of web opening will decrease
the total weight of the beam and it will decrease the total weight of building,
therefore the dimension of foundation will be decreased and amount of money for
sub structural work could be saved.
 Table 4.25 Resume based on similar dimension of beam element (see APPENDIX A,
table 3)
Formula
Static General Analysis Soltani et al Aglan&Redwood
e
M o d el

bwc A opening A ot Max Max Principal

Castellated Beams Load VM WPB VM WPB
(mm) (mm2) Displacement Stress

HC 300x100x5.5x8 47.5 51.25 22693.5 295015.5 4.992 130.40 √ √ √ √

te d
1 CC 300x100x5.5x8 64.99 51.25 22693.5 340402.5 12.690 260.70 √ √ √ √

ib u
s tr
OC 300x150x7x10 44.46 51.25 22693.49917 431176.4842 15.240 274.00 √ √ √ √

Di
HC 300x100x5.5x8 47.5 51.25 22693.5 295015.5 1.920 68.81 √ - √ √

te d
2 CC 300x100x5.5x8 64.99 51.25 22693.5 340402.5 5.064 110.70 √ - √ √

tr a
en
nc
OC 300x150x7x10 44.46 51.25 22693.49917 431176.4842 5.359 146.70 √ √ √ √

Co
From table 4.25, where the dimension of Castellated Beams has similar
area of opening and throat distance (e), shown that Hexagonal Castellated
Beam produces the lowest displacement and maximum principal stress
while the Octagonal Castellated Beam produces the highest displacement
and maximum principal stress due to distributed and concentrated load.
 Conclusion
Based on design criteria of Castellated Beams dimension:
• In terms of Eigen-value Buckling Analysis in first model (after correction), Hexagonal Castellated
Beam produces deflection 1,633 mm, Circular Castellated Beam produces deflection 1,038 mm
and Octogonal Castellated Beam’s deflection is 1,151 mm. In the other words, from the Eigen-
value Buckling Analysis, Circular Castellated Beam has the lowest deflection.
• In terms of its Global Design Moment in the first model (after correction); By Aglan and
Redwood, the Msd of Hexagonal Castellated Beam is 138401242,2 Nmm while by Soltani is
124528041,8 Nmm. For Circular Castellated Beam, Msd by Aglan and Redwood is 127318891
Nmm while by Soltani is 31814471,44 Nmm. For Octagonal Castellated Beam, Msd by Aglan and
Redwood is 49855955,55 Nmm while by Soltani is 37899045,9 Nmm. In the other words from
Global Design Moment in first Model; both Aglan and Redwood, and Soltani formula shown
that Circular Castellated Beam is the optimum shape than the others.
• In terms of its total resistance to the local Vierendeel Bending in the second model (after
correction); By Aglan and Redwood, the Mvrd of Hexagonal Castellated Beam is 4198003,097
Nmm while by Soltani is 5510526,953 Nmm. For Circular Castellated Beam, Mvrd by Aglan and
Redwood is 2883412,986 Nmm while by Soltani is 4596825,439 Nmm. For Octagonal
Castellated Beam, Mvrd by Aglan and Redwood is 5006145,469 Nmm while by Soltani is
6729807,102 Nmm. In the other words, from total resistance to the local Vierendeel Bending in
second model; both Aglan and Redwood, and Soltani formula shown that Circular Castellated is
the optimum shape than the others.
• The larger number of total area of web opening will increase its maximum principal stress.
Also, the larger number of total area of web opening will decrease the total weight of the beam
and it will decrease the total weight of building, therefore the dimension of foundation will be
decreased and amount of money for sub structural work could be saved.
 Conclusion
Based on similar dimension of Castellated Beams element:

• With similar area of web opening and throat distance (e), Hexagonal
Castellated Beam produces the lowest displacement and Maximum
Principal Stress while the Octagonal Castellated Beam produces the
highest Displacement and Maximum Principal Stress due to distributed
and concentrated load. In other words, from the analysis with the similar
area of opening from three models of Castellated Beams (hexagonal,
circular and octagonal) shown that Hexagonal Castellated Beam is the
most optimum shape.
• In terms of investigation analysis based on Aglan and Redwood, and
Soltani formula shown that Vierendeel Mechanism occurs in all types of
opening due to distributed and concentrated load.
• In terms of investigation analysis of Web Post Buckling based on Soltani
formula shown that due to distributed load, the Web Post Buckling occurs
in all specimens. Meanwhile, due to concentrated load, the Web Post
Buckling occurs only in Octagonal Castellated Beam. Based on Aglan and
Redwood formula, both due to distributed and concentrated load, the
Web Post Buckling occurs in all types of opening web.
 Conclusion
• There are the differences between Aglan and
Rdwood, and Soltani formula because because Aglan
and Redwood formula consider the four plastic
hinges, while Soltani formula based on the real
condition in Castellated Beam element from Finite
Element Software.
 Future Work
• Finite Element Analysis is a good choice of solution
when traditional buckling theory is difficult to observe
and there are also no closed formed solutions.
However, there are not any closed form solutions for
the design of perforated steel beams and particularly
for web post buckling. The movement of the stress
concentration in the vicinity of the web openings is still
under question. Consequently, it needs further studies
to be published especially on details of the Finite
Element techniques and a comprehensive parametric
study of web post buckling in Castellated Beams.
Thank You

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