CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: MATTER AND MEASUREMENT

MATTER- ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS (mixtures or

pure substances) (Fig 1.9)

states of matter
HETEROGENEOUS-PARTICLES CAN BE OBSERVED INDIVIDUALLY
HOMOGENEOUS-COMPOSITION IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT
PURE SUBSTANCE-A SAMPLE OF MATTER WHOSE PROPERTIES
(chemical and physical) AND COMPOSITION ARE FIXED. CANNOT BE
CHANGED BY SEPARATION INTO COMPONENTS BY PHYSICAL MEANS

COMPOUND- MATTER THAT CONSISTS OF TWO OR MORE TYPES OF

ATOMS CHEMICALLY COMBINED IN DEFINITE PROPORTIONS

ELEMENT- A PURE SUBSTANCE THAT CONTAINS ONLY ONE TYPE OF

ATOM

ATOM- THE SMALLEST PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT THAT RETAINS THE

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENT

MOLECULE - A CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CAN BE MEASURED WITHOUT ALTERING THE

COMPOSITION
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ARE THOSE WHICH INVOLVE A CHANGE IN
COMPOSITION

EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES DEPEND ON THE QUANTITY OF MATTER

INTENSIVE PROPERTIES DO NOT DEPEND ON THE AMOUNT OF MATTER

List and classify properties

Most data and results consist of a number and units

Lets look at the number part first

There are two types on numbers

exact numbers
inexact numbers

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES INDICATE TO THE READER THE PRECISION OF

THE MEASUREMENT (the level of uncertainty)

Contrast precision and accuracy

HOW MANY SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN A NUMBER?
- COUNTING NUMBERS and DEFINED QUANTITIES HAVE AN INFINITE
NUMBER OF SIG. FIG.
-ALL NON-ZERO DIGITS ARE SIGNIFICANT
-A ZERO SURROUNDED BY NON-ZERO DIGITS IS SIGNIFICANT
-A ZERO AT THE BEGINNING OF A NUMBER IS NOT SIGNIFICANT
-A ZERO AT THE END OF A NUMBER WITH A DECIMAL POINT IS
SIGNIFICANT

Scientific Notation is a method of expressing very large or small numbers.

In scientific notation a number is displayed with one digit to the left of the
decimal point multiplied by a power of 10

# OF SIG. FIG. IN CALC.

MULTI. AND DIVISION

-THE RESULT HAS THE SAME NUMBER of SIG. FIG. AS THE DATA POINT
WITH THE FEWEST # of SIG. FIG.

Calculate the density (derived quan.) (ρ=m/V) of a metal that has a mass of
15.293 g and a volume of 3.5 ml.

calculate the following:

10.0 g + .5 g
10.0 g + .5109 g
10.0 g + .5109 kg
10.0 g + .5109 mg

+ AND -
-THE # OF DECIMAL PLACES IN THE ANSWER IS DETERMINED BY THE
DATA POINT WITH THE FEWEST # OF DECIMAL PLACES

SI UNITS (TABLE 1.4)

MASS kilogram, kg
LENGTH meter, m
TIME second, s
TEMPERATURE Kelvin, K
AMOUNT, mole, mol

Dimensional Analysis- a process in which a quantity in one set of units is

transformed into another set of units by multi. by a series of conversion
factors.
(Inside back cover)

convert 20.0 miles/hour to cm/s

What is the mass in pounds of a cube (1.00ft on an edge) of gold (19.6

g/cm3)?

Law of Constant Composition

(Definite proportions)

Calculate the %Pb in a 2.50 g sample of compound if it contained 2.17 g of

Pb and .33 g of O. Would the % Pb in another sample of this compound be
the same?