CIE48 Proceedings, 2-5 December 2018, The University of Auckland

AN OPEN-AIR ANALYSIS OF THE AIR POLLUTANTS IN MALAYSIAN ATMOSPHERE AND

EXPERTS ENGAGEMENT WORKSHOP ON SMART MOBILITY

Sarfraz Nawaz Brohi*, Thulasyammal Ramiah Pillai, David Asirvatham

School of Computing and IT
Taylor’s University, Selangor, Malaysia
SarfrazNawaz.Brohi@taylors.edu.my

ABSTRACT
Due to increase in population and modern urbanization, air pollution has become one of the
primary culprits that has catastrophic effects on the health and environment. Cities are
looking forward to undertaking smart and sustainable mobility initiatives in a bid to reduce
the emission of air pollutants. However, eco-friendly mobility practices require significant
transformations in the city’s infrastructure, governance strategies, policies, technology, and
public perception. In this research, we analyze the generation of air pollutants such as O3,
NO2, CO, SO2, and PM10 in the Malaysian atmosphere. We performed descriptive statistics on
the data collected from the Department of Environment Malaysia using openair package from
comprehensive R archive network. This research also contains the qualitative analysis of the
workshop that we organized to brainstorm the smart mobility challenges and initiatives in
Malaysia. The experts from 17 government, private and non-governmental organizations who
are striving to make smart mobility a reality, attended the workshop. Moreover, in this
research, we emphasize the importance of community engagement in achieving smart and
sustainable mobility by discussing the successful implementation of eco-friendly mobility
practices in Suwon.
Keywords: Air pollutants, Data analysis, Smart mobility

* Sarfraz Nawaz Brohi

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1 INTRODUCTION
It has been a consistent challenge for the city councils and other government authorities to
redefine policies, redesign infrastructure, and improve existing facilities to accommodate the
mobility needs of the rapidly growing urban population. Over 50% of the global population
resides in cities WHO [1]. In Malaysia, the current modes of mobility are not eco-friendly, and
they contribute to the emission of air pollutants. Due to an incompetent public transport
system, lack of awareness and willingness to contribute in a green environment, Malaysian
citizens are reluctant to practice smart and eco-friendly mobility via services such as public
transportation, carpooling, cycling, and walking SN Brohi [2]. The increasing number of
motorized vehicles result in air pollution that has drastic effects on the citizens’ health.
According to WHO, every year, about 7 million people die due to polluted air particles. The
air pollutants such as Ozone (O3), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Particular Matter (PM) and Nitrogen
Dioxide (NO2) are capable of causing severe diseases such as respiratory, cardiovascular, lung
cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary. In 2013, the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) classified PM as the cause of lung cancer WHO [3]. According to Department of
Environment (DoE) Malaysia, in 2015, the aggregated emission of air pollutants load reached
to 209,156 metric tonnes of SO, 835,927 metric tonnes of NO2, 23,904 metric tonnes of PM and
2,001,195 metric tonnes of CO Department of Environment Malaysia [4]. The rapid
development of technology makes it possible to overcome the problems of air pollution by
undertaking smart cities initiatives Jakub [5].
A smart city involves the use of modern and revolutionized technology to enrich workability,
sustainability, and liveability Smart Cities Council [6]. The pollutants must be accurately
measured, monitored as well as managed for the city officials to analyze and improve air
quality. The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) is presenting new possibilities for air
quality monitoring and management for smart cities. In smart cities, solutions such as the
Sustainability Cloud Platform enables the authorities to monitor, forecast and reduce air
pollution in a city through actionable data using technologies such as IoT, big data and machine
learning Logic Ladder [7]. However, technology can assist when it is properly implemented,
and a smart city is not exclusively based on the use of technology Hollands [8], it also requires
smart communities as well as governance strategies. The impact of air pollution can be
reduced if communities participate in smart mobility practices. Smart mobility is considered
as the primary source to seek more sustainable transport systems Benevolo [9]; Francini [10];
Staricco [11]. Unfortunately, the cities in Malaysia are starving of relishing smart mobility
opportunities due to infrastructure, technology, behavioral and governance challenges.
The objective of this research is to analyze the generation of pollutants in Malaysian
atmosphere and to identify the vulnerabilities as well as strengths of the smart mobility
initiatives undertaken by the government and other collaborative authorities in the country.
The results of the data analysis prove that emission rate from various sources is emerging and
it is dangerous to the health and environment. Therefore, there is a need for further research
in the domain to formulate solutions to enable as well as encourage smart and eco-friendly
mobility practices in Malaysia. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2
elaborates the related work. The methodology of this research is discussed in Section 3.
Section 4 contains the quantitative analysis on the generation of the air pollutants. The
qualitative analysis on the findings of the experts’ engagements workshop on smart mobility
challenges and initiatives in Malaysia is provided in Section 5. In Section 6, we have
emphasized the importance of community engagement in achieving sustainable and eco-
friendly mobility by discussing the initiatives implemented in the city of Suwon. The research
is concluded with the discussion on its future direction in Section 7.

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2 RELATED WORK
Shweta [12] described the use of fuzzy logic and microcontroller in the transport system for
enhancing the use of public transport and reducing private vehicle usage for environmental
protection. The software analyses the data and process the information. It intimates the user
the amount of fuel consumed, and distance traveled. By analyzing the user data, the software
suggests useful information on eco-friendly sources of mobility. Shaun [13] presented an
approach to protect cyclists from the effects of urban pollution. They designed a cyber-
physical system that mitigates the effect of urban pollution by indirectly controlling the
ventilation rates. Jose [14] proposed an optimization strategy based on swarm intelligence to
find efficient cycle programs for traffic lights deployed in large urban areas. They worked on
the improvement of the traffic flow with the global purpose of reducing contaminant emissions
(CO2 and NOx) and fuel consumption in the analyzed areas. Eleftherios [15] discussed the role
of teleworking as the promising tool for urban planning and development by focusing on traffic
volume reduction and air quality improvement. They examined five main air pollutants: SO2,
O3, NO2, CO, and PM10. Based on the fixed effects estimates, teleworking reduces traffic
volume by 1.9%. Irina [16] proposed the concept of the smart-bike control system, which was
developed to help the cyclist in the situations when the values of his/her physical condition
as well as parameters of the environment are critical. Muhammad [17] deployed Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN) nodes for constant monitoring of air pollution around the city and the
moving buses and cars. This methodology monitors data from the stationary nodes deployed
in the city to the mobile nodes on buses and cars. The data of the air pollution particles such
as gases, smoke, and other pollutants are collected via sensors on the buses, and the data was
analyzed when the buses and cars reach back to the source after passing through the stationary
nodes around the city. Marcello [18] discussed the impact of human mobility patterns on the
performance of sensor network infrastructures. Piyavach [19] used existing low-cost sensor to
detect PM10 and PM2.5 value. RuiquMa [20] emphasized that technology alone cannot make a
city smart. It is the way in which technology is used to serve the citizens.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology of this research is based on quantitative and qualitative data analysis.
Firstly, we performed statistical analysis on the data that we collected from DoE Malaysia,
and secondly, we analyzed the data related to smart cities initiatives obtained during the
experts’ engagement workshop.

3.1 Quantitative Analysis

The air pollution data was collected from a station in the city of Cheras which is located in
the Greater Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia). The hourly observations of air
pollutants covering the period of 2005-2015 with 67,607 counts were obtained from DoE. These
datasets consist of hourly data of five air pollutants namely SO2 , NO2 , CO, O3 and PM10 . In
this paper, we used descriptive statistics to analyze the air pollutants data. The descriptive
statistics indices that we have utilized are mean, Standard Deviation (SD), Coefficient
Variation (CV), Minimum (Min), Median, Maximum, Skewness and Kurtosis. The CV is a
standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or the frequency distribution.
The skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued
random variable about its mean. The kurtosis index is a measure of each time the data shows
a flattening or elongation from the normal probability density distribution. The high kurtosis
values indicate that the probability density distribution is concentrated. The variation of the
five pollutants by day of the week, a mean hour of a day and a combined hour of a day, the
day of a week and monthly plots were given using the time variation plot from the openair R
package Carslaw [21]; Carslaw [22]. This helped us to consider the difference between the
pollutants values over different time scales.

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3.2 Qualitative Analysis

We organized a workshop at Taylor’s University Lakeside campus to gather feedback from the
experts regarding smart mobility challenges and initiatives. The experts joining the workshop
were from the government, private and non-governmental companies recognized for
undertaking as well as facilitating smart and sustainable cities initiatives in Malaysia. The
companies participating in the workshop include the Perbadanan Putrajaya, DoE, Institute for
Medical Research, Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology, Green Tech
Corporation, Kuala Lumpur City Hall, Economic Planning Unit, Urbanice Malaysia, SPAD Land
Public Transport Commission, Ministry of Transport Malaysia, Petaling Jaya City Council,
Mobility Association for Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Urban Well Being Housing and
Local Government, Barrier Free Environment and Accessible Transport, oBike Malaysia,
Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources, and Prasarana Malaysia. The core expertise of
the participant include areas such as green innovation, smart mobility, urban planning,
governance, technology, and policy-making. We set up round tables to encourage discussion
and to brainstorm among the experts from the heterogeneous domains, and a scribe was
allocated to each table to gather information. We pre-processed, summarized and analyzed
the collected data. As a result, we classified the data into two main categories, i.e.,
Challenges and Initiatives. The findings of the experts’ engagement workshop are discussed in
Section 5.

4 OPEN-AIR ANALYSIS: SO2, NO2, O3, CO, AND PM10

There is a high variance in O3 because the CV value is 1.263 as shown in Table 1. However,
there is a low variance among the NO2 , CO, and PM10. The skewness of all the pollutants is
positive which indicates that the tail is on the right side where the mean is greater than the
median and the median is greater than the mode. The kurtosis values are very high for the
pollutants SO2 and PM10 . It may be due to the outliers in these data sets, and they are
concentrated. Certain time and day, the pollutant SO2 and PM10 are extremely high may be
due to the heavy traffic and haze. The mean value of these pollutants is lower than the
Malaysian air quality guideline levels. The maximum level of O3 and PM10 values are higher
than guideline levels. This shows that sometimes we are exposed to the threatening level of
O3 and PM10 pollutants.

Table 1: Concentration of 𝐏𝐌𝟏𝟎 (in 𝛍𝐠/𝐦𝟑 ), 𝐒𝐎𝟐 , 𝐍𝐎𝟐 , 𝐂𝐎 and 𝐎𝟑 (in ppm)

Pollutant Mean SD CV Min Median Maximum Skewness Kurtosis

O3 0.019 0.024 1.263 0.000 0.007 0.181 1.643 2.672

SO2 0.002 0.002 1.000 0.000 0.002 0.066 6.384 95.117

NO2 0.021 0.011 0.524 0.000 0.019 0.112 0.874 0.886

CO 0.883 0.591 0.669 0.000 0.740 7.440 1.469 3.569

PM10 50.072 28.861 0.576 5.000 45.000 704.000 4.972 60.613

Figure 1 and Figure 2(a) showing the value of the O3 as the constant value of 0.3 from midnight
until 9 am. After 9 am, the value slowly increased and achieved the peak (2.0) at 2 pm daily.
The gradual reduction follows it until midnight. This is the daily trend of O3 in Cheras.
However, the peak is not 2.0 on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. The SO2 value is dropping from
midnight until 6 am. After 6 am, it starts to increase until 12 pm. Then again, it drops until 6
am the following day. The decreasing trend can be seen from Friday to Sunday in O3 and SO2.

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The SO2 and O3 show only one peak at 12 pm and 2 pm respectively. The trend of O3
demonstrated that its formation is influenced by sunlight through photochemical reactions
Atkinson [23]; Sillman [24] and heat. The SO2 value may be due to the result of generated
electricity through fossil fuel burning power stations. There are two peaks (9 am, and 12 am)
in daily NO2 , CO and PM10 measurements in Figure 1 and Figure 2(a).

Figure 1: Hourly Pollutants Levels in a Week

Table 2: Summary of Month and Season Where the Pollutants Obtain the Highest and
Lowest Values

Pollutant Low values High values

Month Season Month Season

O3 Jan, Apr, Sept NEM, pre- June, Oct SWM, post-monsoon

monsoon, SWM

SO2 Jan, Sept, Dec NEM, SWM, Mar, Apr, NEM, pre-monsoon,
June SWM

NO2 Jan, Sept, Nov NEM, SWM, post- Mar, Apr, NEM, pre-monsoon,
monsoon June SWM

CO Jan, July, Nov NEM, SWM, post- Mar, June NEM, SWM
monsoon

PM10 Jan, Nov NEM, post- Mar, Apr, July NEM, pre-monsoon,
monsoon SWM

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The values dropped until 6 am, then gradually increase to the peak at 9 am and it reduces
until 5 pm. The second increase starts at 5 pm until it reaches the peak at 12 am. The CO level
is higher than the NO2 level. The PM10 level drops on Sunday from midnight and slightly
increases at 6 pm. The Figure 2(a) shows clearly that NO2, CO and PM10 peak daily around 9
am -12 pm and midnight. The values of the pollutants are gradually increasing from Monday
to Thursday and decreasing from Friday to Sunday. It can be seen clearly in Figure 2(c). The
traffic congestion, particularly during the morning peak and evening peak, on the weekdays,
led to the higher amount of CO in the atmosphere. The late evening CO and NO2 peaks can
also be attributed to meteorological conditions, particularly atmospheric stability and wind
speed Awang [25]; Afroz [26]. The NO2 could be produced as a result of road traffic and other
fossil fuel combustion process. The vehicle emission led to unhealthy ambient CO. In central
Spain, it has been detected that the PM10 source is due to the traffic in urban areas Pedro
[27]. Hence, the morning and evening rush hour traffic may have caused this situation in
Cheras as in the other parts of the world.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2: Hourly Pollutants Levels on Day, Month and Weekdays

There are 4 seasons in Malaysia namely Northeast Monsoon (NEM (rainy period)) (Dec-Mar) and
Pre-monsoon (Apr-May), Southwest Monsoon (SWM (dry period)) (Jun-Sept) and Post-Monsoon
(Oct-Nov) Yusuke [28]; Tangang [29]. The lowest value for all the pollutants fall in January
(NEM), and the pollutants of SO2 , O3 , and NO2 in September (SWM), and pollutants of NO2 , CO
and PM10 in November (post-monsoon). The SO2 and NO2 highest values are in the three
months consecutively in March, April and June (pre-monsoon). The O3 values show the highest
in June (SWM) and in October (Post-monsoon). The CO value is the highest in March and
December (NEM). This can be seen clearly in Figure 2 (b) and Table 2. The summary given in
Table 2 was obtained using the Figure 2 (b). However, we could not conclude whether the
highest readings of the pollutants are obtained during the dry season or rainy season. This is
one of the limitations of this paper. There is a strong association between the hourly air
pollution levels and the daily activities in Cheras. The weekdays’ air pollution levels are higher
than the weekends. This could be due to the heavy traffic and business activities during the
weekdays. Hence, we have studied the views of various stakeholders on how to handle these
problems.

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5 EXPERTS ENGAGEMENT WORKSHOP: SMART MOBILITY CHALLENGES AND INITIATIVES

The lack of participation and interest in smart mobility practices have resulted in harmful
impacts on the environment and health of the citizens. The pollutants generated per vehicle
could be controlled by using less number of motorized vehicles, i.e., by practicing eco-friendly
and smart mobility. However, several challenges need to be addressed for the citizens to
consider smart mobility practices in Malaysia. These challenges range from the limitations of
the infrastructure to the behavior and perception of the citizens. The workshop findings
related to smart mobility challenges and initiatives are further elaborated in the following
sub-sections and represented in Figure 3.

5.1 Challenges
Several experts emphasized that Malaysian citizens perceive privately own vehicles as a
prestigious symbol of lifestyle. Therefore, they do not prefer to adopt eco-friendly and other
modes of mobility via public transport. The commuters do not use shared transport services
due to security and safety issues, and they do not practice eco-friendly mobility due to an
inappropriate infrastructure as well as weather. The country stays warm in most months
throughout the year SN Brohi [2]. There are no suitable lanes for cycling, and pedestrian walk
bays are narrow and connected to the busiest roads.

Figure 3: Smart Mobility Challenges and Initiatives

Unlike European countries, most walk bays in Malaysia are not interlinked with transport hubs.
There are some bridged walk bays in the capital city Kuala Lumpur that are air-conditioned,
and those are frequently used by the commuters Wayne [30]. However, those bridges are rare
to find, and there is a need for more such facilities to encourage citizens to reduce the use of
motorized vehicles. New cycling lanes were built in the city but inappropriately planned. The
lanes are directly connected to the busiest roads in the city, separated just by blue color

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painting on the main road Yvonne [31]. The cycling paths are not interconnected to major
parts of the towns and do not cover the entire city. Such initiatives have been proven as
dangerous and impractical to encourage cycling in the city. Besides cycling, there are no
facilities or infrastructure to support other eco-friendly modes of transport such as
Velomobile, Tricycle, Skate, Wheelchair, and Push Scooter, etc. The current state of the
public transport system is not convincing enough to motivate the commuters to utilize shared
services. The buses and trains from different routes do not follow accurate schedules, and
they do not coordinate with each other. Therefore, transit becomes very troublesome, and it
causes traffic jam on the roads. There are no appropriate paths or connectivity bridges
between the train and bus stations in the majority of the towns. Commuters need to cross the
busy roads, and such moves demotivate the use of public transport due to lack of comfort,
time consumption, and safety issues. The quality of public transport for long-haul journeys
also requires to be improved, for example, bus companies must introduce services such as free
WiFi Access, facilities for disabled travelers, and wider seats. Furthermore, national security
authorities need to implement strict measures from controlling of crime to monitoring driving
behavior of public transport drivers to guarantee the safety of commuters. The usage of multi-
modal journey planning applications will also provide a sense of satisfaction to the commuters
when it comes to arrival and departure times. Through these applications, commuters can
properly plan their journey without unexpected delays and unpleasant situations.

5.2 Initiatives
During the workshop, experts discussed the initiatives of the government of Malaysia to
overcome the challenges of urban mobility. Moreover, the experts also identified the
initiatives that should be undertaken to formulate sustainable, eco-friendly mobility solutions
in major cities of Malaysia. Although the current cycling infrastructures are not appropriate
and well-developed, however, the government has taken major steps to improve and expand
the cycle paths. The Kuala Lumpur City Council approved a total budget of £765,000 for
improving the cycling lanes across major parts of the city Ling [32]. The private companies
such as oBike introduced station-less share systems through which commuters can rent bicycles
using smartphone applications. Grab Holdings started ridesharing mobility services with
appropriate security features such as real-time tracking of the drivers and provided passengers
with an emergency button that could connect them directly to the police station. The
government also came up the idea of Park-n-Ride facility due to which commuters can park
their privately owned vehicles at the nearest public transport service station to travel to
remote locations. The government also introduced mega bus and train projects known as Bus
Rapid Transit (BRT) and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Pemandu [33]; Bernama [34]. The
introduction of these transportation services resulted in enhanced accessibility of various parts
of the cities. Due to dedicated lanes, these transport services have assisted in the reduction
of traffic. In Kuala Lumpur, approximately 3 million vehicles enter the city every day that
causes congestion, especially during the peak hours. The government also started free bus
services known as Go KL which offers rides in the Kuala Lumpur Central Business District (CBD).
Go KL is intended to provide a reliable, affordable, accessible, safe and comfortable “first
and last mile” city bus service for private vehicle users, public transport commuters and
tourists in CBD. It is also aimed to reduce congestion in Kuala Lumpur by encouraging citizens
to park their cars and use Go KL city bus service to travel around the city Go KL [35]. Apart
from these initiatives, there is a need to form a grand smart mobility alliance, organize
community engagement programs, learn lessons from green mobility cities, and formulate
effective policymaking strategies, further discussed in Section 7.

6 SMART MOBILITY AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: SUWON BY EXAMPLE

The behavior change has become a very critical issue as the transition to green mobility relies
on the willingness of the commuters to leave their cars and switch to eco-friendly modes of
mobility. It is important to educate and aware citizens regarding the harmful effects of

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motorized vehicles and the benefits of eco-friendly mobility. Changing the habits of people is
one of the toughest tasks, and it could be possible through effective community engagement
programs. Commuters consider cars as the symbol of status, and they are used to the car-
centric lifestyle. Therefore, it is very challenging for the policymakers to encourage people to
reduce or stop the use of privately owned motorized vehicles. Apart from government efforts
and initiatives, city councils and other interested authorities must undertake community
engagement initiatives to create awareness of eco-friendly mobility among the citizens. One
of the award-winning examples of such initiative in Asia is the community engagement
program organized in Suwon (the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do in South Korea). Authorities
in Suwon recognized that despite having an effective urban transport system, the behavioral
engagement was below expectations. The officials decided to involve residents directly in the
design and implementation of the mobility strategies and policies. With the launch of
its EcoMobility Festival in 2013 and its commitment to reducing carbon emissions by 2030, the
City of Suwon demonstrated impressive leadership in tackling congestion and pollution, which
are some of the most common transport-related issues plaguing cities around the
world. Thanks to active citizens’ participation, Suwon now boasts a socially and
environmentally sustainable transport system that accurately reflects the mobility needs of
the local community. Suwon’s achievements in urban mobility have transformed the city from
one that was criticized as a city where walking was discouraged and uneasy compared to
driving a car into one that has developed a pedestrian environment that is earning almost as
much praise as its historical UNESCO-listed Hwaseong Fortress.
The municipal government took into account the challenges that increased urbanization and
motorization have created for all groups of pedestrians, including people with limited
mobility. It pioneered the concept of “barrier-free” mobility by seeking to remove obstacles
that can hinder the physical accessibility and mobility of residents, including people with
disabilities. Features that enable a barrier-free urban transport system can include wider
walkways, smooth walking surfaces, curb cuts, and ramps. The municipal government invested
about $12.1 million in infrastructure works to make the city more walkable by creating
sidewalks, better roads, and refurbishing public facilities. Due to this project, an alliance was
formed between the national assembly, central government, Suwon City Council, businesses,
Suwon City hall and city groups. The Festival significantly changed the perception of citizens
towards a liveable city, raising awareness about the importance of more environmentally
friendly transport modes and urban infrastructure. Suwon has sought to build a greener
transport system by introducing low-emission streetcars and encouraging citizens to use public
transport and bicycles. At a national level, the project was recognized for its positive impact
on the urban environment, and it received the 2013 Korean Cityscape Grand Award Julie [36].

7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Sustainable and smart mobility nowadays is the aim of well-developed cities in the world.
However, achieving this goal is challenging because it requires major changes at the national
level. All the authorities must be willing to formulate collaborative strategies, and it should
be included in the country’s agenda and national framework. Additionally, the new
developments for smart mobility should be cost-effective so that majority of the cities should
be able to implement those solutions. It will be very expensive for the cities to revise their
infrastructure, facilities, policies, and technology. The countries looking forward to
undertaking smart mobility initiatives should work together with cities such as Helsinki,
Stockholm, and Suwon, which have successfully employed smart mobility solutions. In
Malaysia, it is the necessity of the moment for all the organizations including government,
private and non-government to collaborate in making smart mobility a reality. The companies
should form a grand alliance to contribute in the areas of smart cities development. The
alliance should include policymakers and government authorities who have sufficient power
to undertake new initiatives. In the future direction of this research, we plan to perform more
advanced data analysis to obtain a seasonal variation of the pollutant values in Cheras. We

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had obtained the temporal variation of the pollutants, but in the future, we will conduct
source apportionment of the pollutants. In other words, by considering the emission of
pollutants, we will perform detailed analytics to identify the source of pollution such as
traffic, industry, power plants, etc. The identification of source could result in controlling the
emissions by formulating alternative eco-friendly approaches. We also plan to develop a
mobile application to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly mobility practices. The
application will provide awareness to users regarding the harmful effects of their mobility on
the environment and health of the citizens, and it would suggest alternative eco-friendly as
well as cost-effective approaches of mobility.

8 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is funded by Taylor’s University under the research grant application ID
(TUFR/2017/004/04) entitled as Modeling and Visualization of Air-Pollution and its Impacts on
Health. The experts’ engagement workshop on smart mobility reported in this paper was
organized and supported under our research grant application ID (216422456) entitled as Smart
Sustainable Cities: Connecting Bristol with Kuala Lumpur, funded by the British Council, UK.

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