Chapter 2

The Operation of Fuzzy Set

2.1 Standard operations of fuzzy set

Complement set A
( x) 1
A A ( x)
Union A B
A B ( x) Max[ A ( x), B ( x)]
Intersection A B
A B ( x) Min [ A ( x), B ( x)]
difference between characteristics of crisp fuzzy set operator
 law of contradiction A A
 law of excluded middle A A X
Table 2.1 Characteristics of standard fuzzy set operators

(1) Involution
A A
(2) Commutativity A B=B A
A B=B A
(3) Associativity (A B) C = A (B C)
(A B) C = A (B C)
(4) Distributivity A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

(5) Idempotency A A=A

A A=A
(6) Absorption A (A B) = A
A (A B) = A
(7) Absorption by X and A X=X
A =
(8) Identity A =A
A X=A
(9) De Morgan’s law
A B A B A B A B
(10) Equivalence formula
(A B) (A B) (A B) (A B)
(11) Symmetrical difference formula
(A B) (A B) (A B) (A B)
2.2 Fuzzy complement

2.2.1 Requirements for complement function

 Complement function
C: [0,1] [0,1]

A
( x) C ( A ( x))

(Axiom C1) C(0) = 1, C(1) = 0 (boundary condition)

(Axiom C2) a,b [0,1]
if a b, then C(a) C(b) (monotonic non-increasing)
(Axiom C3) C is a continuous function.
(Axiom C4) C is involutive.
C(C(a)) = a for all a [0,1]
2.2 Fuzzy complement

2.2.2 Example of complement function(1)

C(a)

C(a) = 1 - a

1 a
Fig 2.1 Standard complement set function
 2.2 Fuzzy complement

2.2.2 Example of complement function(2)

 standard complement set function
A (x)
A
(x)
A A
1 1

1 x 1 x
2.2 Fuzzy complement

2.2.2 Example of complement function(3)

C(a)
1 for a t
C (a)
1 0 for a t

It does not hold C3 and C4

t 1 a
2.2 Fuzzy complement

2.2.2 Example of complement function(4)

Continuous fuzzy complement function C(a) = 1/2(1+cos a)
1.0
0.9
C(a) 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
2.2 Fuzzy complement

2.2.2 Example of complement function(5)

 Yager complement function
1.0
w=5
0.9
Cw(a) 0.8
w=2
0.7 Cw ( a ) (1 a w )1 / w
0.6
w=1 w ( 1, )
0.5
0.4
0.3 w=0.5
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
a
2.2 Fuzzy complement

2.2.3 Fuzzy Partition

( A1 , A2 , , Am )

(1) i, Ai

(2) Ai Aj , for i j
m
(3) x X, Ai ( x) 1
i 1
2.3 Fuzzy union

2.3.1 Axioms for union function

U : [0,1] [0,1] [0,1]
A B(x) = U[ A(x), B(x)]

(Axiom U1) U(0,0) = 0, U(0,1) = 1, U(1,0) = 1, U(1,1) = 1

(Axiom U2) U(a,b) = U(b,a) (Commutativity)
(Axiom U3) If a a’ and b b’, U(a, b) U(a’, b’)
Function U is a monotonic function.
(Axiom U4) U(U(a, b), c) = U(a, U(b, c)) (Associativity)
(Axiom U5) Function U is continuous.
(Axiom U6) U(a, a) = a (idempotency)
2.3 Fuzzy union

2.3.2 Examples of union function

U[ A(x), B(x)] = Max[ A(x), B(x)], or A B(x) = Max[ A(x), B(x)]

A B
1 1

X X
A B
1

X
Fig 2.6 Visualization of standard union operation
2.3 Fuzzy union
Yager’s union function :holds all axioms except U6.
U w ( a, b) Min [1, (a w b w )1/ w ] where w (0, )
0 0.25 0.5
a
1 1 1 1 U1(a,b) = Min[1, a+b]

0.75 0.75 1 1

0.25 0.25 0.5 0.75 w=1

0 0.25 0.5
a
2
1 1 1 1 U2(a,b) = Min[1, a b2 ]

0.75 0.75 0.79 0.9

0.25 0.25 0.35 0.55 w=2

0 0.25 0.5
a
1 1 1 1 U (a,b) = Max[ a, b] : standard union function

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.5 w

 2.3.3 Other union operations

1) Probabilistic sum A ˆ B (Algebraic sum)

x X, Aˆ B ( x) A ( x) B ( x) A ( x) B ( x)

 commutativity, associativity, identity and De Morgan’s law


Aˆ X X

2) Bounded sum A B (Bold union)

x X, A B ( x) Min [1, A ( x) B ( x)]
 Commutativity, associativity, identity, and De Morgan’s Law
 A X X, A A X
 not idempotency, distributivity and absorption
 2.3.3 Other union operations

3) Drastic sum A B
A ( x), when B ( x) 0
x X, A B ( x) B ( x ), when A ( x) 0
1, for others

4) Hamacher’s sum A B

A ( x) ( x) ( 2 ) A ( x)
B B ( x)
x X, A B ( x) , 0
1 (1 ) A ( x) B ( x)
2.4 Fuzzy intersection

2.4.1 Axioms for intersection function

I:[0,1] [0,1] [0,1]
A B ( x) I [ A ( x), B ( x)]
(Axiom I1) I(1, 1) = 1, I(1, 0) = 0, I(0, 1) = 0, I(0, 0) = 0
(Axiom I2) I(a, b) = I(b, a), Commutativity holds.
(Axiom I3) If a a’ and b b’, I(a, b) I(a’, b’),
Function I is a monotonic function.
(Axiom I4) I(I(a, b), c) = I(a, I(b, c)), Associativity holds.
(Axiom I5) I is a continuous function
(Axiom I6) I(a, a) = a, I is idempotency.
2.4 Fuzzy intersection

2.4.2 Examples of intersection

 standard fuzzy intersection
I[ A(x), B(x)] = Min[ A(x), B(x)], or
A B(x) = Min[ A(x), B(x)]

A B
1

X
2.4 Fuzzy intersection

Yager intersection function

I w (a, b) 1 Min [1, ((1 a ) w (1 b) w )1/ w ], w (0, )
B 0 0.25 0.5
a
1 0 0.25 0.5 I1(a,b) =1-Min[1, 2-a-b]

0.75 0 0 0.25

0.25 0 0 0 w=1

0 0.25 0.5
a B

1 0 0.25 0.5 I2(a,b) = 1-Min[1, (1 a) 2 (1 b) 2 ]

0.75 0 0.21 0.44

0.25 0 0 0.1 w=2

0 0.25 0.5
a
1 0 0.25 0.5 I (a,b) = Min[ a, b]

0.75 0 0.25 0.5

0.25 0 0.25 0.25 w

 2.4.3 Other intersection operations

1) Algebraic product A B (Probabilistic product)

x X, A B (x) = A(x) B(x)

 commutativity, associativity, identity and De Morgan’s law

2) Bounded product A B(Bold intersection)

x X, A B ( x) Max[0, A ( x) B ( x) 1]

 commutativity, associativity, identity, and De Morgan’s Law

 A , A A
 not idempotency, distributivity and absorption
 2.4.3 Other intersection operations

3) Drastic product A B
A ( x), when A ( x) 1
A B ( x) B ( x ), when B ( x) 1
0, when A ( x), B ( x) 1

4) Hamacher’s product A B
A ( x) B ( x)
A B ( x) , 0
(1 )( A ( x) B ( x) A ( x) B ( x))
2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

2.5.1 Disjunctive sum

A B (A B) (A B)

A B

Fig 2.10 Disjunctive sum of two crisp sets

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

Simple disjunctive sum

A
(x) = 1 - A(x) , B
(x) = 1 - B(x)

A B
( x) Min[ A ( x), 1 B ( x)]

A B
( x) Min[1 A ( x) , B (x)]

A B = (A B) (A B ), then

A B ( x) Max{Min[ A ( x), 1 B ( x)] , Min[1 A ( x) , B (x)]}

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

Simple disjunctive sum(2)

ex) A = {(x1, 0.2), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 1), (x4, 0)}
B = {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.3), (x3, 1), (x4, 0.1)}

A = {(x1, 0.8), (x2, 0.3), (x3, 0), (x4, 1)}

B = {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 0), (x4, 0.9)}

A B = {(x1, 0.2), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 0), (x4, 0)}

A B = {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.3), (x3, 0), (x4, 0.1)}

A B = (A B) (A B) {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 0), (x4, 0.1)}

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

Simple disjunctive sum(3)

Set A
1.0 Set B
1.0 Set A B
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1
0
x1 x2 x3 x4

Fig 2.11 Example of simple disjunctive sum

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

(Exclusive or) disjoint sum

A B ( x) A ( x) B ( x)

Set A
1.0 Set B
1.0 Set A B shaded area
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1
0
x1 x2 x3 x4

Fig 2.12 Example of disjoint sum (exclusive OR sum)

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

(Exclusive or) disjoint sum

A B ( x) A ( x) B ( x)

Set A
1.0 Set B
1.0 Set A B shaded area
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.7 A = {(x1, 0.2), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 1), (x4, 0)}
0.5 B = {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.3), (x3, 1), (x4, 0.1)}
A△B = {(x1, 0.3), (x2, 0.4), (x3, 0), (x4, 0.1)}
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.1
0.1
0
x1 x2 x3 x4

Fig 2.12 Example of disjoint sum (exclusive OR sum)

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

2.5.2 Difference in fuzzy set

 Difference in crisp set

A B A B
A B

Fig 2.13 difference A – B

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

Simple difference
A B A B Min [ A ( x), 1 B ( x)]

ex)
A = {(x1, 0.2), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 1), (x4, 0)}
B = {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.3), (x3, 1), (x4, 0.1)}

B = {(x1, 0.5), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 0), (x4, 0.9)}

A–B=A B = {(x1, 0.2), (x2, 0.7), (x3, 0), (x4, 0)}

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

Simple difference(2)

1 Set A

Set B
A
0.7 Simple difference A-B :
shaded area
B
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.1 0.2

x1 x2 x3 x4

Fig 2.14 simple difference A – B

2.5 Other operations in fuzzy set

Bounded difference
A B(x) = Max[0, A(x) - B(x)]

Set A
Set B
1
Bounded difference : shaded area
A
0.7
B 0.4
0.5

0.3
0.2
A B = {(x1, 0), (x2, 0.4), (x3, 0), (x4, 0)}
0.1

x1 x2 x3 x4

Fig 2.15 bounded difference A B

2.5.3 Distance in fuzzy set

Hamming distance
n
d(A, B) = A ( xi ) B ( xi )
i 1, xi X

1. d(A, B) 0
2. d(A, B) = d(B, A)
3. d(A, C) d(A, B) + d(B, C)
4. d(A, A) = 0

ex) A = {(x1, 0.4), (x2, 0.8), (x3, 1), (x4, 0)}

B = {(x1, 0.4), (x2, 0.3), (x3, 0), (x4, 0)}
d(A, B) = |0| + |0.5| + |1| + |0| = 1.5
2.5.3 Distance in fuzzy set

Hamming distance : distance and difference of fuzzy set

A(x) B(x)
1 1
B
A

x x
A(x) A(x)
B(x) A B(x) A
1 1
B B

x x
distance between A, B difference A- B
2.5.3 Distance in fuzzy set

Euclidean distance
n
2
e( A, B) ( A ( x) B ( x ))
i 1

ex)
e( A, B) 02 0.52 12 02 1.25 1.12

Minkowski distance
1/ w
w
d w ( A, B) A ( x) B ( x) , w [1, ]
x X
 2.5.4 Cartesian product of fuzzy set

Power of fuzzy set

2
A2
( x) [ A ( x)] , x X
m
A m ( x) [ A ( x)] , x X

Cartesian product
A1 ( x), A2 ( x), , An (x) as membership functions of A1, A2, , An
for x1 A1, x2 A2 , , xn An .

A1 A2  An ( x1 , x2 ,  , xn ) Min [ A1 ( x1 ),  , An ( xn )]
 2.6 t-norms and t-conorms

2.6.1 Definitions for t-norms and t-conorms

t-norm
T : [0,1] [0,1] [0,1]
x, y, x’, y’, z [0,1]
i) T(x, 0) = 0, T(x, 1) = x : boundary condition
ii) T(x, y) = T(y, x) : commutativity
iii) (x x’, y y’) T(x, y) T(x’, y’) : monotonicity
iv) T(T(x, y), z) = T(x, T(y, z)) : associativity

1) intersection operator ( )
2) algebraic product operator ( )
3) bounded product operator ( )
4) drastic product operator ( )
2.6 t-norms and t-conorms

t-conorm (s-norm)
T : [0,1] [0,1] [0,1]
x, y, x’, y’, z [0,1]
i) T(x, 0) = 0, T(x, 1) = 1 : boundary condition
ii) T(x, y) = T(y, x) : commutativity
iii) (x x’, y y’) T(x, y) T(x’, y’) : monotonicity
iv) T(T(x, y), z) = T(x, T(y, z)) : associativity

1) union operator ( )
2) algebraic sum operator ( ˆ )
3) bounded sum operator ( )
4) drastic sum operator ( )
5) disjoint sum operator ( )
 2.6 t-norms and t-conorms

Ex)
a) : minimum
Instead of *, if is applied
x 1=x
Since this operator meets the previous conditions, it is a t-norm.

b) : maximum
If is applied instead of *,
x 0=x
then this becomes a t-conorm.
2.6 t-norms and t-conorms

2.6.2 Duality of t-norms and t-conorms

( x, y ) 1 T ( x, y ) x y : t norm
x T y : t conorm
x 1 x
y 1 y

xTy 1 T ( x, y )

x y xTy
x Ty x y by De Morgane' s Law