Laboratory Manual

for
Surveying Laboratory - 1
(CEC207A)
B.Tech. III Semester

Department of Civil Engineering

Name of the student

University Reg. No

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
University House, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bangalore –
560054 www.msruas.ac.in
 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Surveying Laboratory - 1

Faculty Engineering & Technology

Programme B. Tech in Civil Engineering
Year/semester 2ndyear/3rd semester
Department Civil Engineering
Course Surveying Laboratory - 1
Course code CEC207A

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LABORATORY REPORT

Course Code:

Course Name:

Programme/Course:

Department:

Faculty:

Name of the Student:

Register Number:

Semester / Year:

Course Leader(s):

M . S . Ramaiah Unive rsity of App lied Sciences University Ho use

, Gnanagangoth ri Campu s, Ne w BE L Raod,
M S R Nagar, Ben galuru , Karn ataka, IND IA - 560 0 54

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Declaration sheet

Student Name
Register Number
Programme/Course Semester/Year
Course Code
Course Title
Course Date To
Course Leader(s)

Declaration

The laboratory report submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I
have conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook.
All sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other source, are
fully referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of
university regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the Student Date

Submission date stamp

Signature of the Course Leader
and date
Final Marks Obtained Remarks

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CONTENTS
Sl. Date Name of the Experiment Page
No. No.
Chain surveying
1 Measuring the distance between two stations using direct 11-13
ranging
2.1 - Erection of perpendicular using chain and tape
2 2.2 - Erection of perpendicular using cross staff 14-22
2.3 - Erection of perpendicular using optical square
Setting out of rectangle and hexagon using tape/chain and 23-25
3 other accessories

4 Overcoming obstacles in chaining and ranging 26-30

Compass surveying
5 Traversing with prismatic compass and chain-open traverse 33-35
and recording
6 Traversing with prismatic compass and chain-closed traverse 36-39
and recording
Plane table surveying
7 Plane table surveying – method of radiation 42-43
8 Plane table surveying – method of intersection 44-46
9 Plane table surveying – three point problem 47-50
10 Plane table surveying – two point problem 51-53
Levelling
11 Fly levelling- height of instrument method 60-63
12 Fly levelling- rise and fall method 64-66
13 Reciprocal levelling 67-70
Theodolite surveying
14.1-Measurement of horizontal angles with method of 74-76
repetition using theodolite
14 14.2- Measurement of horizontal angles with method of 77-79
reiteration using theodolite
14.3- Measurement of vertical angles using theodolite 80-82
15 15.1- Determination of elevation of an object using single 83-85
plane method (base is accessible)
15.2- Determination of elevation of an object using single 86-89
plane method (base is inaccessible)
16 Determination of distance and difference in elevation between 90-93
two inaccessible points using double plane method
17 Demonstration of minor instruments 94-99

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MARKS OBTAINED

SL Particulars Write Viva Marks

No up Maximum Actual
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

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Chain surveying
Familiarity with instruments used in chain surveying

Aim and Objectives:

Instruments:

Practicing unfolding and folding of a chain

Aim and Objectives: To learn the technique of unfolding and folding of a metric chain.

Procedure:

Unfolding:

» Remove the strap of the folded chain and take both the handles in the left hand and hold
the remaining portion of the chain in the right hand.

» Holding both the handles in the left hand, throw the remaining portion of the chain in the
forward direction on the ground.

» Now the follower stands at the starting station by holding one handle and directs the
leader to move forward by holding the other handle until the chain is fully stretched.

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Folding:

» Bring the two handles together on the ground by pulling the chain at the center.

» Commencing from the center two pairs of links are taken at a time with the right hand and
placed alternatively in both directions in the left hand.

» When the chain is completely folded the two brass handles will appear at the top.

» Now tie the chain with leather strap.

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Experiment no. 01

Measuring the distance between two stations using direct ranging

1. Aim and Objectives:

3. Instruments required:

4. Experimental Procedure:

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5. Data Collection and Tabulation:

Let C, D, E, are intermediate points in line with AB.

Measured distance AC = _______ m

CD = _______ m

DE = _______ m

EB = _______ m

6. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

AB = AC + CD + DE + EB = _________m

7. Presentation of Results:
The measured distance between the points A and B using Chain is _______
The measured distance between the points A and B using Tape is _______

8. Analysis and Discussions:

9. Conclusions :

10. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments:

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2. Limitations of Results:

3. Learning happened:

4. Recommendations:

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Experiment – 2.1

Erection of perpendicular using chain and tape

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments :
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

2. Learning happened

3. Recommendations

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Experiment – 2.2
Erection of perpendicular using cross staff

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up
Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

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6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments :
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment – 2.3
Erection of perpendicular using optical square

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required: Chain, Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows and Optical square.

3. Experimental Procedure:

4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

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6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment – 3
Setting out of rectangle and hexagon using tape/chain and other accessories
1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

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9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment no: 4

Chaining across obstacles

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up

Instruments required:

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3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

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6. Presentation of Results:

Obstacles to measurement:

Obstructed length from First Method = m

Obstructed length from Second Method = m

Obstructed length from Third Method = m

Obstacles to alignment:

Obstructed length from First Method = m

Obstructed length from Second Method = m

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

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9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-5

Traversing with prismatic compass and chain – open transverse and recording

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set
Up: Instruments used:

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

Sl. No Line Length F.B B.B Remarks

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

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8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-6

Traversing with prismatic compass and chain – closed transverse and

recording
1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

Sl. No Line Length F.B B.B Remarks

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5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

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9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-7

Plane table surveying – method of radiation

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-8
Plane table surveying – method of intersection
1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required

3. Experimental Procedure:

1) Set the table at P, level it and transfer the point P on to the sheet by way of plumbing
fork. Clamp the table.
2) With the help of the trough compass, mark the north direction on the sheet.
3) Pivoting the alidade about p, sight it to Q. Measure PQ and plot it along ray to get q.
The base line pq is thus drawn.
4) Pivoting the alidade about p, sight the details A, B, C, etc., and draw corresponding
rays.
5) Shift the table at Q and set it there. Orient the table roughly by trough compass and
finally by back sighting P.
6) Pivoting the alidade about q, sight the details A, B, C, etc., and draw corresponding
rays along the edge of the alidade to intersect with the previously drawn rays in a, b, c
etc. The positions of the points are thus mapped by way of intersection. Join these
points to getting the map of the given area.

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

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3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment– 9
Plane table surveying – three point problem

1. Aim and Objectives:

Solve three point problem by Bissell’s graphical method.

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required: Plane table, Alidade, Plumbing fork and plumb bob, Spirit level,
Trough compass and Drawing paper.

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3. Experimental Procedure:

4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

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8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-10
Plane table surveying – two point problem
1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

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9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-11

Fly levelling- height of instrument method

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

Fly leveling:

Station B. S. I. S. F. S. H.I R. L. Remarks

A B.M.

B.S. F.S

Fly back leveling:

Station B. S. I. S. F. S. H.I R. L. Remarks

C B.M.

B.S. F.S

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

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7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment – 12

Fly levelling- rise and fall method

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:
1) The instrument is set up at a convenient point P1 and back sight is taken on the staff
held on the temporary benchmark of assumed RL.
2) The staff reading is taken at the starting point and is entered in fore sight column.
Determine rise or fall by comparing B.S and F.S readings.
R.L of forward point = RL of preceding point Rise or fall
3) The instrument is shifted to the position P2 and staff reading is taken at starting
point and is entered in back sight column in level with fore sight reading
from previous station.
4) Above procedure is repeated for rest of the points.
5) Arithmetic check is made using the following equation.

B.S. - F.S. = Rise - Fall = Last R.L. – First R.L.

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

Station B.S I.S F.S Rise(+) Fall(-) R.L Remarks

A B.M.

B.S F.S Rise Fall

CHECK: B.S. - F.S. = Rise - Fall = Last R.L. – First R.L.

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions :

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9. Comments :

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-13

Reciprocal levelling

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

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3. Experimental Procedure:

4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

Staff reading on
Instrument at Remarks
A1 (m) B1 (m)
A

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5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-14.1

Measurement of horizontal angles with method of repetition using

theodolite.
1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

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3. Experimental Procedure:
1) Set the instrument at Q and level it. With the help of upper clamp and tangent
screw, set 0⁰ reading on vernier A. Note the reading of vernier B(reading should be
180⁰).
2) Loose the lower clamp and direct the telescope towards the point P. Clamp the
lower clamp and bisect point P accurately by lower tangent screw.
3) Unclamp the upper clamp and turn the instrument clockwise about the inner axis
towards R. Clamp the upper clamp and bisect R accurately with the upper tangent
screw. Not the readings of verniers A and B.
4) Unclamp the lower clamp and turn the telescope clockwise to sight P again. Bisect P
accurately by using the lower tangent screw.
5) Unclamp the upper clamp, turn the telescope clockwise and sight R. Bisect R
accurately by upper tangent screw.
6) Repeat the process until the angle is repeated the required number times (usually 3).
The average angle with the face left will be equal to the final reading divided by
three.
7) Change the face and make three more repetitions as described above.
8) Find the average angle with face right by dividing the final reading by three.
The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of two angles

4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

FACE LEFT- RIGHT SWING FACE RIGHT- LEFT SWING

Instrument Station

Averagehorizontala
Horizontalangle
No. ofrepetition
No. ofrepetition

Horizontalangle

Vernier –A
Vernier –A

Vernier - B
Sighted to

Vernier -B

ngle
Mean
Mean

⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“

P
R
P
Q R
P
R
Average Horizontal Interior Angle PQR= (Face Left+ Face Right)

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5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:
Horizontal angle between the poles PQR = ----------------------------

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:
1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-14.2

Measurement of horizontal angle with reiteration method using

Theodolite
1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation

FACE LEFT- RIGHT SWING FACE RIGHT- LEFT SWING

Instrument Station

CorrectedHorizontal
Horizontalangle
Horizontalangle

Horizontalangle
Vernier -A
Vernier - B

Vernier -B
Sighted to

Average
Vernier -A

Mean

angle
Mean
⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“
A
B
C
O D
A

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms

6. Presentation of Results:
The Horizontal Angle after Correction
Angle AOB= ----------------------------
Angle BOC= ----------------------------
Angle COD= ----------------------------
ANGLE DOA= ----------------------------
7. Analysis and Discussions:

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8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment-14.3
Measurement of vertical angles using theodolite
1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation:

Average vertical angle

Face left- Swing Right Face Right - Swing left
Instrument Station

Vertical angle
Vernier -D

Vernier -D
Vernier -C

Vernier -C
Sighted to

Vertical
Mean

Mean

angle
⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“
A
O
B

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:

6. Presentation of Results:

The Angle of Elevation =---------------------------

The Angle of Depression =------------------------

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

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9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment: 15.1
Determination of elevation of an object using single plane method (base is
accessible)

1. Aim and Objectives:

2. Experimental Set Up:

Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure:

4. Data Collection and Tabulation

InstrumentStatio

Face left- Swing Right Face Right - Swing left

evertica
Averag

langle
Sighted to

Vernier
Vernier

Vernier
Verticala

Verticala
Vernier-D

Mean

ngle

Mean

ngle
-D
-C
-C
n

⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“

A Q

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5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:
S=
D=
α=
h = D tan α
RL of Q = RL of BM + S + h

Base reading at the base of the object (S1) =

Height of the object = S1 + h

6. Presentation of Results:
The elevation of object is ________________
Height of the object is __________________

7. Analysis and Discussions:

8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment: 15.2
Determination of elevation of an object using single plane method (base is
inaccessible)
1. Aim and Objectives

2. Experimental Set Up
Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure

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4. Data Collection and Tabulation

Average vertical angle

Face left- Swing Right Face Right - Swing left
Instrument Station

Vertical angle
Vernier - D

Vernier -D
Vernier -C

Vernier -C
Sighted to

Vertical
Mean

Mean

angle
⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“
P Q
R Q

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms
α1 = α2 =
S1 = S2 =
b=
+ 2

D= ( α1−tanα2)

Height of the object above line of sight:

h1 = D tan α1 h2 = (b+D) tan α2
RL of Q = RL of BM + S1 + h1 Check: RL of Q = RL of BM + S2 + h2

6. Presentation of Results

7. Analysis and Discussions

8. Conclusions

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9. Comments

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Experiment: 16
Determination of distance and difference in elevation between two
inaccessible points using double plane method

1. Aim and Objectives

2. Experimental Set Up
Instruments required:

3. Experimental Procedure

4. Data Collection and Tabulation

Horizontal angle:

Face left- Swing Right Face Right - Swing left

Instrument Station

Avg. Horizontal
Vernier - B
Vernier - A

Vernier -B
Vernier -A
Sighted to

angle
Mean

Mean

⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“

P Q
R Q

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Vertical angle:

Instrument Station Face left- Swing Right Face Right - Swing left

Avg. Vertical angle

Vernier - D

Vernier -D
Vernier -C

Vernier -C
Sighted to

Mean

Mean
⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“ ⁰‘“
P Q
R Q

5. Calculations/Computations/Algorithms:
α1 = α2 =
S1 = S2 =
Ѳ1 = Ѳ2 =
b=
Ѳ2 Ѳ1

D1 = (Ѳ1+Ѳ2) D2 = (Ѳ1+Ѳ2)

h1 = D1 tan α1 h2 = D2 tan α2

RL of Q = RL of BM + S1 + h1 Check: RL of Q = RL of BM + S2 + h2

6. Presentation of Results:

RL of Point Q = ________________

7. Analysis and Discussions:

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8. Conclusions:

9. Comments:

1. Limitations of Experiments

2. Limitations of Results

3. Learning happened

4. Recommendations

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Demonstration of minor instruments

1) Abney clinometer (Abney level)

Abney level is one of the various forms of clinometers used for the measurement of
slopes, taking cross-sections, tracing contours, setting grades and all other rough leveling
operations. It is a light, compact and hand instrument with low precision as compared to
engineer’s level. The Abney level consists of the following:

A square sighting tube having peephole or eyepiece at one end and a cross-wire at the other
end. Near the objective end, a mirror is placed at an angle of 45 o in side the tube and
occupying half the width, as in the hand level. Immediately above the mirror, an opening is
provided to receive rays from the bubble tube placed above it. The line of sight is defined by
the line joining the peephole and the cross-wire.

a) A small bubble tube, placed immediately above the openings attached to a vernier arm,
which can be rotated either by means of a milled headed screw or by rack and pinion
arrangement. The image of the bubble is visible in the mirror.

b) A semi-circular graduated arc is fixed in position. The zero mark of the graduations
coincides with the zero of the vernier. The reading increases from 0 o to 600 in both the
directions, one giving the angle of elevation and the other angles of depression.

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2) Indian pattern clinometer (Tangent clinometer)

Indian pattern clinometer is used for determining difference in elevation between

points and is specially adapted to plane table which is leveled by estimation. The clinometer
consists of the following:

a) a base plate carrying a small bubble tube and a leveling screw. Thus, the clinometer
can be accurately leveled.

b) The vane carrying a peephole. The eye vane is hinged at its lower end to the case
plate

c) The object vane having graduations in degrees at one side and tangent of the angles
to the other side of the central opening. The object vane having graduations in
degrees at one side and tangent of the angles to the other side of the central
opening. The object vane is also hinged at its lower end to the base plate. A slide,
lower end to the vase plate. A slide provided with a small window and horizontal wire
in its lower end to the vase plate. A slide, provided with a small window and
horizontal wire in its middle, can be moved up and down the object vane by a rack
and pinion fitted with a milled head. The line of sight is defined by the line joining the
peephole and the horizontal wire of the slide.

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3) Delisle’s clinometer

It is used for measuring the vertical angles, determining the slope of the ground, and for
setting out gradients. This consists of the following:

i. A simple frame, carrying a mirror extending halfway across the frame, the objects being
sighted through the other half, which is open. The frame can be suspended in gimbles.

ii. A heavy semicircular arc is attached to the lower end of the frame. The arc is graduated in
gradients or slopes from 1 in 5 to 1 in 50. The arc is attached to the vertical axis so that it
may be revolved to bring the arc towards the observer to measure the rising gradients or
away from the observer to measure the falling gradients.

iii. A radial arm is fitted to the center of the arc. The arm consists of a beveled edge, which
acts as index. By moving the arm along the arc, the mirror can be inclined to the vertical.
The inclination to the horizontal of the line from the eye to the point at which it appears in
the mirror equals the inclination of the mirror to the vertical.

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4) Ceylon ghat tracer

It consists of a long circular tube having a peep hole at one end and cross-wires at the
other ends. The tube is supported by a A-frame having a hole at its top to fix the instrument
to a straight rod. The tube is also engraved to give reading of gradients. A heavy weight
slides along the tube by a suitable rack and pinion arrangement. The weight, at its top,
contains one beveled edge which slides along the graduations of the bar, and serves as an
index. The line of sight is defined by the line joining the hole to the intersection of cross hair.
When the beveled edge of the weight is against the zero reading, the line of sight is
horizontal.

i. To measure a slope: fix the instrument on to the stand and hold it to one end of the line.
Keep the target at the other end.
1. Looking through the eye hole, move the sliding weight till the
line of sight passes through the cross mark of the sight vane.
2. The reading against the beveled edge of the weight will give
the gradient of the line

ii. To set out a gradient:

1. Hold the instrument at one end.
2. Send the assistant at the other end with the target.
3. Slide the weight to set it to the given gradient, say 1 in n
4. Direct the assistant to raise or lower the target till it is
bisected.
5. Drive a peg at the other end so that the top of the peg is at the
same level as that the bottom of the target.

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5) The pentagraph:

A pentagraph is an instrument used for reproducing, enlarging or reducing the maps. It

is based on the principle of similar triangle. AGFE is a parallelogram of equal sides for all
positions of the instrument. The lower bar AD carries a movable tubular frame which can be
slides along it. The sliding frame carries an index and also a heavy weight Q that forms the
vertical axis of the instrument: the whole instrument moves about the point Q. the bar EF
carries a pencil point P attached to a carrier which can also be set to a desired reading on
the bar EF. The longer arm AB carries tracing point at the end B. for any setting of the
instrument, the point B, P and Q are in a straight line. The original map is kept at B and is
traced. Correspondingly, the pencil point P also moves, but the point Q remains fixed in
position. Thus, if B is moved straight by an amount BB’, the point P moves to P’ the ratio
between BB’ and PP’ being equal to the ratio of reduction. For any position of the tracing
point, the points B’,P’, and q are always in a straight line.

If it is desired to enlarge the map, the pencil point is kept at B, the tracing point at P and the
map under the point P. the moving frames at Q and P are set to the same reading equal to
the ratio of enlargement. The pencil can be raised off the paper, by means of a cord passing
from the pencil round the instrument to the tracing point, if so required.

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6) Planimeter:
A planimeter is an instrument which measures the area of plan or any shape very
accurately. There are two types of planimeters: (1) Amsker polar planimeter, and (2) Roller
Planimeter. The Polar planimeter is most commonly used.

Polar planimeter: I t consists of two arms hinged at a point known as the pivot point. One of
the two arms carries an anchor at its end, and is known as the anchor arm. The length of
anchor length generally fixed, but in some of the planimeters a variable length of anchor
arm is also provided. The other arm carries a tracing point at its end, and is known as tracing
arm. The length of tracing arm can be varied by means of a fixed screw and its
corresponding slow motion screw. The tracing point is moved along the boundary of the
plan the area of which is to be determined. The normal displacement of the tracing arm is
measured by means of a wheel whose axis is kept parallel to the tracing arm. The wheel
may either be placed between the hinge and the tracing point or is placed beyond the pivot
point away from the tracing point. The wheel carries a concentric drum which is divided into
100 divisions. A small vernier attached near the drum reads one-tenth of the drum divisions.
The complete revolutions of the wheel are read on a disc actuated by a suitable gearing to
the wheel.

The planimeter rests on three points – the wheel, the anchor point and the tracing point.

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