Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pharm Cal Lab Midterm
Pharm Cal Lab Midterm
coordination required
MAJOR ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:
1. ENTERAL- drugs taken orally or sublingually NASAL SPRAY AND DROPS- relieves nasal
2. PARENTERAL- delivers drug to systemic congestion caused by upper respiratory tract
circulation infections; shrinks swollen nasal membranes
3. TRANSDERMAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS
4. INHALATION VASOCONSTRICTORS
5. PHARYNGEAL
6. TOPICAL METHOD (NASAL SPRAY):
7. RECTAL 1. Tilt head slightly back or forward.
8. VAGINAL 2. Insert tip into one, occlude the other.
9. NASAL 3. Inhale as the container is squeezed.
10. EYE OR EAR DROPS 4. Remain tilted for several minutes, do not blow
11. INTRASPINAL nose.
5. Drink plenty of fluids to avoid microbial
TRANSDERMAL PATCH- contains medication;
overgrowth.
applied to skin for slow, systemic absorption (24
hours); avoids gastrointestinal problems and METHOD (NASAL DROP):
provides a more consistent drug level in the blood 1. Tilt head back, insert tip without touching nasal
DURGESIC- 3 days absorption membranes and instill number of drops.
CATAPRES- 7 days absorption 2. Remain tilted for 5 minutes; breathe with mouth.
3. Cleanse the dropper.
CONTRACEPTIVE DRUGS- 1 month absorption 4. For frontal and maxillary sinuses: slowly
METHOD: alternate head tilt side to side while in supine
1. Remove existing patch while wearing gloves, (lying down) position
cleanse and dry the area (avoid hair) For ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses: lean
2. Label patch with date, time, initials forward with head towards the knees
3. Remove transparent cover inside the patch
EYE DROPS AND OINTMENT- for various eye
4. Apply the patch with dull plastic side up
5. Document location disorders, allergies, eye examination, eye surgery
METHOD (EYE DROP):
INHALERS- absorbed rapidly by mucosal lining of 1. Tilt head back and look up towards ceiling.
respiratory tract 2. Pull down lower lid of eye, place drops into lower
BRONCHODILATORS- dilate bronchial tubes conjunctival sac, DO NOT TOUCH DROPPER
GLUCOCORTICOIDS- anti-inflammatory agent TO EYE OR EYELASHES
MUCOLYTICS- liquefy bronchial secretions 3. Press gently on the medial nasolacrimal canthus
1. METERED-DOSE INHALERS (MDIs) (side closer to nose) with tissue to prevent
a. STANDARD- pressurized gas that expels systemic absorption
medication; press canister while inhaling 4. Blink then keep eyes closed for several minutes.
fully
5. Wait 5 minutes between medications (if more
b. BREATH-ACTIVATED- triggered by inhaling
through mouthpiece; less coordination than 1).
c. WITH SPACERS- reservoir to hold METHOD (EYE OINTMENT):
medication until inhaled; has a one-way 1. Tilt head back and pull down lower lid of eye
valve to prevent aerosol from escaping 2. Apply about ¼ inch long ointment to
conjunctival sac
2. DRY POWDER INHALERS- small amounts of 3. Keep eyes closed for 2-3 mintues; expect
medication that must be strongly inhaled for it blurred vision for a short time after application
to get to the lungs; difficult for <6 year old
children EAR DROPS- to soften and loosen cerumen (wax)
in the ear canal; anesthetic effect; immobilize
METHOD (MDI):
insects in the ear canal; treat infection
1. Insert medication canister to plastic holder, test
spray. METHOD:
2. Shake well and remove cap from mouthpiece. 1. Lie down or tilt head toward unaffected side.
3. Breathe through mouth, expel air. 2. For Adult: pull auricle up and back
4. Hold inhaler upright, keep lips securely around For children: pull auricle down and back until
mouthpiece age 3
5. Inhale while pushing top of medication canister 3. Instill number of drops
once 4. Remain in this position for 2-5 minutes.
FRACTIONAL EQUATION
H D
=
V X
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS- factor labelling or label
factor method
DRUG LABEL FACTOR: V with equivalence in
units (H)
CONVERSION FACTOR
DRUG ORDER FACTOR: dosage desired (D)
V ×C × H × D
V=
H ×C × D ×1